Macroscopic energy balance 2:

Bernoulli equation
CHEE 3363
Spring 2014
Handout 12

Reading: Fox 4.4 (Bernoulli section)

Learning objectives for lecture
1. State the Bernoulli equation and give the conditions under
which it can be used.
2. Apply the Bernoulli equation to solve problems.
2
Particularly simple case: streamline CV
Fluid is steady, incompressible, frictionless
Choose special control volume: bounded by fow streamlines, length ds

A
ds
V
s
+dV
s
A+dA
V
s
p
p +dp

x
y
z
g

streamline
Assumptions:
Only fow is through the end sections
3
1.
2.
3.
4.

CV
dV +

CS
v dA = 0
V
s
A + ((V
s
+ ds)(A + dA)) = 0
(V
s
+ ds)(A + dA) = V
s
A
V
s
dA+AdV
s
+dAdV
s
= 0
V
s
dA+AdV
s
= 0
Continuity equation
ds
V
s
+dV
s
A+dA
V
s
p
p +dp

x
y
z
g

streamline
Only fow is through the end sections
Equation:
4
neglect 2
nd
order terms
Momentum equation along s 1
ds
V
s
+dV
s
A+dA
V
s
p
p +dp

x
y
z
g

streamline
Equation:
Surface force:
5
F
surf,s
+F
body,s
=

CV
u
s
dV +

CS
u
s
v dA
F
surf,s
= pA(p + dp)(A + dA) +

p +
dp
2

dA
= Adp
1
2
dpdA
pressure forces
on end faces
pressure force acting in
s direction on surface
Momentum equation along s 2
Body force:
Momentum fux through CS (only through ends by construction):
6
F
body,s
= g
s
dV = (g sin )

A +
dA
2

ds
sin ds = dz F
body,s
= g

A+
dA
2

dz

Cs
u
s
v dA = V
s
(V
s
A) + (V
s
+dV
s
) [(V
s
+dV
s
)(A+dA)]
= V
s
A
= V
s
(V
s
A) + (V
s
+dV
s
)(V
s
A) = V
s
AdV
s
by continuity
Momentum equation along s 3
7
Divide by A and neglect 2
nd
order terms:

dp

g dz = V
s
dV
s
= d

V
2
s
2

V
2
s
2

+
dp

+ g dz = 0
integrate
Adp
1
2
dp dAgAdz
1
2
g dAdz = V
s
AdV
s
Put terms together:
v
2
2
+
p

+ gz = const
Bernoulli equation
This equation is ONLY VALID when the four above conditions are satisfed!
Exercise: show that the Bernoulli equation can be derived from energy
balance. (Hint: this is almost straight from the defnition.)
8
1. Steady fow
2. Flow along streamline
3. Incompressible fow, = constant
4. No frictional terms
Example: tanks 1
Problem: Large tanks have small
contoured orifces of area A. Jet of liquid
from left tank, frictionless and uniform,
impinges on fat vertical plat over opening
of right tank.
Calculate: minimum h required to keep
plate in place.
Assumptions: Bernoullis equation:
From water surface to jet:
Fluid statics:
CV
1
2
9
Example: tanks 2
Conservation of momentum:
Use Bernoulli:
10
Example: manometer 1
Problem: Horizontal axisymmetric jet of
air with diameter d strikes stationary
vertical disk with diameter D. Jet speed
v. Manometer connected to disk center.
Calculate:
(a) defection h given SG
(b) force exerted by jet on disk.
CS
1
2
Assumptions: Bernoullis equation:
Apply between jet exit and stagnation point:
11
Example: manometer 2
CS
1
2
x momentum:
Force of jet on plate is in opposite direction
12
Fluid statics:
Example: jet and disk 1
13
Problem: M = 2 kg disk constrained
horizontally but free to move vertically, struck
from below by vertical jet of water. Water jet
speed V
0
= 10 m/s, diameter d = 25 mm.
Calculate:
(a) Expression for speed of water jet as a
function of height h.
(b) Height to which jet will rise and remain
stationary.
Assumptions: Bernoullis equation:
Example: jet and disk 2
14
Problem: M = 2 kg disk constrained horizontally
but free to move vertically, struck from below by
vertical jet of water. Water jet speed V
0
= 10 m/
s, diameter d = 25 mm.
Calculate:
(a) Expression for speed of water jet as a
function of height h.
(b) Height to which jet will rise and remain
stationary.
Momentum fux in z direction:
Example: jet and disk 3
15
Problem: M = 2 kg disk constrained horizontally
but free to move vertically, struck from below by
vertical jet of water. Water jet speed V
0
= 10 m/
s, diameter d = 25 mm.
Calculate:
(a) Expression for speed of water jet as a
function of height h.
(b) Height to which jet will rise and remain
stationary.
Apply continuity: