Points to be remembered while generating STAAD Model Modeling of the structure in STAAD can be split in various stages.

At the completion of each stage the concerned Engineer must convince himself, about proper layout of model up to that stage, before proceeding to the next stage. If they have any ind of confusion or doubt at any stage of modeling, then they should cross chec the model themselves or ta e help of any other Engineer, because a small negligence can lead to disaster !hich !ill ta e much more time to be caught and rectified at later stage of modeling. Since !e all are !or ing on time bound pro"ects !e need to be #$$% accurate at initial stage only. Various Stages of Modelling Stage 1 &oad transfer mechanism should be understood and in case of any doubt the same should be discussed !ith your nominated colleagues. Do not start modeling if structural system is not clear. 'ossibility of the future expansion in vertical as !ell in hori(ontal direction to be discussed !ith client)architects. *raming plan of each floor should be prepared based on the available architectural plans and levels should be ta en from sectional details.. The location of the Expansion +oint should be discussed !ith your colleagues and got approved from the architect before doing the modelling &oading sheets for all areas to be prepared, mentioning all inds of load coming on the structure li e thic ness of slab, fire tender load on the specified area, service e,uipment load in basements and terrace, filling load over extended basement area, !ater tan load, lift machine load, etc. A sample of loading sheet is attached in Annexure #. -are should be ta en to provide correct direction of the members .orientation/ !hile generating the geometry. The columns should be "oined from bottom to top, for beams "oin nodes left to right or right to left and for plate "oin nodes in cloc !ise or anticloc !ise direction.

Ta e extra height of 0$$mm belo! lo!er most finished basement level for foundation and for non basement areas !e should ta e as per the actual ta ing 1$$ mm from the foundation top.

2hile modeling retaining !all or shear !all, at intermediate level al!ays "oin the nodes !ith beam member. This beam shall be given high stiffness .li e si(e of 31$mm 4 #5$$mm/, but the density of concrete shall be very lo! .of the range of #$$ 6g)m1/.

-are to be ta en that in case of free standing columns the actual length to be provided in form of even though the intermediate nodes at floor level are there. 'rovide Ely)El( member length factors for length about local 7 and 8 axis for columns.

9efore proceeding to next stage chec for follo!ing A. Duplicate node !ith tolerance allo!ance of $.# meter. 9. :rphan nodes -. :verlapping of members D. Multiple structures E. 9eam 'late connectivity. *. 2arped plates ;. 8ero &ength Members

Discuss the model !ith your colleague)mentor as the time spent at this stage !ill help in designing the structure correctly. <E=E> ?ESITATE T: TA6E ?E&' :* 7:@> -:&&EA;@ES. ;: 2IT? S:&@TI:< A<D <:T :<&7 2IT? '>:9&EMS.

Stage 2 'rovide support conditions correctly. Al!ays use same units throughout the model. If any!here in the input file units are changed, then it should be in no!ledge of concerned Engineer. The mista e in units is very common and serious happened in the STAAD file. Thus after completing the input file the units must be chec ed. *eed the si(es of all the members. -hec member si(es i.e. incase of beams chec the !idth and depth, at various locations. *or columns, chec the section outline label for correct orientation.

The beams should be entered as T or & beams !ith the actual area of the beam being fed else the self !eight command !ould calculate the load inaccurately. :> *or the conventional beam slab systems, provide Iyy A #$$ mB in beam member property.

*lat slabs shall be modeled precisely. *or irregular shaped columns li e & or T shape, e,uivalent sections shall be provided as per the stiffness calculations. All the irregular columns !ith e,uivalent section shall be noted on a sheet of a paper !ith their actual si(es.

After completing stage I and points mentioned in stage 3, run the program for self !eight only. :bserve the results carefully, especially the deflections. its feasibility. This chec <ormally deflection !ill be in the range of $.#mm, if at any location in the structure, excessive deflection is observed, then chec preliminary stage. !ith selfC!eight is extremely important, because any ind of fla!s in the model can be sorted out in the

:nce the concerned Engineer is convinced !ith the results for selfC!eight, then can proceed to the next stage of modeling.

Stage 3 In stage 1, various inds of loading happening on the structure are applied. 9efore applying loading the concerned Engineer must list out the type of loading that !ill come on the structure throughout the life of the structure. The gravity loads are applied to the structure as per the loading sheet attached in Annexure #. Simultaneously apply filling load and the fire tender load on the specified area. The load basis for the gravity loads shall be !ritten in the STAAD file so that the same can be revie!ed by any one at any stage. :nce the gravity load is applied, chec each panel of the model, for proper load distribution. The load distribution shall be triangular or trape(oidal. After applying gravity loads, run the program for only dead load and live load combination. -hec s the load coming over some of the columns !ith tributary area calculations. At least perform this chec at 5 to 0 locations for corner and central

columns. The STAAD output and manual calculation must be in variation of #5 to 3$%. If concerned Engineer is satisfied !ith the above chec then proceed further. Al!ays calculate the loading intensity for the dead load and live load combinations. In case of residential building the loading intensity comes out to be #.5 t)m3 and for commercial building it is about #.D t)m3. If the length of the building in more than 0$)E$m, then temperature and shrin age loading shall be applied. The temperature load calculation sheet shall be made and attached to pro"ect file. Annexure 3. Earth,ua e loading shall be applied to all ind of structures and static)response spectrum analysis shall be carried out. 'roper calculation shall be done and attached into the pro"ect file. A sample calculation for earth,ua e loading is given in Annexure 1. A separate STAAD file shall be made to find out the nodal forces. lumped masses reduction in the live load at floor level should be done. To calculate time period, the height of the structure shall be ta en above ground floor only !hen there is no basement or basement is enclosed by retaining !alls at all four sides. 2hen structure is not enclosed by retaining !all !ith three sides, then for time period calculations the height of the building shall be ta en from the foundation level. Time period calculations, t!o different formulas are given in code. *or commercial structures use the bare frame formula. In case of residential structure the average time period for bare frame and in filled frame is used by fe! people but it I recommended to use the bare frame formulae only.. Initially, for earth,ua e analysis, static method shall be used for three reasons. *irstly, the deflections re,uired for torsional irregularity can be best ta en from static method of analysis. Secondly, for satisfying torsional irregularity a number of iterations has to be performed, !hich is a time consuming process, but !ith static method it can be done in fe! minutes. Thirdly, the stresses for shear !alls should be extracted from the static analysis. The load combination shall be as per IS #DF1 or as given in Annexure 1. *or calculation of A sample calculation for temperature stress in given in

It should be noted that the ratio of height of building .same as that ta en from for the time period calculations/ to E5$ should be less than maximum deflection observed. This chec for deflection shall be done for unCfactored value of static analysis.

-hec for the torsional irregularity conforming to IS #DF1 in both 4 G 7 directions. A sample calculation for torsional irregularity is attached in Annexure B. ItHs an iterative process to satisfy the structure in permissible limits of torsional irregularity. chec shall be made for the unCfactored deflections from static analysis. This

Torsional irregularity shall be matched even if the deflections are small. :nce the torsion irregularity is satisfied !ith static analysis, then apply the earth,ua e loading as per the response spectrum. *inal results for the earth,ua e analysis should be ta en from response spectrum method .except shear !all design/.

>esponse spectrum analysis shall be done as the last step of analysis. Apply !ind load on the structure. -alculations for !ind loading shall be !ritten separately.

Stage 4 &oad combinations shall be applied as per the list given in Annexure 5. &ive load reduction shall be as per IS DE5. Design the columns !ith specified grade of concrete. If the reinforcement in columns is above 3.5% then increase the si(e of columns if possible. columns to be designed for reduced live load. -ompare the reinforcement coming at similar locations if there is any substantial difference then the model to be chec ed for forces manually also. Increase the column si(e by nominal amount if !e are getting very high reinforcement and then the reinforcement. May come do!n. Stage 5 :nce the concerned Engineer is convinced !ith the STAAD model and its output, then get the model chec ed !ith other Engineer. If the column reinforcement is very lo! then revie! the column si(es again. The code calls for

A chec list for the STAAD model is attached in Annexure 0. The concerned Engineer and his)her colleague should sign the chec list stating that the model has been chec ed to best of their no!ledge and no errors are detected in the model.

Annexure # I &oading Sheet Annexure 3 I Temperature &oading Annexure 1 I Earth,ua e &oading Annexure B I Torsional irregularity Annexure 5 I &oad -ombinations Annexure 0 I -hec list for STAAD Model Annexure 1 !oading sheet 1" 1"1 A sampleCloading sheet is given belo!, similar loading sheet shall be prepared for each pro"ect) floor. #all !oad $er %unning metre of height 23&mm thi'( bri'( wall Self load 'laster .#3J #5mm/ Total #.3 A A A A Self load 'laster .#3J#5mm/ Total 1"3 A A A $.31 x 3.$ A $.B0 T)m $.$3E x 3.$ A $.$5B T)m $.5#B T)m $.53 T)m $.##5 x 3.$ A $.31 T)m $.$3E x 3.$ A$.$5B T)m $.3D T)m

##5mm thic bric !all per >unning metre of height

A$$l) $ara$et load *height and thi'(ness as $er ar'hite'tural drawings+, -e.er a$$l) load less than one metre height of 115mm wall

*or peripheral !alls the load of the stone cladding should be ta en. >eduction due to openings in bric !alls to be considered in application of the loads on the beams.

*or commercial buildings normally the gla(ing is provided at the periphery, instead of glass !e should ta e load of ##5mm !alls on the beams. 2" 3.# Slabs load #35mm thic floor slab Dead &oadI Self !eight 'laster *loor *inish Total A A A A $.#35 x 3.5 $.$$0 x 3.$ $.$5 x 3.B $.BB5 T)S,m A A $.$35 T)S,m $.$35 T)S,m A A A $.1#35 T)S,m $.##3 T)S,m $.#3 T)S,m

Additional loads for the follo!ing should also be ta en *alse ceiling including electrical fixtures ?=A- Ducts 3.3 Terra'e *Sa) 15&mm thi'(+ #5$mm thic floor slab Dead &oadI Self !eight 'laster 2ater 'roofing Total A A A A $.#5 x 3.5 $.$$0 x 3.$ $.#5 x 3.$ $.D$$ T)S,m A A $.$35 T)S,m $.$35 T)S,m A A A $.1E5 T)S,m $.##3 T)S,m $.1$$ T)S,m

Additional loads for the follo!ing should also be ta en *alse ceiling including electrical fixtures ?=A- Ducts)'ipe >ac )-able Tray -ote/ In commercial 9uildings, extra load of B$$6g)S,m shall be applied on terrace for service e,uipment. Extra loading shall be applied in the basement for service load li e A- plant room, D.;. room, transformer room, etc. 2ater tan load shall be applied at the terrace level. &ift machine room load shall be applied. *ire Tender load shall be applied in the extended basement area.

*illing load shall be applied in the basement area or any part of the structure. It should be mentioned !ith !hich material filling shall be done .along !ith density/. Sun en load for the toilets and itchen shall applied. Material for sun en load shall be specified .along !ith density/. In case of cantilever balconies, the dead load shall be transferred to the ad"oining beams..

3.1

Staircase &oading .Dead &oad/ &oading 'er Meter 2idth of *light 2aist Slab Step *inishing Total A A A A A A A K$.#5 x 3.5 x IL)K-os 11.B$ML $.BBF T)S,m .$.5 x $.#DB x $.35 x 3.5/)$.35 $.31 T)S,m K.$.#DB J $.35$/ x 3.5 x $.$BL)$.35 $.#EB T)S,m $.D51 T)S,m $.F T)S,m

B.

!i.e !oad a/ All *loor A A A b/ c/ d/ 9alconies TerraceA Staircase A A A A A $.3 T)S,m .residential building/ $.B T)S,m .commercial )institutional building/ $.5 T)S,m .for par ing in basements/ $.1 T)S,m .residential building/ $.5 T)S,m .commercial)institutional building/ :.#5 T)S,m $.1 T)S,m .residential building/ $.5 T)S,m .commercial building/

$.#5 T)S,m

Annexure 2 Tem$erature !oading 2hen the span of the building is more than 0$m, then the temperature stresses may governs the design. Thus after 0$m, it becomes mandatory to apply temperature loads in the structure. Temperature load is applied in follo!ings !aysI Shrin(age !oad Shrin age &oad shall be applied at all the floor levels. Stresses due to shrin age are compressive in nature. Thus this load is al!ays applied !ith negative sign. Maximum shrin age strain .N/ in concrete A $.$$$$1 .IS B50/ It is assumed that the B$% of the total shrin age strain act as long term shrin age. Thus long term shrin age strain .N/ A $.B 4 $.$$$1 A#.3 4 #$CB As !e no!, O A &Pt Also N A O)& Thus, O)& A Pt ..................... .a/ 2here & A length of building .meters/ in the desired direction P A -oefficient of Thermal Expansion of -oncrete A #.3 4 #$C5)$t A Temperature =ariation Thus from E,uation .a/, t A KO)&L) P A K#.3 4 #$CBL)K#.3 4 #$C5L A l:$Thus, shrin age in structure in converted into e,uivalent temperature of #$$Tem$erature load due to seasonal .ariation &o!est temperature in summer A 35M?ighest temperature in summer A 5$MThus temperature variation in summer A 35MSimilarly, temperature variation in !inter A 35MTemperature load due to diurnal variation The temperature variation in day G night temperature for both summer G !inter A 35M-

-ote/ 2hen the concrete area .li e terrace area and extended basement area/ is directly exposed to the sunlight, then the temperature variation of 35M- is ta en into the account. *or all the intermediate floors the temperature variation of #$M- is ta en into the account.

A--012%0 3 0arth3ua(e 4al'ulations a+ Time Period 4al'ulations i/ Tal A $.$E5 .h/:.E5 CCC *or 9are frame .!ithout infills/ ii/ Ta3 A $.$F)vd CCC 2ith bric infills panels h A ?eight of building CC *rom foundation or ;round in meters d A 9ase dimension at the plinth level in considered lateral for direction in meters <:TEI C .i/ *or commercial buildings Ta# shall be used .ii/ *or residential building Ta A .Tal J Ta3/)3 KAverage time period shall be ta enL b/ Ah A K8IQSa)gRL)3> 8 I > Sa)g c/ 9ase Shear =9 A 2Ah 2A A 8one factor A Important factor A >esponse >eduction factor A Average response accel. -oefficient

Seismic !eight of building calculated for KD& J $.35&& or .D& J $.5&&L

S 2here =9 is the theoritical base shear from IS #DF1 d/ Scaling *actor -oteI Scaling factor shall not be less than # *inal 9ase shear shall be matched !ith the STAAD output. Seismic !eight shall be calculated !ithout considering *ire Tendor load A K=9)=xL in 4 Direction A K=9)=(L in 8 Direction

A--012%0 4 Torsional 5rregularit) in Stru'ture Torsional Irregularity in a structure shall be chec ed for unsealed values of deflection !ith Static analysis in Earth,ua e.

Sam$le 4al'ulation in 1 , Dire'tion a G b are deflections at t!o corners. Thus, K.aJb/)3L)#.3 T a G b T #.3.aJb/)3L K.aJb /)3L)#.3 C &o!er bound limit of deflection #.3 KaJb/)3L C @pper bound limit of deflections. . -6T0/ Similar -alculation shall be made for 8 direction also. All load cases considered as unfactored. ;overning load case is the one in !hich maximum deflection occurs. *or !ind forces also Torsional Irregularity shall be chec ed in the same manner.

Annexure 757 !6AD 4AS0S I. EU4 3. EU8 1. D& .self !eight, slab !eight, floor finish, partition load, sun en load, !ater tan load, filIing load, etc./ B. 2D& .2all load/ 5. =T& .=ehicular including *ire Tender &oad/ 0. && .#$$%/ E. && .F$%/ D. && .D$%/ F. && .E$%/ #$. && .0$%/ ##. && .5$%/ I3. J2&4 #1. C2&4 #B. J2&8 #5. C2&8 #0. T&# KShrin age &oad .C#$M-/L #E. T&3 KTemperature &oad in Exposed Area)Intermediate level .35M-)l$M-/L !oad 4ombinations #F. <odal *orces .D& J $.35)$.5 &&/ 3$. >eactions D& J $.5&& C >eaction G *oundation Design 0arth3ua(e 4ombinations 8or 6rthogonal 'olumns9shear walls orientation 3#. D&JEU4 33. D&C EU4 31. D&JEU8 3B. D&CEU8 35. #.5.D& J EU4/

30. #.5.D& C EU4/ 3E. #.5.D& J EU8/ 3D. #.5.D& C EU8/ 3F. #.3.D& J && J EU4/ 1$. #.3.D& J && C EU4/ 1#. #.3.D& J && J EU8/ 13. #.3.D& J && C EU8/ 11. :.FD& J I.5EU4 1B. :.FD& C #.5EU4 15. :.FD& J #.5EU8 10. :.FD& C #.5EU8 0arth3ua(e 4ombinations for non orthogonal 'olumns9shear wall orientation 3#. D& J EU4 J :.1EU8 33. D& J EU4 C :.1EU8 31. D& C EU4 J :.1EU8 3B. D& C EU4 C :.1EU8 35. D& J EU8 J :.1EU4 30. D& J EU8 C :.1EU4 3E. D& C EU8 J $.1EU4 3D. D& C EU8 C :.1EU4 3F. #.5.D& J EU4 J :.1EU8/ 1$. #.5.D& J EU4 C :.1EU8/ 1#. I.5.D& C EU4 J :.1EU8/ 13. #.5.D& C EU4 C :.1EU8/ 11. #.5.D& J EU8 J :.1EU4/ 1B. #.5.D& J EU8 C $.1EU4/ 15. #.5.D& C EU8 J $.1EU4/ 10. I.5.D& C EU8 C $.1EU4/

Annexure 757 Page294 1E. #.3.D& J && J EU4 J $.1EU8/ 1D. #.3.D& J && J EU4 C :.1EU8/ 1F. #.3.D& J && C EU4 J :.1EU8/ B$. #.3.D& J && C EU4 C :.1EU8/ B#. #.3.D& J && J EU8 J:.1EU4/ B3. #.3.D& J && J EU8 C $.1EU4/ B1. #.3.D& J && C EU8 J U.1EU4/ BB. #.3.D& J && C EU8 C $.1EU4/ B5. $.FD& J #.5.EU4 J $.1 EU8/ B0. $.FD& J #.5.EU4 C $.1 EU8/ BE. $.FD& C #.5.EU4 J $.1 EU8/ BD. $.FD& C #.5.EU4 C $.1 EU8/ BF. $.FD& J #.5.EU8 J $.1 EU4/ 5$. $.FD& J #.5.EU8 C $.1 EU4/ 5#. $.FD& C #.5.EU8 J $.1 EU4/ 53. $.FD& C #.5.EU8 C $.1 EU4/ #ind !oad 4ombinations 51. D&J2&4 5B. D&C 2&4 55. D&J 2&8 50. D&C 2&8 5E. #.5.D& J 2&4/ 5D. #.5.D& C 2&4/ 5F. #.5.D& J 2&8/ 0$. #.5.D& C 2&8/ 0#. I.3.D & J && J 2&4/ 03. #.3.D& J && C 2&4/ 01. #.3.D& J && J 2&8/ 0B. #.3.D& J && C 2&8/

05. $.FD& J #.52&4 00. $.FD& C #.52&4 0E. $.FD& J #.52&8 0D. $.FD& C #.52&8 0F. #.5KD& J .#$$%/ >&&L E$. #.5KD& J .F$%/ >&&L E#. #.5KD& J .D$%/ >&&L E3. #.5KD& J .E$%/ >&&L E1. #.5KD& J .0$%/ >&&L EB. #.5KD& J .5$%/ >&&L E5. #.5.D& J&&/ K9eam DesignL E0. D& J T&l J T&3 EE. D& J T&l C T&3 ED. D& J && J T&l J T&3 EF. D& J && J T&l C T&3 D$. #.5.D& J T&l J T&3/ D#. #.5.D& J T&l C T&3/ D3. I.3.D& J && J T&l J T&3/ D1. #.3.D& J && J T&l C T&3/ !0:0-D D&I Dead &oad &&I &ive &oad EU4I Earth,ua e in 4 Direction EU8I Earth,ua e in 8 Direction >&&I >educed &ive &oad 2&4I 2ind &oad in 4 Direction 2&8I 2ind &oad in 8 Direction T&#I Shrin age &oad .#$M-/ T&3I Temperature &oad .35M-)l$M-/ 2D&I 2all &oad

Annexure ;<= 4he'( !ist for STAAD Model

S"-o" Des'ri$tion 0ngineer Mentor

# 3 1 B B 5 0 E D F #$ ## #3 #1 #B #5 #0 #E #D #F 3$ 3#

?eight of structure from architectural dra!ings and for time period calculations ta en from foundation or ground *raming has been correlated !ith architectural dra!ings Shape)Si(e and orientation of retaining !alls)columns *or non orthogonal column orientation 1$% Earth,ua e has been ta en in both sides as per code Members si(es have been chec ed. I77 for beams has been provided :> TC& 9eams prop. Along !ith area of rectangular section been provided. :rphan nodes, duplicate nodes and members, member connectivity, member plate connectivity, etc. &oading sheet calculations &oading pattern on !hole model and chec

at fe!

locations Typical calculations for column load as per tributary areas 2all load on beam member, 31$)##5mm th . 2all as)Arch. Extra loading due fire tender and filling on the specified part as per the Arch. Dra!ing. Extra loading due to services in basement or terrace &oads for lift machine room and !ater tan s Sun en load in toilets, itchen, extra load in staircase, no load in lifts area and cutouts Temperature load G shrin age load 2ind loading, chec calculation for fe! nodes, and confirm the direction of application for all face of building -hec earth,ua e calculations, application of nodal forces, time period for bare frame or average Torsional irregularity in structure due to gravity loads, earth,ua e and !ind loads 2hether the torsional irregularity in limits and ho! much Match the theoretical base shear !ith the STAAD output &oad combinations

33 31 3B

;rade of concrete for the design of columns and beams Torsion due accidental eccentricity .also chec torsional irregularity after applying it/ Typical chec for !ind calculations All the $oints

#e with our best (nowledge ha.e 'he'(ed this STAAD model"

mentioned in the 'he'(list are thoroughl) 'he'(ed and no error has been obser.ed" 8or an) (ind of modeling error or 'omments b) $roof 'onsultants> then we are res$onsible for that"

Stru'tural 0ngineer