EE 312 LECTURE NOTES: Electronics II Nonideal Characteristics

1 DC CHARACTERISTICS

1.1 INPUT BIAS CURRENT

An ideal op amp has no current flow through its input terminals. In reality, however, there are small random currents that differ from one component to the other in the same production line. The datasheet reports the average and absolute maximum values for these currents. When analyzing circuits with these currents, a voltage will appear on the feedback resistor causing the output voltage to have an offset of:
v off = R f I b

where Ib is the bias current of the op amp.

1.2 INPUT OFFSET CURRENT

If one designs the op amp circuit such that the resistances seen by the positive and negative terminals are equal, then the output offset will be reduced to:
+ v off = R f I b Ib

The difference between the +ve and ve bias currents is called the input offset current which is lower than the bias currents, and the output offset is reduced to:
v off = R f I OI

1.3 INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE

In addition to the bias currents, an input offset voltage appears at the positive terminal of the op amp with respect to its negative terminal even if both terminals are shorted to ground. This causes an additional output offset voltage as if you have a non-inverting amplifier, in which case: Rf v off = 1 + R VOS s where VOS is the input offset voltage reported in the op amp datasheet.

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2013 King Abdulaziz University Dr. Amjad Hajjar Electrical & Computer Engineering Department

EE 312 LECTURE NOTES: Electronics II Nonideal Characteristics

2 AC CHARACTERISTICS

2.1 BANDWIDTH
The open loop op amp gain is said to be high; however, this gain decreases with the input frequency. At some frequency when the gain becomes one, this frequency is called the unity gain frequency (fUG) and it defines the op amp bandwidth. To have the op amp at normal operation, you must set the upper limit of the signal to:
fs fUG 10 A

In the designs below, the op amp unity gain bandwidth is 4MHz. Determine the maximum allowed input signal frequency.

A fs

=3 fUG 10 A

= 133kHz

Stage I:
A fs

=4 100 kHz

Stage II:
A fs

=1 2 =1 400 kHz

Stage III: A fs

Since all stages must operate: f s 100kHz

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2013 King Abdulaziz University Dr. Amjad Hajjar Electrical & Computer Engineering Department

EE 312 LECTURE NOTES: Electronics II Nonideal Characteristics

Try the following simulations using an inverting amplifier using AD713 op amp (fUG=4MHz) with a gain of A and a sine wave input vs = a sin (2f s t ) : 1 2 3 4 a = 1V A=1 fs = 4 MHz fs = 400 kHz a = 1V A=1 fs = 400 kHz a = 10V A = 1 fs = 400 kHz a = 1V A = 10 Note: watch for VCC and VEE saturations

2.2 SLEW RATE

Op amps cannot make sudden output voltage changes. If a square wave is to be amplified, the voltage change will take time to reach the upper or lower value. Thus: v o SR t In the general case, this rate of change is the derivative in time: vo SR t where SR is the slew rate of the op amp used. In the designs below, suppose the input signal is vs = 10 cos(400 t ) . Determine the minimum op amps slew rate for correct operation:
vo &o v = 30 cos(400t ) = 12000 sin (400t )

thus,

SR 12000 V s = 12 V ms

Stage I: v1 &1 v

= 40 cos(400t ) = 16000 sin (400t ) SR 16 V ms

Stage II: v 2 = 0.5 v1 = 20 cos(400t ) & 2 = 8000 sin (400t ) v SR 8 V ms Since all stages must operate: SR 16V ms 3|Page
2013 King Abdulaziz University Dr. Amjad Hajjar Electrical & Computer Engineering Department

EE 312 LECTURE NOTES: Electronics II Nonideal Characteristics

Try the following simulations using an inverting amplifier using AD713 op amp (SR=20V/s) with a gain of A and a sine wave input vs = a sin (2f s t ) : 1 2 3 a = 5V A = 20 a = 10V A = 20 a = 10V A = 10 Note: watch for VCC and VEE saturations fs = 31.831 kHz

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2013 King Abdulaziz University Dr. Amjad Hajjar Electrical & Computer Engineering Department