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POTENCY OF AGRO-
AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTE BIOMASS
FOR SECOND GENERATION OF BIO-
BIO-ETHANOL PRODUCTION
AS PETROLEUM SUBSTITUTION
Presented at “RESEARCH WORKSHOP ON SUSTAINABLE BIOFUEL DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA,
PROGRESS SO FAR AND FUTURE APPLIED RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES”
ASEAN Room, Sultan Hotel, Jakarta; 09.00 – 17.00 / 04 – 05 February 2009
by
Ir. Sutikno, M.Sc., Ph.D,
The University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung. 35145
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Sutikno, Unila Lampung
POTENCY OF AGRO-
AGRO-INDUSTRIAL
INDUSTRIAL WASTE BIOMASS
FOR SECOND GENERATION OF BIO-
BIO-ETHANOL PRODUCTION
AS PETROLEUM SUBSTITUTION
Ir. Sutikno, M.Sc., Ph.D,
The University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung. 35145
Introduction
Indonesian fossil fuel reserves decrease steadily. In 1974, Indonesia had fossil fuel
reserves of 15.000 metric barrel (MB) and decreased to 5.123 MB in 2000 and to 4.301
MB in 2005 (OPEC, 2005). This was due to exploitation of the fossil fuel for many years
and limitation of geology exploration and survey to find out new fossil fuel reserves.
Without new fuel reserve addition, Indonesian fossil fuel reserve can only be explored
until the year of 2035 (Dartanto, 2005).
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Sutikno, Unila Lampung
kelapa sawit), and rice straw are byproducts of sugar industries, palm oil industries, and
paddy plantation, respectively. The agro-industrial byproducts are commonly cell walls
which contain lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose (Gomez et al., 2008). Quintero-
Ramirez (2008) stated that cellulose consist of high molecular weight polymers of glucose
that are held rigidly together as bundles of fibers to provide material strength;
Hemicellulose consists of shorter polymers of various sugars that glue the cellulose
bundles together, and lignin providing rigidity to the structure consists of a tri-dimensional
polymer of propyl-phenol that is imbedded in and bound to the hemicellulose (Figure 1).
Cellulose, hemi cellulose, and lignin contents of bagasse, oil palm empty bunch, and rice
straw are not the same and stated at Table 1.
Table 1. Cellulose, hemi cellulose, and lignin contents of agro-industrial waste biomass
in Indonesia
Kinds of Component Content (%) of Biomass
No Reference
Biomass Cellulose Hemi Cellulose Lignin
1 Rice straw 37.71 21.99 16.62 Dewi, 2002
2 Bagasse 52.70 20.00 24.20 Sansuri et al., 2007
Oil palm
3 45.80 26.00 - Isroi, 2008
empty bunch
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Sutikno, Unila Lampung
total bioethanol produced from the straw is 45.753.728 kilo litters (kL). This amount of
bioethanol has been able to fulfill the Indonesian petroleum consumption which is only
16.418.000 kL in the year of 2004 (Wahid, 2008). With the same approach, total
bioethanol which can be generated from oil palm empty bunch and bagasse is 7.872.359
kL and 2.000.000 kL, respectively (Table 2).
Table 2 Bioethanol potency generated from agro-industrial waste biomass via microbial
fermentation in Indonesia
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Sutikno, Unila Lampung
Up to now, the production cost of second generation bioethanol is still high; A Key
to unlocking low cost the second generation bioethanol is a pretreatment step which
provides significant effects on the other steps (Figure 4). The pretreatment generally refers
to the disruption of the naturally resistant carbohydrate-lignin shield that limits the
accessibility of enzymes to cellulose and hemicellulose (Yan and Wyman, 2008).
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However, the choice of pretreatment technology is not trivial and must take into account
sugar-release patterns and solid concentrations for each pretreatment in conjunction with
their compatibility with the overall process, feedstock, enzymes, and organisms to be
applied. Therefore, researches to find out the best pretreatment for certain agro-
industrial waste biomass in Indonesia should be carried out intensively and Indonesian
New & Renewable Energy Society (METI) should coordinate and communicate among
Indonesian researchers in order to realize production in commercial scale of the
second generation bioethanol in Indonesia in efficient and effective ways. It is hoped
that Indonesia which has huge and cheap waste biomasses can catch up other country
progress such as Brazil which has build several pilot plants of the second generation
bioethanol from sugar cane bagasse in the year of 2009 (Jagger, 2009).
Conclusion
Productions of the second generation bioethanol from agro-industrial waste
biomass are essential in order to overcome our excessive dependence on petroleum
for liquid fuels and also to address the build-up of greenhouse gases that cause global
climate change. Biological conversion offers a potential for radical technical advances
through application of the powerful tools of modern biotechnology to realize truly low
costs. However, pretreatment step is the key cost element in the biological conversion
of agro-industrial waste biomass to bioethanol or other products, such as biobutanol,
that still require low cost sugars to be cost competitive. In addition, pretreatment step can
have invasive impacts on the performance and cost of virtually all other operation steps.
Thus, pretreatment steps must be advanced and carefully integrated with the rest of
the process to realize the full potential of cellulosic ethanol or other biologically
derived products. Although a wide range of pretreatment approaches have been
conducted over the years, only a few achieve the high yields of sugars from biomass with
low enough costs to be considered attractive, and all of them rely on chemical addition.
Unfortunately, relatively little funding has targeted advancing either the technologies or
their understanding, impeding significant breakthroughs that reduce cost and more
confident commercial applications. It is now time for far more aggressive and intensive
to carry out fundamental and applied researches on the pretreatment step and its
integration with the rest of the second generation bioethanol process.
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Sutikno, Unila Lampung
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