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2.5 understanding effects of forces

Newtons Second Law of Motion

The acceleration of a body, a, is directly proportional to the net force acting upon it, F, and inversely proportional to its mass, m.

Force can make object ..

balanced forces

1 newton (F = 1 N) is defined as the force required to produce an acceleration of 1 m s-2 (a=1 m s-2) when its acting on an object of mass 1 kg ( m = 1 kg)

An object is said to be in balance when it is:

In a stationary state. Moving at uniform velocity.

F = ma

Stationary object

An object moving with uniform velocity

Magnitude R = W but R acts in an opposite direction to the weight. (object is in equilibrium )

Force , F = Friction Resultant = F Friction = 0 (object is in equilibrium)

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unbalanced forces

Example 1:

A trolley of mass 30 kg is pulled along the ground by horizontal force of 50 N. The opposing frictional force is 20 N. Calculate the acceleration of the trolley.

A body is said to be in unbalanced when it is moving in acceleration. The ball move in acceleration because the forces act are not balanced. F > F , so the ball move in F direction

Example 2:
A 1000 kg car is travelling at 72 km h-1 when the brakes are applied. It comes to a stop in a distance of 40 m. What is the average braking force of the car?

Impulse and impulsive force

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0uUG4zhOW7s

Impulse

Impulsive force

Impuls is the change of momentum. It is also defined as the product between the force, F with the time, t. Impulse is a ( vector , scalar ) quantity. An impulse will cause velocity change of an object.

Impulsive force is described as the rate of change in momentum against a short time for a moving object. Impulsive force = ??

Impulse = Ft or Impulse = mv mu

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Example 1:

Example 2:

If ; u = 10 m s-1 , v = - 10 m s-1 , m = 5 kg and t = 1 s , what is the impulse and impulsive force?

If ; u = 10 m s-1 , v = - 10 m s-1 , m = 5 kg and t = 2 s , What is the impulse and impulsive force?

Relationship between time of collision and impulsive force

Impact of increasing impulsive force

Impulsive force , F 1/t Therefore, F decreases when the time of collision increases

Impact of decreasing impulsive force

2.7 Being Aware Of The Need For Safety Features In Vehicles

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Safety features Padded dashboard

Importance

Safety features Air bag

Importance Acts as a cushion for the head and body in an accident and thus prevents injuries to the driver and passengers. Prevents the passengers from being thrown out of the car. Slows down the forward movement of the passengers when the car stops abruptly. Prevents the collapse of the front and back of the car into the passenger compartment. Also gives good protection from a side-on collision

Increases the time interval of collision so the impulsive force produced during an impact is thereby reduced. Rubber bumper Absorb impact in minor accidents, thus prevents damage to the car. Shatter-proof windscreen Prevents the windscreen from shattering

Safety seat belt

Side bar in doors

Acceleration due to gravity

2.8 Understanding Gravity

An object will fall to the surface of the earth because it pulled by the force of gravity. The force of gravity also known as earths gravitational force, F When an object falls under the force of gravity only, the object is said to be free falling The acceleration of objects falling freely is known as acceleration due to gravity The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity depends on the strength of the gravitational field, g

Gravitational field

The region around the earth is the gravitational field of the earth. The object in gravitational field is on the force of gravity . The gravitational field strength is defined as the gravitational force acting on a 1 kg mass. g = F/m

At the surface of the earth, g = 9.8 N kg-1 This means that an object of mass 1 kg will experience a gravitational force of 9.8 N.

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Example 1:
A satellite of mass 600 kg in orbit experiences a gravitational force of 4800 N. Calculate the gravitational field strength.

Example 2:
A stone is released from rest and falls into a well. After 1.2 s, it hits the bottom of the well. (a) What is the velocity of the stone when it hits the bottom? (b) Calculate the depth of the well.

As a conclusion,

A gravitational field is a region in which an object experiences a force due to gravitational attraction. The gravitational field strength at a point in the gravitational field is the gravitational force acting on a mass of 1 kg placed that point.

Gravitational Field Strength vs. Gravitational Acceleration

Gravitational Field Strength Gravitational Acceleration

g = F/m

Same symbol, g same value (10) on the surface of the earth.

Gravitational acceleration is the acceleration of an object due to the pull of the gravitational force.

When an object is at rest, g is the Earths gravitational field strength.

When considering a body falling freely, g is its acceleration

Weight

Example:
The mass of a helicopter is 600 kg. What is the weight of the helicopter when it land on the peak of a mountain where the gravitational field is 9.78 N kg1 ?

The weight of an object is defined as the

gravitational force acting on the object. W = mg

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Exercise:
1. Sketch the following graphs for an object that falling freely. (a) Displacement-time graph, (b) Velocity-time graph (c) Acceleration-time graph

Exercise:
2. The following data was obtained from an experiment to measure the acceleration due to gravity. Mass of steel bob = 200 g, distance covered = 3.0 m, time of fall = 0.79 s. (a) Calculate the acceleration due to gravity of steel bob. (b) Give the explanation why your answer different with the constant of gravitational acceleration, g = 9.8 m s2.

2.9 IDEA OF EQUILIBRIUM FORCES

An object is in equilibrium when : a) It is in a stationary state b) It is moving with uniform velocity

Addition of Force
a resultant force is a single force that represents in magnitude and direction two or more forces acting on an object.

F resultant = the total of forces

Addition of forces parallel Triangle Method Not parallel Parallelogram Method

Parallelogram method:
1. Draw to scale. 2. Draw the line parallel with F1 to the edge of F2, and the line parallel with F2 to the edge of F1 3. Connect the diagonal of the parallelogram starting from the initial point. 4. Measure the length of the diagonal from the initial point as the value of the resultant force.

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Triangle method
1. Draw to scale. 2. Displace one of the forces to the edge of another force. 3. Complete the triangle and measure the resultant force from the initial point.

Example 1:
During Sport Day two teams in tug of war competition pull with forces of 6000 N and 5300 N respectively. What is the value of the resultant force? Are the two team in equilibrium?

Example 2:
A boat in a river is pulled horizontally by two workmen. Workmen A pulls with a force of 200 N while workmen while workmen B pulls with a force of 300 N. The ropes used make an angle 250 with each other. Draw a parallelogram and label the resultant force using scale of 1 cm : 50 N. Determine the magnitude of resultant force.

Resolution of a force Resolution of a force is reverse process of finding the resultant force

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Example 1:
The figure below shows Ali mopping the floor with a force 50 N at an angle of 60 to the floor.

Example 2:

What is the resultant force, F acting on the object if the object is moving with constant velocity?
Answer: 714.2 N

Example 3:

Example 4:
A football is kicked simultaneously by two players with force 220 N and 200 N respectively, as shown in below. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force.

Show on a figure, a) the direction of tension force, T of string b) the resultant force act to lamp c) calculate the magnitude of tension force, T
Answer: 7.82 N