OBJECTIVES OF THIS LECTURE

To examine different scenarios of nozzle flows To understand how mass flow rate through a nozzle will change with the exit pressure To acquire a understanding of the geometry of a supersonic wind tunnel

HIGH-SPEED AERODYNAMICS
MACE 31321

Lecture 10 Compressible flow through nozzles

NOZZLE FLOW
When pe is slightly smaller than p0 ,the
flow is essentially subsonic the nozzle.

NOZZLE FLOW
At a certain pe/p0(= pe6/p0), isentropic expansion of gas to supersonic flow through the nozzle is achieved
The local Mach number is a function of A/A*. At the throat, M=1 and At=A*. The variations of p/p0 and T/T0 are given in Table A.

A pressure difference between p0 and pe is required to generate the nozzle flow. For a purely subsonic flow throughout the nozzle, At A*.

Throat

At

A*

In this case, A* would be the area when the flow were accelerated to sonic velocity.

Beware that the entry of A/A* in Table A is not always equal to A/At
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NOZZLE FLOW
If pe6/p0 < pe/p0 < pe3/p0
The flow at and upstream of the throat remains as that at pe=pe3. A normal shock forms in the divergent section since pe is too high to allow isentropic supersonic flow.

NOZZLE FLOW
At a certain pe/p0 (=pe5/p0),
The normal shock stands right at the nozzle exit. The flow is isentropic before the exit.

SUMMARY
The graphs to the right illustrate the six different scenarios of nozzle flow as the exit pressure decreases from p0 to pe6. Given the nozzle geometry, the theory gives a reasonable prediction of the flow inside the duct. To obtain the proper contour for a supersonic nozzle which is shock-free, the method of characteristics should be used (not covered here).

MASS FLOW RATE

The mass flow rate through the nozzle & = t ut At m When pe=pe3, sonic velocity is achieved at the throat. Hence & = a A m When pe<pe3, the condition at the throat remains unchanged. The nozzle is choked & stays constant. since m Flow upstream is not affected by what happens downstream.
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Me6

Me5 Me4

Pe4/p0 Pe5/p0 Pe6/p0

EFFECT OF BACK PRESSURE

The pressure in the surrounding downstream of the nozzle is called the BACK PRESSURE, pB
When Me<1, pe=pB as no pressure jump is allowed in subsonic flow. When Me>1, depending on whether pe is greater or smaller than pB, either oblique shock waves or expansion waves will result.
Underexpanded
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QUESTION
Consider the flow through a convergent-divergent nozzle with an exit-to-throat area ratio of 2. The reservoir pressure and temperature are 1atm and 288oK, respectively. Calculate
1. The Mach number at the throat and the exit when the exit pressure is 0.973atm. (Answer: Me=0.2, Mt=0.44.) 2. Sketch the distribution of Mach number throughout the nozzle if the exit pressure is 0.2atm.

Overexpanded

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SOLUTION Q1
At the nozzle exit
p0 1 = = 1.028 . pe 0.973

SOLUTION Q2
Since
p0 1 = = 5 > PR1 , at least a portion of the pe 0.2

From Table A, if the flow is sonic at the throat but subsonic elsewhere, for Ae/A*=2, p0 = 1.064 = PR1
pe

flow in the divergent nozzle will be supersonic. However, for the flow being isentropic supersonic in the entire divergent nozzle, we need
p0 Since pe = 5 < PR2 , a normal shock wave forms p0 = 10.69 = PR2 pe

Since the exit pressure is higher than that allows M=1 at the throat, the flow must be subsonic throughout the nozzle. From Table A, for po/pe=1.028, Me=0.2. Note: At A* in this case. At Me=0.2, Ae/A*=2.964 But At At Ae 1
A = Ae A = 2 2.964 = 1.482

somewhere in the divergent nozzle resulting a Mach number distribution as shown below.

From Table A, for At/A*=1.482, Mt=0.44.

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SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNELS

To create a Mach 2.5 uniform flow for testing a model of a supersonic vehicle. This requires p0/pe=17.09, Ae/A* = 2.637. Compare the following three designs and comment on which design is least and more efficient. Design 1: Nozzle exhausting directly to the atmosphere

SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNELS

Design 2: Nozzle exhausting into a constantarea-duct

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SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNELS

Design 3: A diffuser section is added to the end of the test section

SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNELS

Equating mass flow rate through the two throats, 1 a1 At 1 = 2 a 2 At 2 For adiabatic flow: a1 = a 2 It can be proved that
At , 2 At ,1
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p0,1 p0 , 2

>1

due to the losses in total pressure

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REFERENCES
In Fundamentals of Aerodynamics by Andersons, 2nd edition.
10.3 10.5

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