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    The document provides a review sheet covering various topics in thermochemistry and chemical calculations including: 1) Determining mole ratios and amounts of reactants/products from balanced chemical equations. 2) Calculating amounts of reactants/products using mole ratios from balanced equations. 3) Determining limiting reactants and amounts of excess reactants. 4) Using Henry's law to calculate gas solubility at different pressures. 5) Calculating molarity, molality, and amounts needed to make solutions of a given concentration. 6) Determining heat transfer, specific heat, and enthalpy changes during phase changes and chemical reactions using Hess's law and standard enthalpies of formation.

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    Charles' law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law which describes how gases tend to expand when heated. A modern statement of Charles' law is: When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume will be directly related. [1] this directly proportional relationship can be written as: V \propto T\, or \frac{V}{T}=k where: V is the volume of the gas T is the temperature of the gas (measured in Kelvin). k is a constant. This law explains how a gas expands as the temperature increases; conversely, a decrease in temperature will lead to a decrease in volume. For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be written as: \frac{V_1}{T_1} = \frac{V_2}{T_2} \qquad \mathrm{or} \qquad \frac {V_2}{V_1} = \frac{T_2}{T_1} \qquad \mathrm{or} \qquad V_1 T_2 = V_2 T_1. The equation shows that, as absolute temperature increases, the volume of the gas also increases in proportion. The law was named after scientist Jacques Charles, who formulated the original law in his unpublished work from the 1780s. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Relation to absolute zero 3 Relation to kinetic theory 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History[edit] It was first published by French natural philosopher Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802,[2] although he credited the discovery to unpublished work from the 1780s by Jacques Charles. The law was independently discovered by British natural philosopher John Dalton by 1801, although Dalton's description was less thorough than Gay-Lussac's.[3][4] The basic principles had already been described a century earlier by Guillaume Amontons.[5] Gay-Lussac was the first to demonstrate that the law applied generally to all gases, and to the vapours of volatile liquids if the temperature was more than a few degrees above the boiling point.[6][citation needed] His statement of the law can be expressed mathematically as: V_{100} - V_0 = kV_0\, where V100 is the volume occupied by a given sample of gas at 100 °C; V0 is the volume occupied by the same sample of gas at 0 °C; and k is a constant which is the same for all gases at constant pressure. Gay-Lussac's value for k was 1⁄2.6666, remarkably close to the present-day value of 1⁄2.7315. This law was first given by J. Charles in 1787.

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    Third Quarter Assessment Review Sheet Answers[1]

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    The document provides a review sheet covering various topics in thermochemistry and chemical calculations including: 1) Determining mole ratios and amounts of reactants/products from balanced chemical equations. 2) Calculating amounts of reactants/products using mole ratios from balanced equations. 3) Determining limiting reactants and amounts of excess reactants. 4) Using Henry's law to calculate gas solubility at different pressures. 5) Calculating molarity, molality, and amounts needed to make solutions of a given concentration. 6) Determining heat transfer, specific heat, and enthalpy changes during phase changes and chemical reactions using Hess's law and standard enthalpies of formation.

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    235 views8 pages

    Third Quarter Assessment Review Sheet Answers

    Uploaded by

    naseh__n
    The document provides a review sheet covering various topics in thermochemistry and chemical calculations including: 1) Determining mole ratios and amounts of reactants/products from balanced chemical equations. 2) Calculating amounts of reactants/products using mole ratios from balanced equations. 3) Determining limiting reactants and amounts of excess reactants. 4) Using Henry's law to calculate gas solubility at different pressures. 5) Calculating molarity, molality, and amounts needed to make solutions of a given concentration. 6) Determining heat transfer, specific heat, and enthalpy changes during phase changes and chemical reactions using Hess's law and standard enthalpies of formation.

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    Third Quarter Assessment Review Sheet I. Determine the mole ratio of reactants and/or products in a chemical equation.

    Balance the following equations and determine the mole ration between the indicated compounds. 1. 16 Al + 3 S8 8 Al2S3 a. What the ratio of Al to Al2S3? 2:1 b. What is the ratio of Al to S8? 16:3 c. What is the ratio of sulfur to aluminum sulfide? 3:8 2. 2 KBr + Ca(NO3)2 CaBr2 + 2 KNO3 a. What the ratio of KBr to CaBr2? 2:1 b. What is the ratio of KBr to KNO3? 1:1 c. What is the ratio of potassium bromide to calcium nitrate? 2:1 II. Determine the number of moles of the reactants and/or products used in a chemical reaction. Balance the following equations and calculate the number of moles needed to perform the reaction. 3. 2 Na3PO4 + 3 ZnSO4 Zn3(PO4)2 + 3 Na2SO4 a. How many moles of zinc sulfate are necessary to react with .54 moles of sodium phosphate? .54 moles Na3PO4 X 3 moles ZnSO4 = .81 moles ZnSO4 1 2 moles Na3PO4 b. How many moles of zinc phosphate are produced from 1.92 moles of sodium phosphate and excess zinc sulfate? 1.92 moles Na3PO4 X 1 mole Zn3(PO4)2 = .960 moles Zn3(PO4)2 1 2 moles Na3PO4

    c. How many moles of sodium sulfate will be produced as well if 3.5 moles of zinc phosphate are made? 3.5 moles Zn3(PO4)2 X 3 moles Na2SO4 = 10.5 11 moles Na2SO4 1 1 mole Zn3(PO4)2 4. Ca(ClO3)2 CaCl2 + 3O2 a. How many moles of CaCl2 are produced from 4.25 moles of Ca(ClO3)2? 4.25 moles Ca(ClO3)2 X 1 moles CaCl2 = 4.25 moles CaCl2 1 1 mole Ca(ClO3)2 b. How many moles of oxygen are produced from .95 moles of Ca(ClO3)2? .95 moles Ca(ClO3)2 X 3 moles O2 = 2.85 2.9 moles O2 1 1 mole Ca(ClO3)2 c. How many moles of calcium chloride will be produced as well if 2.5 moles of oxygen are made? 2.5 moles O2 X 1 moles CaCl2 = .83 moles CaCl2 1 3 moles O2 III. Determine the mass of reactants and products used in a chemical reaction. Write out and balance the following equations and calculate the number of grams needed to perform the reaction. 5. cesium sulfate + copper I chloride copper I sulfate + cesium chloride Cs2SO4 + 2CuCl Cu2SO4 + 2CsCl a. How many grams of cesium sulfate are necessary to react with .54 moles of copper I chloride? .54 moles CuCl X 1 mole CsSO4 X 224 g Cu2SO4 = 60.48 60. g Cu2SO4 1 2 moles CuCl 1 mole Cu2SO4 b. How many moles of cesium chloride are produced from 159 grams of cesium sulfate and excess cuprous chloride? 159 g Cs2SO4 X 1 mole Cs2SO4 X 2 moles CsCl = .87845 .878 moles CsCl 1 362 g Cs2SO4 1 mole Cs2SO4 c. How many grams of cesium chloride will be produced as well if 32.5 grams of copper I sulfate are made?

    32.5 g Cu2SO4 1

    1 mole Cs2SO4 224 g Cu2SO4

    2 moles CsCl X 168 g CsCl = 48.75 48.8 g CsCl 1 mole Cu2SO4 1 mole CsCl

    6.

    The combustion of butane (C4H10) 2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O a. How many grams of oxygen are needed to react with 15.5 grams of butane?
    15.5 g C4H10 1
    X

    1 mole C4H10 X 13 moles O2 X 32 g O2 = 55.58 56 g O2 58 g C4H10 2 moles C4H10 1 mole O2

    b. How many grams of carbon dioxide will be produced from the combustion of 3.4 moles of butane and excess oxygen? 3.4 moles C4H10 X 8 moles CO2 X 44 g CO2 = 598.4 6.0x102 g CO2 1 2 moles C4H10 1 mole CO2 (OR 600 g CO2) c. How many moles of water will be produced if 25.5 grams of oxygen are used? 25.5 g O2 X 1 mole O2 X 10 moles H2O = .6129 .61 moles H2O 1 32 g O2 13 moles O2 IV. Determine the percent yield in a chemical equation. 7. What is the percent yield if the theoretical yield is 7.52 grams and you obtained 7.12 grams experimentally? 7.12 g/7.52 g x 100 = 94.7% yield 8. What is the percent yield if the theoretical yield is 59.3 grams and you obtained 61.4 grams experimentally? 61.4 g/59.3 g x 100 = 103.5 104% yield V. Determine the limiting reactant in a chemical equation and how many grams of the excess reactant remains. Write out and balance the following equations, determine the limiting reagent and calculate the grams of the excess reactant remaining. 9. ammonia + carbonic acid ammonium carbonate + water NH3 + H2CO3 (NH4)2CO3 a. Determine the limiting reactant if 5.7 grams of ammonia and 7.5 grams of carbonic acid are used.
    5.7 g NH3 1
    X

    1 mole NH3 17 g NH3

    1 mole H2CO3 1 mole NH3

    62 g H2CO3 = 20.78 21 g H2CO3 needed 1 mole H2CO3

    H2CO3 is limiting

    b. How many grams of your excess reactant are left over?


    7.5 g H2CO3 1
    X

    1 mole H2CO3 X 1 mole NH3 X 17 g NH3 = 2.056 2.1 g NH3 needed 62 g H2CO3 1 mole H2CO3 1 mole NH3

    5.7 g 2.1 g = 3.6 g NH3 excess

    10.

    The reaction of dinitogen pentoxide and water to form nitric acid. N2O5 + H2O 2HNO3 a. Determine the limiting reactant if 73.4 grams of dinitrogen pentoxide and 158.2 grams of water are used.
    73.4 g N2O5 1
    X

    1 mole N2O5 108 g N2O5

    1 mole H2O X 18 g H2O = 12.23 12 g H2O needed 1 mole N2O5 1 mole H2O

    N2O5 is limiting

    b. How many grams of your excess reactant are left over? 158.2 g 12 g = 146.2 146 g H2O excess

    VI. Use Henrys Law to determine the solubility of a gas in a solution. 11. If .75 grams of oxygen are dissolved in a liter of water at 1.2 atm, how much oxygen will be dissolved at a pressure of 2.2 atm? .75 g/L = x x = 1.375 1.4 g/L O2 1.2 atm 2.2 atm What pressure will be needed to dissolve 5.5 grams of air/Liter of water if 2.2 grams/liter will dissolve at 750 psi? 2.2 g/L = 5.5g/L x = 1875 1900 psi 750 psi x If 35 grams of carbon dioxide dissolve in 400 mL of water at 1200 mm of Hg of pressure, what will the solubility be at 3650 mm of Hg? 35 g/.4L = 87.5 88 g/L CO2 88 g/L x = 1200 mm 3650 mm x = 267.6 270 g/L CO2

    12.

    13.

    14.

    (Lets see how good you really are!) If 4.5 grams of oxygen dissolve in 3500 mL of water at 355 kPa, how much water will be needed to dissolve the same amount of oxygen at 105 kPa? 4.5 g/3.5L = 1.28 1.3 g/L O2 1.3 g/L 355 kPa
    =

    x 105 kPa

    x = .384 .38 g/L O2

    4.5 g O2 X 1 L H2O = 11.8 12 L H2O 1 .38 g O2 VII. Determine the molarity and molality of a solution. 15. What is the molarity of 57 grams of sodium sulfide in 890 mL of solution? 57 g Na2S X 1 mole Na2S = .73 moles Na2S 1 78 g Na2S Molarity = .73 moles/.89 L = .82 M solution 16. What is the molality of a solution with 56.8 g of calcium nitrate dissolved in 4500 mL of water? 56.8 g Ca(NO3)2 X 1 mole Ca(NO3)2 = .346 moles Ca(NO3)2 1 164 g Ca(NO3)2 Molarity = .346 moles/4.5 L = .07688 .077 M solution 17. How many moles of zinc acetate are needed to make 750 mL of a .60 M solution? .60 M = x/.75 L 18. x = .45 moles Zn(C2H3O2)2

    How many kilograms of water should 25.5 g of aluminum phosphate be added to in order to make a 1.4 m solution? 25.5 g AlPO4 X 1 mole AlPO4 = .209 .21 moles AlPO4 1 122 g AlPO4 1.4 m = .21 moles/x x = .15 kg H2O

    VIII. Determine the volume of a stock solution that is needed to make a solution. 19. How many mL of a 5.0 M stock solution are needed to make 1500 mL of a .75 M solution? (V1)(5.0 M) = (1500 mL)(.75 M) V1 = 225 230 mL of stock

    20.

    If 25.8 mL of a stock solution was used to make 1250 mL of a .50 M solution, what was the concentration of the stock solution? (25.8 mL)(M1) = (1250 mL)(.50 M) M1 = 24.2 24 M solution

    IX. Determine the percent by volume and percent by mass of a solution. 21. What is the % mass of a solution containing 35 grams of sodium chloride in 450 mL of water? % = (35 g/450 g + 35 g) x 100 = 7.21 7.2 % solution 22. What is the percent volume of a solution containing 75 mL of ethanol in 750 mL of water? % = (75 mL/750 mL + 75 mL) x 100 = 9.09 9.1 % solution 23. How many grams of zinc acetate are needed to make a 21.0 % solution in 550.0 mL of water? 21.0 % = (x/(550.0 g + x))(100) .210 = x/(550.0 g + x) .210(550.0 g + x) = x 116 g + .210x = x 116 g = .790x 146.8 147 g = x OR 147 g of zinc acetate is needed X. Determine q when heat is transferred from one object to another. 24. What is the specific heat of a substance if it takes 5750 J of energy to raise the temperature of 45.2 grams of the substance from 10.0C to 25.9C? 5750 J = (45.2 g)(15.9C)(CP) 8.00 J/gC = CP 25. How much energy is required to raise the temperature of 150.0 g of water from 23.0C to 48.5C? q = (150.0 g)(25.5C)(4.18J/gC) q = 15988 1.60 x 104 J OR 16000 J XI. Use the molar enthalpys of fusion/vaporization to determine the change in enthalpy during a phase change. 26. How much energy is required to melt 75 g of water if the enthalpy of fusion for water is 334J/g?

    q = (75 g)(334 J/g) = 25,050 25,000 J 27. If it takes 57,000 J to boil 150.0 g of an unknown substance, what is the enthalpy of vaporization for that substance? 57,000 J = (150.0 g)(Hvap) 380 J/g = Hvap XII. Use Hesss Law to calculate the enthalpy of a reaction. 28. Find the H for the reaction below, given the following reactions and subsequent H values: N2H4(l) + CH4O(l) CH2O(g) + N2(g) + 3H2 (g) N2H4(l) + H2(g) 2NH3(g) 2NH3(g) N2(g) + 3H 2(g) CH 4O(l) CH2O(g) + H2(g) answer = -46.2 kJ 29. Find the H for the reaction below, given the following reactions and subsequent H values: 1/2H2(g) + 1/2Cl2(g) HCl(g) COCl2(g) + H2O(l) CH2Cl2(l) + O2(g) H 2 O(l) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g) + 1/2O2(g) H = 47.5 kJ H = -105 kJ H = -22.5 kJ H = 57.5 kJ H = -81.2 kJ

    CH2Cl2(l) + H2(g) + 3/2O 2(g) COCl2(g) + 2H 2O(l) H = -402.5 kJ H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g) Half of that would be the answer which = -230 kJ 30. Find the H for the reaction below, given the following reactions and subsequent H values: C2H2(g) + 5/2O2(g) 2CO2(g) + H2O(g) C2H 2(g) + 2H2(g) C2H6(g) 2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g) C2H6(g) + 75/2O2 (g) 2CO2(g) + 3 1H2O(g) answer = 705.1 -705 kJ XIII. Use standard enthalpies of formation to calculate the energy change in a reaction. H = -283.5 kJ H = 213.7 kJ x 2 = 427.4 kJ H = -849 kJ H = -460 kJ

    Use a standard enthalpies of formation table to determine the change in enthalpy for each of these reactions. 31. NaOH(s) + HCl(g) ----> NaCl(s) + H2O(g) (-411.0 kJ + -241.8) (-426.7 kJ + -92.3 kJ) = -652.8 - -519.0 kJ = -133.8 kJ 32. 2 CO(g) + O2(g) ---> 2 CO2(g) (2(-393.5)) (2(-111 kJ) + 0kJ) = -787.0 kJ - -222 kJ = -565 kJ 33. CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) ---> CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) (-393.5 kJ + 2(-285.8kJ)) (-74.8 kJ + 2(0 kJ)) = -965.1 kJ - -74.8 kJ = -890.3 kJ 33. 2 H2S(g) + 3 O2(g) ---> 2 H2O(l) + 2 SO2(g) (2(-285.8kJ) + 2(-296.1 kJ))-(2(-20.1 kJ) + 3(0 kJ)) = -1163.8 kJ - -40.2 kJ = -1123.6 kJ
    Compound CH4(g) CO2(g) NaCl(s) H2O(l) H2S(g) H2SO4(l) MgSO4(s) MnO(s) MnO2(s) NaCl(s) NaF(s) NaOH(s) NH3(g) Hf (kJ/mol) -74.8 -393.5 -411.0 -285.8 -20.1 -811.3 -1278.2 -384.9 -519.7 -411.0 -569.0 -426.7 -46.2 Compound HCl(g) H2O(g) SO2(g) NH4Cl(s) NO(g) NO2(g) SnCl4(l) SnO(s) SnO2(s) SO2(g) SO3(g) ZnO(s) ZnS(s) (kJ/mol)

    -92.3 -241.8 -296.1 -315.4 +90.4 +33.9 -545.2 -286.2 -580.7 -296.1 -395.2 -348.0 -202.9

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