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Inviscid analytical model for
unsteady flows in multiply
connected regions
Sharma Mayank Amichand
B100520ME
1
Contents
1) Introduction
2) The flow model
3) Doubly connected domains
4) Triply connected domains
5) Unstaggered biplane
6) Tandem biplane
7) Rod-aerofoil interaction
8) Conclusion
9) References
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Introduction
In this study, an analytical model is developed for unsteady vortex
shedding in multiply connected domains, within two dimensions.
The flow is considered to be inviscid and incompressible.
The analytical approach is based upon conformal mapping of multiply
connected domains, which used with the Schottky-Klein prime function
gives us the required complex potentials.
Vortex shedding is incorporated and the strengths of the vortices are
determined by imposing the Kutta condition.
Finally, the analytical model is applied to biplane configurations (doubly
connected domain) and a rod-aerofoil system (triply connected domain).
The wake patterns for unsteady motions of the above configurations are
investigated along with the circulation developed around the aerofoils.
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Introduction
Conformal mapping: A function that maps every point in one complex
plane to a point in another.
This is the Joukowski transform.
It is given by:
where
and
The resulting aerofoil is known
as the Joukowski aerofoil.
,
,
1
+ = z
iy x z + =
u , i + =
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The flow model
In this study, an annular region is the computational domain for doubly
connected regions while a circular region with two discs excised from it is
the domain for triply connected regions.
Koebes theorem guarantees the existence of a conformal map from a
region bounded by N circles in the - plane to a given N connected
region fluid region in the z plane.
This means that the required complex potentials for the flow can be found
in terms of than in terms of z. This helps with complicated geometries.
The analysis for the doubly connected region applies to a biplane
configuration consisting of two Joukowski aerofoils.
Similarly, the analysis for the triply connected region applies to a system
consisting of a Joukowski aerofoils and two circular ones.
,
,
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The flow model
For real fluids, flow separation occurs at the sharp edges of the aerofoils,
due to generation of boundary layers.
This generation of boundary layers is not allowed in inviscid models.
We utilize point vortices with singularity at the centres to simulate the
free shear layers generated by flow separation. This constitutes the vortex
shedding mechanism.
This scheme is a discrete one used to simulate the continuous wake
involved in flow separation from sharp edges.
The mapping function used for sharp edges of bodies has an inherent
derivative discontinuity which leads to generation of a velocity singularity
at these edges.
To ensure regularity at sharp edges, the Kutta condition is imposed which
ensures smooth flow from trailing edges.
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Doubly connected domain
Unstaggered and tandem biplane configurations are considered:
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Doubly connected domain
The mapping function used for converting two aerofoils into two circles is
given by:
To obtain an annular region, the following transformation is used:
where
and

= =
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
P
k
n
k
k
N
n
kn
a
I z
k
1 1
u u
u
2
1
1
c
c e
i

=
o
u
u
D
a D
c
2
1
2
1
2
1
+
=
2
1
2
1 2
) ( a c D c =
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Doubly connected domain
Mapping from plane to plane u
1
u
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Doubly connected domain
The following mapping
function forms the required
annulus:
k is a constant required to
make the outer circle of unit
radius.
The computational domain is
shown to the right.
) 1 (
) 1 (
1
1

+
=
u
u
,
k
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Doubly connected domain
The complex potential in this case can be written as a combination of
potentials due to vortex motion, translation (motion of the aircraft to
which the wings are attached) and body motions of the aerofoils.
Hence:
Imposing the Kutta condition leads to emission of vortices from the
trailing edge. The vortex strengths have to be adjusted to keep the velocity
zero at the trailing edge in accordance with the Kutta condition.
Application of Kelvins theorem gives us the circulation around the two
bodies:
m t v
W W W W + + =

=
= I
N
l
l
1
0 0
t

=
= I
N
l
l
1
1 1
t
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Doubly connected domain
The complex potential due to vortex motion is given as:
Here:
Using this formulation the complex potential for a point vortex with +1
circulation with -1 circulation around a specific body and no circulation
around the others can be found.
Utilizing the complex potential for uniform flow in multiply connected
domains, we get:

= =
+ =
N
l
N
l
l l l l v
G G W
1 1
1 1 1 0 0 0
) , ( ) , ( ) ( , t , t ,
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
) , ( | |
) , (
ln ) , , (
| , e
, e
| , G
(
(
(
(

|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

)
1
, (
)
1
, (
) , (
) , (
) (
q
q
e
q
q
e Ua W
i i
t
, e
, e
, e
, e
,

u u
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Doubly connected domain
Here is determined such that as
Making use of the Mobius maps for the computational domain:
where
The flow can be taken to be irrotational, thus the impermeability
condition at the body surface is satisfied.
Hence:
q z , ,
[

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
1
2 2
2
1 1
) (
) , (
k
k k
q q
A ,

, ,
, e
[

=
=
1
2
) 1 (
k
k
q A
| | | |


=

=
+ =
1
) 1 (
1
1 k
k
n
k
k
n m
q q p W , ,
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Doubly connected domain
The complex velocity of the flow field is given as:
The derivatives can be calculated using the chain rule.
At the vortex points, the complex potential is modified somewhat by
removing the complex potential of the vortex itself:
Hence, the complex velocity at vortex point l is:
dz
d
d
dW
V
,
,
=
t m l
l
v l
W W
i
W W + + = ) ln(
2
,
t
t
dz
d
dz
d
l l
l
i
dz
d
d
dW
V
,
,
t
t ,
,
2
2
4
=
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Triply connected domain
Analysis applies to rod
aerofoil analysis.
The transformation
from z-plane to -plane
is achieved with the
same formula as used
in the doubly connected
case.
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Triply connected domain
The computational domain is
obtained through the
following transformation:
where h and b are constants.
b
h

=
u
,
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Triply connected domain
The complex potential consists of the complex potential due to the free
stream and the complex potential due to the vortex motion.
By Kelvins theorem, the circulation around the aerofoil is given as:
Hence:
In the mapping to the computational domain, due to the degrees of
freedom allowed by the Riemann mapping theorem it can be insisted that
= 0 maps to z = .
Also,

=
= I
N
l
l
1
t

=
=
N
l
l l v
G W
1
0
) , ( , t

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

) 0 , (
) 0 , ( 1
) , (
) , (
'
'
'
'
, e
, e
, , e
, e
,
_ _ i i
t
e e Uh W
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Triply connected domain
The centres and radii of the excised discs in the computational domain
depend on the arrangement and gaps between the obstacles. The Mobius
maps associated with the given computational domain are:
, o
,
o ,
j
j
j j
q

+ = u
1
) (
2
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Unstaggered biplane
The above figure shows a snapshot at t=0.6s of the wake patterns
emitted for unstaggered biplanes with a constant free stream velocity.
It is to be noted that the circulation around the lower aerofoil is greater
than that around the upper aerofoil.
The unstaggered configuration means that the velocity of flow in the gap
is quite high. Hence, the pressure on the lower surface of the upper
aerofoil and the upper surface of the lower one is low.
This is the reason behind the strengthened circulation around the lower
aerofoil.
Consider the case of an unstaggered biplane.
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Unstaggered biplane
The figure shows that the
velocity between the two
increases when the gap is
reduced.
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Unstaggered biplane
Reduction of the gap also
leads to a decrease in
the total circulation.
The total lift is
proportional to the total
circulation which means
that higher lift is
achieved through a wider
gap.
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Tandem biplane
Consider the case of a tandem biplane.
The above figure shows a snapshot of the wake pattern of a tandem
biplane at t = 1.01s.
In this case, the vortex shedding from the forward aerofoil interferes with
the flow around the backward aerofoil.
The interference leads to a reduction in lift of the backward aerofoil as
the emission of vortices from the front aerofoil reduces the pressure on
the lower surface of the backward aerofoil.
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Tandem biplane
The figure shows the
development of circulation
around the aerofoils with time.
For the forward aerofoil, the
development is gradual until
attainment of steady state.
For the backward aerofoil, a
sudden reduction of
circulation occurs due to the
interfering vortices emitted by
the forward aerofoil. The
decrease occurs when the
vortices arrive near the trailing
edge of the backward aerofoil.
Steady state is achieved for the
backward aerofoil at a later
moment in time.
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Rod-aerofoil interaction
Consider the case of a Joukowski aerofoil in the presence of two rods.
The above figure shows a snapshot of the wake pattern emitted from an
aerofoil with the effects of the front and upper rods.
This is an idealized scenario.
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Rod-aerofoil interaction
Two cases are
considered in the figure
by changing the position
of the upper rod and
bringing it to the lower
position.
The figure shows the
effect of both rods in the
circulation development
around the Joukowski
aerofoil.
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Conclusion and future work
The focus of this study has been on the generalization of analytical
modelling of unsteady flows in two dimensions considering the flow to be
inviscid.
The complex potentials for various flows in multiply connected domains
have been found and the results obtained from these potentials show the
usefulness of the approach based on conformal mapping.
This approach can further be used to simulate the performance of two
element aerofoils.
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References
1) Samaraweera, K.K.M.N.P., Gunarathna M.A.C.K., Kollure K.A.L.(2013). An
inviscid model for unsteady flow in multiply connected domains.
European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids, 41, 123-132.
2) Crowdy, D.G.(2006). Analytical solutions for uniform flow past multiple
cylinders. European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids, 25, 459-470.
3) Crowdy D.G.(2010). A new calculus for two-dimensional vortex dynamics.
Theoretical Computational Fluid Dynamics, 24, 9-24.
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Thank you
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Mobius maps
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Mobius maps
For each interior circle of the previously shown domain, a conformal map
is defined as follows:
where
These conformal maps are known as Mobius maps. The M Mobius maps
together with their M inverses (also Mobius maps), can generate infinite
number of additional maps. These subsequent maps are classified
according to their level.
M j
d c
b a
j j
j j
j
,..., 1 , ) ( =
+
+
=
,
,
, u
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j j
q
d
q
c
q
b
q
q a
1
, , ,
| |
2
= = = =
o o o
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Mobius maps
The level one maps are given as:
Level two maps include all compositions of any two of the above maps
which cant be reduced to a level one map:
Level three maps include all compositions of any three of the basic maps
which cant be reduced to a level one or a level two map. The higher level
maps are similarly defined.
Thus, it can be seen that all we need for the generation of maps at each
level are the level one maps.
Mobius maps are also known as generators.
1 1
2
1
1 2 1
,..., , , ,..., ,

M M
u u u u u u
2
1
1
2 1 2 1
2
1
, ,..., , ,
M M M
u u u u u u u u

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Schottky Klein prime function
The classical interpretation is given as:
where
where denotes the elements in the set

derived using the Mobius


maps associated with a circular domain.
The infinite product formula is not always convergent.
Numerical schemes which rectify this exist.
) , ( ) ( ) , (
'
, e , , e =
[
e


=
' ' ) ) ( )( ) ( (
) ) ( )( ) ( (
) , (
'
u u
u , , u
, u , u
, e
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