Different Architectural Movements

By: Asas, James Earl P. BS Archi 2-3

1. Usonia was a word used by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright to refer to his vision for the landscape of the United States including the planning of cities and the architecture of buildings. Wright proposed the use of the ad!ective Usonian in place of American to describe the particular "ew World character of the American landscape as distinct and free of previous architectural conventions.

2. Sustainable architecture is architecture that seeks to minimi#e the negative environmental

impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation in the use of materials energy and development space. Sustainable architecture uses a conscious approach to energy and ecological conservation in the design of the built environment. $he idea of sustainability or ecological design is to ensure that our actions and decisions today do not inhibit the opportunities of future generations. %. Stalinist architecture also referred to as Stalinist Gothic or Socialist Classicism is a term given to architecture of the Soviet Union under the leadership of &oseph Stalin between 1'%% when (oris )ofan*s draft for +alace of the Soviets was officially approved and 1',, when "ikita -hrushchev condemned .e/cesses. of the past decades and disbanded the Soviet Academy of Architecture. Stalinist architecture is associated with the socialist realism school of art and architecture. 0. Structural expressionism has similarities to the futurist movement of the 1'12s but crucially adds updated methods of engineering to each structure enabling bigger and better concepts than the futurists could achieve. First and foremost in structural e/pressionism is the use of cutting3 edge technology and the aesthetics that proudly display this technology to the outside world. Whereas most structures seek to conceal the structural elements that make up a building structural e/pressionism seeks to reveal them embracing a kind of skeleton3as3e/terior aesthetic. Services are often positioned e/ternally too and the whole effect is to create a high34uality high3 impact industrial look that rebels against historicism and anti4uity. $he most famous e/ample of this would be the +ompidou 5entre with services structural elements entrance6e/it tubes and even ventilation ducts appearing e/ternally as part of the overall stylisation marking a radical departure from the usual classically modest nineteenth century styles found in +aris. $he heavy emphasis on functionality created its own aesthetic7 originally each of the structural elements of the building were colour coded so that blue ducts indicated climate control elements green pipes denoted plumbing electrical wires were encased in yellows and safety devices such as fire e/tinguishers were red. )ronically many of the structural components featured at the +ompidou 5entre are purely aesthetic and serve little to no structural role 8 structural e/pressionism usually adheres to the 9function over form: motto of modernism although it tends to fuse the two together to create a sleek edgy look born out of the functional core of the structure.

,. Postmodernism is a term that describes the postmodernist movement in the arts its set of cultural tendencies and associated cultural movements. )t is in general the era that follows ;odernism. )t fre4uently serves as an ambiguous overarching term for skeptical interpretations of culture literature art philosophy economics architecture fiction

and literary criticism. )t is often associated with deconstruction and post3structuralism because its usage as a term gained significant popularity at the same time as twentieth3century post3 structural thought. <. Modern architecture is generally characteri#ed by simplification of form and an absence of applied decoration. )t is a term applied to an overarching movement with its e/act definition and scope varying widely. )n a broader sense early modern architecture began at the turn of the 12th century with efforts to reconcile the principles underlying architectural design with rapid technological advancement and the moderni#ation of society. )t would take the form of numerous movements schools of design and architectural styles some in tension with one another and often e4ually defying such classification. =. Mid-Century modern is an architectural interior product and graphic design that generally describes mid312th century developments in modern design architecture and urban development from roughly 1'%% to 1'<,. $he term employed as a style descriptor as early as the mid31',2s was reaffirmed in 1'>% by 5ara ?reenberg in the title of her book Mid-Century Modern: Furniture of the 1950s @Aandom BouseC celebrating the style that is now recogni#ed by scholars and museums worldwide as a significant design movement.

8. Metabolism was a post3war &apanese architectural movement that fused ideas about
architectural megastructures with those of organic biological growth. )t had its first international e/posure during 5)A;*s 1',' meeting and its ideas were tentatively tested by students from -en#o $ange*s ;)$ studio. During the preparation for the 1'<2 $EkyE World Design 5onference a group of talented young architects and designers including -iyonori -ikutake -isho -urokawa and Fumihiko ;aki prepared the publication of the ;etabolism manifesto. $hey were influenced by a wide variety of sources including;ar/ist theories and biological processes. $heir manifesto was a series of four essays entitled7 Fcean 5ity Space 5ity $owards ?roup Form and ;aterial and ;an and it also included designs for vast cities that floated on the oceans and plug3in capsule towers that could incorporate organic growth. Although the World Design 5onference gave the ;etabolists e/posure on the international stage their ideas remained largely theoretical. Some smaller individual buildings that employed the principles of ;etabolism were built and these included $ange*s Gamanashi +ress and (roadcaster 5entre and -urokawa*s "akagin 5apsule $ower. $he greatest concentration of their work was to be found at the 1'=2 World H/position in Fsaka where $ange was responsible for master planning the whole site whilst -ikutake and -urokawa designed pavilions. After the 1'=% oil crisis the ;etabolists turned their attention away from &apan and toward Africa and the ;iddle Hast.

9. International Style is a ma!or architectural style that emerged in the 1'12s and 1'%2s the
formative decades of ;odern architecture. $he term originated from the name of a book by Benry3Aussell Bitchcock and +hilip &ohnson The International Style that identified categori#ed and e/panded upon characteristics common to ;odernism across the world and its stylistic aspects. $he authors identified three principles7 the e/pression of volume rather than mass the emphasis on balance rather than preconceived symmetry and the e/pulsion of applied ornament. $he aim of Bitchcock and

&ohnson was to define a style that would encapsulate this modern architecture doing this by the inclusion of specific architects. $he book was written to record the )nternational H/hibition of ;odern Architecture held at the ;useum of ;odern Art in "ew Gork 5ity in 1'%1. All the works in the e/hibition were carefully selected only displaying those that strictly followed these rules. I1J +revious uses of the term in the same conte/t can be attributed to Walter ?ropius in Internationale Architektur and Ludwig Bilberseimer in Internationale neue Baukunst.I1J 12. High-tech architecture also known as Late Modernism or Structural Expressionism is an architectural style that emerged in the 1'=2s incorporating elements of high3tech industry and technology into building design. Bigh3tech architecture appeared as a revamped modernism an e/tension of those previous ideas helped by even more technological advances. $his category serves as a bridge between modernism and post3modernism however there remain gray areas as to where one category ends and the other begins. )n the 1'>2s high3tech architecture became more difficult to distinguish from post3modern architecture. ;any of its themes and ideas were absorbed into the language of the post3modern architectural schools. 11. Garden City rchitecture! this was an early twentieth century attempt at Utopia. Aather than a mere housing development viable economic communities were designed. )ndustry public buildings and housing were carefully combined to create an environment on a human scale where the manmade was balanced with nature.

11. "uturist architecture is an early312th century form of architecture born in )taly characteri#ed by anti3historicism strong chromaticism long dynamic lines suggesting speed motion urgency and lyricism7 it was part of the Futurism an artistic movement founded by the poet Filippo $ommaso ;arinetti who produced its first manifesto the Manifesto of Futuris in 1'2'. $he movement attracted not only poets musicians and artists @such asUmberto (occioni ?iacomo (alla Fortunato Depero and Hnrico +rampoliniC but also a number of architects. A cult of the machine age and even a glorification of war and violence were among the themes of the Futurists @several prominent futurists were killed after volunteering to fight in World War )C. $he latter group included the architect Antonio Sant*Hlia who though building little translated the futurist vision into an urban form.

1%. Expressionist architecture was an architectural movement that developed in Hurope during the first decades of the 12th century in parallel with the e/pressionist visual and performing arts that especially developed and dominated in ?ermany.

10. #e Sti$l Dutch for .$he Style. also known as neoplasticism was a Dutch artistic movement founded in 1'1=. )n a narrower sense the term !e Sti"l is used to refer to a body of work from 1'1= to 1'%1 founded in the "etherlands.

1,. #econstructi%ism is a development of postmodern architecture that began in the late 1'>2s. )t is influenced by the theory of .Deconstruction. which is a form of semiotic analysis. )t is characteri#ed by fragmentation an interest in manipulating a structure*s surface or skin non3 rectilinear shapes which appear to distort and dislocate elements of architecture such as structure and envelope. $he finished visual appearance of buildings that e/hibit deconstructivist .styles. is characteri#ed by unpredictability and controlled chaos.

1<. Constructi%ist architecture was a form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1'12s and early 1'%2s. )t combined advanced technology and engineering with an avowedly 5ommunist social purpose. Although it was divided into several competing factions the movement produced many pioneering pro!ects and finished buildings before falling out of favour around 1'%1. )ts effects have been marked on later developments in architecture.

1=. &rutalist architecture is a style of architecture that flourished from the 1',2s to the mid31'=2s spawned from the modernist architectural movement. H/amples are typically very linear fortresslike and blockish often with a predominance of concrete construction. )nitially the style came about for government buildings low3rent housing and shopping centres to create functional structures at a low cost but eventually designers adopted the look for other uses such as college buildings.

18. &lobitecture! )t is a term for an architectural school in which organic shapes are the aim bulging cellular amoeba3like buildings its e/pression. Although the term did not appear in print until 1221 blob architecture had been used as an e/pression in architectural circles since the middle of the previous decade. "otably it was the "ew Gork $imes which first brought it to greater attention as part of William Safire:s Fn Language column.

19. Bauhaus has a special role to play in the history of 20th century culture, architecture, design, art and new media. As a School of Design, the Bauhaus re olutionised artistic and architectural thin!ing and production worldwide, and is considered a headstone of the "odern age, which may #e isited in Dessau until nowadays.
12. rt #eco! or #eco is an influential visual arts design style which first appeared in France after World War ) flourishing internationally in the 1'%2s and 1'02s before its popularity waned after World War )). )t is an eclectic style that combines traditional craft motifs with ;achine Age imagery and materials. $he style is often characteri#ed by rich colors bold geometric shapes and lavish ornamentation.