1

Vocabulary:
3 5
0.75 which can bewritten as aratio is called arational number
and 2 which can't bewritten as ratios arecalled irrational numbers
or or thesymbol is called aRADICAL
n thenumber beneath the
t
radical sign is theRADICAND
n is theprincipal or positivesquareroot of n
n is thenegativesquareroot of n
n isthepositiveor negativesquareroot of n

n is thepositiveor negativesquareroot of n
What is the approximate value of these radicals? Think about
how close they are to the square numbers 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49,64, 81
7 20
37
12 102
70 55 48
2.6 10.1 4.5 3.5
8.4 6.1 7.4 6.9
Simplifying radical terms.
1. look for factors that are square terms.
2. find the square root of that square term.
3. put that outside the radical.
45
9 5 =
9 5 =
8
4 2 =
4 2 =
75
25 3 =
25 3 =
48
16 3 =
16 3 =
3 5 =
2 2 =
5 3 =
4 3 =
700 100 7 = 10 7 = 100 7 =
16
x
8
x =
3
x
2
x x = x x =
7
m
6
m m =
3
m m =
23
y
22
y y =
11
y y =
7
8h
6
4h 2h =
3
2h 2h =
13
45p
12
9p 5p =
6
3p 5p =
Adding and subtracting radicals
Simplify the terms then gather like terms.
5 7 2 5 2 7 3 1 5 . + + 3 11 6 2 2. 2 11 8 2 +
3 7 5 5 = + 11 2 2 =
8 3 2 11 3 5 1 3. 1 + 6 7 3 5 . 6 4 3 +
7 3 3 11 = 4 6 6 3 =
5 1 5. 8 2 8 +
5 9 2 2 4 2 = +
5 3 2 2 2 2 = +
15 2 4 2 = +
19 2 =
2 75 6. 5 27
2 25 3 5 9 3 =
2 5 3 5 3 3 =
10 3 15 3 =
5 3 =
5 12 2 45 3 27 7. 5 4 00 + +
5 4 3 2 9 5 3 9 3 4 100 5 = + +
5 2 3 2 3 5 3 3 3 4 10 5 = + +
10 3 6 5 9 3 40 5 = + +
19 3 34 5 =
2 28 3 20 50 5 8 3 . 0 6
2 4 7 3 4 5 100 5 5 9 7 =
2 2 7 3 2 5 10 5 5 3 7 =
4 7 6 5 10 5 15 7 =
11 7 16 5 =
Simplifying Radicals with Fractions
Simplify the two parts of the radical and then simplify again if required.
99
100
99
100
=
9 11
10

=
3 11
10
=
50
27
25 2
9 3

=
5 2
3 3
=
300
3 8
10 3
6 2
=
5 3
3 2
=
50
10 49
25 2
10 7

=
5 2
10 7
=
2
14
=
100 3
3 4 2

=
2
Solving Equations with Radicals
2
there are actually two solutions.
Can you think of themboth?
x 4 =
which is written as 2 x 2 or 2 =
The rest of the steps in solving equations just use the
reverse operations that we have used before.
2
2x 3 9 =
2
add 3 on both 2x 12 sides =
2
divide 2 on both s 6 s x ide =
square root on both s x 6 ides =
2
3x
1 5
2
=
2
add 1 on both
3x
6
2
sides =
2
multiply by 2 on both 3x 12 s side =
22
divide by 3 on both s 4 s x ide =
square root on both s d s x i e 2 =
2
3x 1
5
4

=
2
multiply by 4 on bot 3x 1 2 h 0 es sid =
2
add 1 on both 3x 21 sides =
2
divide by 3 on both s 7 s x ide =
square root on both s x 7 ides = q
2
2x 4
5 11
7
+
+ =
2
minus 5 on bot
2x
h
4
6 s
7
s ide
+
=
2
7
2x
o
4 4
n .s
2
b
+ =
2
4 o
2x 3
.s
8
n b
=
2
2 on s
x 19
b.
=

x 19 =
2
4 .
2x
1
6
5
+
= x 7 =
2
3x
2 4
5
2. = x 10 =
2
3(m 1)
6 3.
2
+
= m 3 =
2
1 .5y 4 11 = y 2 =
2
4g
2 10
3
5. = g 3 =
2
5(h 1) 1 6. 9 = h 3 =
2
7y 1 + 7y 1
. 2 7 3
3
+
= y 2 =
2 2
5n 1 13 8 2n . + = n 2 =
2
3z
2 8 9.
5
+ = z 10 =
2
5 3b 1 10. 2 + = b no solution =
2
3(5z
1
4
11.
2)
7

+ = z 2 =
2
5 2(4t 1 1 12 1 . ) + = t 1 =
Finding the Area of Complex Shapes see Looking For Pythagoras. Investigation 2
1. Make a rectangle
around the shape.
2. Make triangles and
rectangles in the outside.
Findtheareaof therectangle 3 4 12
A
B
C
D
E
Find the area of the rectangle. 3 4 12 =
Find the area of the outside shapes.
1 2
B 1
2

= = 11
A 0.5
2

= =
C 2 1 2 = =
2 2
D 2
2

= =
3 1
E 1.5
2

= =
Find the total outside area 7 =
Subtract the area of the outside from
the rectangle area to get the inside area.
5 =
Find the area of the rectangle. 5 4 20 =
B
C
A
D
E
Find the area of the outside shapes.
B 2 1 2 = =
3 2
A 3
2

= =
1 2
C 1
2

= =
4 1
E 2
2

= =
Find the total outside area 14 =
Subtract the area of the outside from
the rectangle area to get the inside area.
6 =
3 4
D 6
2

= =
3
Finding the Length of Segments see Looking For Pythagoras. Page20
Makea square
around thesegment.
Counting thenumber of
dots on each side makes it easy.
Findtheareaof theoutsidesquare 6 6 36 Find the area of the outside square. 6 6 36 = =
Find the area of the outside triangles. )
5 1
4( 10
2

= =
Find the area of the inside square. 36 10 26 = =
Therefore the length of one side
of the square is
26
Findtheareaof theoutsidesquare 5 5 25 Find the area of the outside square. 5 5 25 = =
Find the area of the outside triangles. )
3 2
4( 12
2

= =
Find the area of the inside square. 25 12 13 = =
Therefore the length of one side
of the square is
13
Pythagorean Theorem. See page 482 in the textbook.
In a right triangle the area of a square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the area
of the squares on the other two sides.
Note: The hypotenuse is the long side of the triangle. It is opposite the right angle.
2 2 2
a b c + =
The sum of the areas gives the equation:
When the hypotenuse is the unknown.
2 2 2
a b c + =
2 2 2
3 5 x + =
22
34 x =
x 34 =
When a leg is the unknown.
2 2 2
a b c + =
2 2 2
5 x 11 + =
2 2 2
x 11 5 =
2
x 96 =
x 96 =
x 4 6 =
4
When the side lengths include variables.
2 2 2
a b c + =
2 2 2
(2x) (3x) 8 + =
2 2
4x 9x 64 + =
2x
8
3x
2
13x 64 =
64
x
13
=
8
13
=
2 2 2
a b c + =
( ) ( )
2 2
2
5p 6 7p + =
2 2 2
25p 6 49p + =
2 2
6 24p =
3
2
3
p
2
=
3
p
2
=
When there is more than one triangle in the diagram.
2 2 2
9 8 y + =
Choose the triangle where you know two sides.
Label the third side with a variable.
2
145 y =
Note: We dont need to know what y is.
Solve the other triangle.
2 2 2
y x 13 + =
2 2 2
weknow y 145 so 145 x 13 = + =
2 2
x 13 145 =
2
x 24 =
x 24 =
x 2 6 =
Dot Paper Problems:
Find the perimeter of this shape.
Construct right triangles and then solve using Pythagoras.
2 2
x 3 2 13 + x 3 2 13 = + =
2 2
y 5 2 29 = + =
perimeter 4 13 29 2 5 = + + +
2 2
z 4 2 20 2 5 = + = =
Find the perimeter for
these shapes.
2 10 6 2 5 1 2 + + + =
8 1 2 5 2 0 = + +
3 3 3 5 3 2 = + +
3 10 5 2 4 5 + = + +
2 13 2 10 3 5 2 82 2 13 2 10 3 5 2 82 = + + +
6 2 13 10 = +
5 13 2 7 65 7 5 1 + + + + =
Questions Involving Recognising Pythagorean Relationships:
1. Recognising right triangles:
Are the following triangles right triangles?
The sides of a right triangle will make the
Pythagoras equation true. Try it for this
triangle
6
9
7
2 2 2
6 7 9 + =
36 49 81 + =
85 81 =
Not true so not a right triangle.
15
20
16
72
90
54
2 2 2
15 16 20 + =
481 400 =
Not trueso not
aright triangle.
2 2 2
12 16 20 + =
400 400 =
Trueso it is
aright triangle.
16
20
12
2 2 2
54 72 90 + =
8100 8100 =
True so it is
aright triangle.
5
Questions Involving Recognising Pythagorean Relationships:
2. Recognising pythagoras triples:
These are a set of three numbers that fit the pythagorean relationship?
Are these sets of numbers pythagoras triples?
35,12,37
2 2 2
35 12 37 + =
1369 1369 =
23,11,25
2 2 2
23 11 25 + =
650 625 =
It is a pythagorean triple Not a pythagorean triple
9,40,41
2 2 2
9 40 41 + =
1681 1681 =
It is a pythagorean triple
17,24,29
865 841 =
Not a pythagorean triple
2 2 2
17 24 29 + =
If you recognise the common pythagoras triples 3,4,5 and 5,12,13 it can make
solving questions much quicker.
12 4
16 4
3
4
=
24 2
26 2
x 2 1
12
13
5 0
=
=
= =
16
12
x
24
26
x
25
16
x 4 2 5
4 4
0
=
= =
40
x
50
60
x
5
12
2
13
5 5
60 5
x 5 65
=
=
= =
4
5
3
40 10
50 10
x 10 30
=
=
= =
Special Right Triangles. See page 493 in the textbook.
We will use two special triangles that are derived using Pythagoras.
1. The 45-90-45 triangle.
Using this triangle and proportions we can solve any other
45-90-45 triangle.
Use the angles to match up the sides in the two triangles
13
M
90
45 45
Use the angles to match up the sides in the two triangles.
put the unknown on the top for the proportion.
M 2
13 1
=
2
M 13
1
=
M 13 2 =
2. The 30-60-90 triangle.
Using this triangle and proportions we can solve any other 30-60-90 triangle.
11
N
60
30
Use the angles to match up the sides in the two triangles.
put the unknown on the top for the proportion.
N 3
11 2
=
11 3
N
2
=
K
F
12
45
45 90
M
12
60
30
90
F 1
12 2
=
12
F
2
=
M 2
12 3
=
24
F
3
=
Use special triangles to solve these questions:
5
14
H
60
K 2
5 1
=
F 5 2 =
H 1
14 2
=
H 7 =