MODUL 1 SENTENCES AND CLAUSES

Independent clause (main clause)

Dependent clause (subordinate clause)

Kelompok kata yang saling English is an international berhubungan yang mempunyai language. subjek dan predikat dan dapat Rudy is my son. berdiri sendiri. Anak kalimat, mempunyai subjek dan predikat, tetapi tidak bisa berdiri sendiri. Klausa yang befungsi sebagai kata Sebagai subjek: That she does benda. not love you is obvious. Diawali dengan subordinate Sebagai objek: It is obvious conjunction. that she does not love you. Sebagai kata keterangan: My concern is how to make her happy. Menerangkan kata benda. Pizza,which most people love, Menggunakan relative pronoun is not very healthy. (that, who, whom, whose, which, I met a girl who wears a red where, when, and why). skirt. Klause yang berfungsi sebagai When I was in Seoul, I visited adverb. Myeongdong. Menjelaskan kata kerja, kata sifat, You can sit wherever you like. kata keterangan, atau menjelaskan seluruh kalimat. Diawali dengan subordinate conjunction.

Noun clause

Adjective clause

Adverbial clause

Sentences Classification by Types Declarative sentence Memberikan informasi atau pendapat. I am happy. (statement) Diakhiri dengan titik. Seoul is the capital of South Korea. Interrogative sentence (question) Imperative (command request) Menanyakan suatu informasi. Diakhiri dengan tanda tanya. What is your name? Have you ever been Indonesia? Turn off the light! Open the window, please. What a beautiful day! (excitement) How beautiful she is! (admire) I dont know what happened here! (confusion) Stay out of my room! (anger) to

sentence Memberikan informasi tentang apa yang and harus dilakukan oleh lawan bicara. Request: menggunakan kata please. Diakhiri dengan tanda seru atau titik. Exclamatory sentence Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan emosi. Diakhiri dengan tanda seru. What + countable/uncountable noun How + adjective or adverb

Sentence Classification by the Number of Full Predications Simple sentence Hanya terdiri dari satu klausa saja, yaitu Tika is happy. independent clause. Rani and Rina swim everyday. (compound subject) I like to sing and dance everyday. (compound predicate) Terdiri dari dua independent clause. a) main clause + (,)+ coordinate conjunction + main clause b) main clause + (;) + transition (linking word) + main clause Terdiri dari satu independent clause dan satu atau lebih dependent clause. He was tired, so he went to bed. I love walking on the beach; furthermore, I hope to live close to the ocean someday. You should lock the doors before you leave the house. The student who delivers magazines before he goes to school is the cleverest student in this class. Although the farmers always work long hours, they seem to enjoy their work, and they usually have a long time rest during the dry season.

Compound sentence (kalimat majemuk)

Complex sentence

Compound-complex sentence

Terdiri dari dua atau lebih independent clause dan satu atau lebih dependent clause.

MODUL 2 CONJUNCTIONS

Structural Unit Joined by Coordinate Conjunctions Coordinate conjunctions Menggabungkan dua atau lebih part of speech (words, phrases, and clauses) and, or, but, yet, so, for Functional Unit Joined by Coordinate Conjunctions

Words: She is beautiful, diligent, and intelligent. Phrases: He spends his free time to play the piano, compose music, or writing poetry. Dependent clauses (and, or, but): He married a woman who was very intelligent and charming, but who could not cook at all. Independent clauses: The shirt is too small for you, yet it fits nicely to me. Compound subjects: (perhatikan subjek terakhirnya singular atau plural) The teacher or the students receive the award. The students or the teacher receives the award. Compound predicate: They read and write in English. Compound objects: He bought a pen and a pencil. Compound modifier: He was tired but happy. You can sit wherever you like. (adverbial clause) My concern is how to make her happy. (noun clause) If only I knew it earlier, this incident would not ever happen. We will manufacture these handbags only if we can obtain the right leather. Prepositional phrase + as I will be happy as long as you love me. Prepositional phrase + that Radium treatments were given to him in the hope that the cancer cells might be destroyed. Prepositional phrase + the fact that He went to school in spite of the fact that he was ill. She works so hard as her mother does. Riza is more handsome than his brother.

Single-Word Subordinate Conjunctions

Two-Word Conjunctions Subordinate conjunctions Menghubungkan dependent clause dengan independent clause.

Subordinate Conjunctions Beginning with Prepositional Phrases

Split Conjunctions

Verb agreement Both the teacher and the student are Bentuk predikat (tunggal atau here now. jamak) mengikuti subjek yang Not only the students but also the disebutkan terakhir. teacher is here now. Both...and... --> selalu Not only the teacher but also the menggunakan predikat berbentuk students are here now. jamak. Correlative conjunctions Digunakan dalam bentuk pasangan.

Pronoun agreement Bentuk pronoun mengikuti subjek yang disebutkan terakhir.

Neither my son nor my friends expressed their dissapoinment when the party was cancelled. Neither my friends nor my son expressed his dissapoinment when the party was cancelled.

Parallel structure Kesamaan bentuk gramatika harus mengikuti setiap kata dalam pasangan correlative conjunction.

Neither + noun + nor + noun Not only + verb + but also + verb

MODUL 3 QUESTIONS

Wh Questions What Q: What did you do yesterday? A: I cooked Indonesian food. Q: What does your husband look like? A: He is tall, has dark hair and brown eyes. Where Q: Where do you live? A: I live at Yeouido. Why Q: Why did you come to Seoul? A: I came to Seoul to study. Which Q: Which dress are you going to wear? A: Im going to wear the red Q: Why are you studying one. English? A: Because I love this language. When Who Q: When did you come to Q: Who makes the cake? Korea? A: Susi. A: I came to Korea two years Q: Who makes the cake? ago. A: Susi and Ita.
(who biasanya diikuti singular verb walaupun jawabanya adalah plural)

Whom How Q: Whom are you going to Q: How long does it take to invite? travel from Seoul to Busan A: I am going to invite my by bus? (whose digunakan untuk menanyakan classmates. A: It takes six hours.
kepemilikan) (whom digunakan untuk menanyakan seseorang yang menjadi objek kalimat)

Whose Q: Whose book is this? A: It is mine.

Negative Questions Do you not always like ice Am I not the head of the cream? family? Dont you always like ice Arent I the head of the family? cream?

Formal

Informal

Tag Questions Kalimat positif ditambahkan negative tag question You are from Indonesia, arent you? Kalimat negatif ditambahkan positive tag question You are not from Indonesia, are you? Lets go to the cinema, shall we? Sit down, will you?
(kalimat perintah menggunakan tag question will you)

This is your book, isnt it? These are your books, arent they?

MODUL 4 PASSIVE SENTENCES

Objek pada kalimat aktif menjadi subjek pada kalimat pasif. Kata kerja berubah menjadi bentuk past participle.

Active: Subject + verb + object Subject object Object subject Passive: Subject + to be + verb (past participle) + by + object

A: Rudy always pays my lunch. P: My lunch is always paid by Rudy.

Tak harus selalu ada pelaku, bisa saja pelaku tidak dianggap penting. Maka by tidak diperlukan. Active: Subject + be + verb-ing + object Subject object Object subject Passive: Subject + be + being + verb (past perfect) + object Active: Subject + modal + verb + object Passive Voice with Modal Auxiliaries Subject object Object subject Passive: Subject + modal + be + verb (past participle) + object Sentences with Two Objects

A: Someone has painted the house last week. P: The house has been painted last week.

A: Mom was baking a cake when I got home. P: A cake was being baked by mom when I got home.

Passive Progressive Sentences

A: We should recycle papers and plastics. P: Papers and plastics should be recycled (by us).

A: Mr. Lee offered Ani a job. P: A job was offered to Ani by Mr.Lee. P: Ani was offered a job by Mr. Lee. I am tired. The students are interested in learning English. She is frightened. (past participle yang berfungsi sebagai Learning English is interesting.
adjective) (interested says how someone feels; interesting describes the people or things that cause the feelings)

Passive Adjective

Get + Adjective
(menunjukkan perubahan sifat)

Get + Past Participle Im getting tired. They got married last week.

Its getting dark soon.

Negative Form of Get + Past Participle She does not get assigned to a new job. Joshua and Lia cannot get married as scheduled. Be used to Be accustomed to
Menyatakan sudah terbiasa dengan sesuatu. Diikuti dengan noun atau gerund.

Used to
Menyatakan suatu keadaan/kegiatan yang terjadi/sering dilakukan di masa lampau tetapi tidak terjadi lagi sekarang.

He used to smoke. Did she use to smoke? She didnt use to smoke.

I am used to living in a small house. I am accustomed to getting up early. Are you used to living in a small house?

MODUL 5&6 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES Finite Verbs She walks home. Verbs that have a definite relation with the subject or noun. These verbs are usually the Finite verbs walks main verb of a clause or sentence. Non-Finite Verbs He loves camping in the woods. Verbs that cannot be the main verb of a clause Finite verb: loves; Non-finite verb: camping or sentence as they do not talk about the action (gerund) that is being performed by the subject or noun. They refused to leave. They do not indicate any tense. Finite verb: refused; Non-finite verb: to leave Gerunds (verb 1 + ing): as a noun (infinitive) Infinitives (to + verb 1): as a noun or modifier of I read an interesting book. a noun Finite verb: read; Non-finite verb: interesting Participle (-ed/-ing): as an adjective or adverb (participle) Gerunds as Object of Prepositions Preposition + Verb 1 + ing She is better at solving problems. I am used to living in a small house. (to di atas sebagai preposition, bukan to yang menyertai infinitive) I like knitting and sewing. I cant stand drinking alcohol. Do you mind closing the window, please? (Do you mind. dan Would you mind... diikuti oleh gerund) We will go camping next week. Her hobby is cooking. His favourite sport was playing tennis. cooking melengkapi verb is; playing melengkapi verb was. Waiting is boring. To wait for a bus is boring. It is nice to see you. (formal) It is nice seeing you. (non-formal) I would like to learn English seriously. (1) I swear to tell the truth. (1) They convinced us to buy their product. (2) She asks to go together. (3) She asks me to go together. (3) I prefer teaching to working in a company. I prefer to teach than to work in a company.

Gerunds as Objects of Verbs

Go + gerund untuk mengungkapkan kegiatan yang berhubungan dengan rekreasi. Gerund as a Complement Melengkapi predikat yang berbentuk to be.

Gerunds and Infinitives as Subjects Gerund bersifat umum Infinitives bersifat khusus Verbs Followed by Infinitives Kelompok 1 (Verb + Infinitve) Kelompok 2 (Verb + Pronoun/noun + Infinitive) Kelompok 3 (bisa diikuti pronoun/noun atau langsung infinitive) Verbs Followed by Either Infinitives or Gerunds begin, continue, dislike, dread, intend, love, hate, hate, neglect, plan, prefer, start, cant bear, cant stand, cant help

Verbs That Have Different Meanings When Followed Either by a Gerund or an Infinitive forget, remember, like, regret, try, stop, need, require

need/require + gerund = need/require + passive infinitive 1. The house needs repainting. 2. The house needs to be repainted. 3. The house needs to repaint. (makna kalimat 1 = 2, tetapi tidak sama dengan kalimat 3)

Infinitives with too Noun/ Noun phrase + be/Verb + too + adjective/ He has too many books to read. noun + to infinitive Noun/ Noun phrase + be/Verb + too + adjective/ This bag is too heavy for a little child to carry. noun + for + object + to infinitive Infinitives with enough Noun/ Noun phrase + be/Verb + Adjective/ His grades are good enough for him to pass the Adverb + enough + for + object + to infinitive exam.

MODUL 7 COMPARISON

Unclear Comparison John likes Rina better than Mary. Perbandingan dimana terdapat ketidakjelasan mengenai bagian yang dibandingkan. a. John likes Rina better than Mary likes Rina. b. John likes Rina better than he likes Mary. Rina has a car smaller than her brother. Seharusnya: Rina has a car smaller than her brothers car. Repeating Comparative The sooner you start, the more quickly you will Menyatakan perubahan yang terjadi secara finish. bersamaan. Dalam bahasa Indonesia: semakin , semakin The more it is dangerous, the more I like it. More + adjective/adverb/noun tidak bisa (salah) dipisahkan The more dangerous it is, the more I like it. More harus didahului oleh the. (benar) Double Comparative Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan perubahan terus menerus. 1. Untuk kata dengan suku kata lebih dari 2, hanya kata more yang diulang. 2. Untuk kata dengan suku kata kurang dari atau sama dengan 2, pengulangan kata tersebut dengan akhiran -er. 3. Tidak boleh menggabungkan kata more dengan akhiran er dan kata most dengan akhiran est. More used as Non-comparative Sebagai kata benda more dapat berdiri sendiri ataupun didahului dengan kata one, few atau any. Sebagai kata ganti, biasanya more didahului oleh some atau many. Sebagai kata sifat, more dapat digunakan untuk countable dan uncountable nouns. Jika more diikuti oleh determiner, maka yang digunakan adalah more of. Determiner: 1. Article: a, an, the. 2. Possessive: my, your, her, his, their. 3. Demonstrative: this, that, these, those. May I have one more, please?

He is getting fatter and fatter. I feel more and more nervous. He is more lonelier here than he was in America. (salah) He is lonelier here than he was in America. (benar)

There is still a lot of food. Do you want some more? (sebagai pengganti kata benda food) She needs more money.

May I have more of your grapes?

Less and Fewer Less uncountable noun Fewer plural, countable nouns Less = tidak kurang apabila didahului kata no Lessthan bisa digantikan dengan not soas He is less clever than his brother. He is not so clever as his brother. India has fewer natural resources and less land than China. His salary is no less than 5 million rupiahs a month. (5 million atau lebih)

MODUL 8 NOUN CLAUSES

Noun clause sebagai subjek What he said was interesting Noun Clause with Question Words Q: S-V NC: S-V Q: V - to be S NC: Q S to be Do, did, does tidak dipergunakan dalam noun clause Noun Clause with Whether or If Yes/No question Memakai or not atau tidak, tidak mengubah makna. With or not: whether or not whetheror not ifor not Question Words Followed by Infinitives memiliki makna yang sama dengan should atau can/could. Noun Clause with That Berasal dari sebuah statement (pernyataan). Dapat berperan sebagai subjek ataupun objek pada sebuah kalimat.

Noun clause sebagai objek I heard what he said.

Who lives there? I dont know who lives there. Who is she? I dont know who she is. Where does she live? I dont know where she lives.

Does he need help? I dont know whether or not he needs help. I dont know whether he needs help or not. I dont know if he needs help or not. I dont know what I should do. I dont know what to do. Please tell me when I can go home. Please tell me when to go home. She cant speak Korean. Sebagai subjek: That she cant speak Korean is obvious. Sebagai objek: It is obvious that she cant speak Korean.

MODUL 9 REPORTED SPEECH Backshift of tenses From Simple Present Simple Past Present Perfect Past Perfect will am/are/is was/were has been had been had been Would was/were Progressive forms Past Perfect To Simple Past Conversion of expressions From this today these now (a week) ago last weekend here next (week) tomorrow To that that day those then (a week) before the weekend before / the previous weekend there the following (week) the next/following day

Reported Statement menggunakan noun clause untuk melaporkan suatu pernyataan yang telah dikemukakan oleh seseorang say/said + noun clause tell/told + pronoun + noun clause 1. The verbs: could, should, would, might, neednt, ought to, used to biasanya tidak berubah. She said, I listen to the radio. She said (that) she listened to the radio. She told me that she listened to the radio. She said, I should listen to the radio. She said (that) she should listen to the radio.

2. Dalam percakapan, jika percakapan sedang A: What the teacher just said? I cant hear? berlangsung, tidak ada perubahan tenses. B: He said he wants us to read. 3. Present tense tetap digunakan jika John said, My brother is at Korea University. membicarakan general truth atau fakta yang John said (that) his brother is at Korea masih terjadi. University. 4. Apabila reporting verb dalam bentuk simple She says, I watch TV every day. present, present perfect atau future, kata She says she watches TV every day. kerja dalam noun clause tidak berubah. Reported Question Menggunakan noun clause untuk melaporkan suatu pertanyaan Yes/No Question Menggunakan ask, want to know, wonder, Sandi said, Are you alright? atau inquire Sandi asked (me) if I was alright. Noun clause diawali whether/if Sandi wondered whether I was alright.

Question Words Menggunakan ask bukan say atau tell Langsung menggunakan kalimat tanya Reported Order Menggunakan noun clause untuk melaporkan kalimat perintah, ajakan, undangan atau permintaan S + V + O + Infinitive Phrase

She said, Where do you live? She asked me where I lived. She said, How old is she? She asked me how old she was. Jamal said, Please come to my party! Jamal invited me to come to his party My teacher said, You should learn more! My teacher advised me to learn more.
(Reporting verb disesuaikan dengan maksud dari quoted speech, apakah berupa ajakan, perintah, nasehat, dll)

MODUL 10, 11 & 12 ADVERBIAL CLAUSE Adverbial Clauses of Time Special Verb Form in Adverbial Clauses of Time Main Clause Future tense Time Clause Present tense Present perfect tense Present tense Present perfect tense Simple past tense Past progressive tense Past progressive tense Simple past tense Sentences He will continue his studies after he graduates from high school. He will continue his studies after he has graduated from high school. You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. You will have perfected your English by the time you have come back from the U.S. I watered the flowers while my wife prepared breakfast. (dua kejadian yang terjadi bersamaan) The telephone rang while she was ironing. (satu kejadian terjadi saat kegiatan lain sedang berlangsung) I was watering the flowers while my wife was preparing breakfast. She was ironing when the telephone rang.

Future perfect tense

Simple past tense Past progressive tense

Past perfect Simple past tense The train had left when we arrived at the station. tense Reduction of adverbial clauses to modifying phrases Mempersingkat adverbial clause menjadi modifying phrases (hanya jika independent dan 1. AC: While I was walking to the office, I saw a dependent clause memiliki subjek yang sama). car accident. MP: While walking to the office, I saw a car 1. Menghilangkan subjek dan kata kerja bentuk accident. be dari dependent clause. 2. Jika tidak ada kata kerja be, maka subjek 2. AC: Before I came to class, I had a cup of dihilangkan dan kata kerjanya diubah menjadi coffee. verb-ing. MP: Before coming to class, I had a cup of 3. Kata while pada modifying phrases dapat coffee. dihilangkan saat menyatakan kejadian yang terjadi pada waktu yang bersamaan. 3. MP: Walking to the office, I saw a car accident. Adverbial Clauses of Place Modifying phrases dapat dihasilkan dengan He will work wherever he is sent by his menghilangkan subjek dan bentuk be tanpa company. mengubah arti kalimat He will work wherever sent by his company.

Adverbial Clauses of Result

 so + adjective/adverb + that so that such a/an + noun + that

The coffee is so hot that I cant drink it. The coffee is hot so that I cant drink it. This is such delicious food that I want to eat more. Sinta didnt study well; consequently, she failed the exam.

Transitions atau conjunctive adverbs hanya menandakan hubungan sebab akibat, tetapi tidak menandakan adverbial clauses of result.

Adverbial Clauses of Purpose Conjunctions: in order that, in order to, so that, so I turned off the TV in order that my informal), for the purpose that, in the hope that roommate could study. I turned off the TV in order to enable my In order that diikuti klausa; In order to diikuti roommate to study. infinitive. I wanted a college education so that I might So that pada adverbial clause of purpose diikuti get a good job. oleh auxiliary. I wanted a college education so that I So that pada adverbial clause of result tidak enrolled at the university. diikuti oleh auxiliary. Adverbial Clauses of Contrast Concessive Clauses Adversative Clauses Mengungkapkan akibat yg tidak diharapkan yg Memperlihatkan pertentangan yang jelas diungkapkan pada main clauses antara 2 klausa Despite, in spite of, regardless of dan Tanda koma (,) tetap digunakan walaupun notwithstanding merupakan adverbial clauses adverbial clause berada setelah main clause. HANYA apabila kata tersebut ditambah dengan the fact that. Some people delight in doing goods, whereas Even though I felt very tired, I tried to finish my other takes pleasure in doing evil. work. Some people delight in doing goods, while Despite the fact that prices went down recently, other takes pleasure in doing evil. the company made a huge profit. Adverbial Clauses of Cause Conjunctions: because, since, as, now that, Perbedaan Adverbial Clauses of Cause dan inasmuch as, as/so long as Adverbial Clauses of Result terlihat pada Since dan as memiliki pengertian yang sama conjunction yang digunakan. dengan because, sementara now that berarti Clause: Because she sang so beautifully, she because now. won the festival. Tanda koma (,) digunakan apabila klausa ini Result: She sang so beautifully that she won berada pada awal kalimat. the festival. Because of dan due to merupakan conjunctions yang menyatakan hubungan sebab akibat, tetapi Since he was ill, he couldnt come. tidak menunjukkan Adverbial Clause of Cause. He couldnt come as he was ill.