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WiMAX Handbook
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Index

Introduction
Overview
Market Snapshot
Case Study - KT
Analyst View
Patent Overview
Sponsored Section - Beceem / Samsung Electronics
Device
Glossary
Introduction

It's Only a Beginning for

Mobile WiMAX

"Well begun is half done" is a well-known saying that means the first step is the most
difficult to take.

South Korea, the IT powerhouse that takes pride in CDMA technology, also has a wide
customer base for broadband Internet. It is one of the most advanced nations in both
Overview
fixed-line and wireless communication technologies.

Unsatisfied with this result, Korea turned its eyes to Mobile WiMAX, also known as Wibro
(Wireless Broadband), which was emerging as the new center of focus, and in 2006
became the world’s first nation to run Mobile WiMAX service. Korea pioneered Mobile
WiMAX service, which is now operating in over 20 nations on trial or commercial bases.

However, there were no substantial results to match their grand beginning. It has been
almost two years since the launch of Mobile WiMAX in Korea, but the number of
subscribers is barely over 100,000 - an almost devastating result in light of the enormous
investment.

It is premature, however, to talk about failure; nothing has been started yet. When the
service gets wider coverage and offers more applications next year, Mobile WiMAX will
have a fair chance of winning in Korea.

Long-term prospects are even brighter. The International Telecommunication Union

approved Mobile WiMAX as a 3G standard, which strengthens its candidacy for the 4G
standard as well.

The purpose of this handbook is to help you understand the basics of Mobile WiMAX,
which is now at its starting point. In other words, we also have just begun. We will see a
second and third handbook full of encouraging contents as Mobile WiMAX continues to
make headway.

Seong-ju Lee, Editor-in-Chief of Telecoms Korea

benoie@telecomskorea.com

Overview
What is Wibro or Mobile WiMAX
Wireless Broadband (Wibro) is a telecom service that provides high-speed wireless Internet
connection anytime anywhere, even on the move. Inexpensive user of broadband wireless Internet
will enhance consumer convenience and provide basis for the usage of various application services.
- MIC -
The term ‘WiMAX’ has been used generically to describe wireless systems that are based on
the WiMAX certification profiles of the IEEE 802.16-2004 Air Interface Standard. With
additional profiles pending that are based on the IEEE 802.16e-2005 Mobile Amendment, it is
necessary to differentiate between the two WiMAX systems. ‘Fixed’ WiMAX is used to describe
802.16-2004-based systems and ‘Mobile’ WiMAX is used to describe 802.16e-2005-based systems. -
WiMAX Forum-
Mobile WiMAX is a broadband wireless solution that enables convergence of mobile and fixed
broadband networks through a common wide area broadband radio access technology and
flexible network architecture. The Mobile WiMAX Air Interface adopts Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for improved multi-path performance in non-line-of-sight
environments.
Mobile WiMAX Handbook
Mobile WiMAX systems offer scalability in both radio ‘In an environment where diverse
access technology and network architecture, thus technologies coexist, we should provide value
providing a great deal of flexibility in network more than the technology to our customers.
deployment options and service offerings. Some of WiBro can offer diverse services such as data
the salient features supported by Mobile WiMAX are: transmission, media, and communications,
and these services will enrich the lives of
- High Data Rates : The inclusion of MIMO antenna individuals. The WiBro broadband will
techniques along with flexible sub-channelization markedly activate those services which are
schemes, Advanced Coding and Modulation all restricted in the mobile environment.’Nam
OverView
enable the Mobile WiMAX technology to support Joong-soo, President & CEO of KT
peak DL data rates up to 63 Mbps per sector and
peak UL data rates up to 28 Mbps per sector in a 10 MHz channel.
- Quality of Service (QoS) : The fundamental premise of the IEEE 802.16 MAC architecture is QoS.
7
It defines Service Flows which can map to DiffServ code points or MPLS flow labels that enable
6
end-to-end IP based QoS. Additionally, subchannelization and MAP-based signaling schemes
provide a flexible mechanism for optimal scheduling of space, frequency and time resources
over the air interface on a frame-by-frame basis.
- Scalability : Despite an increasingly globalized economy, spectrum resources for wireless
broadband worldwide are still quite disparate in its allocations. Mobile WiMAX technology
therefore, is designed to be able to scale to work in different channelizations from 1.25 to 20
MHz to comply with varied worldwide requirements as efforts proceed to achieve spectrum
harmonization in the longer term. This also allows diverse economies to realize the multi-
faceted benefits of the Mobile WiMAX technology for their specific geographic needs such as
providing affordable internet access in rural settings versus enhancing the capacity of mobile
broadband access in metro and suburban areas.
- Security : The features provided for Mobile WiMAX security aspects are best in class with EAP-
based authentication, AES-CCM-based authenticated encryption, and CMAC and HMAC based
control message protection schemes. Support for a diverse set of user credentials exists
including; SIM/USIM cards, Smart Cards, Digital Certificates, and Username/Password schemes
based on the relevant EAP methods for the credential type.
- Mobility : Mobile WiMAX supports optimized handover schemes with latencies less than 50
milliseconds to ensure real-time applications such as VoIP perform without service degradation.
Flexible key management schemes assure that security is maintained during handover.
 Mobile WiMAX Handbook

Overview

The Relationship between WiBro and Mobile WiMAX The Future of WiBro and Mobile WiMAX

The initial uncertainties surrounding WiBro and its relationship to Mobile WiMAX were driven by
early standard initiatives in Korea through the Telecommunication Technology Association (TTA);
however, the WiBro requirements released by MIC in July 2004 harmonized WiBro under the Mobile
WiMAX baseline standard.
Further highlighting WiBro’s position within the Mobile WiMAX family, the entire ecosystem of
the WiBro service including service providers, equipment vendors, TTA and the Korean
Government have all agreed that WiBro products will all be certified under the Mobile WiMAX
certification program when it becomes available. This decision guarantees global
interoperability, ensures operators that WiBro will benefit from the economies of scale Mobile

WiBro is the service name for Mobile WiMAX in Korea and uses the same standards, system and
certification profiles, and certification processes as Mobile WiMAX.
Wibro Technical Feature
OverView
WiMAX will provide, and also enables global roaming for users of the WiBro service. In
addition, where regulatory frameworks permit, equipment certified under the certification
profile that supports WiBro may be adopted in other countries around the world outside
Korea.

9
Korea is also playing a leading role in the Mobile WiMAX certification process, with TTA Lab

8
being announced as an official Mobile WiMAX certification laboratory at the February 2006 Paris
WiMAX Forum, making it the second official Mobile WiMAX certification laboratory after
CETECOM (Centro de Tecnologia de las Comunicaciones) Spain.

Both TTA Lab and CETECOM are working aggressively with the WiMAX Forum CWG (Certification
Working Group) and TWG (Technical Working Group) to meet the current target dates of
1Q2007 for Mobile WiMAX certification Release 1 Wave 1 and 3Q2007 for Release 1 Wave 2.

The WiBro community has been and will continue to be a driving force in Mobile WiMAX
standards and certification
development and a key
contributor to the WiMAX
Forum. The Korean WiBro
community has provided over
sixty members, from service
Source : KT
providers to equipment vendors
and many other areas of
industry in Korea, to assist in a
wide range of working groups
within the WiMAX Forum. WiBro
member companies also have
served on the Board of Directors.
 Mobile WiMAX Handbook

Overview

Fixed WiMAX vs. Mobile WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Offers Benefits that Others Don't

- WiMAX is also called Mobile WiMAX as it can serve all usage models from fixed to mobile with the
same infrastructure. Based on the IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard, Mobile WiMAX offers fixed,
nomadic, portable and mobile capabilities
- Does not rely on line-of-sight transmissions in lower frequency bands (2 to 11 GHz)
What makes Mobile WiMAX, including WiBro, stronger than others? Mobile WiMAX has eight
competitive advantages over existing technologies.
Compared to Fixed WiMAX, Mobile WiMAX supports a wider range of devices and mobility. Besides
PDA, Smartphone, PCACIA card, and mobile router, the wireless broadband technology is also
compatible with various mobile services, such as data and voice roaming, LBS, and mobile office.

- Provides enhanced performance, even in fixed and nomadic environments
- Currently uses Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
- System bandwidth is scalable to adapt to capacity and coverage needs
WiMAX and Mobile WiMAX
OverView
In competition with HSDPA, dubbed 3.5G-service, Mobile WiMAX will gain the upper hand with
simple network architecture that is completely IP-based, low TCO, high throughput, and fast
connection time that will guarantee premium services.
Mobile WiMAX technology is also superior to Wi-Fi (802.11) in seamless handover, QoS, security,

11
and ease of maintenance.
Mobile WiMAX
Fixed WiMAX

10
Wibro MBWA (802.20) is no match either, considering the robust eco-system and advanced timing of
Frequency(GHz) 3.5, 5.8 2.3, 2.5, 3.5, etc 2.3 Mobile WiMAX. The large number of WiMAX Forum members and commercial and test services
Channel (MHz) 3.5, 7, 10, 14 3.5, 7, 8.75, 10, 14, etc 8.75 prove the technological advantages of Mobile WiMAX.
Duplexing TDD/FDD TDD TDD
Mutiple Access TDMA OFDMA OFDMA
Why Mobil WiMAX
Source : MIC

802.16m standard

802.16m is the next generation standard beyond 802.16e-2005 and will be adopted by the
WiMAX Forum once the standard is completed in the 2009 timeframe. 802.16m is considered to
be a strong candidate for a 4G technology. The IEEE has defined its expected parameters for
802.16m, which can be found on their Web site. Source : Posdata
 Overview

Steps Toward 4G

WiBro Evolution transmits data at a speed of up to 400Mbps using 40ß÷ bandwidth in 2.3ß◊. ITU-R
is scheduled to select a 4G (IMT-Advanced) technology standard in 2010. As WiBro was designated
as 3G standard, WiBro Evolution is at an advantage in competing for the 4G standard. Currently, 3G
Market Snapshot
LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and WiBro Evolution are thought to be the prime candidates for the
next-generation technology standard.

Mobile WiMAX Roadmap

Source : Samsung Electronics

 Mobile WiMAX Handbook

Market Snapshot

“Mobile WiMAX will connect 8% of the world’s 1.1 billion mobile broadband subscribers by 2012,
accounting for nearly 88 million users worldwide. 52% of these subscribers will be from Asian
countries while North and South America will account for another 28%.”

“Mobile WiMAX will begin to take off over the 2010 to 2013 period, exceeding 80 million mobile
subscribers globally by 2013. Mobile WiMAX will represent a single digit proportion of the global “Mobile WiMAX will be more successful with laptops, external laptop adaptors, and other

Market Snapshot
mobile broadband base by 2013.?The value of Mobile WiMAX service revenues globally will grow consumer electronics than in phone handsets. It is these devices outside of the handset where
to over $23bn per annum by 2013.” WiMAX provides the greatest competitive challenge to traditional cellular technologies.”
2007.12 Juniper Research 2008.02 In-Stat

“WiMAX subscribers will increase worldwide from 3.40 million to 27 million between 2006 and “The biggest opportunity for mobile WiMAX is the chance to develop a wider device ecosystem
2011. This forecast includes both 802.16e, and pre-802.16e subscribers, which use proprietary and worldwide subscriber base before LTE starts to do the same. However, LTE remains a
broadband and wireless access and 802.16.2004 technologies. By 2011, of the total number of potential threat to WiMAX since 3GPP-backed LTE will become the dominant 4G technology and
WiMAX subscribers, 25.10 million will be using 802.16e.” is progressing quickly toward standardization.”

15
2008.01 YankeeGroup 2008.3 ABI Research

14
“The worldwide fixed and mobile WiMAX equipment market is forecast to grow at a phenomenal 5-
year compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 89% between 2006 and 2010. 43% of all mobile Who Is Interested in Mobile WiMAX?
WiMAX equipment revenue comes from Asia Pacific in 2Q07, 31% from North America, 17% from A variety of businesses, ranging from telecom companies to web portal companies, are
EMEA, and 9% from CALA” offering or planning mobile WiMAX service.
2007.10 Infonetics Research Among others, tier 1 carriers like KT of Korea, BT and France Telecom of Europe want to
venture into the wireless market with mobile WiMAX. Wireless carriers such as SK
Telecom of Korea, Sprint Nextel of the U.S. and KDDI of Japan are also jumping into the
Mobile Broadband Subscribers by Technology business to strengthen their data services.
In addition, Service Operators and Internet Service Providers are eyeing mobile WiMAX
to expand their business into the
wireless arena. Omnivision,
Arlalink, and TVA are among these.
Satellite TV service providers and
Internet portals such as DirecTV,
Yahoo and Google are considering
mobile WiMAX. Greenfield
operators including YTL and MVS
NET also want to launch mobile
WiMAX to introduce IP-based
Triple Play Service.
Source : Parks Associates
Case Study/KT
 Mobile WiMAX Handbook

Case Study/KT

Lessons to Learn from KT's Hardships Obstacle No. 1: Lackluster Competition

For pioneers, the exploration of uncharted industry is a double-edged sword. In June 2006, when
KT (Korea's biggest broadband provider) and SK Telecom (the nation's largest mobile operator)
launched WiBro (the Korean version of mobile WiMAX), there was nothing but excitement about
At first, WiBro service licenses were granted to three service providers: KT, SK Telecom, and
Hanaro Telecom. Hanaro Telecom, however, gave up on the license due to business uncertainty,
leaving the other two in the industry.
SK Telecom, the country's biggest mobile operator, is unhappy with the rapid growth of WiBro
because WiBro seems capable of eating up the profits from SK Telecom’s current mobile

Case Study/KT
being the ‘world's first’. Two years later, however, as of March 2008, the service is a failure by all subscribers. Of course, no bold steps to develop new services or expand coverage are expected
means. from the mobile operator.

The result fell far short of both high and low expectations. In Korea, WiBro subscribers were slightly It's common knowledge that competition for better service quality leads to more customer
over 100,000 as of December 2007. KT claims almost 100,000 subscribers while SK TELECOM has choices and industry growth. In the WiBro industry, however, that common knowledge does not
less than 1,000 subscribers, which is almost non-existent. apply. Industry observers say that the root cause of the competition problem is that the
government has decided to grant service licenses to fixed and wireless service providers who

19
Determined to make WiBro a new growth engine, KT aims to increase their amount of subscribers to inherently have different characteristics.
400,000 by 2008. At least one million subscribers are needed to reach critical mass, they feel, which

will be possible sometime in 2009. SK TELECOM, however, does not seem enthusiastic.
Some pessimists say that WiBro might not be able to cross the chasm like the public wireless LAN
(PW-LAN) industry did. Common consensus held that the failure of PW-LAN proliferation is largely
due to the industry chasm despite the wide perception of its efficiency and convenience.
Back in 2006, the Communications Services Strategy Research Group of the Electronics and
Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) rightly pointed out that marketing efforts are
necessary in order for WiBro to jump the chasm and spread. It said that the service had to remove
the "value barrier" by offering more benefits than its competitors, overcome the "risk barrier" with
higher service quality, and break down the "image barrier" by raising public awareness.
18
Obstacle No. 2: Coverage
The biggest reason for the sluggishness of subscriber growth is that the coverage is still limited
to Seoul and some surrounding cities.
KT is planning to expand the service area to 17 cities around Seoul°¬ including Incheon, Goyang,
Sungnam, and Suwon. It also decided to offer a fixed rate to existing subscribers for the time
being and providing USB devices to new subscribers for free.
SK Telecom, though reluctantly, plans to build 54 more hot zones in 42 cities across the nation
this year. It is preparing to release a DBDM device that supports WiBro and HSDPA (High-Speed
Downlink Packet Access) together and a USB-type modem.

Mobile WiMAX Subscribers in Korea

2006.12 2007.6 2007.12 2008.12(E) Obstacle No. 3: Service Differentiation
KT 1,601 21,723 106,101 300,000 When WiBro service was unveiled, the industry got into the controversy regarding its competitive
SK Telecom 447 822 995 - edge over HSDPA as both services offered high-speed wireless Internet on the move. WiBro's
biggest advantage was the provision of high-speed data transmission with higher efficiency and
Total 2,048 22.545 107,096
lower cost than HSDPA, but HSDPA offered higher QoS and wider coverage than WiBro. At the
Source : MIC peak of the heated debate, KTF (the nation's leading WCDMA service provider) went all out for
HSDPA, and SK Telecom also jumped into the competition, which in turn pushed WiBro to the

Case Study/KT
back burner. Since then, HSDPA has received all of the attention due to the perception that it
ensured high-speed data transmission with nationwide coverage. The fact that HSDPA is actually
slower than WiBro did not mitigate this effect.
Obstacle No. 4: Broadband Service Still Prevails
In Korea, almost everyone has access to 100Mbps broadband service. Therefore, mobile WiMAX,
which has relatively weak transmission speed and service stability, is still at a disadvantage. Limited
coverage prevented it from being complementary to broadband service. Also, it failed to appeal to
targeted market segments, such as laptop users.
Obstacle No. 5 : Device Performance Problem
One of the factors that prevented KT from making any additional investment in mobile WiMAX was
the poor performance of wave-1 devices. The government also recognized the problem and gave a
grace period for service providers to fulfill their investment obligation. Industry observers realize
that major investment decisions will be made after wave-2 equipment has been developed in the
first half of this year.
Mobile WiMAX Handbook
Campuses are a New Target for KT WiBro
College campuses are the most ideal customer base for a
WiBro service provider in view of investment efficiency. The
wide coverage, high speed, and strong mobility of WiBro will
appeal best to college students. That is why KT is
concentrating efforts on campus areas in preparation for the
nationwide service.
Case Study/KT
With notebook computers becoming more widely used and college students' digital
life patterns changing, universities and colleges are hurrying to introduce U-Campus.
Pit is in the best interest of KT to penetrate into campus areas that are full of students
whose lifestyle perfectly suits the WiBro environment.
KT is now working on turning all universities and colleges in Seoul and 17 other cities in
the metropolitan districts into Ubiquitous Campuses with WiBro connectivity.
21
Using WiBro, students of target universities will be able to access school
administration, e-books, as well as video-based lectures from every corner of the
20
campus.
Besides the convenience and the broad choices that it offers, WiBro’s price is also
tempting. Students who subscribe to the affordable service for just 10,000 won per
month and add U-Campus service for 3,000 won per month will have unlimited access
to video lectures.
Encouraged by its success in colleges throughout Korea, KT is now providing WiBro
service for Stanford University in the United States. KT has established a WiBro Zone at
the university to support a mobile education project.
Stanford University School of Education, while running a mobile education project
named “Pocket School” for children in Mexico, Peru, Guatemala, and Vietnam, where
there is poor fixed-line infrastructure, enlisted the help of KT in establishing a wireless
Internet platform capable of supporting real-time transmission of mostly large-
capacity video images.
Accordingly, KT provides WiBro solutions and an e-learning platform of high efficiency
and low cost, while Stanford University is developing this education program. The
mobile education solution jointly developed by the two institutions will be used for
children in underdeveloped countries and mobile education programs in Korea as well.
 Mobile WiMAX Handbook

Case Study/KT

A Peep into WiBro Service - the Essential Services Applications for Mobile WiMAX

Mobile WiMAX operators can offer a wide array of fixed and mobile services to subscribers via a
single platform.
KT defines WiBro service as threefold: a high-speed multimedia data service, affordable wireless
Internet access, and a high-capacity interactive service where users participate in creating and Based on the benefits offered by mobile WiMAX - mobility, broadband service, always-on

sharing content. Based on this definition, KT introduced UCC, Web Mail, My Web, Multi board, and
PC control as its five core services.
UCC service enables users to upload large UCC files with its "quick and easy" user interface. As the
upload speed is fast, large files can be easily uploaded so that users can post videos on their blogs
or stream personal Web casts.
Case Study/KT
feature, personalization, portability, and low price - the various services listed below can be
offered. This is expected to result in an increase in sales for operators as well as a rise in ARPU
(Average Revenue Per User), which will turn lead to improvements in ROI (Return On
Investment).

23
Web mail is a one-stop,
integrated mailing

22
service allowing
people to use several
mail accounts while on
the move.

My web is a mobile
RSS designed to use
RSS feeds from Web
portals and pages. You
can adopt information
you like without
having to check all of
the Web sites. Source : Posdata

Multi board allows two-way multimedia communication based on mobile TPS. Uploading and
multicasting are provided for a better interactive service.
Source : Posdata
PC control enables portable devices to be used as if they were PCs. File transmission, storage, and
play are made possible thanks to remote access.
 Mobile WiMAX Handbook

Case Study/KT

What's the Magic Pill? More service licenses

The government decided to grant an
additional license for mobile WiMAX
Government Struggling to Create a Mobile WiMAX Boom business. Now that Hanaro Telecom has
The Korean government was very proud when the country launched a commercial mobile WiMAX backed off, only two companies (i.e., KT
service before any other country in the world. The glory of being the first in the world, however, and SK Telecom) currently provide the
turned out to be short-lived as the results fell far short of expectations. The dark cloud that was cast service. The government plans to fill in
over the supposedly promising business did not seem to be temporary, so the government tried to this space left by Hanaro Telecom by

Case Study/KT
invigorate the lackluster industry. awarding the 2,363 Mhz-2390Mhz
frequency band to a candidate with a
strong will and capability to offer the
Make a Big Reference .... Mobile WiMAX Goes to North Korea service, expecting the newcomer to
North Korea, one of the least-connected regions in the world, is likely to have WiBro access soon. make a difference in the industry and
The South Korean government will carry out a WiBro establishment project in the North, which is encourage competition. In the case that
expected to bring about symbolic effects in boosting WiBro service. there is no candidate, the frequency

25
band will be diverted for other
A high-ranking official at the Ministry of Information and Communication of Korea said that the purposes.

24
government would provide full support so that the public sector can adopt WiBro in full swing. First
of all, the ministry is seeking to construct a WiBro network in Gaeseong Industrial Complex and
International Business Center in Songdo, where there will be demands for particular purposes.
However, the official did not unveil any specific timetable for providing WiBro service in Gaeseong. MVNO
MVNO is considered another way to bring new vitality to the industry. The government planned
KT, the Korean WiBro service provider, plans to expand fixed-line to provide 30 percent of network capacity to wireless carriers and Internet access providers if
and wireless services in Gaeseong Industrial Complex and Expanding the service more than five million people are subscribed to mobile WiMAX in three years, but the plan was
ultimately provide communication services in other North Korean network in newly the scrapped. Instead, the government decided to let the deliberation committee on ICT policies
cities as well. established special consider whether to adopt MVNO, when, and how much network capacity shall be open.
economic zones, such as
The Korean information ministry will set up a communications Mt. Geumgang and Haeju
center of 10,000 lines in the Industrial Complex for communication areas, the Ministry will
services, including the Internet. Expanding the service network in conduct a feasibility study Mobile VoIP
newly the established special economic zones, such as Mt. for upgrading the The government thinks that Internet phone service on the mobile WiMAX network is a good
Geumgang and Haeju areas, the Ministry will conduct a feasibility communication network in inducement to attract customers in that the service would cut the communication fee and offer
study for upgrading the communication network in North Korea in North Korea in the mid- more options. There are challenges, though. The law stipulates that the frequency band licensed
the mid-long term. long term. for mobile WiMAX service should only be used for portable Internet service, which prohibits
telephone service. Issues like coverage, service quality, device development, and frequency
band capacity should also be solved.
 Case Study/KT

Experiencing KT WiBro Service ...

HSDPA Benefits from Limited Coverage of WiBro

Since WiBro and HSDPA were first introduced, there have been many debates over which would
Analyst View
become more successful. The prevailing opinion was that HSDPA, which, despite its relative
sluggishness, offered wider coverage, would outperform WiBro.

At this moment, I would agree with the "No need for WiBro" side unless you expect especially large
traffic. I recently subscribed to KT WiBro service, and the problem is that I have to wait for at least
five months to use the service because my office is out of the range of their coverage. For that
reason, I opted for a service that bundled WiBro and HSDPA together in order to use HSDPA in
places that are beyond the reach of WiBro coverage.

The HSDPA service was offered by KTF, the nation's biggest HSDPA provider and KT's affiliate.
As I had used KTF's HSDPA service before, I am well aware of how convenient it is. The Internet
connection was seamlessly delivered in a vehicle running at 80 km/h.

KT claims that WiBro service is

available everywhere in Seoul,
but this is not true. In some
places, transmission speed
and access stability were far
lower than HSDPA. As a
matter of fact, no service was
available in quite a lot of
places.

When you want seamless

Internet connection on the
move for Web surfing,
mailbox checking, stock
trading, and other Internet
tasks, I must say that HSDPA is
a better choice.

Analyst View
One WiMAX Subscriber, Multiple Devices
The true disruptive power of mobile WiMAX may lie in breaking the one-
subscriber, one-ARPU, one-device rule
Most communications services are currently tied to one contract and one device. For instance, a
GSM mobile subscriber has a pre- or post-paid account that is typically associated with a SIM card,
and it is the SIM card that, when inserted into a particular device, designates that device as being
live on the account. The subscriber can use a different phone by moving the SIM card, but only one
phone can be used for communication at any one time. Even bundled services respect this rule;
they offer a discount on the overall bill, but mostly treat devices and services as independent
products.
WiMAX is set to change all this. WiMAX will be embedded into a wider group of devices than GSM
or even HSPA or EV-DO. These devices will include deSK Telecomop modems, laptops, phones,
gaming consoles, multimedia players, and other consumer electronic devices. Subscribers already
have many of these devices, but most of devices still lack wireless connectivity or use various
interfaces (i.e., Wi-Fi for laptops, but GSM for phones). As more devices with embedded WiMAX
become available, subscribers will increasingly prefer to buy these devices over those that lack
connectivity, provided that the difference in price is small.
Initially, a subscriber may have a deSK Telecomop modem and possibly a laptop card. In a few
years, however, the primary device is more likely to be mobile or portable (a laptop or other data-
centric device), with consumer electronic devices, such as game consoles, multimedia players, or
cameras, acting as most users’ secondary connection device or devices. According to our latest
report, "WiMAX: Ambitions and Reality", approximately 30% of WiMAX subscribers worldwide will
have more than one mobile WiMAX device by 2012. These subscribers will use WiMAX as an access
technology for multiple applications and services (e.g., enterprise applications, games, content
downloads).
Multiple devices per subscriber is a good proposition for device manufacturers ? it translates into
higher WiMAX device sales, and for operators, it brings higher service stickiness and lower churn,
however, this transition to multiple devices disrupts existing business models. The opportunity for
WiMAX to attract subscribers is contingent upon the ability of device vendors and operators to
facilitate this trend towards multiple devices, even if this often entails a new approach to product
development and marketing that marks a sharp departure from their current practices.
Mobile WiMAX Handbook
The vendor’s perspective
More WiMAX sales? That should be the dream of any
manufacturer or vendor. In reality, the situation is more
complex: the per-subscriber expenditure for telecom,
computing, and entertainment equipment is remarkably
Analyst View
stable as a percentage of the overall disposable income of
any country, and WiMAX is not going to change that. If
subscribers buy more WiMAX devices, will they necessarily
stop buying other devices? It is unlikely that they will throw
away their iPods or trade them in for a tablet just because it
has built-in WiMAX ? they want a digital music player, not a
29
data-centric device.
28
On the contrary, we expect that multimedia players like the
iPod will have WiMAX embedded because connectivity
makes the device more attractive and expands its
functionality. End users are not likely to think of these as
WiMAX devices (or 3G or Wi-Fi devices for that matter) but rather as devices they are
accustomed to (e.g., a PDA or multimedia player) with an additional feature.
The opportunity - and the challenge - for vendors will not be represented by a huge increase in
overall device sales, but in successfully addressing the shift in demand towards connected
devices. This will require more than adding a WiMAX module to existing device types. They will
need to:
Keep devices affordable without reducing performance. WiMAX functionality has to be
embedded into a wide range of devices at low cost while limiting the impact on battery
life and performance.
Hide WiMAX. Many devices with WiMAX connectivity are not primarily ‘WiMAX devices’,
and the new functionality has to blend in well. The WiMAX connection should work right
out of the box, and it should be straightforward to add the device to an existing plan.
Optimize devices for mobile access. Vendors need to go beyond the mere addition of
 Mobile WiMAX Handbook

Analyst View

WiMAX modules to their

existing products. New The operator perspective
form factors that combine
the desired features and
functionality with better
support for mobile usage Most operators appreciate the opportunity that the
(e.g., long battery life, use of multiple devices brings, and they plan to Mobile WiMAX is a wireless broadband
appropriate trade-offs allow subscribers to add new devices to their technology that is designed to operate
between overall device size account since that would cause lower churn, a more than five times faster than today's

and weight, or between more attractive service proposition, and higher
screen and keyboard size) ARPU. At the same time, however, they are
are needed to accelerate accustomed to associating each device with a
adoption. separate fee. Such an approach is likely to slow
adoption of new devices and services because
Make them easier to use. According to a recent survey by the Pew Internet and America Life subscribers will find the overall service proposition
Analyst View
third-generation wireless networks at
lower cost. Mobile WiMAX technology is
expected to allow users to wirelessly
download full-length movies and songs,
conduct live video-conferences from
remote locations, and perform other

31
Project, 32% of end users need someone else's help to set up their electronic devices. As less compelling if they are required to pay an interactive multi-media applications
mobile broadband and WiMAX move to address the mass market, vendors need to improve additional fee for each device. anywhere in the coverage area, mobilizing

user-interface design to be able to meet the demands of their new subscribers.
Allow users to preserve a single identity across multiple devices. Communications between
devices is still very limited, even when they are all linked to the same local area network. The
ability to sync a laptop and a phone or to manage phone settings and contents from a PC
often requires more effort than most end users are willing to exert. With an increasing
number of connected devices, it is crucial for both vendors and operators to enable
subscribers to keep their identity across devices by sharing content (e.g., music, contacts, etc.)
and by synchronizing information (e.g., calendar, email, etc.). Subscribers also want to add
new devices effortlessly to a single service plan and to have access to the same services
regardless of the device used.
These features are crucial to enticing subscribers to move to devices with data connectivity and to
use the new functionality effectively. If managing multiple devices becomes a nightmare, as it too
often is today, the overall adoption of mobile broadband and WiMAX may be delayed because its
value to the subscribers will be greatly reduced. Mobile broadband has the potential to reach
penetration rates comparable to those of cellular voice, but subscribers still have to be convinced
that they need more than basic wireless data connectivity (i.e., texting, messaging, and email). The
availability of compelling, well-designed devices will play a crucial role in driving mobile broadband
adoption in the mass market ? even more so than the availability of mobile-focused applications.
30
the full power of the open Internet. The
It is also true that subscribers with multiple devices technology is expected to be deployed
may share them with other subscribers (e.g., one ubiquitously with embedded chipsets in
subscription in a household may allow all family computing, consumer electronic devices
members to use a connection) thereby may and other innovative access devices being
generate higher levels of traffic. But there are ways developed by a global ecosystem.
to avert abuse, other than charging separately for - Sprint Nextel -
each device, that also encourage the ownership
and use of multiple devices. For instance, operators may impose traffic caps or give lower priority
to traffic from heavy users after they exceed a defined limit. They could also allow only one
device (or one device type) to be active at any point in time from a single account, as long as
they allow the subscriber to move quickly from one device to another.
The good news is that device subsidies will become less of a burden on operators. Subsidies are
not likely to disappear entirely since WiMAX operators will have to compete with other operators
that do offer subsidies. Subsidies are such a widespread marketing tool that a new technology
alone is unlikely to threaten their existence. However, subscribers are not likely to expect
substantial subsidies on secondary devices. They may expect a lower price on the deSK
Telecomop modem or a phone, but they will probably want to buy the laptop or gaming
console that they like best. In most cases, operators will not even sell these devices, and
subscribers will buy them as they currently do through their favorite retail channels.
 Analyst View

Mobile operators are accustomed to a

high degree of control over devices. They
sell them to subscribers, subsidize them,
and control their interface and
functionality. It is the mobile operator
that decides which devices subscribers
will use. The balance will shift with
WiMAX subsidy-free devices ? the
subscriber pays for them and feels
entitled to retain control over the device.
While subscribers will still expect devices
to operate successfully in the network,
they want to be free to use the device on
a different network and are unlikely to
tolerate limitations on the applications
that they can access on their devices. As
subscribers are no longer a captive
audience, the operator may find it more
difficult to successfully market value-
added, application-based services to
subscribers and may see its role
restricted as an access provider.

WiMAX adoption will mean much more

than affordable mobile broadband. It is
set to change the way vendors and
operators develop, market, and support
devices and services. It represents a
unique opportunity for operators to bring more freedom and flexibility to subscribers ? and a
higher perceived value for the service than the one they are accustomed to with current cellular
data services.

Contributed by Monica Paolini, President, Senza Fili Consulting

Monica Paolini can be contacted at monica.paolini@senzafiliconsulting.com

 Mobile WiMAX Handbook

Analyst View

An Assessment of Developments in the Near Future We are seeing more and more
Trends, Expectations, and Unpredictable Elements Mobile WiMAX 802.16e trials and
network contracts ? over 50 were
announced in 2007 alone, and the
market is very active in all regions of
WiMAX is defined as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, which allows for broadband the world. We anticipate that
wireless access of information in the form of packet data. It was introduced in October 2001 and is mobile usage will develop after
also known as the IEEE 802.16 standard. The Mobile WiMAX standard has been established to initial demand for fixed and
provide specifications for mobile broadband wireless access systems. The IEEE Working group portable services ? WiMAX 802.16e

Analyst View
ratified the standard in December 2005. Though the fixed version of WiMAX focuses on the point- is a flexible platform that can
to-multipoint broadband access and the last mile solution, the mobile version of WiMAX will focus operate in all three modes of usage.
on mobility for broadband. The strength lies in the fact that, apart from mobility, it will also support By 2013, mobile WiMAX will
fixed and nomadic access. The peak throughput rate is expected to be 75 Mbps. represent a single digit proportion
of the global mobile broadband
The aim of the WiMAX standard is to ensure that interoperability is maintained among devices. The base. This will be a tremendous

35
WiMAX Forum will ensure that the standards, which are covered under WiMAX, are released achievement for this new
according to their scheduled timelines and that guidelines are maintained by the vendors. technology platform, which has

34
recently been boosted by the ITU's
endorsement of it as an IMT2000
Global Mobile WiMAX Subscriber Forecast specification.

Juniper Research forecasts that Mobile WiMAX 802.16e will begin to take off over the 2010 to
2013 period, exceeding 80 million mobile subscribers globally by 2013. The value of the Mobile
WiMAX 802.16e service revenues market will grow to $23bn by the same year. Asia will account
for over 50% of Mobile WiMAX 802.16e subscribers at that time, exceeding 40 million mobile
subscribers. Countries such as India, Korea, Pakistan, Taiwan, and Australia will drive the growth
of Mobile WiMAX 802.16e. WiMAX will be well-suited to rapid deployment in many underserved
areas, whilst government programmes in countries such as Taiwan will support growth. Over the
next year, licenses in countries such as India, Japan, and Thailand, as well as countries in other
regions, will be auctioned. Timely award of these licenses will accelerate market development.

Mobile WiMAX will be a device-based technology, and there are several wildcard factors that
could significantly increase the size of the market, including the emergence of very-low-cost
laptops and the addition of broadband capability to a range of devices, including portable
music/MP3 players and games consoles. The twin challenges are for vendors to produce the
right devices at the right time and price and for Mobile WiMAX service providers to differentiate
their offerings from those of existing mobile operators. Successfully facing these challenges will
accelerate market development.
 Analyst View

In January 2007, the IEEE outlined a proposed work plan for a new version of the 802.16 standard
that could increase speeds to 1 Gbps while maintaining backwards compatibility with existing
WiMAX products. The new version has been called 802.16m, and the IEEE aims to complete the
standard by September 2008 for approval by December 2008. The IEEE wants to develop a
"competitive" and "significantly improved" radio-access technology that is "compliant with the ITU
R/IMT advanced requirements for 4G" while keeping interoperability with mobile WiMAX. Potential
new radio interfaces will need to support up to 100Mbps for high mobility services, such as mobile
access, and up to 1Gbps for low mobility services, such as nomadic/local wireless access, by around
2010. A step-change speed increase of this magnitude will enable service providers to offer a range
of content-rich multimedia services, such as TV, fast music downloads, and streamed video, as well
WiBro Patent
as greatly improved VoIP performance and capacity.

Contributed by Howard Wilcox, Juniper Research

Report Author: “Mobile WiMAX: Global Opportunities, Strategies & Forecasts, 2007-
2013”December 2007

USB Modem Makes up 89% of Mobile WiMAX Access

Since its commercial launch in June 2006, KT WiBro has attracted over 100,000
subscribers, the majority of whom use USB modems to access the service.
According to KT's research results, 89% of WiBro subscribers are using notebook
computers with USB modems, 10% PDAs and smartphones, and 1% ultra mobile PCs.
The company attributes the predominance of USB modems to the convergence
capability of modems supporting terrestrial DMB, HSDPA, MP3 players, and portable
storage units as well as WiBro connectivity. The 3Mbps speed and monthly linear rates
(10,000 to 19,800 won) also explain the preference for accessing WiBro through USB
modems, the company said.
Mobile WiMAX service is offering the fastest data communication with full-mobility among
existing telecommunication technologies. Since Mobile WiMAX technology is based on IEEE
802.16e OFDMA TDD and all IP-based, more effective and
convenient mobile broadband services are possible with
already existing IP infrastructure. Users can enjoy mobile
broadband services, anytime, anywhere, any device, even
on the move. - Samsung Electronics -
 Mobile WiMAX Handbook

WiBro Patent

WiBro Patent Application Overview Patent Applications for Major WiBro Technologies

In view of mobility and cell WiBro technologies include OFDMA, hand-over, power
coverage, WiBro is on the control, network interworking, scheduling, connection OFDMA is one of the most
midpoint between voice- control, MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output), smart antenna, important elements of the WiBro
centered mobile and VoIP. system. Qualcomm and Adaptix,

communications and Wi-Fi
data communications.
Accordingly, WiBro has been
upgrading and taking
advantage of core
technologies from both
In WiBro hand-over, South Korea and the United States
have filed the majority of patents. The U.S. patents are
mostly for handover in IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) and are
almost evenly distributed amongst large companies, such
as Samsung, Nokia, Interdigital, Ericsson, and Motorola. In
WiBro Patent
the owners of Flarion and
Broadstorm, respectively, hold the
majority of patents for OFDMA
original technologies. In Korea,
Samsung and ETRI are taking the
lead, but the patents are mostly for

39
sides. Korea, patent applications began to rise at about the time applied technologies.
of standardization, and over 90% of them were filed by

WiBro has adopted
handover, electric power
control, and connection
control from mobile communications as well as AMC, MIMO, and scheduling from Wi-Fi.
WiBro modified and integrated existing technologies from different areas rather than developing
new technologies. This goes for WiBro patents as well. Patents for original technologies were
already issued in Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) or WiMAX (IEEE 802.16). As WiBro began to receive publicity,
applications for patents suitable to the service began to emerge.
38
Korean companies, such as Samsung, ETRI, KT, and SK TELECOM, while Interdigital is the most
active among foreign companies.
Along with handover, power control is one of the most predominant technologies in terms of
the number of patent applications. As in handover, South Korea and the Unites States are out
in front. In Korea, patent applications gained momentum with the standardization, whereas in
the United States, there had been a lot of applications even before the standardization of
WiMAX. The distribution pattern of patent assignees in each country is similar to that of
handover.

While Korea led the approval of IEEE 802.16e as an international standard for WiBro and became the
first nation to commercialize the technology, patents for WiBro in Korea were mostly filed by
Korean companies or research institutes. Those who played a part in standardization or who are
presently carrying out WiBro service, such as Samsung Electronics, KT, SK Telecom, and ETRI,
account for about 60% of patent applications.
In the United States, WiBro patent applications are filed by a wide range of companies, including
Ericsson, Lucent, Samsung Electronics, and Nokia. Samsung Electronics chiefly applies for
technologies of commercially use, whereas Ericsson, Lucent, and Nokia concentrate on WiMAX, the
fundamental technology for WiBro.
In network interworking, patent applications in the United States peaked at around the time of
WiMAX standardization, but they have been declining ever since, whereas in Korea, commercial
WiBro service triggered the increase of applications. SK Telecom, running both mobile and fixed-
line networks, is filing more applications than any other patent assignees in Korea. In particular,
the number of patent applications for WiBro interworking with WLAN increased in Korea with
the development of IEEE 802.16m (WiBro Evolution) aimed at 4G standard.
WiBro scheduling is almost the same as handover or power control in terms of its patent
application pattern. Patent fillings for packet scheduling combined with subcarrier allocation are
on the rise.
 Mobile WiMAX Handbook

WiBro Patent

Patent applications for WiBro connection
control have been surging in South Korea,
the United States, and Europe since the
standardization. Connection control
technologies are mostly related to
synchronizing, ranging, and channel
estimation. Patents are filed mostly for
connection technologies in relation to
handover and power control. Patents for
WiBro Patents for Major Technologies
WiBro (IEEE 802.16e) combines mobility and MIMO, building on WiMAX (IEEE802.16d). Therefore,
the performance of WiBro depends on handover as well as MIMO and the smart antenna of the
WiMAX system. These technologies existed even before the approval of the WiBro standard, but
WiBro requires some special technologies to support 1Mbps-transmission in a vehicle moving at
100km/hr without compromising handover, MIMO or smart antenna. So these special

channel estimation are based on IEEE
802.16d and cover the method of channel
estimation by means of MIMO.
Patent applications for WiBro MIMO, smart
antenna, WiBro VoIP have taken off in Korea
WiBro Patent
technologies must be referred to as major technologies in the WiBro patent application.
For high-speed mobility, WiBro should support prompt handover. Accordingly, WiBro patent
applications for handover are mostly related to reducing L2/L3 handover time, minimizing
packet loss by forecasting handover, simplifying handover, and decreasing the overload that is
caused by scanning.

41
since the standardization. The current WiBro
standard supports MIMO and VoIP, but there Since the WiBro system uses multi-carrier OFDM for uplink ? as well as downlink ? modulation,

no such services are available. However, patents for these technologies are increasingly being filed
for, especially in Korea, with better QoS and growing
efforts to introduce the real-time voice service
involved in commercial WiBro service.
Other technologies ranking high for patent
application in Korea are interference cancellation
through WiBro handsets and base-stations, I-Q
mismatching, and offset/timing correction.
"WiMAX will translate into people being
able to take their favorite Internet
experiences - be it watching videos,
streaming music or doing research on the
Internet - on the go without compromising
on quality,"- Ari Virtanen, Vice President,
Nokia Multimedia
40
when the peak-to-average power ratio of the uplink grows, the terminal consumes more power.
There is a patent application for the RF power amplifier that raises the average signal efficiency
of high-PAPR. A technology that weights different subcarriers to reduce power loss by
controlling average power is also waiting for patent issue. Other related patent applications deal
with forecasting data scheduling and switching to sleep or idle modes.
WiBro Evolution (IEEE 802.16m), a strong candidate for 4G international standard, includes
network interworking. WiBro/W-LAN and WiBro/mobile communications are popular items for
patent applications. Specifically, most patent applications cover handoff between different
networks, MIH (Media Independent Handover), authentication process for interworking, and
efficient connection methods.

Spread Your Message throughout the Industry
Telecoms Korea suggests that you showcase your mobile WiMAX technologies, solutions,
insights and opinions about the industry via the ‘Sponsored Editorial’ section of the ‘Mobile
WiMAX Handbook 2009.’
It will be a great opportunity to inform wireless carriers, developers and general consumers
who are interested in mobile WiMAX about what your company is doing and envisioning
in a cost-efficient way.
Looking forward to your contribution through support@telecomskorea.com
In WiBro, scheduling is related to QoS and VoIP. In this area, patents are mostly filed for
scheduling within the limited amount of resources. Scheduling methods include prioritizing
services, controlling transmission lag on L3, or allocating an exclusive channel. WiBro deploys the
multicarrier method and some patent applications claim the method of subcarrier allocation and
modulation for certain types of users.
Patents for connection control mainly refer to advances in the ability to conduct synchronizing
and ranging with accuracy and promptness. Mostly, they deal with improving the performance
 WiBro Patent

of synchronizing and ranging in relation to handoff and repeating. Patent applications for channel
estimation are filed continuously, but they are mostly for coding or attaching preambles to a sub-
channel in order to adjust OFDMA-based channel estimation to a mobile environment.

For MIMO, it is important to prevent the coupling of separate antennas. Patents are filed either for
avoiding damage to practical use that could be caused by physical size or for practical space-time
coding. Many patent applications combine space-time coding with the allocation of 1,024
subcarriers to antennas and the enlargement of communication capacity.
Sponsored Section
Other main issues in WiBro patent applications are compensation for I-Q mismatching, frequency
offset, and synchronization based on pilot information.

WiBro Handover Technology Advances

WiBro service is capable of offering faster data transmission than mobile services.
Subscription to the service, however, needs to be facilitated due to the fact that the
coverage is confined to certain areas of the country. Regarding the service, the industry
was reported to be increasingly interested in developing dual-mode devices that allow
the use of multiple wireless communication services on a single device. Among other
technologies, it was reported that development of handover technology, which switches
to mobile service outside of the WiBro service area, has been on the rise.
The Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO) said that license applications for handover
technology between WiBro and mobile networks had continued to be filed ? 19 in 2004,
16 in 2005, and 11 in 2006. Ten of the applications were filed by WiBro-related
manufacturers, 25 by communications service providers, 10 by research centers, and one
by academia, according to the KIPO.
Most of the patents were about methods of determining handover timing, handover
technology using mobile IP, and interoperation of mobile phone services.
The KIPO said that the key to the handover between WiBro and mobile networks is to
shorten handover time and build networks that allow for the use of mobile service in the
WiBro network. The KIPO said that the technologies for reducing handover time are
crucial because handover between WiBro and mobile networks take a lot of time, which
can affect the quality of call services. The agency said that interoperability between the
two service networks is a prerequisite to using voice calling, SMS, and MMS service in the
WiBro network.
 Mobile WiMAX Handbook

Sponsored Section

Best Partner for Mobile WiMAX

What's Happening in the Market? The Advantage of Mobile WiMAX

In October 2007, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Radiocommunication Assembly, Economic Scalability, the strong ecosystem of the 529- "We will continue to introduce
the international union for telecommunication standards, officially recognized Mobile WiMAX member WiMAX Forum, will enable early spreading into Mobile WiMAX devices and

Sponsored Section
technology as one of the 3G mobile technologies and part of the next evolution of 3G cellular the market and economy of scale. Thanks to cost- expand our portfolio of mobile
technology. Mobile WiMAX brings telecom operators more opportunities for providing faster high- effective solutions with lower frequency costs and simple convergence devices.Samsung will
speed broadband data service, and gives end users more choices to experience true mobile network configuration with 2-tier, a network can be continuously drive the market
multimedia services. configured at lower costs compared with other with pioneering
competitive technology offers. Enhanced service features telecommunication technology
The WiMAX Forum has attracted over 529 members representing the entire value chain, from with Multicast Broadcast Service (MBS) and high-efficient and services not only in Korea but
component and silicon vendors to system vendors, service providers and other ecosystem players. It mobile Triple Play Service (TPS) can be provided, thus also overseas. Samsung will meet
has expanded over 10 times since its foundation in 2001. It began the certification of the Mobile WiMAX providing new revenue sources. Business flexibility is the demands of Mobile WiMAX

47
product at the end of 2007, with the first certified products expected for the first quarter of 2008. contingent on the service environment; fixed, nomadic, services and convergence devices
portable, and mobile services can be combined into a by delivering the products that

Sprint Nextel was committed to soft-launching the technology in early 2008 with the goal of a
broader launch by the end of the year. Soft-launching service will be available in Chicago, Baltimore
and Washington, D.C.
UQ Communications is a consortium of six companies including KDDI, Intel, East Japan Railway
Company, Kyocera Corp., Daiwa Securities Group Inc., and the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd.
This consortium acquired Mobile WiMAX business rights from Japan’s Ministry of Internal Affairs
and Communications in December
2007. Samsung was chosen as the
supplier of Mobile WiMAX
equipment for UQ Communications
in Japan on March 3.
UQ Communications plans to run a
trial service of Mobile WiMAX in
February 2009 in Tokyo and
Yokohama, and hopes to launch
commercial service there the
following summer.
46
new service. Each service can be seamlessly migrated to reflect consumers' demands." -
mobile service. Geesung Choi, President of
Samsung's Telecom Network
The below factors explain why Mobile WiMAX is the Business-
best solution for successful rollouts of mobile
broadband services:
Features of technology : The basic concept of Mobile WiMAX is to increase Internet access
with mobility. It is developed and optimized for data services and offers some of the most
advanced functionality and spectral efficiency features among all commercially available
wireless data technologies. Its IP network will make it easier and more economical to roll out
new data applications and inter-work with other IP-based technologies. Major technical
features of 4G, such as OFDMA and Advanced Antenna technologies are already adopted in
Mobile WiMAX. Mobile WiMAX brings further enhancements in throughput and coverage
range.
A wide variety of devices : The IP architecture of Mobile WiMAX technology makes
integration easier due to the open feature. Mobile WiMAX can support a wide variety of new
devices. From external modems to Consumer Electronics (CE), the potential power of a
Mobile WiMAX device is unlimited. Currently, various types of devices, such as external
modems (PC card, USB dongle, CPE), UMPC, PDA, PMP, and Mobile WiMAX embedded PCs,
 Mobile WiMAX Handbook

Sponsored Section

are available for Mobile WiMAX service. The unlimited flexibility of Mobile WiMAX devices will What can you do with Mobile WiMAX?
attract customers in general and those who are ready for unpredictable changes in the business
world.

Cost effectiveness : Mobile WiMAX’s spectral efficiency, caused by TDD, enables network operators So what services can be supported by Mobile WiMAX? Basically Mobile WiMAX extends from a
to manage more flexible networks. Also, it delivers a lower cost per bit than other competitive wired broadband, so it can support all services of wired broadband in a mobile environment to
technologies. As the world’s most advanced mobile broadband standard, Mobile WiMAX will be a reach broader areas with various devices. More enhanced services are available to customers

good choice for countries with inadequate infrastructure. Wired broadband is clearly not the
answer to democratizing the Internet in geographies such as deserts, jungles, etc. Mobile
broadband access is preferred in these conditions, because it can reduce initial infrastructure and
maintenance costs significantly, while providing service wherever desired.
Worldwide availability : Mobile WiMAX mainly operates in three spectrum bands (2.3GHz, 2.5GHz
and 3.5GHz), which have common global allocation. Mobile WiMAX products, mobile stations and
base stations provide global interoperability through official certification tests. It can support global
Sponsored Section
thanks to the enhanced technical features of Mobile WiMAX. Customers can enjoy diverse
multimedia services anytime, anywhere, with any device by Mobile WiMAX.
- Internet Connectivity: Internet access is a main service in Mobile WiMAX. Wherever you are and
whatever you do, you can maintain connectivity to the Internet while on the move.
- Communication: Mobile VoIP is another main service of Mobile WiMAX. Mobile WiMAX can
support voice service through its IP network quite easily. With a minimal service fee, customers

49
roaming, so customers can enjoy worldwide mobile broadband service with one device that can enjoy mobile communication.
supports multiple bands. Also, the interoperability of Mobile WiMAX is an advantage for worldwide

48
availability. The not-for-profit organization WiMAX Forum was formed to certify and promote the - Multimedia: High throughput data downloading and uploading is possible. Various multimedia
compatibility and interoperability of Mobile WiMAX. WiMAX Forum-certified products are fully services like mobile UGC, mobile gaming, mobile IPTV, mobile blogging, mobile karaoke,
interoperable and support mobile broadband services wherever you are. mobile LBS and other multimedia services are available to customers.

Time to Market : The Mobile WiMAX standard - Vertical Service: Mobile WiMAX can be useful for public safety by helping medical staffers and
was globally approved in December 2005, emergency crews. It can also be useful in isolated work areas such as construction sites and oil
and its service was first commercialized in the fields. In case of emergency, Mobile WiMAX can support very useful communication methods
Korean market in June 2006. Since then, it has like PTA.
shown significant growth and expansion in
other global markets, such as the U.S. and
Japan. Mobile WiMAX is timed to enter the
market as a global standard that applies
OFDMA technology for the first time. Mobile Mobile WiMAX service is offering the fastest data communication with full-mobility
WiMAX systems and terminals authenticated among existing telecommunication technologies. Since Mobile WiMAX technology is
by the WiMAX Forum will be supplied to the based on IEEE 802.16e OFDMA TDD and all IP-based, more effective and convenient
market in the first quarter of 2008. Mobile mobile broadband services are possible with already existing IP infrastructure. Users
WiMAX enjoys a 2~3 year time advantage can enjoy mobile broadband services, anytime, anywhere, any device, even on the
compared to competitive technologies like move. - Samsung Electronics -
LTE. Early and abundant commercial
experience will allow customers to enjoy
mobile broadband service more freely.
 Mobile WiMAX Handbook

Sponsored Section

Market Leadership Technology Leadership

Samsung has been developing Mobile WiMAX technology since 2002, actively contributing to Through outstanding performances in solution development and commercial service
Mobile WiMAX standardization. Ever since Mobile WiMAX was approved as a global standard by deployments, Samsung has positioned itself as a pioneer of Mobile WiMAX technology.

IEEE and the WiMAX Forum at the end of 2005, Samsung has hosted many meaningful activities at
international events such as the APEC (2005). Samsung is the first company to launch WiBro
commercial services in Korea. WiBro is a wireless broadband service based on Mobile WiMAX. Korea
Telecom (KT), Korea’s largest fixed line operator, and SKT, Korea’s largest mobile operator, have
offered commercial WiBro services since June 2006. Currently there are over 100,000 WiBro
subscribers. Currently, about 10 different types of end user devices are providing it.
Based on
Sponsored Section
Samsung is actively involved in telecommunication industry forums and standard bodies to
ensure Mobile WiMAX global standardization. Samsung participates in the WiMAX Forum as a
board member with accumulated technological leadership. In the WiMAX Forum, Samsung
plays an important role in the Technical Working Group and the Network Working Group. It
leads the IOT profiles, certification and evolution of the technology.
Samsung held the world’s first wave2 demonstration at the 3GSM World Congress 2007 in
Barcelona. It proved the system can provide high-speed data of 37 Mbps for download and 10

51
successful trials Mbps for upload. With this speed, users can download a 3MB MP3 music file within 0.7 seconds
and and a 700 MB movie in 2 minutes and 45 seconds.

50
commercialization
of the technology By evolving from the 802.16e-based Mobile WiMAX to 4G service, Samsung also demonstrated
in the global the world's first touch-and-feel experience of the 4G wireless technology during its 4G Forum in
market, Samsung 2006 and 2007. During these events, Samsung officials demonstrated 100 Mbps data
was selected as a transmission in a bus moving at 60 kilometers per hour, and 1 Gbps data transfer.
partner of Sprint
Nextel’s Mobile Samsung has also been leading the push for Mobile WiMAX 802.16m standards in IEEE. The
WiMAX service. technology leadership of Samsung Mobile WiMAX continues to usher in next-generation
Sprint Nextel’s technology and 4G service.
Mobile WiMAX
commercial service
will be launched in Best Partner for Mobile WiMAX
April 2008 using
Samsung’s Mobile WiMAX equipments and devices. Samsung, a major provider of both system and Samsung provides complete end-to-end Mobile WiMAX solutions for the gamut from chipset,
devices for Sprint Nextel, will cover Washington D.C. and Baltimore in the initial stage, and then devices and base stations to IMS solutions. Devices include CPE, PCMCIA cards, express cards,
Boston, Providence, Philadelphia, and New York. PDA, UMPC and embedded PCs. Samsung’s system solution provides a wide range of coverage
options ? from macro-dense urban areas to remote rural areas ??supporting all frequency bands
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 Sponsored Section

System solution
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Device

Chip Solution
Samsung also has a chip solution, which is embedded in Mobile WiMAX devices.
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Diverse Devices
Samsung has a whole
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 Mobile WiMAX Handbook

Device

Mobile WiMAX Device

Everrun 60H/S6S
RAON Digital SPH M8200
Samsung Electronics
AMD 600Mhz Geode LX900
Microsoft Windows XP Home edition Dual mode (Wibro + EV-DO)
Qwerty Keyboard Touch Screen
4.8-inch Touch Screen 2.8-inch 242k QVGA

Device
WVGA T-DMB
802.11b/g WLAN Windows Mobile 5.0
Bluetooth 2.0
Battery Life 7 hours SPH M8100

55
Samsung Electronics
SPH-P9200

54
Samsung Electronics Dual mode (Wibro + EV-DO)
Bluetooth
VIA 1Ghz Dual Camera
Windows XP Home Edition 2.8-inch LCD
5-inch LCD T-DMB
WiFi Windows Mobile 5.0
LG KC1
LG Electronics
Q1 Ultra
Samsung Electronics Monahans 806Mhz CPU
Bluetooth
Intel CPU 800 Mhz T-DMB
Windows Vista Home Premium 2.8-inch QVGA
7-inch LCD Touch Screen
Bluetooth 2.0 Windows Mobile 5.0
60GB HDD
 Mobile WiMAX Handbook

Device

Mobile WiMAX Device

SWT-W100K SPH-H1300
Samsung Electronics Samsung Electronics

Wibro + GPS Wibro +HSDPA

T-DMB KWD-U1100
4.3-inch WVGA TFT-LCD Modacom

Device
2-megapixel camera, Wibro + TDMB
Bluetooth 2.0
USB 2.0
8GB memory.

57
56
KWS-P1000
Sodiff SPH-H1200
Samsung Electronics
Intel PXA270
Full Browsing Wibro + HSDPA
Dual camera
4.3-inch Touch Screen
Qwerty Keyboard
USB 2.0

LG-KU1P
LG Electronics
Wibro + MP3 Player + Memory
 glossary
A ASK
AGC
Automatic gain control (AGC) is an electronic
system found in many types of devices. Its
purpose is to control the gain of a system in
order to maintain some measure of
performance over a changing range of real
world conditions.
AMPS
Advanced Mobile Phone System or AMPS is
the analog mobile phone system standard,
introduced in the Americas during the early
1980s. Though analog is no longer considered
advanced at all, the relatively seamless cellular
switching technology AMPS introduced was
what made the original mobile
radiotelephone practical, and was considered
quite advanced at the time.
Antenna Gain
Antenna gain is the measurement of an
antennas ability to amplify the incoming
microwave signals in a particular direction,
compared with the sensitivity of an isotropic
antenna in any direction, or a dipole antenna
in the equatorial direction. The two
measurements are measured in decibels and
denoted by dBi and dBd respectively.
ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest)
Automatic Repeat-reQuest. It is an Error
control method for data transmission in which
the receiver detects transmission errors in a
message and automatically requests a
retransmission from the transmitter.
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of
modulation which represents digital data as
variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave.
The simplest and most common from a ASK
operates as switch, using the presence of a
carrier wave to indicate a binary one and its
absence to indicate a binary zero. This of
modulation is called on-off keying, and is used
at radio frequencies to transmit Morse code
(referred to as continuous wave operation).
B bytes per second (Bps). A modem that
Band
In telecommunication, a band - sometimes
called a frequency band - is a specific range of
frequencies in the radio frequency (RF)
spectrum, which is divided among ranges
from very low frequencies (vlf) to extremely
high frequencies (elf). Each band has a
defined upper and lower frequency limit.
Because two radio transmitters sharing the
same frequency band cause mutual
interference, band usage is.
Bandwidth
1) In electronic communication, bandwidth is
the width of the range (or band) of
frequencies that an electronic signal uses
on a given transmission medium. In this
usage, bandwidth is expressed in terms of
the difference between the highest-
frequency signal component and the
lowest-frequency signal component. Since
the frequency of a signal is measured in
hertz (the number of cycles of change per
second), a given bandwidth is the difference
in hertz between the highest frequency the
signal uses and the lowest frequency it uses.
A tpical voice signal has a bandwidth of
approximately three kilohertz (3 kHz); an
analog television (TV) broadcast video
signal has a bandwidth of six megahertz (6
MHz) - some 2,000 times as wide as the
voice signal.
2) In computer networks, bandwidth is often
used as a synonym for data transfer rate ?
the amount of data that can be carried from
one point to another in a given time period
(usually a second). This kind of bandwidth is
usually expressed in bits (of data) per
second (bps). Occasionally, it’s expressed as
works at 57,600 bps has twice the
bandwidth of a modem that works at
28,800 bps. In general, a link with a high
bandwidth is one that may be able to carry
enough information to sustain the
succession of images in a video
presentation.
BPSK
The simplest PSK technique is called binary
phase-shift keying (BPSK). It uses two opposite
signal phases (0 and 180 degrees). The digital
signal is broken up timewise into individual
bits (binary digits). The state of each bit is
determined according to the state of the
preceding bit. If the phase of the wave does
not change, then the signal state stays the
same (0 or 1). If the phase of the wave changes
by 190 degrees ? that is, if the phase reverses -
then the signal state changes (from 0 to 1, or
from 1 to 0). Because there are two possible
wave phases, BPSK is sometimes called
biphase modulation.
C
C/I (Carrier to Interference Ratio)
On the Base station of mobile communication
or lay our cell, calculate the Carrier to
interference Ration for considering parameter
a proximity.
Carrier
1) In information technology, a carrier (or
carrier signal) is a transmitted
electromagnetic pulse or wave at a steady
base frequency of alternation on which
glossary
information can be imposed by increasing
signal strength, varying the base frequency,
varying the wave phase, or other means.
This variation is called modulation. With the
advent of laser transmission over optical
59
fiber media, a carrier can also be a laser-
generated light beam on which
58
information is imposed. Types of analog
modulation of a carrier include amplitude
modulation (AM), frequency modulation
(FM), and phase modulation. Types of
digital modulation include varieties of pulse
code modulation (PCM), including pulse
amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse
duration modulation (PDM), and pulse
position modulation (PPM). Carrier detect is
a control signal between a modem and a
computer that indicates that the model
detects a ‘live’ carrier that can be used for
sending or receiving information.
2) In the telecommunication industry, a carrier
is a telephone or other company that sells
or rents telecommunication transmission
services. A local exchange carrier (LEC) is a
local phone company and an inter-
exchange carrier (IEC or IXC) carriers long-
distance calls.
Channel
1. Frequency unit
A signal or the number of times it happens
during a particular period. Just like we often
receive radio in the frequency of 89.1 MHz,
91.9 MHz, a signal possess frequency is called
Channel.
In information technology, the term channel is
used in a number of ways.
In telecommunications in general, a channel is
a separate path through which signals can
flow.
In the public switched telephone network
(PSTN), a channel is one of multiple
transmission paths within a single link
between network points. For example, the
commonly used (in North America) T-carrier
system line service provides 24-64 channels
for digital data transmission.
In radio and television, a channel is a separate
incoming signal or program source that a user
can select.
In optical fiber transmission using dense
wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM), a
channel is a separate wavelength of light
within a combined, multiplexed light stream.
CNR (Carrier to Noise Ratio)
Size of carrier wave and noise and (amplitude)
it shows a difference. It is urnt generally and
the bell (dB) with it shows.
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Code)
A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a type of
hash function used to produce a checksum,
which is a small number of bits, from a large
block of data, such as a packet of network
traffic or a block of a computer file, in order to
detect errors in transmission or storage. A CRC
is computed and appended before
transmission or storage, and verified
afterwards to confirm that no changes
occurred. CRCs are popular because they are
simple to implement in binary hardware, are
easy to analyze mathematically, and are
particularly good at detecting common errors
caused by noise in transmission channels.
Crosstalk
The Crosstalk each railway line or interference
of Channel for happens from communication
and it is a terminology which is plentifully
used in the case where the cross becomes.
D located some distance away. Also, suppose an
DAB
Digital audio broadcasting or DAB is a
developing technology for broadcasting
audio programming in digital form. Broadcast
radio has been in widespread use since the
1920s, and to this time has remained largely
based on the analog ‘amplitude
modulation’(AM) technologies used at the
beginning and the ‘frequency modulation’
(FM) technologies introduced in the mid-20th
century. The objective of converting to digital
systems is to enable higher fidelity, greater
noise immunity, and new services.
The acronym DAB is used both to identify the
generic technology of digital audio
broadcasting, and specific technical standard,
particularly the Eureka 147 standard.
Standardization of DAB technology is
promoted by the DAB Forum, which
represents more than 30 countries, not
including the United States.
dB
Although it is widely used as a measure of the
loudness of sound, the decibel (dB) is more
generally a measure of the ratio between two
quantities, and can be used to express a wide
variety of measurements in acoustics and
electronics. The decibel is a ‘dimensionless
unit’ like percent.
dBi
The expression dBi is used to define the gain
of an antenna system relative to an isotropic
radiator at radio frequencies. The symbol is an
abbreviation for ‘decibels relative to isotropic.’
The dBi specification is based on the decibel, a
logarithmic measure of relative power.
Suppose an antenna direction at a point
isotropic antenna Q produces an
electromagnetic field of intensity IQ uW/m2 at
the same distance. Then the gain G of antenna
A, in dBi, is G= 10 log10(IA /IQ)
dBm
The expression dBm is used to define signal
strength in wires and cables at RF and AF
frequencies. The symbol is an abbreviation for
‘decibels relative to one milliwatt,’ where one
milliwatt (1 mW) equals 1/1000 of a watt
(0.001 W). This unit is commonly used in test
laboratories.
Design house
Meaning of design house is Fab-less company,
a professional design company without a
production line but, it designs products. Thus,
a term mainly being use of IC (direct circuit),
production equipments constructs and
management of semiconductor takes huge
budgets so, including ASIC and, many direct
circuit design companies aim of outsourcing
to the professional FAB.
A term Design house being used for small
design company which produce optimized
direct circuit with ASIC (demand
semiconductor).
In RF field, most MMIC/RFIC design company
is form of organized design house except
huge enterprise.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the apparent bending and
spreading of waves when they meet an
obstruction. It can occur with any type of
wave, including sound waves, water waves,
and electromagnetic waves such as light and
radio waves. Diffraction also occurs when any
glossary
group of waves of a finite size is propagating;
for example, a narrow beam of light waves
from a laser must, because of diffraction of the
beam, eventually diverge into a wider beam at
a sufficient distance from the laser.
61
DSP
60
Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is the study of
signals in a digital representation and the
processing methods of these signals. DSP and
analog signal processing are subfields of
signal processing. DSP has three major
subfields: audio signal processing, digital
image processing and speech processing.
Since the goal of DSP is usually to measure or
filter continuous real-world analog signals, the
first step is usually to convert the signal from
an analog to a digital form, by using an analog
to digital converter.
E
ESN
The Electronic Serial Number (ESN) is a 32-bit
number assigned by the mobile station
manufacturer which uniquely identifies the
mobile station equipment. The rules to be
followed by manufacturers for assigning the
ESN are given in the IS-95 standard. Binary
digits are allocated for a manufacturer identity
code (8 bits), the equipment serial number (18
bits), and 6 bits are reserved. ESN, and MIN1,
along with other digital input, are used during
the authentication process.
Evaluation Board
Evaluation board is a kind of Jig board for
testing IC and etc. Actual output might not be
the same but in order test the performance of
IC, the IC manufacturer make actual model
FDMA
FDMA, or Frequency-Division Multiple Access,
is the oldest and most importan of the three
main ways for multiple radio transmitters to
share the radio spectrum. The other two
methods are Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA).
In FDMA, each transmitter is assigned a
distinct frequency channel so that receivers
can discriminate among them by tuning to
the desired channel.
TDMA and CDMA independently of signals on
of times that a repeated event occurs per unit
time. To calculate the frequency of an event,
the number of occurrences of the event within
a fixed time interval are counted, and then
divided by the length of the time interval. In SI
units, the result is measured in hertz (Hz)
named after the German physicist Heinrich
Rudolf Hertz. 1 Hz means that an event
repeats once per second, 1 Hz is twice per
second, and so on.
Frequecy Diversity
Transmission and reception in which the same
G
Gap Filer
Gap Filler is a main equipment for when
broadcasting satellite send TDM signal of 12
GHz (KU band) to the earth, Gap Fillet, one of
the main equipment which changes TDM
signal to CDM of 2.6 GHz (S band) for DMB
terminal, receives the signal and send it to the
earth. This digital signal transferring or
changing requires high technology so
development of this device closely related to
the success of satellite DMB business.

with chips and jig board for gauge. other frequency channels.
FFT
F A Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is an efficient
algorithm to compute the Discrete Fourier
information signal is transmitted and received
simultaneously on two or more
independently fading carrier frequencies. It
may be vary due to the frequencies. Even in
the similar communication conditions, the
glossary
GPS
The Global Positioning System, usually called
GPS, is a satellite navigation system used for
determining one’s precise location and

63
Frequency Assignment Transform (DFT) and its inverse. FFTs are of frequency differences make differences in providing a highly accurate time reference
In telecommunication, the term Frequency great importance to a wide variety of receiving capacity. For these cases, frequency almost anywhere on Earth or in Earth orbit. It

Assignment has the following meanings:
1. Authorization, given by an Administration,
for a radio station to use a radio frequency
or radio frequency channel under specified
conditions.
2. The process of authorizing a specific
frequency, group of frequencies, or
frequency band to be used at a certain
location under specified conditions, such as
bandwidth, power, azimuth, duty cycle, or
modulation.
Fading
From radio reception grade, it has a multi size
and the phase where the same signal is
different with each other and it is received the
fact that pay ting as this. Like this pay ting it was
caused by under actual conditions and was
received the same signal by mistake to come to
combine, it is brought a distortion finally.
applications, from digital signal processing to
solving partial differential equations to
algorithms for quickly multiplying large
integers.
Firmware
In computing, firmware is software that is
embedded in a hardware device. Often it is
provided in flash ROMs and can be updated
by an end user.
Fourier Transform
The Fourier Transform, named after Joseph
Fourier, is an integral transform that re-
expresses a fuction in terms of sinusoidal basis
functions, i.e. as a sum of integral of sinusoidal
functions multiplied by some coefficients
(‘amplitudes’).
Frequency
Frequency is the measurement of the number
bandwidth should be widening in order to
solve this problem. However, unlike the FDMA
which transmits each signal in individual
frequency, in CDMA, the signals share wide
frequency bandwidth. Therefore, each signal
contains wide bandwidth in CDMA. Also, this
helps the signals in CDMA to be received
without much fading when comparing with
FDMA. This is called Frequency Diversity and it
is one of the strengths of CDMA.
Frequency Shift Key
Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) is a form of
frequency modulation in which the
modulating signal shifts the output frequency
between predetermined values. Usually, the
instantaneous frequency is shifted between
two discrete values temed the mark frequency
and the space frequency. This is a
noncoherent form FSK.
62
uses an intermediate circular orbit (ICO)
satellite constellation of at least 24 satellites.
The GPS system was designed by and is
controlled by the United States Department of
Defense and can be used by any one, free of
charge. The GPS system is divided into three
segments : space, control, and user.
H
Hand Off
Hand-off is the term for synchronous and for
asynchronous, hand-over is more commonly
used. When Mobile Station moves from one
Base Transceiver Station to another, in order
to keep the communication channel, one
changes its cell to the other and it is called
Hand-over ( or Hand-off). Unlike the analog
Hard Hand-over method which disconnected
the former one and connected to the new
one, in CDMA, it supports Soft Hand-over
which allows to be connected to two Base
Transceiver Stations at a same time.
Hybrid
Intermediate Frequency
Most of the communication system uses
superheterodyne. In order to transfer the
carrier frequency to baseband, it must go
through frequency changes twice-up and
down. In this case, the frequency which exists
between carrier and baseband is called
Intermediate Frequency.
Inverse Fourier Transform
The Fourier transform relates a signal’s time
and frequency domain representations to
each other. The direct Fourier transform (or
simply the Fourier transform) calculates a
signal’s frequency domain representation
from its time-domain variant. The inverse
Fourier transform finds the time-domain
representation form the frequency domain.
Isotropic Antenna
An isotropic antenna is an ideal antenna that
radiates power with unit gain uniformly in all
direction and is often used to reference
antenna gains in wireless systems. There is no
actual physical isotropic antenna; a close
approximation is a stack of two pairs of
crossed dipole antennas driven in quadrature.
The radiation patten for the isotropic antenna
is a sphere with the antenna at its center.
Antenna gains are often specified in dBi, or
decibels over isotgropic. This is the power in
the strongest direction divided by the power
that would be transmitted by an isotropic
antenna emitting the same total power.
J signals captured by an antenna. It is usually
Jig
Usually overall board/structure for
measurement is called Jig.
As a measuring instrument measure each kind
a characteristic of surface tension
microelectronics devices like SMD type, MMIC
chip, it is impossible. A measuring instrument
must connect coaxial connector, it is difficult
for microelectronics devices to measure
because of its size with several a column of
input and output.
Jitter
In telecommunication, jitter is an abrupt and
unwanted variation of one or more signal
characteristics, such as the interval between
successive pulses, the amplitude of successive
cycles, or the frequency or phase of successive
cycles. Jitter has become a significant factor in the
design of communications busses for computers.
L layer, and so on.
Link Budget
In wireless communication system, in order to
make successful communication between
transmitter and receiver, one has to consider
the reduction of signal transferring channel
while it is transmitting. Link budget is the work
of adjusting the spec or the result of the
calculation for successful communication. It
means, by calculating the lose and gain for
each step, having a minimal demanding spec.
LNA
The Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) is a special type
of electronic amplifier or amplifier used in
communication systems to amplify very weak
located at the antenna. It is a key component,
which is placed at the front-end of a receiver
system. As we know from the Friis’ formula
that the overall noise figure of the receiver
front-end is dominated by the first few stages.
Using a LNA, the noise of all the subsequent
stages is reduced by the gain of the LNA and
the noise of the LNA is injected directly into
the received signal. Thus, it is necessary for a
LNA to boost the desired signal power while
adding as little noise and distortion as possible
so that the retrieval of this signal is possible in
the later stages in the system.
LOS
When viewing a scene, as in optics,
photography, or even hunting, the line of
sight is the straight line between the observer
and the target. In astronomy, when the
distance between the observer and the
distant objects is large, the light of sight can
often be taken as the straight line between the
earth and the target.
M
Maxwells Equation
The Maxwells Equation is the numerical
formula which proves the existence of the
electromagnetic waves. The pulse which is
defined a lot with numerical formula of 4
things. The Maxwells equation by the
meaning union of the each field is proven the
existence of the electromagnetic waves and.
Microwave
300 Mhz ~ 300 Ghz High frequency substitute
actor
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with
wavelengths longer than those of infrared
light, but shorter than those radio waves.
Modulation
Modulation is the process of varying a carrier
signal, typically a sinusoidal signal, in order to
use that signal to convey information. One of
the three key characteristics of a signal are
usually modulated; its phase, frequency or
amplitude. A device that performs modulation
is known as a modulator and a device that
performs demodulation is known as a
glossary
demodulator. A device that can do both
operations is a modem.
Multipath Fading
Multipath Fading is simply a term used to
65
describe the multiple paths a radio wave may
follow between transmitter and receiver. Such
64
propagation paths include the ground wave,
ionospheric refraction, reradiaton by the
ionospheric layers, reflection from the earth’s
surface or from more than one ionospheric
N
Noise
In general usage, noise can be considered
data without meaning; that is, data that is not
being used to transmit a signal, but is simply
produced as an unwanted by-product of
other activities. In Information Theory,
however, noise is still considered to be
information.
Noise Factor
Noise Factor has same meaning with Noise
Figure. Noise Factor = Input SNR / Output SNR
Noise Figure
Noise Figure is the ratio of the output noise
power of a device to the portion thereof
attributable to thermal noise in the input
termination at standard noise temperature
(usually 290 K).
O insulator. The conductive ‘etched conductors’
OFDM
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
(OFDM), also sometimes called discrete
multitone mojulation (DMT), is a transmission
technique based upon the idea of frequency-
division multiplexing (FDM). In FDM, multiple
signals are sent out at the same time, but on
different frequencies. Most people are familiar
with FDM from the use of radio and television:
normally, each station is designated to
broadcast at a particular frequency or channel.
OFDM takes this concept further. In OFDM, a
single transmitter transmits on many different
orthogonal (independent) frequencies
(typically dozens to thousands). (Because the
frequencies are so closely spaced, each one
only has room for a Narrowband signal). This,
coupled with the use of advanced modulation
techniques on each component, results in a
signal with high resistance to interference.
Omnidirectional Antenna
An omnidirectional antenna is an antenna
system which radiates maximum power
uniformly in all directions. The perfectly
omindirectional antenna is the isotropic
antenna, a theoretical construct derived from
actual antenna radiation patterns and used as
a reference for specifying antenna gain and
radio system effective radiated power.
P sinusoids, are out of phase with each other by
PCB
A printed circuit board or PCB interconnects
electronic components without discrete wires.
Alternative names are printed wiring board or
PWB or etched wiring board. A PCB consists of
‘etched conductors’ attached to a sheet of
are called ‘traces’ or ‘traces’ or ‘tracks.’ The
insulator is called the substrate.
PCM
Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a digital
representation of an analog signal where the
magnitude of the signal is sampled regularly
at uniform intervals, then quantized to a series
of symbols in a digital (usually binary) code.
PCM is used in digital telephone systems and
is also the standard form for digital audio in
computers and various compact disc formats.
PLL
In electronics, a phase-locked loop (PLL) is a
closed-loop feedback control system that
maintains a generated signal in a fixed phase
relationship to a reference signal. Since an
integrated circuit can hold a complete phase-
locked loop building block, the technique is
widely used in modern electronic devices,
with signal frequencies from a fraction of a
cycle per second up to many gigahertz.
Q the remaining signal to be reflected back to
QAM
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a
modulation scheme which conveys data by
changing (modulating) the amplitude of two
carrier waves. These two waves, usually
90°Δ and are thus called quadrature carriers ?
hence the name of the scheme. As with all
modulation schemes, QAM conveys data by
changing some aspect of a base signal, the
carrier wave, (usually a sinusoid) in response to
a data signal. In the case of QAM, the
amplitude of two quadrature wave is changed
(modulated or keyed) to represent the data
signal. Phase modulation (analogue PM) and
phase-shift keying (digital PSK) can be
regarded as a special case of QAM, where the
amplitude of the modulating signal is
constant, with only the phase varying. This can
also be extended to frequency modulation
and frequency-shift keying, as this can be
regarded as a special case of phase
modulation.
R compared to the forward energy. For
Reflection
Reflection in electricity is the result of
impedance mismatch in electrical signals.
When voltage hits a discontinuity, some
energy is reflected. This occurs in any change
in a material’s final stop. Impedance
discontinuities cause attenuation because a
portion of a transmitted signal will be reflected
back to the transmitting device rather than
continuing to the receiver, much like an echo.
The effect is compounded if there are multiple
discontinuities causing additional portions of
the transmitter. This is a fundemental problem
with the daisy chain method of connecting
electronic components.
Refraction
Refraction in geometric optics is the change in
direction of a wave due to a change in
velocity. It happens when waves travel from a
medium with a given refractive index to a
medium with another. At the boundary
between the media the wave changes
direction; its wavelength increases or
decreases but frequency remains constant.
For example, a light ray will refract as it enters
and leaves glass; understanding of this
concept led to the invention of the refracting
telescope.
Return Loss
glossary
In telecommunication, return loss is the ratio,
at the junction of a transmission line and a
terminating impedance or other discontinuity,
of the amplitude of the reflected wave to the
amplitude of the incident wave. The return
67
loss value describes the reduction in the
amplitude of the reflected energy, as
66
example, if a device has 15dB of return loss,
the reflected energy from that device is always
15dB lower than the energy presented. For all
devices that are not perfect transmission lines,
or purely resistive loads (perfect black-bodies),
the return loss value varies with frequency.
RFID
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a
method of storing and remotely retrieving
data using devices called RFID tags or
transponders. An RFID tag is a small object
that can be attached to or incorporated into a
product, animal, or person. RFID tags contain
antennas to enable them to receive and
respond to radio frequency queries from an
RFID transceiver. Passive tags require no
internal power source, whereas active tags
require a power source.
Roaming
Roaming is a general term in wireless
telecommunication that refers to the
extending of connectivity service in a network
that is different than the network with which a
station is registered. The canonical example of
‘roaming’ is for cellular phones, when you take
your phone to an area where your service
provider does not have coverage (eg, another
country). In order for a mobile device to roam
to another network, a number of processes
need to be performed. The very first necessity
for inter-network roaming is that your service
provider must have a roaming agreement
with the network to which you have moved.
RSSI
Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) is a
measurement of the strength (not necessarily
the quality) of the received signal strength in a
wireless environment, in arbitrary units. RSSI
can be used internally in a wireless networking
card to determine when the signal is below a
certain threshold at which point the network
card is clear to send (CTS). Once the card is
clear to send, a packet of information can be
sent. The end-user will likely observe an RSSI
value when measuring the signal strength of a
wireless network through the use of a wireless
network monitoring tool like Network
Stumbler.
S application is in the area of embedded
Schematic
A schematic is a diagram, drawing, or sketch
that details the elements of a system, such as
the elements of an electrical or electronic
circuit or the elements of a logic diagram for a
computer or communications system.
Sector
Sector is the term for method or the structure
when Base Transceiver Station does not uses
the omni directional antenna but divides its
sections and posting directional antenna.
Smart Antenna
Smart Antenna refers to a system of antenna
arrays with smart signal processing algorithms
that are used to identify the direction of arrival
(DOA) of the signal, and use it to calculate
beamforming vectors, to track and locate the
antenna beam on the mobile/target. The
antenna could optionally be any sensor. Smart
antenna techniques are used notably in acoustic
signal processing, track and scan RADA, Radio
astronomy and Radio Telescpes, and mostly in
cellular system like WCDMA and UMTS.
SNR
Signal-to-noise ratio is an engineering term for
the power ratio between a signal (meaningful
information) and the background noise:
Because many signals have a very wide
dynamic range, SNRs are usually expressed in
terms of the logarithmic decibel scale.
SoC
System-on-a-chip (SoC) is an idea of
integrating all components of a computer
system into a single chip. It may contain
digital, analog, mixed-signal, and often radio-
frequency fuctions - all on one chip. A typical
systems. A typical computer system consists of
a number of integrated circuits that perform
different tasks. These are : microprocessor,
memory, UARTs, parallel ports, DMA controller
chips, etc. The recent improvements in
semiconductor technology have allowed VLSI
integrated circuits to grow in complexity,
making it possible to integrate all components
of a system in a single chip. This can be done
in a number of technologies.
Space Diversity
After dropping two reception antennae at
schedule one distance, it is a Diversity method
which receives a signal. After receiving a same
signal with the antenna cranium, it synthesizes
again at one.
Spectrum
The noun spectrum has a variety of meanings,
some of which are listed at spectrum
(disambiguation). In most modern usages,
there is a unifying theme of a variety of
possible cases between extremes at either
end. Older usages were not necessarily on the
same unifying theme, but nonetheless led to
the modern ones through a sequence of
events set out below. Some modern usages in
mathematics evolved out of that unifying
theme but may be difficult to recognize as
fitting into it.
Spread Spectrum
Spread-spectrum techniques and electronic
devices are those in which energy generated
at a single frequency is deliberately spread
over a wide band of frequencies. This done for
a variety of reasons, including resistance to
interference and the prevention of
eavesdropping
Spurious
Spurious comes from pseudo. Spurious is a
word for all extra frequencies which are not
necessary for communication purpose.
Therefore it must be suppressed under certain
limit. It is distinguishable from other sounds
which can be analyzed since its source is fixed.
Stability
Stability defined here as the index of stability
or instability of something. In RF circuit,
stability pairs with oscillation by perforce. If
the stability is good, then there will be no
oscillation and vice versa.
Synchronism
In telecommunication, the term synchronism
has the following meanings :
1. The state of being synchronous.
2. For repetitive event the same, multiple, or
submultiple repetition rates, a relationship
glossary
among the events such that a significant
instant of one event bears a fixed time
relationship to a corresponding instant in
another event.
3. The simultaneous occurrence of two or
69
more events at the same instant on the
same coordinated time scale.
68
T
TDD (Time Division Multiplexing)
Supports interactive communications using the
same frequency bandwidth unlike FDD that
uses different frequency bandwidth in uplink
and downlink for interactive communications
Provides services with half frequencies of FDD,
and is appropriate for Internet services of a large
volume of asymmetric application transmission
due to dynamic allocation of time slots
TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is a
technology for shared medium (usually radio )
networks. It allows several users to share the
same frequency by dividing it into defferent
time slots. The users to share the same
transmission medium (e.g. radio frequency)
whilst using only the part of its bandwidth
they require. Used in the GSM, PDC and iDEN
digital cellular standards, among others.
TDMA is also used extensively in satellite
systems, local area networks, physical security
systems, and combat-net radio systems.
U
Ubiquitous
Ubiquitous is derived from Latin which means
it exist anywhere and everywhere. This is the
term for the directivity and the goal for the
future electronic technology market and also
it is the term used overall computer
environment based on Broadband-integrated
Services Digital/wireless Network and
semiconductor manufacture.
V infinite. In practice, a signal can be ‘white’ with
VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol)
Voice over IP (also called VoIP, IP Telephony,
Internet telephony, and has also been
branded Digital Phone) is the routing of voice
conversations over the internet or any other IP
network. The voice data flows over a general-
purpose packet-switched network, instead of
the traditional dedicated, circuit-switched
voice transmission lines.
VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)
In telecommunication, standing wave ratio
(SWR) is the ratio of the amplitude of a partial
standing wave at an antinode (maximum) to
the amplitude at an adjacent node (
minimum). The SWR is usually defined as a
voltage ratio called the VSWR, for voltage
standing wave ratio. It is also possible to
define the SWR in terms of current, resulting in
the ISWR, which has the same numerical
value. The power standing wave ratio (PSWR)
is defined as the square of the SWR. The
voltage component of a standing wave in a
uniform transmission line consists of the
forward wave superimposed on the reflected
wave.
W
White Noise
White noise a random signal (or process) with
a flat power spectral density. In order words,
the signal’s power spectral density has equal
power in any band, at any centre frequency,
having a given bandwidth. An infinite-
bandwidth white noise signal is purely a
theoretical construct. By having power at all
frequencies, the total power of such a signal is
a flat spectrum over a defined frequency
band.
WiBro
Wireless Broadband. A standard developed for
the Korean market that is essentially 802.16d
with limited 802.16e functionality offering
support for device mobility at speeds of up to
60 km per hour. The standard is expected to
support 1 to 2 Mbps throughput per
subscriber, and will operate in the 2.3-GHz
Spread Your Message throughout the Industry
band.
Telecoms Korea suggests that you showcase your mobile WiMAX technologies, solutions, insights and opinions
about the industry via the ‘Sponsored Editorial’ section of the ‘Mobile WiMAX Handbook 2009.’
Provided by
It will be a great opportunity to inform wireless carriers, developers and general consumers who are interested in
mobile WiMAX about what your company is doing and envisioning in a cost-efficient way.
Looking forward to your contribution through support@telecomskorea.com
 List Your Company
in the Mobile WiMAX
Handbook!

Telecoms Korea invites you to reserve your company's

name in the print edition of the ‘Mobile WiMAX
Handbook 2009’.
The ‘Mobile WiMAX Handbook 2009’ is published in
Korea by the world leader in WiBro technology. It
provides the world telecom industry with a precise understanding of the technology, market, and major
players. The Handbook will come out in December 2008 and will be distributed free of charge to
industry leaders. Also, it will be available at popular trade shows and events throughout 2009.
If yours is a mobile WiMAX company, you can choose to be listed for just $99. You can also choose to
upgrade your listing with your company logo for an additional $100.
Do not miss this opportunity to have your company listed among the elite of the mobile WiMAX
industry!

Place your order through support@telecomskorea.com

www.mobilemonday.co.kr