CONSERVATIVE EXPANSIONS

a black-oil uid. They are stated below without proof, but can be developed in an analogous way as done on the previous assignments, ie. by considering mass conservation, introducing the constitutive equation, and dening an equation of state. For oil, the PDE is given by:

kkro c ( Po o Z o ) o B o

1 = c t

So Bo

(3)

For the water phase, we have a similar form: kkrw c ( Pw w Z w ) w B w 1 = c t Sw Bw (4)

The gas phase is somewhat dierent, as we must account for the solution/dissolved gas in oil: kkrg Rs kkro 1 Sg R s So c (Pg g Zg ) + c ( Po o Z o ) = + g B g o B o c t Bg Bo (5)

Here, the terms without a multiplicative factor of Rs represent the free gas in the system, while those terms which are multiplied by Rs represent the solution gas in the oil. Equations (3) to (5) show that there are 6 unknowns and only 3 equations. Therefore, to match the number of unknowns to the number of equations, we seek 3 extra equations. These come from the so-called auxiliary equations:

Sw + So + S g = 1

(6)

Pcow = Po Pw

(7)

CONSERVATIVE EXPANSIONS

Where the terms Pcow , and Pcog are the capillary pressures of oil to water, and oil to gas respectively. Close observation of equations (3) to (5) also show that the accumulation terms on the RHS have an analogous form. Namely, when the phase is oil or water, the accumulation term is given by: accumulation = Sl Bl (9)

Pcog = Po Pg

(8)

Where l = o, w. For gas, the accumulation term is: accumulation = Sg R s So + Bg Bo (10)

It appears that there are 4 common variables in each case: porosity, formation volume factor of the uid, solution gas ratio, and uid saturation. We make the following denitions: U , V 1/Bl , X Rs , and Y Sl . Recall that in single phase ow, we had something of the form:

Bl

(11)

Under this new notation, this would become: t (U V ). Furthermore, if we dene: f = U V XY , we can handle the expansion for the case of multi-phase ow by considering: t f = f n+1 f n (12)

Under this denition, the oil accumulation term can be obtained by setting: X = 1, and l = o. Similar for water. For case, we include all variables, U, V, X, and Y. The

CONSERVATIVE EXPANSIONS

general form of the expansion now becomes:

t (U V XY ) = (U V XY )n+1 U V XY n

(13)

It can be easily shown (as in [1]) that this equation reduces to:

t (U V XY ) = (U V XY ) = (V XY )n t U + U n+1 (XY )n t V + (U V )n+1 Y n t X + (U V X )n+1 t Y (14)

So the problem now reduces to computing the expansions of each of U, V, X, and Y. We start with porosity. The objective here is to express: t U in terms of the unknowns: t po , t Sw , t Sg . Note the other unknowns in gas pressure, water pressure, and oil saturation were eliminated using the auxiliary equations. So rst look at U. We seek: t = t = 0 t po , where 0 must be such that substitution into 0 t po results exactly in t . Therefore dene 0 as:

n+1 n := n+1 po pn o
0

(15)

It is easy to verify that this results in the desired property by substitution:

+1 0 t po = 0 t ( pn pn o o) =

n+1 n +1 n+1 ( pn pn n = t = t U o o) = n +1 n po po (16)

The other expansions can be obtained in a similar way. V is a rational function, so 0 1 for this, we have: t V = bl t po , where:

CONSERVATIVE EXPANSIONS

We now have enough to solve the assignment problems.

1 Bl

:=

1 n+1 Bl

+1 pn pn o o

1 n Bl

(17)

Solution a):
Let:

Sl Bl

= t (U V XY )
i

(18)

be given, with X = 1. Then the general conservative expansion reduces to:

t (U V Y ) = (V Y )n t U + U n+1 Y n t V + (U V )n+1 t Y

(19)

So we need only substitute the expressions for t U , t V , and t Y . We obtain: n 0

Sl Bl

=
i

1 Sl Bl +

t po + 1 Bl n+1

n+1

Sln

1 Bl

t po

(20)

n+1

t Sl

(21)

Which can be simplied to: n 0 n+1

Sl Bl

=
i

1 Sl Bl

n+1

Sln

1 Bl

t po +

Bl

t Sl

(22)

CONSERVATIVE EXPANSIONS

As required.

Solution b):
Let:

(1 Sw Sg ) Bo

(23)
i,j,k

be given. From problem a), general expansion again reduces to: 0 n+1

So Bo

0 = + n+1 n Bo

1 Bo

n So t po

Bo

t So

(24)

Here, we use the fact that So = 1 Sw Sg , and therefore, So = t Sw t Sg . As well as X = 1. This gives:

(1 Sw Sg ) Bo

0 = + n+1 n Bo

1 Bo

(1 Sw Sg )n t po

(25)

Bo

n+1

t Sw

Bo

n+1

t Sg

(26)

As required.

CONSERVATIVE EXPANSIONS

Solution c):
Let:

R s So Bo

(27)

be given. Then we must use the most general form of the conservative expansion, 0 and that t X = t Rs = Rs t po . We have: t = (U V XY ) = (V XY )n t U + U n+1 (XY )n t V + (U V )n+1 Y n t X + (U V X )n+1 t Y (28)

Now substituting the variables for U, V, X, and Y, with l = o, this reduces to: n

t 0

R s So Bo

Rs So Bo

0 t po n+1

n+1

( R s So )

1 Bo

t po +

Bo

n+1

n 0 So Rs t p o

Rs Bo

t So

(29)

Which simplies further to: !

R s So Bo

+ n+1 n Bo

1 Bo

Rs +

Bo

n+1

0 Rs

n So t po

Rs Bo

n+1

t So

(30)

As required.

CONSERVATIVE EXPANSIONS

Solution d):
Let:

Rs (1 Sw Sg ) Bo

(31)

be given. Then we can use the result from Problem c), and substitute So = 1Sw Sg , as well as, So = t Sw t Sg . As well as X = 1. This gives: Rs (1 Sw Sg ) Bo + n+1 n Bo n+1
0

1 Bo

0 Rs Bo

Rs + n+1

Bo

n+1

0 Rs

(1 Sw Sg )n t po (32)

Rs Bo

t Sw

t Sg