HARVARD REFERENCING for THE ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY Principles and practice

For a full list of examples of Harvard references go to CampusMoodle Library Library: A General Introduction to the Library

Chris Brown June 2011

Contents

Page 1 Why reference? ...................................................... 2 When to reference .................................................. 3 Plagiarism: what it is and how to avoid it ................... 4 How to reference 4.1 A summary ................................................ 4.2 Citations ................................................... 4.3 Examples of citations no direct quotation 4.4 Examples of citations direct quotation ......... 4.5 Where the same author has published more than one work in the same year .......................... 4.6 Secondary referencing ................................ 4.7 Illustrations ............................................... 4.8 Finding the information for your reference 4.8.1 An example of a library catalogue record for a book ..................................... 4.8.2 An example of a bibliographic database record for a journal article ............ 4.8.3 Tips for referencing web pages ......... 5 Example of reference list ... 6 Example of citations and reference list .. 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11

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1 Why reference?

Referencing is necessary To give credit to other authors whose work you have quoted, or to whose work you have referred, in order to avoid a charge of plagiarism (see section 1.3 below); To allow the reader of your work to find the books, journal articles, web pages etc which you have read and thereby access further information on the subject; and To demonstrate that you understand the conventions of academic writing.

2 When to reference

You must provide a reference Every time you quote directly from the work of someone else; Every time you refer indirectly to the work of someone else, eg if you o o o Paraphrase (put into your own words) what they have said; Summarise their arguments or ideas; Quote case studies, statistical data, known phrases, definitions etc; or Use information which you have obtained from their work; or

Where you wish to provide sources of further information, clarification of points you have made in your text, or additional evidence to support your arguments.

3 Plagiarism: what it is and how to avoid it

It is not only acceptable, but expected, that you will refer to the work of others in your academic writing. Plagiarism occurs when you use other peoples work without acknowledging that you have done so by citing your sources and providing references for them. Quoting Quotation is taking the exact words written by someone else and reproducing them in your work. Short quotations should be contained within your paragraph of text but enclosed within quotation marks (double inverted commas). Longer quotations should be indented as a separate paragraph and do not require quotation marks. Examples of how to insert quotations into your text are at section 1.4.4 below. Paraphrasing Even if ideas, theories, opinions etc that you have taken from other peoples work are reproduced in your work in your own words this will still constitute plagiarism unless you provide a reference. Only information which is considered common knowledge in your field of study does not have to be referenced.

4 How to reference

4.1 A summary
Element Citation Description Inserted into your text where you have quoted from, or referred to, someone elses work. Consists, in brackets, of the author(s) or editor(s) of the work followed by the year of publication. A page reference should be included where you have quoted directly or are referring to an illustration (photograph, map, table, diagram etc). Reference list At the end of your work giving the full reference details of works from which you have quoted or to which you have referred. The list is arranged alphabetically by author. Bibliography At the end of your work following the reference list. Lists the full reference details for items which you have read but to which you have not referred directly in your text. Therefore there will be no citation in your text. Such items would include background reading. The list is arranged alphabetically by author.

It may be possible to combine your reference list and bibliography into one combined list, but you should check with your school first to ensure that this is permissible.

4.2 Citations

Where you have quoted from, or referred to, someone elses work you must insert a citation in your text. This will guide the reader to the reference list at the end of your work. Here they can look up, alphabetically by author, a full reference for the item you have used. The citation is placed in brackets in your text and consists of: the surnames of the author(s) or editor(s) of the item as they appear in the reference list at the end of your work; the year of publication; and where you quote directly from someone elses work or are referring to an illustration, a page reference.

Only the first letter of the authors or editors surnames is capitalised and no initials are give. There is no comma between the surname(s) and the year of publication. Examples of formats for citations are given at sections 1.4.3 1.4.4 below.

4.3 Examples of citations no direct quotation

Where the names of the author(s) or editor(s) occur naturally in your text: Grushkin (1991) claims that ... Payne and Phillips (1985) claim that ... Brewster, Fenton and Morris (2005) claim that ... Roeder et al. (1967) claim that ... Where the names of the author(s) or editor(s) do not occur naturally in your text: It has been claimed (Grushkin 1991) that ... It has been claimed (Payne and Phillips 1985) that ... It has been claimed (Brewster, Fenton and Morris 2005) that ... It has been claimed (Roeder et al. 1967) that ... Where the same author has published more than one work in the same year. In this case the citation should include a letter following the date to differentiate between the references, eg (Brown 2008a) and (Brown 2008b) The letter is also used in the reference list/bibliography at the end of your work. This allows the reader to identify the exact reference which you are citing

4.4 Examples of citations direct quotation

See section 1.4.3 above for the correct style for different numbers of authors(s) or editor(s). Brief quotations Brown (2008 p. 8) has stated most astutely that referencing is a pain I could do without. or One view is that referencing is a pain I could do without (Brown 2008 p. 8). Longer quotations Toye (2007 p. 1) states categorically that: David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill were the two most important figures in twentieth-century British politics. Not only were both renowned wartime Prime Ministers, but they both also established impressive track records in terms of domestic reform. or A not uncommon view is that: David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill were the two most important figures in twentieth-century British politics. Not only were both renowned wartime Prime Ministers, but they both also established impressive track records in terms of domestic reform. (Toye 2007 p.1)

4.5 Where the same author has published more than one work in the same year

In this case the citation should include a letter following the date to differentiate between the references, eg (Brown 2008a) and (Brown 2008b) The letter is also used in the reference list/bibliography at the end of your work. This allows the reader to identify the exact reference which you are citing Where 2 or more items share the same author and year of publication the procedure should be to: a. Arrange the items in your reference list alphabetically by title (line spaces between references are not required), e.g. NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE SCOTLAND, 2010. Choosing a healthy diet ... NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE SCOTLAND, 2010. Five a day ... NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE SCOTLAND, 2010. Kidney dialysis ... b. Having done this assign a letter to each reference, following the date, in the order in which you have arranged them alphabetically in your list (line spaces between references are not required), e.g. NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE SCOTLAND, 2010a. Choosing a healthy diet... NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE SCOTLAND, 2010b. Five a day... NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE SCOTLAND, 2010c. Kidney dialysis... c. Make sure that the correct letters are assigned to the years in the citations in your text so that the citation leads the writer to the correct item in your reference list. You will note, however, that in your text 2010a will not necessarily come first. You may have referred to the item designated 2010c first.

4.6 Secondary referencing

You may read a book or journal article etc in which the author has made reference to or quoted from another work which you have not read but to which you, in your turn, also wish to refer. This is called secondary referencing. Either you can make the situation clear in your text, eg: Chandler, in a letter quoted by Hiney (1998 p. 19), claimed that most people could do without literature far more easily than they could do without coffee or whisky. Or, you can use the bracketed citation, eg: Chandler (cited in Hiney 1998 p. 19) claimed that most people could do without literature far more easily than they could do without coffee or whisky. In either case you only reference the work which you have read. In this case the reference which would appear in your reference list would be: HINEY, T., 1998. Raymond Chandler: a biography. London: Vintage.

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4.7 Illustrations

Illustrations referred to but NOT reproduced in your work You may refer in your text to a graph, table, map, photograph etc which is included in a book or journal article. In this case your sentence should make clear the type of item you are referring to and your citation should include a page reference and figure number, table number etc if there is one. For example: ... Donnans graph (2000 p. 371 fig. 30.4) shows that the majority of patients ... The book, journal article etc in which you have seen the illustration is then referenced in the normal manner. The author of the book, journal article etc may or may not be the same person who has authored the illustration. Illustrations which you have reproduced in your work Detailed instructions for the referencing of illustrations which you have copied and reproduced in your work are given in Examples of Harvard references which can be accessed from CampusMoodle in the same location as this document.

4.8 Finding the information for your reference

It is usually easier to find the information you need for your reference by looking up a catalogue record (book) or bibliographic database record (journal article). All the elements you need, eg authors, title, publisher, year of publication etc. will normally be laid out there for you.

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4.8.1 An example of a library catalogue record for a book

Edition, if not the first edition

Full title and complete list of authors or editors

City of publication

Publisher

Year of publication n

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4.8.2 An example of a bibliographic database record for a journal article

Title of the article Full list of authors

Volume number

Title of journal in which the article was published

Part/issue number

Year of publication

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4.8.3 Tips for referencing web pages

It is often difficult to be sure what is what on a web site. Use your common sense. For example: Author/editor. Very often there will be no identifiable person to use as an author or editor, so both the author and the publisher will be the organisation which owns the web site. This will often be a company, university etc. City of publication. A city of publication is sometimes difficult to find, so try something like the contact us link and look for a postal address. Year of publication. The year of publication can also be tricky. If there is no obvious date, use the last updated year if the site gives one (usually near the bottom of the page). If this is not given, use the current year.

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5 Example of reference list

NB. Line spaces have been inserted between references in the following list. This is for the clarity of the example, and spaces are not required in your work. If in doubt, consult your school.

References BENNETT, R., ed., 2003. New challenges for corporate and marketing communications. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Corporate and Marketing Communications. 7-8 April 2003. London: London Metropolitan University. BREWSTER, F., FENTON, H. and MORRIS, M., 2005. Shock! Horror!: astounding artwork from the video nasty era. Guildford: FAB. BURNHAM, R. and KAI-KEE, E., 2005. The art of teaching in the museum. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 39(1), pp. 65-76. CHRISTIANSEN, K., 2005. Going for baroque: bringing 17th-century masters to the Met. Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 62(3), pp. 3-48. DOUKAKIS, E., PROCTOR, T. and DOUKAKIS, S., 2003. Creativity and advertising. In: R. BENNET, ed. New challenges for corporate and marketing communications. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Corporate and Marketing Communications. 7-8 April 2003. London: London Metropolitan University. pp. 54-63. GELFGAT, M., BASOVICH, V. and ADELMAN, A., 2006. Aluminium alloy tubulars for the oil and gas industry. World Oil, 227(7), pp. 45-51. GOLDING, J., 1981. Cubism. In: N. STANGOS, ed. Concepts of modern art. revised ed. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 50-78. GRUSHKIN, P., 1991. The art of rock: posters from Presley to punk. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Artabras. HEYWOOD, P.M. et al., eds., 2006. Developments in European politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. MULVEY, S., 2006. Chernobyls continuing hazards. [online]. London: BBC News. Available from: http://news/bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4942828.stm [Accessed 16 February 2006].

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PALMER, K.T., COX, R.A.F. and BROWN, I., eds., 2007. Fitness for work: the medical aspects. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. PAYNE, J.R. and PHILLIPS, C.R., 1985. Petroleum spills in the marine environment: the chemistry and formation of water-in-oil emulsions and tar balls. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers. ROEDER, K. et al., 1967. Nerve cells and insect behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. SKINNER, D. and DRISCOLL, P., eds., 2007. ABC of major trauma. 4th ed. London: BMJ. UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA. COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, 2007. Patient care. [online]. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida. Available from: http://www.med.ufl/edu/patients/index.shtml [Accessed 13 December 2007] STANGOS, N., ed., 1981. Concepts of modern art. revised ed. London: Thames and Hudson. WAGNER, M.R. et al., 2006. Horizontal drilling and openhole gravel packing with oil-based fluids: an industry milestone. SPE Drilling and Completion, 21(1), pp. 32-43.

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6 Example of citations and reference list

AN EXAMPLE OF CITATIONS IN YOUR TEXT AND HOW THEY MATCH UP WITH THE DETAILS IN THE REFERENCE LIST AT THE END OF YOUR WORK NB The blue highlighting is for demonstration only

Harvard is the oldest institution of higher education in the United states, established in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Wold 2008). It was named after the College's first benefactor, the young minister John Harvard of Charlestown, who upon his death in 1638 left his library and half his estate to the institution (Nayar, Nene and Murase 1996). A statue of John Harvard stands today in front of University Hall in Harvard Yard, and is perhaps the University's best known landmark. Harvard University has 12 degree-granting Schools in addition to the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study (Aberdeen Art Gallery and Museums 2010). The University has grown from nine students with a single master to an enrolment of more than 20,000 degree candidates including undergraduate, graduate, and professional students. Gunn (1987 p. 37) has calculated that there are more than 360,000 living alumni in the U.S. and over 190 other countries. Reference list (line spaces between references are not required) ABERDEEN ART GALLERY AND MUSEUMS, 2010. Provost Skenes House. [online]. Aberdeen: Aberdeen Art Gallery and Museums. Available from: http://www.aagm.co.uk/Venues/ProvostSkenesHouse/psh-overview.aspx [Accessed 26 November 2010]. GUNN, L., 1987. Perspectives on public management. In: J. KOOIMAN and K.A. ELIASSEN, eds. Managing public organizations. London: Sage Publications. pp. 33-46. NAYAR, S.K., NENE, S.A. and MURASE, H., 1996. Subspace methods for robot vision. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, 12(5), pp. 750-758. WOLD, G.H., 2008. Basic geriatric nursing. 4th ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier

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