Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHEMICAL BONDING
LECTURE
B. Draw the Resonance Structures C. Determine the Formal Charge atoms D. Determine the Polarity of bonds
Concept Check
What is meant by the term chemical bond? How do atoms bond with each other to form molecules?
Chemical Bonding
- attractive forces that hold atoms together in compounds.
Example: Nitrogen, N
. . :N .
. N. .
. . N: .
. . N.
Chemical Bonding
When atoms bound, they lose, gain, or share electrons to attain a filled outer level of eight (or two) electrons.
Octet Rule
Representative elements usually attain stable noble gas electron configurations in most of their compounds
Ionic Bonding
Present in IONIC COMPOUNDS Bonding between a METAL + NONMETAL Metal loses an electron CATION (+ charge) Nonmetal gains an electron ANION (- charge) e.g. NaCl, KBr, MgS
Ionic Bonding
Three ways to represent the formation of Li+ and F- through electron transfer.
2 Na.
+ .O. .. :
2 Na+[: O : ]2: :
Exercise 1
a. Li3N
Solution:
b. AlCl3 3 Li .
a. Li3N
b. AlCl3 c. MgO
+ .N :
: : ..
Al : + 3 . Cl : Al3+ 3 [: Cl :]-
:
Mg : +
: Mg2+ [: O: ]2O .. : :
Covalent Bonding
Present in COVALENT COMPOUNDS Bonding between a NONMETAL + NONMETAL * Atoms share electrons (outer e-/valence e-)
Covalent Bonding
Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons. 2 electrons shared - single covalent bond formed.
HCN.
N = 2 (H) + 8 (C) + 8 (N) = 18 A = 1 (H) + 4 (C) + 5 (N) = 10 S= 8 -> 4 bonds A-S = 2 Lone pairs
O C O
The best Lewis structures have formal charges on the atoms that are zero or nearly zero.
N = 8 (N) + 8 (O) + 8 (Cl) = 24 A = 5 (N) + 6 (0) + 7 (Cl) = 18_ S= 6 -> 3 bonds A-S = 12 lone pairs
Cl N O
Cl N O
-1
Cl N O
Cl N O 7-(2+4) = +1 5-(3+2) = 0 6-(1+6) = -1
Cl N O
Cl N O 7-(1+6) = 0 5-(3+2) = 0 6-(2+4) = 0
= 32 = 24 8 -> 6 electrons 18
Br B Br
Br
*Reduced Octet
F F
*Expanded Octet
F As F
b. SF6
F = 7(1+6)= 0 S = 6(6+0)= 0
Exercises
Draw the Lewis structure of the following molecules and calculate the formal charges of each atom: XeF2 SF4
Quiz
1. Write the Lewis structure of the following ionic compounds 2pts each a. SrF2 b. K2O c. Ca3N2 2. Draw the most stable Lewis structure and calculate the formal charge of each atom on: 4 pts each a. ICl3 b. SbF4-
Answer
1. Write the Lewis structure of the following salts: (2 pts each) a. SrF2 b. K2O
Answer
2. Draw the most stable Lewis structure and calculate the formal charge of each atom on: 3 pts each
a) ICl3
N = 8 (I) + 3 x 8 (Cl) A = 7 (I) + 3 x 7 (Cl) = 32 = 28 S = 4 -> 6 electrons A-S = 28-6 =22
Cl
0 0
I : 7- (3+4) = 0 Cl : 7 ( 1+6) =0
Cl 0
Cl
Answer
2. Draw the most stable Lewis structure and calculate the formal charge of each atom on: 3 pts each
a) SbF4N = 8 (Sb) + 4 x 8 (F) = 40 A = 5 (Sb) + 4 x 7 (F) + 1 = 34 S = 6 -> 8 electrons A-S = 34-8 =26
F : 7- (1+6) = 0 Sb :5 (4+2)= -1
F
0
F Sb
-1
0 0
F0
Exercises
Draw the Lewis structure of the following molecules and calculate the formal charges of each atom:
1. 2. 3. 4. BiF52IBr4+ OCCl2 XeOF4
5. HONO2
Resonance
- more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a particular molecule.
Example 8: Write the a Lewis structure of sulfur trioxide, SO3.
= 32 = 24 8 -> 4 bonds 16
O S O O
O S O
O
O S O
O
Resonance
O S O
O S O O
O S O O
All of the bonds in SO3 are equivalent. There are no single or double bonds in SO3. Best representation of the Lewis structure of SO3:
Exercises
Draw the Lewis structure of nitrate ion, NO3-
O N O
O N O
O N O
1. CH3CH2CH3
Tetravelent Trivalent Divalent Monovalent
C N O H, X
4 3 2 1
2. CH3CH2OH
3. CH3COCH3
Tetravelent Trivalent Divalent Monovalent
C N O H, X
4 3 2 1
4. CH3NH2
O O S O O
2-
H N H H
O O S O
2-
H N H H
H N H H
Cl
Concept Check
Draw the correct Lewis Structure of H3PO4
N = 3 x 2 (H) + 8 (P) + 4 x 8 (O) = 46 A = 3 x 1 (H) + 5 (P) + 4 x 6 (O) = 32 S = 14 -> 7 bonds A-S = 18 O -1
O
0
P+1 O
0
O
H
b) H3PO4
O
0
P0 O H
0
O
0
Bond Polarity
Covalent bonds in which the electrons are shared equally are designated as nonpolar covalent bonds.
Nonpolar covalent bonds have a symmetrical charge distribution.
Examples: 1. H2 2. N2
Bond Polarity
Covalent bonds in which the electrons are not shared equally are designated as polar covalent bonds
Polar covalent bonds have an asymmetrical charge distribution
H F 2.1 4.0
1.9
Bond Polarity
Polar molecules have a separation of centers of negative and positive charge, an asymmetric charge distribution.
Density map of HF
Bond Polarity
Bond Polarity
Polar molecules can be attracted by magnetic and electric fields.
Dipole Moment
The dipole moment has the symbol . (= d x q; unit: debye) Polar molecules have dipole moment
Molecules that have a small separation of charge have a small . Molecules that have a large separation of charge have a large . For example, HF and HI:
H - F
H -I
Review
1. How were covalent bonds formed?
2. When forming a bond, the atoms obey what rule? 3. Formation of one covalent bond involves how many electrons?
4. In a triple bond, how many electrons are being shared? 5. How will you determine which is the best lewis structure?