AGRICULTURE AND BIOPRODUCTS

THANKS TO PETE DESAI

Knowledge Based Economy a new Driver Great Opportunity for Agriculture Tremendous Prospects for Plant Science

Convergence

The 20th Century: Century of Physics & Chemistry

Entertainment Information Technology Communication Transportation
Mathematics Mechanics Quantum Mechanics Chemistry / Physics Material Science Electronics Microbiology

Energy Food / Agriculture Industrial Materials Pharmaceuticals

Instruments

Co-evolution and convergence of different scientific disciplines create many new application opportunities with large societal benefits, both economic and scientific.

C o nv er g en ce

The 21st Century: Century of Biotechnology, Physics & Chemistry

Entertainment Information Technology Communication Transportation
BIOTECHNOLOGY Mathematics Mechanics Quantum Mechanics Chemistry / Physics Material Science Electronics Microbiology

Energy Food / Agriculture Industrial Materials Pharmaceuticals

Instruments

Co-evolution and convergence of different scientific disciplines create many new application opportunities with large societal benefits, both economic and scientific.

Technology and Global impact

Electricity Electricity 20th Century Advances Flight Flight Computers Computers

Molecular Molecular Biology Biology

The next threshold in human progress

Informatics Informatics

Nanotechnology Nanotechnology

Did you know

Sales Per Year Canada
Automobiles Residential Housing Computers USA Wall-Mart Exxon $ 47 Billion $ 13 Billion $ 1.2 Billion

$ 339 Billion $ 333 Billion

Did You Know FOOD GROCERIES EXPENDITURE Canada USA $ 64 Billion $ 600+ Billion

FOOD for THOUGHT #1

Agriculture is a BIG Business

The pie is bigger than we ALL think THINK BIG

The Age of Biology is beginning

Unit of Heredity (G. Mendel) DNA structure DNA is heredity material Corn hybrids 1865 1920s 1944 1953 1965 DNA sequencing Genetic code HGP First commercial biotech crops First transgenic plants

1977 1982 1990 1994

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0

Million bp sequenced

2000
Over 6000 million bp sequenced 6 multi cellular genomes 60 microbial genomes Gene expression arrays, proteomics, regulation cascades, HTS, SNPs.

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

Over 100 million acres biotech crops

Gene Metabolic Genomics Expression Path Eng.

Protein MicroEngineering Biology

BioEngineering Fermentation

Enabling Technologies

Further Building On: Platform Technologies Control & Manipulate Digitize & Analyze Discover Directed Evolution Functional Genomics Genomic Sequencing Genome Protein Engineering Protein Function Protein Structure Proteome Cell Systems Chemo Genomics Protein & Cell Signaling Life Networks

Genomics to identify genes and regulation of expression

Chromosomes Genes DNA Sequences
A T C A G C T G A

Proteomics Metabolism Regulation

Computer databases

Improved understanding of genes, gene function, and metabolic regulation Improved Improvedprimary primaryproduction production= =renewable renewableresources resources

Renewable resources are sustainable (Primary energy capture to multiple uses)

SOLAR ENERGY
Ecological cycles Fossil Fuels Energy, Food, Feed, Fiber, & Chemicals Consumption & Processing

CO2

> 1 million years

Photosynthesis High energy chemical bonds & carbon skeletons

Oxygen

Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids & Oils Metabolites Many chemicals

Traditional biomass approaches are insufficient to meet demand

Renewable Resources FORESTRY Residues CROP Residues PROCESS Residues Cellulose MUNICIPAL Waste recycling

TYPICAL BIOMASS
Hemi- Other cellulose Lignin

T R A D I T I O N A L

Bioenergy Platform

BIOFUELS BIOPOWER BIOPRODUCTS

High energy compounds Novel building blocks - carbon skeletons - novel polymers

Processing METHODS

Designed SOURCES

NEW FUTURE APPROACHES

A vision for renewable resources...

Demand
National security Environmental footprint Rural development Economic sustainability 5-fold again 5-fold
Supplied from Fossil Fuels Supplied from Renewables

Fossil fuel use is kept about flat

TODAY

2020

2050
Source: Renewable Resources Vision 2020

Facts and Figures: World Energy Use

BY TYPE:
Renewables 8% Natural Gas 23%

BY REGION:
Far East Africa Middle East E. Europe/F. Soviet W. Europe Canada & Mexico

Nuclear 7%

Petroleum 40%

Coal 22%
0

C. & S. America US
50 100 150

Quadrillion Btus

World WorldEnergy EnergyUse Use= =382 382Quads Quads or or65 65million millionBtu/yr/capita Btu/yr/capita
Source: USDOE

US Renewable Energy
Total Totalrenewable renewableenergy energy use usein inthe theUS US= =7.5 7.5Quads Quads
(<8% (<8%total totalconsumption) consumption)
Geothermal 5% Ethanol Fuel 1.5% Hydroelectric 47% Wood and Waste 45% Solar & Wind 1.5%

Today only ~4% of US energy comes from biomass Today only ~3% of US chemicals and materials come from biomass

Canada: reserves and time left

Known reserves:
Proven Total projected

Crude oil = 4.7 B bbls Nat gas = 61 T cu ft Coal = 9.5 B tons

125 100 75 50 25 0 Crude oil Nat gas Coal

Y-axis is # YEARS until reserves are gone

At current rates of domestic consumption plus export

Vision 2020 roadmap identifies several areas and the need to integrate research...
Key areas for integrated research
Plant Science Production Processing Utilization (Materials) Utilization (Demand)

Genomics Enzymes Metabolism Composition

Unit costs Yield Consistency Infrastructure Designer plants

Economics Separations Conversion Bio-catalysts Infrastructure

Economics Price/value Functionality Performance Performance Perception Novel uses

Science and technology impact

Source: Plant/Crop-Based Renewable Resources Roadmap

Evolution of the bio-refinery?

Grains Stover Biomass Marine
Oil Process Edible Industrial Glycerol + fatty acids
Other/ Waste Methanol, H2

Bioenergy Feed
Gasification

Many derivatives
B I O P R O C E S S I N G

Organic acids Amino acids Levulinate Xylose Polyols Chemicals Butanol Ethanol BioFuels

B I O R E F I N E R Y

Fiber Gluten (Protein) Starch Products

Residue Recycling

Dextrose HFCS

Emerging Future: Duality in Feedstocks and Processes

Oil Based
Oil Well

Renewable Resources Based

85%
Feed / Food FARM

x%
Plant Expression

15%

97%
Energy

Refinery

Commodity 25% Processor Carbohydrate

3%
Petrochemicals

Oils

75% Specialty 80% 20%

Processor

Heat Pressure Catalyst

Food

Bioprocessing

Broad variety of commodity and differentiated chemicals and plastics

KEY COMPETENCIES
Catalysis Chem Engineering Material Science

KEY COMPETENCIES
Biotech Basics Bioprocessing Chem Engineering Material Science

Technology Progress
BIOPROCESSING

Liquid or Solid Biomass Gas

Fermentation
Biocatalysis Bioreactor Separation Recovery

Products

Enzymatic PLANT EXPRESSION

Seed

Plant Growth Identity Preservation Separation

Products

Opportunities for Plant-Produced, Renewable Materials

Value
$/Lb. Ag - (Chemicals/Seeds) Nutritional Supplements Enzymes - Large Volume Industrial Catalysts

Pharma - High Value Protein Manufacturing

Food Ingredients Spec Chem - PG, Oleochemicals Chemicals/Polymers - PLA, PHAs

Food /Feed

Volume

Use of biotech to modify existing components

Typical wood: (or stalks/fiber)
Cellulose (1,4-glucan) tensile strength Lignin (phenolic polymers) rigidity Hemicellulose (mixed polysaccharides) Typical processing involves removing lignin from cellulosic components.

Not only was lignin down, growth of the trees was significantly enhanced. Down regulated via anti-sense

From: Hu et al, (1999) Nature Biotechnology, 17, pp 808-812.

Spider silk proteins

Seven known protein types
Repetitive amino acid arrays

Flagelliform silk
Highly elastic (200% extension)

Frame dragline silk

Strength = 300,000 lbs/sq inch Lighter than steel or petro-polymers Aerospace Structural engineering Ballistic protection Novel fibers for communications

Sea shells contain in interesting materials

Natural polymers such as polyaspartate will become more prominent as a future source of renewable resources.

Bio-mineralization is under genetic control Novel genes Functional Functionalmaterials materials Biomimetics New Newmaterials materials
This may turn out to be the least valuable material

Advances Advancesin inrenewables renewables

Nanoscale biopolymers for semiconductors

The marine environment has a vast array of functional chemicals and polymers
Millions Millionsof ofdiverse diversespecies species Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals Nutraceuticals Nutraceuticals

Genes, Genes,proteins, proteins,chemicals chemicals Novel genes Functional Functionalmaterials materials Biomimetics New Newmaterials materials Billions Billionsof ofdiverse diversegenes genes

Advances Advances in in renewables renewables

Forestry bioresources
Growth Growthrate: rate:productivity productivity Pest Pestprotection protection Stress Stresstolerance tolerance Wood Woodquality quality

Advanced Advancedmanagement management Remote Remotesensing sensing

Bio-diversity: Bio-diversity: Fungi Fungi Lichens/mosses Lichens/mosses Microbes Microbes Groundcover Groundcover Insects Insects

Pulp Pulp& &paper paperquality quality Degree Degreeof oflignification lignification Enzyme Enzymemodification modificationof offibers fibers

Gasification Gasificationof ofresidues residues Methanol Methanol fuels fuelscells cells

Base Basechemical chemicalmolecules molecules

Polylactic acid (PLA) from grown carbon...

D E X T R O S E
Dimerization
Fermentation

Controlled polymerization

Lactic Acid

Lactide

Polylactide

NatureWorks process

PLA Resins

Melt processable Specific Mol Wts Polymer types Thermoplastic & other markets

Genomics can assist in moving special fatty acids between plant species
Fatty acids and/or their triglycerides = renewable industrial materials. Moving genes to high-yielding crops.
PLANT Coriander Cuphae Forest vine Honesty Jojoba Lesquerella Meadowfoam Vernonia FATTY ACID Petroselinic (C18:1 6) Caprylate (C8:0) Palmitoleic (C18:1 9) Nervonic (C24:1 15) Wax and esters (C40-44) Densipolic (12-OH C18:2 9,15) Arachidonic (C20:1 5) Vernolic (12-epoxy C18:1 9) USES Nylon, Detergents Detergents, lubricant Detergents Slip agent Lubricant, cosmetics Coatings Anti-corrosion Plasticizer, polymers

Genomics to identify genes and regulation of expression

Chromosomes Genes DNA Sequences
A T C A G C T G A

Proteomics Metabolism Regulation

Computer databases

Improved understanding of genes, gene function, and metabolic regulation Improved Improvedprimary primaryproduction production= =renewable renewableresources resources

Traits that are on the horizon...

Crop Crop

protection. performance.

New approaches via natural genes. Fertilizer use efficiency, stress tolerance.
Compositional quality.

Focus on feed moving to food (more slowly)

Nutraceutical &

health related.

Antioxidants, edible vaccines.

Industrial renewable resources.

Raw materials inputs, few novel products.

The next generation will involve selecting technology to fit consumer needs...
Germplasm Base
Structural Genomics Functional Genomics Proteomics D Informational Science

N A

Genes Mapping Sequencing Expression

Bioinformatics Gene Shuffling

T R A I T S

MAB Transgenics

Designer Crops Grown

Set of Future Consumer Needs

Food & Materials Manufacture

Harvest IP Store Separations Processing

Achieving sustainable development will require business sectors to reform new sets...
Emerging arena of Health and Well-being PHARMA
Viable Viablebusinesses businesseswill willbe be more moreintegrated integratedbut butalong along a adifferent differentdimension dimension

RESOURCE FOOD PROCESSING PRODUCTION (agriculture)

CHEMICALS

MATERIALS Emerging arena of Sustainable Industry

What Whatchanges changescan canyou you implement implementto toincrease increase the theprobability probabilityfor forfuture future sustainable sustainabledevelopment. development.

The Value Chain Wealth Creation

Technology Germplasm

Seeds

Grower

Grain Primary Secondary Retailing Handling Processing Processing

CONSUMER

The Value Chain

Agriculture industry must form new systems to create, capture and deliver the value from the technology.

Technology Germplasm

Seeds

Grow er

Grain Pri m ar y Secondary Retailing Handling Processing Processing

Future focus on output traits will drive greater co-ordination between all points in the value-chain.

Success Factors for Bio-Based Economy

Consistent Supply Perceived or Add Real Value Functionality Property Create a New Innovative Product Excellent Science Resources to Commercialize

Success Factors for Bio-Based Economy

Short Term Quick HITS FOCUS, Focus. focus on WINNERS Need the Biomass equivalent of: - Ethylene - Oil It could be SUGARS from Biomass not Valuable commodity - Food

FOOD for THOUGHT #2

NO one can do it alone

Major Successes will be through Multi Disciplinary TEAM APPROACH

Think Global

Act Local

If you do what you always did then You will get what you always got
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