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Jeffery@jmsk2008
1
POLITEKNIK KUCHING
SARAWAK
MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE AND COMPUTER DEPARTMENT

MATHEMATICS ENGINEERING 1

CHAPTER 4: GEOMETRY COORDINATE AND GRAPH B1001


4.1 GRAPH
4.1.1 Definition of Graph
a. A graph is a pictorial representation of information showing how one quantity varies
with another related quantity. The most common method of showing a relationship
between two sets of data is to use Cartesian as shown in figure 4.1.

4.1.2 Parts of graph
b. Co-ordinates: The points on a graph are called co-ordinates. Point A has the co-
ordinates (3, 2), which is 3 units in the x direction and 2 units in the y direction.
Similarly, point B has co-ordinates (4, 3) and C has co-ordinates (3, 2). The
origin has coordinates (0, 0).
c. Abscissa: The horizontal distance of a point from the vertical axis.
d. Ordinate: The vertical distance of a point from the horizontal.
e. Origin: The origin is a point that has coordinates (0, 0).
f. Y axis: The vertical line.
g. X axis: The horizontal line.


Figure 4.1





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4.2 LINEAR EQUATION
4.2.1 Definition of linear equation
a. Linear Equation: It is an equation where its variables reach only the first degree,
meaning the highest power of any variable is one.
b. Example of linear equation x y 2 = . The highest for variables y and x is 1.

c. Graphically, the general equation for linear equation is

c mx y + = where: m is gradient of the line
c is intersection of the line at y axis

d. They are several utmost important elements of linear equation which are
i) Gradient (slope)
ii) Distance of two points
iii) Intersection at y-axis
iv) Midpoint of two points

4.2.2 Gradient
a. The gradient or slope of a straight line is the ratio of the change in the value of y to
the change in the value of x between any two points on the line.
b. Its symbol is m.
Gradient, m
x in change
y in change
=
c. Gradient is depending on how the line is drawn on a graph. Table 4.1 shows the four
main types of gradient.
Positive gradient (+) Negative gradient (-)


Zero gradient (0) Infinite gradient ( )


Table 4.1


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EXAMPLE 4.1
1. Find the gradient of each graph.
(a)

Solution:
By drawing triangle marked as ABC ,

Since, Gradient, m
x in change
y in change
=
So, m
1 3
3 7

=
m 2 =
(b)

Solution:
By drawing triangle marked as EFD ,

Since, Gradient, m
x in change
y in change
=
So, m
3 0
2 11

=
m 3 =
(c)

Solution:
Since, Gradient, m
x in change
y in change
=
So, m
1 3
0

=
m 0 =





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d. Gradient of two points can be found using formula stated below.

) (
) (
1 2
1 2
x x
y y
m

= where:
1 1
x and y are label for point one

2 2
x and y are label for point two

EXAMPLE 4.2
1. Determine the gradient of the straight line graph passing through the co-ordinates,
(a) (2, 1) and (3, 4)



Solution:
By choosing, point one = (2, 1)
point two = (3, 4)
Since, Gradient,
) (
) (
1 2
1 2
x x
y y
m

=
So, m
) 2 ( 3
1 4


=
m
2
1
=
(b) (2, 3) and (1, 3) Solution:
By choosing, point one = (2, 3)
point two = (1, 3)
Since, Gradient,
) (
) (
1 2
1 2
x x
y y
m

=
So, m
) 2 ( 1
) 3 ( 3


=
m 6 =





























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4.2.3 Distance of two or more points
a. Referring to figure 4.2, we have two points which are ) , (
1 1
y x and ) , (
2 2
y x .

b. Using theorem of Pythagoras, distance of two points is given as

L= ( ) ( )
2
1 2
2
1 2
x x y y + where:
1 1
y and x are label for point one

2 2
y and x are label for point two


Figure 4.2

EXAMPLE 4.3
1. Determine the gradient of the straight line graph passing through the co-ordinates,
(a) (2, 1) and (3, 4)



Solution:
By choosing, point one = (2, 1) as ) , (
1 1
y x
point two = (3, 4) as ) , (
2 2
y x
Since, Gradient, ( ) ( )
2
1 2
2
1 2
x x y y L + =
So, ( ) ( )
2 2
) 2 ( 3 1 4 + = L
25 9 + = L
unit L 83 . 5 =

(b) (2, 3) and (1, 3) Solution:
By choosing, point one = (2, -3) as ) , (
1 1
y x
point two = (-1, 3) as ) , (
2 2
y x
Since, Gradient, ( ) ( )
2
1 2
2
1 2
x x y y L + =
So, ( ) ( )
2 2
) 2 ( 1 ) 3 ( 3 + = L
1 36 + = L
unit L 08 . 6 =











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4.2.4 Midpoint of two points
a. Referring to figure 4.3, we have two points which are ) , (
1 1
y x and ) , (
2 2
y x .

b. So, the midpoint of these two points is given by
Midpoint =

+ +
2
,
2
2 1 2 1
y y x x
where:
1 1
x and y are label for point one

2 2
x and y are label for point two


Figure 4.3


4.2.5 Intersection at y-axis

a. Based on general equation of linear equation ( c mx y + = ), intersection at y-axis is
known as c.
b. Referring to figure 4.4, the intersection at y-axis of line 2 3 + = x y is 2.


Figure 4.4




4.2.6 Drawing linear equation
a. There are several steps required to be performed in order to plot a graph.
b. The steps are,
Steps 1: Set up a table
Steps 2: Draw the line based on the points.
Steps 3: On a graph paper, label the y-axis, x-axis, origin and the line.




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EXAMPLE 4.4
1. Plot the following graphs based on its range.
(a) 5 + = x y , 4 4 x
Solution:
x -4 -2 0 2 4
y
1 3 5 7 9
Points (-4,1) (-2,3) (0,5) (2,7 ) (4,9 )

When, x = -4, y = 1
x = -2, y = 3
x = 0, y = 5
x = -2, y = 7
x = -4, y = 9

(b) 2 + = x y , 4 4 x
Solution:
x -4 -2 0 2 4
y
-2 0 2 4 6
Points (-4,2) (-2,0) (0,2) (2,4 ) (4,6 )

When, x = -4, y = -2
x = -2, y = 0
x = 0, y = 2
x = -2, y = 4
x = -4, y = 6


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EXAMPLE 4.5
1. Plot the following graphs.
(a) 4 4 + = x y
Solution:
x 0 1
y
4 0
Points (0,4) (1,0)

When, x = 0, y = 4
y = 0, x = 1

(b) 1 3 = x y
Solution:
x 0
3
1

y
-1 0
Points (0,-1) (
3
1
,0)
When, x = 0, y = -1
y = 0, x =
3
1


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4.3 NONLINEAR EQUATION
a. Nonlinear Equation: It is an equation where its variables reach only the second
degree, meaning the highest power of any variable is two.
b. Example of linear equation 1 2 2
2
+ + = x x y . The highest for variable x is 2.

4.3.1 Drawing nonlinear equation
a. Similar to the process of drawing a linear equation, there are several steps required to
be performed in order to plot a graph.
b. The steps are,
Steps 1: Set up a table by choosing your own range.
Steps 2: Draw the line based on the points.
Steps 3: On a graph paper, label the y-axis, x-axis, origin and the line.


EXAMPLE 4.6
1. Plot the following graphs.

(a) 15 4 4
2
+ = x y
Solution:
By choosing the range of 2 3 x

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
y
9 -7 -15 -15 -7 9
Point (-3,9) (-2,-7) (-15,0) (-15,0) (1,-7) (2,9)







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(b) 1 3 = x y
Solution:
By choosing the range of 3 2 x

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y
10 1 -4 -5 -2 5
Point (-2,10) (-5,1) (0,-4) (1,-5) (2,-2) (3,5)
























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4.4 SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION USING GRAPH
a. Simultaneous equations in two unknowns may be solved graphically by:
i. plotting the two straight lines on the same axes, and
ii. noting their point of intersection.

b. The co-ordinates of the point of intersection give the required solution.

EXAMPLE 4.7
1. Find the intersection points of these two points.

(a) 5 + = x y and 4 2 = x y
Solution:

5 + = x y
x 0 5
y
5 0
Point (0,5) (5,0)

4 2 = x y
x 0 2
y
-4 0
Point (0,-4) (2,0)




So, the intersection point of these two lines is (3,2)








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2. Find the intersection points of these two points.

2
4x y = and 5 4 + = x y
Solution:
By choosing the range of 2 3 x
2
4x y =
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y
10 1 -4 -5 -2 5
Point (-2,10) (-1,1) (0,-4) (1,-5) (2,-2) (3,5)

5 4 + = x y
x 0
4
5

y
5 0
Point (0,5)
(
4
5
,0)



So, the intersection points of these two lines are (-2.5,25) and (1.5,8)


















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TUTORIAL - TOPIC 4
GEOMETRY COORDINATE AND GRAPH

1. Without plotting a graph, determine the gradient and y-intercept values of the following
equations.
(a) 3 7 = x y (b) 2 6 3 + = x y (c) 9 4 2 + = x y
(d)
5
1
3 3
=
x y

(e) 0 3 7 2 = + x y (f) 3 4 = x y (g) 3 6 2 + = x y
(h) 1
4 2
=
x y


2. Find the gradient and distance of the two lines. Determine also the midpoint of the two
point. Plot a graph for each question.
(a) ( ) 2 , 1 and ( ) 4 , 2 (b) ( ) 2 , 1 and ( ) 4 , 2 (c) ( ) 2 , 3 and ( ) 12 , 7
(e) ( ) 4 , 2 and ( ) 4 , 8 (f) ( ) 7 , 1 and ( ) 5 , 3 (g) ( ) 1 , 10 and ( ) 4 , 1

3. The equation of a line is 7 4 2 + = x y . A table of corresponding values is produced and
is shown below. Complete the table and plot a graph of y against x. Determine also the
gradient of the graph.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y -2.5 7.5

4. The velocity v of a body over varying time intervals t was measured as follows:
t (s) 2 5 7 10 14 17
v (m/s) 15.5 17.3 18.5 20.5 22.7 24.5

Plot a graph with velocity vertical and time horizontal. Determine from the graph
(a) the gradient,
(b) the vertical axis intercept
(c) the equation of the graph
(d) the velocity after 12.5 s, and
(e) the time when the velocity is 18 m/s.

5. Plot the graphs 2 3 + = x y and 6
2
= + x
y
on the same axes and determine the co-
ordinates of their point of intersection.

6. Plot the following graphs on the same axes and determine the co-ordinates of their point
of intersection.
(a) 4 3 2
2
= x x y and x y 4 2 =
(e) ( ) 4 2 2
2
= x x y and x y 3 4 = +

7. The friction force F newtons and load L newtons are connected by a law of the form F
=aL+b, where a and b are constants. When F =4 newtons, L=6 newtons and when F =2.4
newtons, L=2 newtons. Determine graphically the values of a and b.