LABORATORY MANUAL COURSE CODE: ECE 130 COURSE TITLE: ELECTRICA L AND ELECTRONICS WORKSHOP

LIST OF PRACTICALS
S. No. 1 List of Jo s P!%t I Acquaintance with the tools and equipments used for electrical and electronics workshop. Electrical safety measures. Making of extension board containing two A and one 1 A plug! points. $iring of different lamp control% stair casing circuits. Assembly and wiring of fluorescent tube light. &onnection of table and ceiling fans with regulators. )o make a single phase main distribution board with fi*e outgoing circuits for light and fan load including main switch and fuses +only internal connections,. $iring and testing of alarm and indicating relays% indicating lights etc. &oil winding for small transformers or alarm bell. Assembling small transformer cores from the gi*en lamination plates. Soldering electronic elements with the necessary switches micro! switches and extension terminals. /ismantling% repairing% assembling and testing of domestic appliance like electric iron% ceiling fan% )able 0an% regulators% alarm bell. P!%t II&!ft#% MTE' Armature winding of table fan. Armature winding of ceiling fan. /ismantling and assembling of desktop &34. a, 3&5 schematic of a full wa*e rectifier. b, )ransferring of image on &lad 5oard. c, Etching% drilling and solder masking d, Mounting of components and testing. P!"# $o "!

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Electrical Safety 6ccupational electrocutions continue to be a serious problem throughout the campus. 7f you are not a qualified electrician you should not be ser*icing any electrical equipment or doing wiring and working the power panel is prohibited. 7f you are a qualified indi*idual% always be aware of your work en*ironment and exercise safe working procedures. B!si( E)#(t%i(!) S!f#t* +,i-#)i$#s 1. 8eep your work area clean and orderly. )his reduces the chance of accidents and pre*ents the accumulation of combustibles as well as flammable materials in the workplace. #. Ne*er work around a source of electricity when you% your surroundings% your clothing% or your tools are wet. ". 4se insulated hand tools and double insulated power tools. -. Ne*er remo*e the "rd grounding prong from an electrical cord. . 3ermanently remo*e frayed or defecti*e extension cords from the workplace. '. Maintain at least 11 feet clearance while working near o*erhead power lines. Preventing Electrical Hazards )here are *arious ways of protecting people from the ha9ards caused by electricity% including insulation% guarding% grounding% and electrical protecti*e de*ices. $orkers can significantly reduce electrical ha9ards by following some basic precautions: #. ;668 43 when you are on roofs% haystacks% in trees or atop other structures that could put you within reach of power lines. ". /6N<) )64&= any wires or cables lying on the ground. Always assume a downed power line or cable is hot% keep others away and report immediately to your cooperati*e or power supplier. -. &A;; 5E06>E ?64 /7@ in areas where there might be underground utilities. ;ocates are free and could sa*e your life or the expense of costly repair work. &all two working days 5efore ?ou /ig +7/% M)% N/% 6>% $A% $?, 1!.11!-#-! . 11. 65E? $A>N7N@ S7@NS on electrical installations such as substation fences and enclosures. A/anger ! =igh BoltageA means exactly what it says. Make sure your children understand the facts.

Kids and Electricity

&hildren are curious by nature. 5ut a little curiosity about things electrical can be ha9ardous. Stay safe by learning more about electricity. 8ids can ha*e fun learning in our Safety 0or 8ids section. )ake a qui9 or color a picture right on our web page. 7f you Cust want some handy safety tips% they are pro*ided below.

T.# fo))o/i$" ti0s (!$ .#)0 1##0 1i-s .#!)t.* !$- .!00* i$-oo%s:

)each your kids not to poke things into electrical outlets% toasters% or any other appliances% on or off. 4se plug co*ers or inserts in all your outlets. )hey<re a*ailable in almost any home supply store. Mo*e appliances to the back of counters% and keep electrical cords away from areas where kids can reach. )each kids that electricity and water ne*er mix. 8eep all radios% hair dryers and other appliances secured or out of bathrooms. And remember to set a good example. Make it a habit to unplug small appliances when they<re not in use% and push them to the back of your counters. And make sure you use all three prongs of your electric plugs% and replace worn or frayed cords immediately. Ne*er force a plug into an outlet if it doesn<t fit% and ne*er nail or tack cords to walls or floors.

H#%# !%# ! f#/ o,t-oo% ti0s fo% 1i-s:

Electricity can tra*el down kite strings or wires. )each your children ne*er to fly kites or balloons near any power lines. Accidents can shock% or start fires. Make sure kids know that if their toys or other obCects get caught in electrical equipment% they should lea*e them and find an adult to help. 5alls or other obCects tossed or falling into an electrical substation should be left. &all /ominion or the utility in*ol*ed and ha*e a utility employee retrie*e the item. )each your kids to recogni9e A/angerA signs% and not to climb in trees if power lines pass through or near it. And tell them that pad!mounted transformers% those metal cabinets on concrete pads are not safe places to play. /owned power lines are big trouble for kids% too. )each your children to stay well away from them% and to call (11 immediately. Make sure they always assume that any power line is fully charged and is not turned off.

Experiment 1 : To prepare an extension board. Equipment/ Tool Required: Plier, test pen, screw driver, knife, poker, Series testing board and multimeter, switc !", socket !", switc board, switc s eet #$x!$. Learning Object% To practice ow to make an extension board. Reference Drg. No. L !/ELE"T/#$

&o as follow% 1. 'ut t e switc s eet as per re(uirement. 2. )ixed two switc es and two sockets on switc s eet. 3. *ow make t e connection as per circuit diagram, connected p ase wire to socket t roug t eir respect switc and neutral and eart wire directl+ to socket Re%ult: *ow we are extend power suppl+ to ot er place t roug extension board. Reference boo&: 1. ,stimating and coasting b+ Sur-it sing . 2. .orks op practice b+ Tirlok Sing .

rocedure:

E2PERIMENT 3 4: To prepare the Tube Light circuit. !

TOOLS RE5UIRED: Screw driver, combination plier, line tester, series test lamp, Side cutting Pliers, Poker, Hammer etc. MATERIALS RE5UIRED : PVC tape, connecting wires, tube rod !w,choke ! w ,tube starter !w,tube "itting !w,Starter base, Tube Holder #,$le%ible wire , Screws etc.

PROCEDURE:

&. 'ake the tube light circuit as shown in circuit diagram. #. Connect phase wire through choke. (. Connect neutral wire direct to rod. . Connect starter to two spare terminals. PRECAUTIONS: &. )on*t touch an+ live terminal. #. ,e alert while working. (. -lwa+s use insulated tools. SCOPE OF THE RESULT: Students will be "amiliar with making o" tube light. 6I6A 5UESTIONS: 1. $hich type of switch is usedD #. $orking of choke coil. ". $hich filament +material, is used. -. $hich chemical gas is used in tube lightD '. $hat is the function of tube starterD 2. $hich current rating is used in house wiring. .. $hich type of *oltage is used for home appliancesD (. $hat is the frequency range of house wiring supplyD 11. 7dentify the terminals of energy meter.

E2PERIMENT33: )o design different Electrical 0use of different current rating using /atasheet. M!t#%i!) R#7,i%#-: 1. 0use holder #. 0use &ap ". Striker 3in -. 0use wire +1. A% 1.2 A% 1. A, . kit!8at fuse E7,i08#$t R#7,i%#-: 1. Multimeter #. )wee9ers ". Soldering iron -. Solder wire . 0lux '. /isordering pump L#!%$i$" O 9#(ti:#: 1. )o get familiar with fuse. #. )o know about fuse ratings.

THEORY: 7n electronics and electrical engineering a f,s# is a type of sacrificial o*er current protection de*ice. 7ts essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows% which interrupts the circuit in which it is connected. Short circuit% o*erload or de*ice failure is often the reason for excessi*e current. A fuse interrupts excessi*e current +blows, so that further damage by o*erheating or fire is pre*ented. $iring regulations often define a maximum fuse current rating for particular circuits. 6*ercurrent protection de*ices are essential in electrical systems to limit threats to human life and property damage. 0uses are selected to allow passage of normal current and of excessi*e current only for short periods system.

1. C,%%#$t R!ti$" Of F,s# E)#8#$t: 7t is the *alue of maximum current which a fuse element has to carry without o*erheating itself . 7ts *alue is less than the minimum fussing current and depends upon the permissible temperature rise of the contact of the fuse holder. #. F,ssi$" C,%%#$t : 7t is minimum *alue of current at which the fuse element melts and thus disconnects the circuit. I;K-3<4 $here K is the constant called the fuse constant and its *alue depends upon the material and diameter of the wire. S No= M#t!) 6!),# of K $hen d is in cm 1. #. ". -. &opper Aluminum )in ;ead # "1 1.21 -1 . 1 "-1.' $hen d is in mm .1 ( 1#.. 11..

PROCEDURE: 1. Main supply is pro*ided by the electricity board and pro*ides cut out on neutral and fuse on phase wire. #. After energy meter a main board is fixed% which has double pole main switch fuses for all circuits% cut out on neutral wire and earth wire which is connected to earth. ". 5eyond the switch% there are the main and sub distribution boards which supplies power to *arious installations% the whole system is shown in the figure. SCOPE OF THE RESULT : )=E? $7;; 5E A5;E )6 &=E&8 &6N)7N47)? )=>64@= )=E M4;)7ME)E> A) )=E 56)= EN/ 60 04SE.

E2PERIMENT3>: )o design the fire alarm circuit. E7,i08#$t R#7,i%#-: 1. #. ". -. 5read board Multimeter 3ower supply &onnecting leads !!! 5,!$tit* 1no. 1no. 1no.

M!t#%i!) R#7,i%#-: 1. #. ". -. . '. 2. .. (. 7& 1no. 5& -.E . 1each S;1115 1no ;E/ 1no )=E>M7S)6> -2ohm +negati*e coefficient, /iode 7N -111 1no Speaker .ohmE1$ 1no &1%&#%&" 11F0E1'B%1.1-F0%1.11F0 +1 each, >1!>. -21GE""8E '1GE-21G%-28%#.#8%-21G%-21G L#!%$i$" O 9#(ti:# : )o learn about different functions of *arious electronic de*ices such as 7& timer% thermistor% ;E/ and transistors. THEORY )he circuit using a thermistor and a timer is used to design a fire alarm circuit. )he circuit is as simple and straight forward so that% it can be easily implemented. )he thermistor offers a low resistance at high temperature and high resistance at low temperature. )his phenomenon is employed here for sensing the fire. 12

)he 7&1 +NE , is configured as a free running oscillator at audio frequency. )he transistors )1 and )# dri*e 7&1. )he output +pin ", of 7&1 is couples to base of transistor )" +S;111,% which dri*es the speaker to generate alarm sound. )he frequency of NE depends on the *alues of resistances > and >' and capacitance &#.$hen thermistor becomes hot% it gi*es a low!resistance path for the positi*e *oltage to the base of transistor )1 through diode /1 and resistance >#. &apacitor &1 charges up to the positi*e supply *oltage and increases the the time for which the alarm is 6N. )he larger the *alue of &1% the larger the positi*e bias applied to the base of transistor )1 +5& -.,. As the collector of )1 is coupled to the base of transistor )#% the transistor )# pro*ides a positi*e *oltage to pin - +reset, of 7&1 +NE ,. >esistor >- is selected s1 that NE keeps inacti*e in the absence of the positi*e *oltage. /iode /1 stops discharging of capacitor &1 when the thermistor is in connection with the positi*e supply *oltage cools out and pro*ides a high resistance path. 7t also inhibits the forward biasing of transistor )1.

Ci%(,it -i!"%!8 :

PROCEDURE: 1. &onnect the circuit has shown in the circuit diagram. #. Apply the input *oltage at input terminals from the power supply 43 )6 'B. ". $ait few minutes +1!# min., to heat up the thermistor through its power supply. 11

-. No external heat will be pro*ided on thermistor. . Switch off the power supply. '. 0ollow the procedure again by changing the *alue of capacitance.

OBSER6ATION: 1. #. 6bser*e the output frequency through &>6!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!. 6bser*e the output *oltage +Bpp, !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.

SCOPE OF THE RESULT:

&heck the output +sound, through speaker when thermistor sense heat +*oltage,.

6I6A 5UESTIONS : 1. $hat is the full form of ;E/D #. $hat is the function of thermistor in this circuitD ". $hich type of thermistor is used in this circuit? -. /efine knee *oltage of diode. . $hich type of diode ha*ing knee *oltage 1.2*E1."*D '. $hich de*ice is used as a output de*ice in this circuit. 2. $hich component is used to generate soundD .. $hat is the purpose of using 7& D

(. $hy we ha*e used 3N3 transistor in this circuit. 11. $hy 7& is called as )7ME>.

12

E@0#%i8#$t3A:

)o do soldering practical on general 3&5.

E7,i08#$t R#7,i%#-: Multimeter to test the continuity that soldering has done properly or not. M!t#%i!) R#7,i%#-: S=No= 1 4 3 > A B C D E R#7,i%#8#$ts Solder 7ron+# $, 0lux Solder $ire >esistors 3&5 board Sand paper )ransistor %7& base $ick 5rush +" No., 5t*= 1 1 box 1m # 1 1 # each 1 1

L#!%$i$" O 9#(ti:#: 1. )o learn about soldering. #. )hey get familiar with general purpose 3&5. THEORY: A pencil type soldering iron with # $ electric heater and needle tip is used for general purpose 3&5 $ith 7& base closely spaced. /ifferent capacities of heating element and different shapes of bits are used for efficient soldering of different components.

13

 Soldering is the process of connecting the parts by ensuring metal continuity. )he 3rocess consists of: 1= >emo*al of oxide film from the metal with the help of sand paper or melting of 0lux. 4. Melting of solder makes the impurities and flux float on its surface. 3. Solder dissol*es some metal in the connection. >. )he flux and impurities are remo*ed with a brush.

PROCEDURE:
S#)#(tio$ of so)-#%i$" i%o$ :

1. An iron should be between # to " $.)he iron temperature should not be exceed "11 & to -11 & and contact time not more than seconds. Co80o$#$t P%#0!%!tio$: #. )he component lead wire is rubbed with sand ". 3aper% brushed with liquid flux and dry with paper. -. @eneral purpose 3&5: general 3&5 should be cleaned +remo*e the oxide layer from the metal, with the help of sandpaper. SOLDERIN+ TECHNI5UE: 1= )ouch the tip of iron to most of the element of the Coints. #. 3lace the iron at - angles. ". 3lace the $ire near the iron and mo*e it o*er the Coint. -. )he molten metal should co*er all the elements of the Coint. . >emo*e solders wire. '. >emo*e iron. OBSER6ATION: 1= )he quantity of solder should be optimum. #. )here should be no flux or oxide on the surface. ". )he surface of solder should be smooth. 14

-. )he bending shape of components while placed the 3&5 should be proper. S(o0# of t.# R#s,)t: Students will be able to perform soldering on 3&5.

PRECAUTIONS: 1. 7t should not be obscure the shape of component. #. )here should not be any protrusions. ". 3lace iron at - angles. -. Solder surface should be oxide less +as possible as max.,. 6I6A 5UESTIONS: H1. $hich layer is coated on 3&5D H#. $hat is full form of 3&5D H". Solder wire is made of which material. H- .$hy we use the flux during soldering. H . /uring soldering which angle should be maintained of the soldering iron by the baseD H'. 0or disordering which apparatus is usedD H2. $hich type of soldering iron +$E)73, to be select for the solderingD H.. $hat is the width of copper layer used on 3&5D H(. $hy we donIt prefer high *oltage soldering iron. H11.$hat should be the contact time between the component and soldering iron+on mode,.

1!

E2PERIMENT3 B :

)o design the electronic door bell. 5,!$tit*

1no 1no 1no 1no

E5UIPME NTS R#7,i%#-:

1. #. ". -. Multimeter 5read 5oard >egulator power supply &>6

M!t#%i!) R#7,i%#- :
1. #. ". -. . '. 2. 7& 4M '' 5& -. S3EA8E> 36) 118 36) 1118 &A3 ##1mfE11* 6NE600 switch 1no #no 1no 1no 1no #no 1no

L#!%$i$" O 9#(ti:# :

)o get an idea about how to make small electronic proCects.

THEORY: A simple door bell circuit diagram is shown in figure. )he circuit is built around 7& 4M '' A popular type number used for constructing other musical proCect. )he 7& can dri*e directly a micro bu99er but needs a dri*er stage to operate the speaker. 7& 4M '' comprises a >6M memory of '- notes and has a built in oscillator and a pre amplifier. )ransistors H1 and H# constitute the complementary symmetry audio amplifier that generates sufficient dri*e power for the speaker. Switch is a micro switch with normally closed contact connected in the circuit. )he switch is pressed to open the contact momentarily.

1/

 PROCEDURE: 1. &onnect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. #. Apply the input *oltage at input terminals from the power supply. ". $hen not occurs the proper output *ary pot1 and pot# until the output comes out to be distortionless. OBSER6ATION: 6bser*e the wa*e shape by &>6 at the output +speaker, of the circuit and find the Bpp. S(o0# of t.# R#s,)t: )he maximum output signal amplitude which is un! distorted !!!!!!!!!!!Bpp. PRECAUTIONS: 1. 4se the 5& -. N3N transistors for this experiments. Match can be done by obser*ing hfe of the transistor using multimeter. #. )ransistor recommended is 5& -.. ". /o not short the output which will burn of the transistor.

10

6I6A 5UESTIONS : 1. $hich type of transistor is used in this circuitD #. 7dentify *arious terminals of transistor. ". $hat do you mean by 36).D -. $hat is the function of 7& 4M''D . =ow we can change the sound without remo*ing 4M''. '. $hich type of capacitor is used in this circuitD 2. $hat is the function of capacitor in this circuitD .. $hat do you mean by frequencyD (. 7s transistor an acti*e element or 3assi*e elementD 11.$hat is the difference between acti*e and passi*e element.

1#

E2PERIMENT3 C : /esign of house hold wiring for )ube light% 0an and bulb and main switch. M!t#%i!) R#7,i%#-: 1. Switch A J #% Socket AJ11% $ire 1mm J11mtr. #. Switch 5oard 2K L -K J11 Switch sheet .II L J11% ;amp '1$ J11 ". 3.B.& conduit pipe 1II J mtr. ;amp holder J11 E7,i08#$t R#7,i%#- : 1. &ombination 3liers #. Screw /ri*er 'II ". )est 3en -. &law =ammer . 3oker '. 8nife 2. Single phase energy meter% 11!-1!EA% /3.!main switch!1'EA% fuse !1'EA. L#!%$i$" O 9#(ti:#: 1. )o learn about wiring at home. #. )hey will know about house hold wiring for tube light% fan and bulb. CIRCUIT DIA+RAM :

PROCEDURE: Main supply is pro*ided by the electricity board and pro*ides cut out on neutral and fuse on phase wire. After energy meter a main board is fixed% which has double pole main switch fuses for all circuits% cut out on neutral wire and earth wire which is connected to earth. 5eyond the switch% there are the main and sub distribution boards which supplies power to *arious installations% the whole system is shown in the figure. PRECAUTIONS: &onnection should be tight. Moint should co*er with insulation tape. &onductor should not be o*erlong. ;ine wire should always be connecting through switch.

1. #. ". -.

11

22

 S(o0# of t.# %#s,)t :

)hey will be able to perform house hold wiring for tube light% fan and bulb.

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Experiment:8a
.denti"+ing e%ternal ports and inter"acing Objective: To learn about di""erent ports and how to connect devices to them This diagram shows di""erent ports available on the back panel o" the PC

Parallel port (LPT parallel port):

-s shown in the diagram parallel port with #/0pins can be used to connect a parallel port printer. Previousl+ dot matri%, ink 1et, bubble 1et printers etc were connected to parallel port. 2owada+s0parallel port is used to connect )ot0'atri% printers.

Serial port:
-s shown in the diagram serial ports with 30pins protruding outwards can be used to connect modem but it can also be used "or connecting mouse, provided serial port mouse is available.

VGA Port:
V4- port which has &/0pins is used to connect a monitor.

PS/2 Port:
Two 50pin PS6# ports are there, one is violet to which ke+board is connected 22

and other is Light green to which mouse is connected

S! Port:
Connecting a 7S, device to a computer is simple 8 +ou "ind the 7S, connector on the back o" +our machine and plug the 7S, connector into it. 7S, pots are used to connect to .n1ket printers, 9eb Cams, Scanners etc.

Et"ernet Port:
:thernet port is used to connect a computer on network through ;<0 / connector .

Game Port:
4ame Port is used to connect 1o+stick, which is usuall+ used in video games T"ree more port# are available "or multimedia connections. 4reen port is used connect speakers, blue port is used to connect headphones and light =range is used to connect microphone.

O$tp$t:

:%periment .denti"+ing PC cards and inter"acing. Objective : To identi"+ di""erent PC cards and to learn how to install them. So$n% car% - sound card or audio board, which allows computers to output audio signals through speakers and or headphones.

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Sound Card Vi%eo car% The video card is responsible "or creating all that +ou see on +our computer monitor VGA &ar%

'et(or) car%
This piece o" hardware allows +our computer to be connected to a network o" other computers >known as a L-2 or Local -rea 2etwork? 'et(or) &ar% 24

Proce%$re to in#tall a #o$n% car% .n this e%ample we are going to install a sound card. NOTE: *t i# be#t not to in#tall all +o$r P&* "ar%(are i, +o$ are b$il%in,rom #cratc". Onl+ in#tall +o$r vi%eo car% an% #o$n% car% ri-"t no(. Once +o$ "ave +o$r operatin- #+#tem in#talle%/ t$rn o,, t"e comp$ter an% in#tall t"e ot"er component#. T"i# #ave# +o$ ,rom po##ible problem# ("en loa%in- $p ,or t"e ,ir#t time. 0. 1emove an+ $nnece##ar+ temporar+ metal plate#. =nl+ remove the metal plates "rom the slots +ou are going to use. ." +ou do not remove these, +ou cannot install an+ PC. components. 'ost either unscrew or pop out.

2. Locate P&* Slot# on 2ot"erboar%. @our PC. Slots should look similar to the ones in the image below

2!

:%periment:# A 3. Line $p component (it" P&* #lot an% in#tall. Simpl+ line up the component with the slot and gentl+ press down on both sides until it slides in place

4. *n#ert #cre(. There is onl+ one screw needed to secure each PC. component in place.

5. Give it &6 So$n%. ;emember that audio cable "rom the C)0;=' driveB 2ow we will connect the other end o" it.

2/

." +ou want to hear audio when pla+ a cd in +our C)0;=', +ou need to connect the C)0;=' to the Sound Card >or motherboard i" +our sound card is integrated in? using the audio cable as seen below. ;e"er to +our sound card owners manual "or correct placement. ." +ou did not purchase a sound card and +ou have one integrated into +our motherboard, re"er to +our motherboard owner*s manual "or correct placement 7. 1epeat ,or an+ ot"er component#. :ver+ component is di""erent but as long as its PC. compatible, it is installed the same wa+ >e%cept "or the audio cable. .t

20

E@0#%i8#$t3E:

)o do soldering practical on general 3&5.

E7,i08#$t R#7,i%#-: Multimeter to test the continuity that soldering has done properly or not. M!t#%i!) R#7,i%#-: S=No= 1 4 3 > A B C D E R#7,i%#8#$ts Solder 7ron+# $, 0lux Solder $ire >esistors 3&5 board Sand paper )ransistor %7& base $ick 5rush +" No., 5t*= 1 1 box 1m # 1 1 # each 1 1

L#!%$i$" O 9#(ti:#: 1. )o learn about soldering. #. )hey get familiar with general purpose 3&5. THEORY: A pencil type soldering iron with # $ electric heater and needle tip is used for general purpose 3&5 $ith 7& base closely spaced. /ifferent capacities of heating element and different shapes of bits are used for efficient soldering of different components. Soldering is the process of connecting the parts by ensuring metal continuity. )he 3rocess consists of: 4= >emo*al of oxide film from the metal with the help of sand paper or melting of 0lux. 4. Melting of solder makes the impurities and flux float on its surface. 3. Solder dissol*es some metal in the connection. >. )he flux and impurities are remo*ed with a brush.

2#

 PROCEDURE:
S#)#(tio$ of so)-#%i$" i%o$ :

. An iron should be between # to " $.)he iron temperature should not be exceed "11 & to -11 & and contact time not more than seconds. Co80o$#$t P%#0!%!tio$: '. )he component lead wire is rubbed with sand 2. 3aper% brushed with liquid flux and dry with paper. .. @eneral purpose 3&5: general 3&5 should be cleaned +remo*e the oxide layer from the metal, with the help of sandpaper. SOLDERIN+ TECHNI5UE: 1= )ouch the tip of iron to most of the element of the Coints. #. 3lace the iron at - angles. ". 3lace the $ire near the iron and mo*e it o*er the Coint. -. )he molten metal should co*er all the elements of the Coint. . >emo*e solders wire. '. >emo*e iron. OBSER6ATION: 1= )he quantity of solder should be optimum. #. )here should be no flux or oxide on the surface. ". )he surface of solder should be smooth. -. )he bending shape of components while placed the 3&5 should be proper. S(o0# of t.# R#s,)t: Students will be able to perform soldering on 3&5.

21

 PRECAUTIONS: 1. 7t should not be obscure the shape of component. #. )here should not be any protrusions. ". 3lace iron at - angles. -. Solder surface should be oxide less +as possible as max.,. 6I6A 5UESTIONS: H1. $hich layer is coated on 3&5D H#. $hat is full form of 3&5D H". Solder wire is made of which material. H- .$hy we use the flux during soldering. H . /uring soldering which angle should be maintained of the soldering iron by the baseD H'. 0or disordering which apparatus is usedD H2. $hich type of soldering iron +$E)73, to be select for the solderingD H.. $hat is the width of copper layer used on 3&5D H(. $hy we donIt prefer high *oltage soldering iron. H11.$hat should be the contact time between the component and soldering iron+on mode,.

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