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REFERENCING TOOL
www.griffith.edu.au

Griffith University - Queensland - Australia

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Book
Reference Type Single author In-text Example Fetherston (2007) claims that teachers "suggest ways of looking at the new material" (p. 61). Teachers help each student with their individual interpretation of understanding (Fetherston, 2007). Two authors Bohm and Chaudri (2000) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p. 52). Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm & Chaudri, 2000). Three, four or five authors First citation: Bell, Bush, Nicholson, O'Brien, and Tran (2002) found that universities "are embracing the concept..." (p. 27). Subsequent citation/s: Bell et al. (2002) stated that "Australian universities have led the way..." (p. 27). ...or... "Australian universities have led the way..." (Bell et al., 2002, p. 27). First citation: Australian universities are actively using online technology (Bell, Bush, Nicholson, O'Brien, & Tran, 2002). Subsequent citation/s: Bell et al. (2002)...or...(Bell et al., 2002) Six or more authors Louden et al. (2000) concludes that the number of primary students "having difficulty with numeracy is somewhat lower than that of literacy" (p. 27). The report concluded that difficulties with numeracy were less than difficulties with literacy for primary school students (Louden et al., 2000). No author Higher education in Australia (2004) claims that Australia is "a major provider of international education and training services" (p. 23). Australia has a growing role in the education of international students (Higher education in Australia, 2004). Multiple works by the same author N/A The lecturer's understanding of teaching has an effect on the quality of student learning (Ramsden, 1992, 1994). Multiple works published in the same N/A year by the same author Feedback to students on their assessments contributes to the quality of their learning (Ramsden, 1998a, 1998b). Different editions Biggs (2003) argues that students approach to learning is a way of "interacting with the world" (p. 13). Ramsden, P. (1992). Learning to teach in higher education. London, England: Routledge. Ramsden, P. (1994). Using research on student learning to enhance educational quality. Nathan, Australia: Griffith Institute for Higher Education. Ramsden, P. (1998a). Learning to lead in higher education. London, England: Routledge. Ramsden, P. (1998b). What makes a university effective? Nathan, Australia: Griffith University. Biggs, J. (2003). Teaching for quality learning at university: What the student does (2nd ed.). Buckingham, England: Society for Research in
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Reference List Example Fetherston, T. (2007). Becoming an effective teacher. South Melbourne, Australia: Thomson Learning.

Bohm, A., & Chaudri, D. (2000). Securing Australia's future: An analysis of the international education markets in India. Sydney, Australia: IDP Education Australia.

Bell, M., Bush, D., Nicholson, P., O'Brien, D., & Tran, T. (2002). Universities online: A survey of online education and services in Australia. Canberra, Australia: Department of Education, Science and Training.

Louden, W., Chan, L. K., Elkins, J., Greaves, D., House, H., Milton, M.,...Van Kraayenoord, C. (2000). Mapping the territory: Primary students with learning difficulties: Literacy and numeracy: Vol. 2. Analysis. Canberra, Australia: Department Education, Training and Youth Affairs.

Higher education in Australia: The facts . (2004). Fitzroy, Australia: Business/Higher Education Round Table.

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When a learner takes in information, interprets it and uses it to think differently, as a consequence they change the way they conceive of the world (Biggs, 2003). Encyclopedia or dictionary There seems to be a central belief that archaeology "can reveal the evidence of the whole human story from prehistoric to historical times" (Murray, 1991, p. xv). There is a general belief that mankind can derive much from examining and understanding human history through archaeology (Murray, 1991). Chapter in an edited book Sherren (2006) noted that the 1980s reforms to higher education "resulted in the instant flattening of the binary higher education system" (p. 25). The reforms of the 1980s led to the disappearance of the dual system of higher education in Australia, due to the plethora of institutions merging (Sherren, 2006). Chapter in an edited book (no author) One of the original intentions of the founding of universities in the late 1880s was that they "develop into centres of culture which would help raise the social, intellectual, and even moral level of the community" ("Tertiary Education," 1975, p. 364). The purpose of the founding of universities in the late 1880s in Australia was three-fold: a way of producing people to shape the future; as a means of raising the cultural and intellectual level of the community, and a way of contributing back to the community at large ("Tertiary Education," 1975). Brochure (no author) Successful scanning of a barcode involves the symbol having "sufficient contrast, dark bars on light background" (Bar code information, 1996, p. 22). The contrast between the barcode and its background is important as scanners utilise a red light in the scanning process (Bar code information, 1996). eBook electronic version of print book (without DOI) Critical theory works on the premise that education builds students ability to interrogate and reason, and as such is "a catalyst for personal empowerment" (Quinnan, 1997, p. 14). Critical theory in education involves the student empowering themselves by uncovering all the opposing aspects of a social and/or cultural issue (Quinnan, 1997). Thesis online (without DOI) A student engaged in deep learning "focuses on what is intended or signified by the author of the text" (Bond, 2000, p. 78). An example of a deep approach to learning is when a student strives to understand what the author's intention is within the text (Bond, 2000). Paper from a published Conference Proceedings Lance (2001) argues that "knowledge has become a tradable asset" (p. 75). Some suggest that because knowledge is now treated as a commodity and through technology sold to masses it has, as a consequence, become devalued (Lance, 2001). Image in a book The figure "Student orientation, teaching method and level of engagement" indicates that students may require different levels of engagement to achieve learning outcomes (Biggs & Tang, p. 10, figure 1.1).

Higher Education & Open University Press.

Murray, T. (Ed.). (1991). Encyclopedia of archaeology: The great archaeologists (Vols. 1-2). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.

Sherren, K. (2006). Pillars of society: The historical context for sustainability and higher education in Australia. In W. Filho & D. Carpenter (Eds.), Sustainability in the Australasian university context (pp. 11-32). Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang.

Tertiary Education: 1850-1970. (1975). In C. Turney (Ed.), Sources in the history of Australian education: A book of readings (pp. 363-499). Sydney, Australia: Angus and Robertson.

Bar code information for Commonwealth material . (1996). [Brochure] Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.

Quinnan, T. (1997). Adult students "at-risk": Culture bias in higher education [CEIRC NetLibrary version]. Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com

Bond, C. (2000). The development of students' experiences of learning in higher education (PhD Thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia). Retrieved from http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adtroot/public/adt-QGU20051214.111201/index.html Lance, D. (2001). Venture capital viewpoints and e-learning futures. In Online learning in a bordless market: Proceedings of a conference held 15-16 February 2001 at Griffith University Gold Coast Campus (pp. 7578). Canberra, Australia: Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs. Biggs, J., & Tang, C. (2007). Teaching for quality learning at university: What the student does (3rd ed.). Berkshire, England: Open University Press.
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Evidence suggests that teaching quality influences the level of engagement that a student has in a learning activity (Biggs & Tang, p. 10, figure 1.1).

Print journal
Reference Type Article In-text Example Assignments that are done individually give the student "the opportunity to complete the assignment according to his or her preferred approach" (Leonard & LeBrasseur, 2008, p. 39). A lecturer sets an individual assignment in order to evaluate what the student has learned and provide feedback, and the student has the flexibility to be able to choose the resources they will use and the approach they will take towards the topic (Leonard & LeBrasseur, 2008). Article (no author) The Indigenous Open Learning Project provides content "customised for Open learning initiatives to assist indigenous Australians in the higher Indigenous Australian students covering a broad range of uses..." ("Open education sector. (2001). Learning for all: Opportunities for indigenous learning initiatives", 2001, p. 26). Australians,1, 26. The Indigenous Open Learning Project provides online learning specifically for indigenous students ("Open learning initiatives," 2001). Newspaper article The Bradley Review of higher education was generally accepted by Australian universities, however it was pointed out that there was a worrying "revival of the issue of teaching-only universities" (Healy, 2008, p.21). Reaction to the Government review of higher education by Denise Bradley was mainly positive, however there was some concern over the contentious issue of research versus teaching universities (Healy, 2008). Newspaper article (no author) The prevailing argument with regard to teacher's remuneration is that "Other professions are rewarded according to performance; the same should apply to teaching" ("Apples for," 2007, p. 14). Much of the current debate on remuneration for teachers centres on the premise that higher performing teachers should be paid at the higher rate ("Apples for," 2007). Apples for best teachers. (2007, October 26). The Sydney Morning Herald, p. 14. Healy, G. (2008, June 18). Bradley received a cautious thumbs up. The Australian, p. 21. Reference List Example Leonard, V., & LeBrasseur, R. (2008). Individual assignments and academic dishonesty: Exploring the conundrum. The Australian Educational Researcher, 35(1), 37-56.

Electronic journals
Reference Type Full text from an electronic database (with DOI) In-text Example A student engaged at a higher level of learning is aware that "learning involves meaning and making connections..." (Buckridge & Guest, 2007, p. 136). When a student internalizes information in order to make connections with their prior learning this points to a qualitatively higher level of engagement (Buckridge & Guest, 2007). Full text from an electronic database (without DOI) The tutor commented that the action research was all about mentoring students "to view deep learning as an optimal approach to learning" (Herington & Weaven, 2008, p. 123). The tutor saw that students where being mentored to view deep learning as the most effective way to learn (Herington & Weaven, 2008). Full text from electronic database no author (no DOI) A higher education forum looking at the impact of technology in colleges and universities believes it "has altered almost every aspect of higher education, from libraries to teaching to student life" ("Higher education in the hi-tech," 2005, para. 3). Reference List Example Buckridge, M., & Guest, R. (2007). A conversation about pedagogical responses to increased diversity in university classrooms. Higher Education Research & Development, 26(2), 133-146. doi:10.1080/07294360701310771

Herington, C., & Weaven, S. (2008). Action research and reflection on student approaches to learning in large first year university classes. Australian Educational Researcher, 35(3), 111-134. Retrieved from http://www.aare.edu.au/aer/about.htm

Higher education in the hi-tech age: Higher education leadership forum. (2005). The Chronicle of Higher Education, 52(16), 19-26. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/
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The overriding opinion from the Higher Education Leadership Forum was that technology has affected almost every part of higher education ("Higher education in the hi-tech," 2005). Full text newspaper no author (without DOI) The newspaper article "Six simple steps" (2008, July 2, p. 13) argues that there is a "continued under-representation of students from lowincome backgrounds in Australian universities". It has been suggested that a way of enticing students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds into higher education is to expand the current student loans system to include cost of living expenses ("Six simple steps," 2008). Full text from the internet Although many new university students are seen as technologically savvy Kennedy, G., Judd, T., Churchward, A., Gray, K., & Krause, K. (2008). "it is recognised that core technology based skills do not necessarily First year students' experiences with technology: Are they really translate into sophisticated skills with other technologies or general digital natives? Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 24(1), information literacy" (Kennedy, Judd, Churchward, Gray, & Krause, 2008, 108-122. Retrieved from p. 117). http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet24/kennedy.html New university students are often viewed as being technologically savvy, however it has been found that many of the skills used with well known tools, eg. email and mobile phones, are not being adapted to more complex emerging technologies and/or more critical use of information (Kennedy et al., 2008). Six simple steps to make our higher education system fairer. (2008, July 2). The Canberra Times . Retrieved from http://www.canberratimes.com.au/

World Wide Web

Reference Type Document on World Wide Web In-text Example Previous research has indicated that "the early experiences of students entering tertiary education are integral to the development of positive attitudes towards further study" (Hillman, 2005, p. 9). Many students in their first year of tertiary study have issues with keeping a balance between work, study and relationships (Hillman, 2005). Document on World Wide Web (no author) Knowles' theory of andragogy argues that "adults are self-directed learners, and expect to take responsibility for decisions" (Andragogy, 2008, para. 1). Knowles' theory of andragogy proposes that adults want to take on more authority for their own learning (Andragogy, 2008). Document on World Wide Web (no date) The theory of constructivism argues that "...learning is an active, constructive process" (Bruinsma & Berghuis, n.d., para. 3). Constructivism as a theory argues that the learner builds their own interpretation of new knowledge by linking it to their prior knowledge (Bruinsma & Berghuis, n.d., para. 3). Image on World Wide Web (no date) In the middle of the model we can see overlap is "learning as becoming a new person" (Learning in a community of practice, n.d.). The model shows that when a student succeeds at learning within a disciplinary community ultimately they change their conception of the world and therefore change themselves (Learning in a community of practice, n.d.). Press Release on World Wide Web The introduction of a graduate statement for higher education qualifications is "Australia's response to the Bologna process in Europe and the result of extensive consultations with the university sector" (Gillard, 2008, para. 8). Bruinsma, B., & Berghuis, W. (n.d.). Perspectives on learning: Consequences on instructional design: Perspectives . Retrieved from http://www.geocities.com/learningenvironments/ Andragogy: Adult learning. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.west.net/~ger/Orientation/andragogy.html Reference List Example Hillman, K. (2005). The first year experience: The transition from secondary school to university and TAFE in Australia. Retrieved from http://www.acer.edu.au/documents/LSAY_lsay40.pdf

Learning in a community of practice [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://daugherity.com/blogfiles/CoPVenn.jpg

Gillard, J. (2008, September 4). Australian higher education graduate statement [Press release]. Retrieved from http://mediacentre.dewr.gov.au/mediacentre/Gillard/Releases/AustralianHigherE
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A graduate statement for higher education qualifications in Australian universities means that nationally agreed consistent descriptions of qualifications will be applied to academic transcripts (Gillard, 2008).

Government publications
Reference Type Australian Bureau of Statistics Publication (Online) In-text Example First citation: "In the 2010 calendar year, 47% of HERD ($3,836 million) was directed towards Applied research, 25% ($2,052 million) to Pure basic research and 20% ($1,653 million) to Strategic basic research" (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2010, Type of activity section, para. 1). Subsequent citation/s: "As with HERD, New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland accounted for three quarters (75%) of total human resources devoted to R&D in 2010 (ABS, 2010, Type of resource section, para. 2). Of the total research and development in higher education in 2010 the largest proportion was spent on applied research (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010). Government reports What is different about higher education is "the effective coupling and integration of the generic outcomes of a general education with preparation for specialised and professional participation in the workforce" (Commonwealth Department of Education, Science and Training, 2002, p. 3). Higher education has a dual role in that it endeavours to not only cover generic skills but also give learners a thorough introduction to their specialist discipline and how it functions within the workplace (Commonwealth Department of Education, Science and Training, 2002). Standard Teachers in the tutoring industry refers to "...those who possess teaching qualifications from recognised institutions" (Standards Australia, 2006, p. 5). In the tutoring industry it is recognised that the term tutor denotes someone that provides tuition, whereas a person who is called a teacher is someone who has formal teaching qualifications (Standards Australia, 2006). Standards Australia. (2006). Tutoring code of practice (HB201-206). Retrieved from http://www.saiglobal.com Commonwealth Department of Education, Science and Training. (2002). Striving for quality: Learning, teaching and scholarship (DEST no. 6891.HERC02A). Canberra, Australia: Author. Reference List Example Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2010). Research and experimental development, higher education organisations, Australia, 2010, (Catalogue No. 8111.0). Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/8111.0

Secondary sources
Reference Type Book In-text Example Reference List Example Gardener (as cited in Biggs & Tang, 2007) states that if as a teacher you Biggs, J., & Tang, C. (2007). Teaching for quality learning at university: cover a wide range of topics "you are guaranteeing that most kids will What the student does (3rd ed.). Berkshire, England: Open University not understand, because they haven't had time enough to go into things Press. in depth" (p. 82). There is a delicate balance in teaching between depth of learning and breadth of learning, which means the greater the coverage of a topic the lesser the depth of understanding that may be achieved by students (Gardiner as cited in Biggs & Tang, 2007). Journal article (secondary source) Marton (as cited in Fyrenius, Wirrel, & Silen, 2007) points to "understanding through commonalities and understanding through differences" (p. 151) as two variations in achieving understanding. Research on Chinese learners has identified two different ways the students form in their mind the notion of understanding - comprehending
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Fyrenius, A., Wirrell, S., & Silen, C. (2007). Student approaches to achieving understanding-approaches to learning revisited. Studies in Higher Education, 32(2), 149-165.

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similarities and and differences (Marton as cited in Fyrenius, Wirrel, & Silen, 2007).

Other sources
Reference Type Course materials (lecture notes) In-text Example It has been stated that "measurement of intelligence is not as precise as measurement of physical variables (eg. temperament, height)" (Cheyne, 2008, para. 20). Intelligence may be influenced by a number of issues such as cultural background and/or learning experiences, and as a consequence is not conducive to exact measurement (Cheyne, 2008). Films and video recordings The focus of the thinking curriculum is: "preparing children to become active and thoughtful citizens" (McAuliffe, 2005). Developing a thinking curriculum means not just focusing on teaching content, it's emphasis is on teaching children to use higher order thinking skills in their approach to learning (McAuliffe, 2005). Television and radio programmes Dr Peter McIntosh from CSIRO explains the current drought is having a greater impact because "climate change is warming Australia, and the warmer it gets, the more evaporation you get so the same amount of rainfall is less effective for farmers" (ABC-TV, 2008). Australian experts agree that the current drought is having a greater negative impact on farms because climate change is creating higher rates of evaporation of rainfall (ABC-TV, 2008). Podcasts When people think about their health and life expectancy they often believe this is primarily effected by medical factors, however "it's the social and economic circumstances that we live in which seem to be the most powerful determinants of how healthy we are" (Seega, 2008). Many people do not realise that the main factors that determine their health and life expectancy are the economic and social situations they live in (Seega, 2008). Computer software Endnote Version 10.0.2 software "is made available under a site licence agreement" (ISI Research, 2006). Endnote is a program, available to students through an institutional agreement with the software provider, that enables researchers to store, manage and present information in citations and reference lists (ISI Research, 2006). Wiki Mader (2008, para. 4) points to the essential difference between a blog and a wiki: "A blog is very much an online journal, and a wiki is similar to a whiteboard, except that it records everything that's written on it, and lets you see the history of revisions". A blog is like a personal online diary with sequential entries going back in time, whereas a wiki is produced and edited by more than one person and you are able to view any changes made (Mader, 2008). Blog comment Stephens (2008, September 14) emphasises that in order to maintain an interesting blog "I try to read many blogs in my blogosphere; those that I aspire to be like, and those that are more my direct competitors". Creating a valuable blog involves researching what other bloggers are doing (Stephens, 2008).
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Reference List Example

Cheyne, N. (2008). 1004CCJ Introduction to Human Behaviour Week 9 Lecture: Intelligence. Retrieved from Griffith University, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Learning@Griffith web site: https://learning.griffith.edu.au/@@11F0F4DC6CD3AFBB8C1CDC875741FF3D/cou

McAuliffe, M. (Executive Producer). (2005). The thinking curriculum [DVD]. Bendigo, Australia: Video Education Australasia.

ABC-TV (Australia). (2008, March 17). Winds of change [Television broadcast]. In Four Corners . Australia: Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

Seega, B. (Producer), & Swan, N. (Presenter). (2008, September 15). Closing the gap in a generation [Podcast radio programme]. Sydney: ABC Radio National. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/rn/healthreport/

ISI Research. (2006). Endnote (Version 10.0.2) [Computer software]. San Fransisco, CA: Author.

Mader, S. (2008, April 10). Interview: The state of wikis in education. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from Grow Your Wiki: http://www.ikiw.org/2008/04/10/interview-the-state-of-wikis-ineducation/

Stephens, R. (2008, September 14). Re: 50 ways to take your blog to the next level [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.chrisbrogan.com/50ways-to-take-your-blog-to-the-next-level/

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Corporate author

According to the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia (2004) figures for 2004... This can be seen... (Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia, 2004).

Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia. (2004). AASB standards for 2005: equivalents to IFRSs as at August 2004. Sydney, Australia: Pearson Education.

Personal communication

(S. Hansen, personal communication, July 2, 2011). S.J. Larmar (personal communication, May 1, 2011) said... On 20 July 2011, A. Jones confirmed ...

Industry report

Direct quote: Euromonitor (2012) states that "30% of those aged between 25 years and 34 years drank bottled water, down from 36% in 2007" (para. 2). Paraphrasing: Young Australians are drinking less bottled water, with a 6% drop in consumption between 2007 and 2012 (Euromonitor, 2012).

Euromonitor International. (2012, March). Australia: Country pulse. Retrieved from http://www.euromonitor.com/

Live theatre

The Queensland Theatre Company's rendition of The Summer of the Seventeenth Doll by Ray Lawler and directed by Neil Armfield was... Armfield's vision of Lawler's The Summer of the Seventeenth Doll was realised in the production staged by the Queensland Theatre Company...

Armfield, N. (Director), & Lawler, R. (Playwright). (2012, February 22). The summer of the seventeenth doll [Live performance by the Queensland Theatre Company]. Brisbane, Australia: Queensland Performing Arts Complex, Playhouse.

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