Worked solutions Chapter 6 Momentum, energy, work and power

6.1
1 a

The relationship between momentum and force

p = mv = (20 kg)(5 m s1) = 100 kg m s1 p = (20 kg)(5 ! 102 m s1) = 1 kg m s1 p = (20 kg)(1.39 m s1) = 28 kg m s1 p = mv =8!3 = 24 kg m s1 p = mv =8!8 = 64 kg m s1 (64 kg m s1 24 kg m s1)/5 s = 8 kg m s1 Impulse = F"t = "p = 64 24 = 40 N s F = "p/"t = 40/5 =8N

b c 2 a

c d e

First ball: p = mv = 4.5 ! 3.5 = 15.75 kg m s1 Second ball: p = mv = 2.5 ! 6.8 = 17 kg m s1 The second ball has the greater momentum. a p = mv = 4.5 ! 9.1 = 41 kg m s1 p = mv = 0.250 ! 0.98 = 0.24 kg m s1 v = u + at = 0 + (9.8 ! 15) = 147 m s1 p = mv = 3.4 ! 147 = 500 kg m s1
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Chapter 6 Momentum, energy, work and power

Impulse = F"t = "p Then, assuming that the object is initially at rest: final momentum = "p = 45 ! 3.5 = 157 kg m s1 # 160 N s1 p = mv = 0.065 ! 61 = 4.0 kg m s1 F"t = "p F = 4.0/0.032 = 124 N Impulse = F"t = "p = 0.200 ! 45 = 9.0 N s F = 9.0 N s/0.05 s = 180 N in the direction of the balls travel 180 N in the opposite direction to the balls travel. Maximum force = 1200 N Impulse = F"t = area under forcetime graph = 63 N s "p = (0.025 kg)(50 m s1) = 1.25 kg m s1 opposite in direction to its initial velocity Impulse = F"t = "p = 1.25 N s opposite in direction to its initial velocity 2 2 v = u + 2ax 0 = 502 + 2a(2.0 ! 102) a = 6.25 ! 104 m s2 F = ma = 0.025(6.25 ! 104) = 1.6 ! 103 N in the opposite direction to the initial velocity of the arrow The crash helmet is designed so that the stopping time is increased by the collapsing shell during impact. This will reduce the force, as impulse = F"t = "p. No. A rigid shell would reduce the stopping time, therefore increasing the force.

b c 7 8 a b a b c

a b

10 Assume a car of mass 1500 kg is travelling with an initial speed of 20 m s1 towards a concrete wall. During the subsequent collision the car comes to a complete stop in 1.0 s. The impulse exerted by the wall on the car is F"t = "p = 1500 ! 20 = 3.0 ! 104 N s and the force experienced by the car is 3.0 ! 104/1.0 = 3.0 ! 104 N.

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Chapter 6 Momentum, energy, work and power

6.2
1

Conservation of momentum
Conservation of momentum: m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 (0.100 ! 2) + (0.100 ! 0) = 0 + 0.100v2 v2 = velocity of black ball = 2 m s1 in the direction of the initial velocity of the white ball Conservation of momentum: m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 (50 ! 5) + (4 ! 1.0) = 54v v = 4.7 m s1 in the same direction as the original velocity of the girl Conservation of momentum: m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 0 = (70 ! 2.5) + 400v2 v2 = velocity of boat = 0.44 m s1 = 0.44 m s1 in the opposite direction to the velocity of the man Conservation of momentum: m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 (2000 ! 2 ) + 0 = (2000 + m)(0.3) m = 11 333 kg = 11.3 tonnes B. (4.0 kg)(4.5 m s1) + 0 = (6.0 kg)v, and v = 3.0 m s1 a b Only if Superman is fixed to the ground, so that the momentum of the truck is transferred directly to the ground. Conservation of momentum: m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 Assume that the mass of the truck is 3000 kg, and that it is travelling at 20 m s1 when it strikes the stationary Superman of mass 100 kg. (3000 ! 20 ) + 0 = 3100v2 v2 = final velocity of (Superman + truck) = 19.35 m s1

5 6

Conservation of momentum: m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 1100u1 + (2200 ! 50) = 0 u1 = 100 km h1, i.e. the car was travelling at a speed of 100 km h1, and was therefore exceeding the speed limit. (0.080 kg)(35 m s1) + 0 = (0.080 kg)(25 m s1) + (0.100 kg)v2, v2 = speed of apple = 8.0 m s1 0 = (9995 kg)v1 + (5.0 kg)(6000 m s1) v1 = velocity of space shuttle = 3.0 m s1 in the direction opposite to that of the exhaust gases 0 = [!(200 kg + 250 kg)]v1 + (50 kg)(180 m s1) v1 = 40 m s1 Impulse = F"t = "p 225 ! 40 = F(2) F = 4.5 ! 103 N Net upwards acceleration = resultant force/mass 4.5 ! 103 " (225 ! 10) = = 10 m s2 225

8 9

10 a b

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Chapter 6 Momentum, energy, work and power

6.3
1 2 3 4 5

Work
2.6(5) ! 102 J W = Fx = (mg)x = 60 ! 9.8 ! 250 = 1.5 ! 105 J The bushwalker has also done work in overcoming horizontal forces such as friction and air resistance. D is correct. A is incorrect because statement i mentions distance instead of displacement. C is incorrect because the component of force must act in the direction of displacement. a b c W = Fx = 10 ! 9.8 ! 1.5 = 1.5 ! 102 J >1.5 ! 102 J Total work = (98 N)(1.5 m + 1.8 m + 2.1 m + 2.4 m + 2.7 m) = 1.029 ! 103 J = 1.03 kJ

6 7 8

B. The motor will not convert all supplied energy to useful work. There is no work done because there is no change in the displacement of the sandbag. a b W = Fx = 100 ! 9.8 ! 2.4 = 2.4 ! 103 J There is no work done during the 3-second interval because there is no change in displacement of the weight.

b c d

W = [(60.0 N) cos 35](4.00 m) = 2.0 ! 102 J W = [(60.0 N) cos 35 10.0 N](4.00 m) = 1.6 ! 102 J W = (10 N)(4.00 m) = 40 J

10 Work done = area under the forceextension graph = 1 J (approx.)

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Chapter 6 Momentum, energy, work and power

6.4
1 a b c 2 a b c a b c

Mechanical energy
Ek = !mv2 = !(1 ! 2.52) = 3 J Ek = !(5 ! 103)(4002) = 4 ! 102 J Ek = !(1.2 ! 103)(20.832) = 2.6 ! 105 J "Ug = mg"h = 1 ! 9.8 ! 5 = 49 J "Ug = 0.105 ! 9.8 ! 400 = 412 J "Ug = 1200 ! 9.8 ! 10 = 1.2 ! 105 J "Ug = 0.100 ! 9.8 ! 2.5 = 2.5 J "Ug = mg"h = 0.100 ! 9.8 ! 1.8 = 1.8 J = 0.69 J

A. The respective total energies: EA = Ek= !mv2 !kx2 = !(40 000)(0.05)2 = 50 J EB = "Ug = mg"h = 0.150 ! 9.8 ! 14 = 20.6 J EC = Ek + "Ug = !(0.150 ! 102) + (0.150 ! 9.8 ! 10) = 22.5 J Fx = "Ek = !mv2 = !(900 ! 27.782) F(50) = 34 7277.78 J F = 6.9 ! 103 N a b c "Ug = mg"h = (0.080 kg)(9.8 m s2)(1.25 m) = 0.98 J Ek = "Ug = 0.98 J Ek = !mv2 !(0.080)v2 = 0.98 v = 4.9 m s1

Spring A: Spring constant = gradient of fx graph = rise/run = 300/0.075 = 4000 N m1 Spring B: Spring constant = gradient of fx graph = rise/run = 233/0.175 = 1300 N m1 Spring C: Spring constant = gradient of fx graph = rise/run = 100/0.175 = 570 N m1 Spring A has the largest spring constant and is therefore the stiffest. Spring A: Us = !k x2 = ! " 4000 " 0.0252 = 1.3 J Spring B: Us = !k x2 = ! " 1300 " 0.10252 = 3.7 J Spring C: Us = !k x2 = ! " 570 " 0.1252 = 8.7 J a Us = !kx2 = ! ! 2500 ! 0.052 = 3.125 = 3.13 J Us = !kx2 = ! ! 2500 ! 0.12 = 12.5 J

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Chapter 6 Momentum, energy, work and power

Us = !kx2 = ! ! 2500 ! 0.152 = 28.125 = 28.1 J

10 Us = !kx2 12.5 = ! ! 3000 ! x2 x2 =

12.5 = 0.00833 1500

x = 0.0913 m = 9.13 cm

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Chapter 6 Momentum, energy, work and power

6.5
1 a b c d

Energy transformation and power

kinetic energy to heat kinetic energy to gravitational potential energy elastic energy to kinetic energy to gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy kinetic energy to heat/sound elastic potential energy $ kinetic energy $ gravitational potential energy $ kinetic energy (+ heat/sound) $ heat (+ sound, kinetic energy of water rebounding)

a b

"Ug = mg"h = 46 ! 9.8 ! 12 = 5.4 ! 103 J P = W /t = (5.41 ! 103)/12 = 4.5 ! 102 W W = "Ug = mg"h = 15 ! 0.500 ! 9.8 ! 1.0 = 73.5 J 73 J P = W /t = 73.5/120 = 0.61 W The coach is also doing work in lifting his own body. There would also be energy losses to the surrounding environment. "Ug = mg"h = 0.500 ! 9.8 ! 0.5 = 2.45 J "Ek = "Ug = 2.45 J The kinetic energy is transferred to the ground and converted into other forms of energy such as sound and heat. "Ug = mg"h !m(9.2)2 = m(9.8)h h = 4.3 m Factors not considered include length of the rope, air resistance and other factors that might affect the transfer of all his kinetic energy into gravitational potential energy.

a b c d

a b c

b 7

"Ek = "Ug = mg"h !m(v2 0.502) = m(9.8 ! 1.80) v = 6.0 m s1

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Chapter 6 Momentum, energy, work and power

a b

!(0.100)v2 = 0.100 ! 9.8 ! 5 v = 9.9 m s1 "Ek = !(0.100)(9.92 3.02) = 4.45 J As 4.45 = F(5) F = 0.89 N Us = !kx2 = ! ! 1000 ! 0.12 = 5.0 J Us = Ek = !mv2 5.0 = ! ! 0.150 ! v2 v2 = v = 8.16 = 8.2 m s1 Ek = ! mv2 = ! ! 0.150 ! 52 = 1.875 J Ek = Us = !kx2 1.875 = ! ! 1000 ! x2 1.875 = 0.00375 x2 = 500 x = 0.061 m = 6.1 cm 50% of 150 J = 75 J Ek = !mv2 75 = ! ! 30 ! v2 75 =5 v2 = 15 v = 2.2 m s1 Ug = mgh 75 = 30 ! 9.8 ! h h = 0.255 m = 0.26 m
5.0 = 66.67 0.075

a b

10 a b

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Chapter 6 Momentum, energy, work and power

Chapter review
1 2 3 Work done = area under graph = ! ! 500 ! 0.02 = 5.0 J Ep = Us = !kx2 =
1 500 ! ! 0.02 2 = 5.0 J 2 0.02

50% of 5.0 J = 2.5 J Ek = !mv2 2.5 = ! ! 0.05 ! v2 v2 = v = 10 m s1

2.5 = 100 0.025

4 5

No. Using the area under the graph the work done is 1.25 J or one-quarter of the total work required. Ek = !mv2 = ! ! 0.08 ! 802 = 256 J = 2.5(6) ! 102 J v2 = u2 + 2ax 02 = 802 + 2 ! a ! 0.24 a = %13333.33 m s2 Fav = ma = 0.08 ! 13333.33 = 1066.67 N = 1.1 ! 103 N a b gravitational potential energy $ kinetic energy $ elastic potential energy (and heat) Ug = mgh = 70 ! 9.8 ! 25 = 17 150 J Ek = 24 010 17 150 = 6860 J = 6.9 ! 103 J Ug = Us = 17 150 J = 1.7 ! 104 J For each bounce the gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy will become smaller. As this is not an isolated system, the total mechanical energy will not be conserved. This is because some of the work in stretching the rope is converted to heat. Ug = mgh = 70 ! 9.8 ! 35 = 24 010 J = 2.4 ! 104 J

c d e

D "Ek = "Ep = mg"h = 3 ! 9.8 ! 5 = 147 J

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Chapter 6 Momentum, energy, work and power

B Ek = v = 10 m s1
1 (2 kg)v2 = 100 J 2

10 A "Ek = mg"h 100 = (2 ! 9.8)h h = 5.1 m 11 v = u + at = 0 + (9.8 ! 1.3) = 13 m s1 12 x =

1 (9.8 m s2)(1.3 s)2 2

= 8.3 m 13 Fg = mg = 8000 ! 9.8 = 7.8 ! 104 N 14 Work = (7.84 ! 104 N)(8.3 m) = 6.5 ! 105 J 15 Every 1.3 s, 1040 kg of water will undergo a change in gravitational potential energy by: "Ep = mg"h = 1040 ! 9.8 ! 8.3 = 84 593.6 J Power = work/time = 84 593.6/1.3 = 6.5 ! 104 W 16 gravitational potential + kinetic energy $ kinetic (+ heat/sound) $ kinetic of ground + heat + sound + gravitational potential of rebounding water 17 Assume mass of roller-coaster = M Total energy at A = M(9.8 m s2)(30 m) + !M(4.0 m s1)2 = total energy at B = !Mv2 Then speed at B = 25 m s1. Total energy at C = M(9.8 m s2)(25 m) + !Mv2 = total energy at B = !M(24.58 m s1)2 Then speed at point C = 11 m s1. Total energy at D = M(9.8 m s2)(12 m) + !Mv2 = !M(24.582) Then speed at D = 19 m s1.

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Chapter 6 Momentum, energy, work and power

18 Total mechanical energy is constant.

19 Energy losses due to friction and air resistance = difference in total energy between A and B = [M(9.8 m s2)(30 m) + !M(4.0 m s1)2] M(9.8 m s2)(25 m) = 302M 245M = (57M) J 20 Efficiency = 245M/302M = 0.81 = 81% 21 Conservation of momentum: m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2: (55 kg)(5.0 m s1) + 0 = (125 kg)v v = 2.2 m s1 in the direction of the initial velocity of the moving player. 22 Conservation of momentum: m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 (300 ! 2.0) = (0.500 ! 100) + 295.5v v = 2.2 m s1 north. 23 (0.150 kg)(3 m s1) + 0 = (0.150 kg)v1 + (0.100 kg)(1.2 m s1) v1 = 2.2 m s1 in the same direction as its initial velocity. 24 If an 80 kg person jumps from a vertical height of 1.0 m then his/her velocity on striking the ground is approximately 4 m s1. Conservation of momentum: m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 (80 ! 4) + 0 = (6.0 ! 1024)v Earth will move with a velocity of v = 5.3 ! 1023 m s1, which is negligible. 25 (1350 kg)(15 m s1) = (2870 kg)v v = 7.1 m s1 in the same direction as the initial velocity of the first car 26 Impulse = "pcar 2 = (1520 kg)(7.056 m s1) 0 = 1.1 ! 104 N s = "pcar 1 = (1350 kg)(15 m s1 7.056 m s1) 27 W = Fx = !(2870 kg)(7.056 m s1)2 = F(5.2 m) F = 1.4 ! 104 N

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