World and Modern History

Prologue

Nazism (Adolf Hitler)

Fascism (Benito Mussolini)

Reasons of WW-II

Rise of a!an (Ne"er in t#e #istory of $orld #as suc# a e"ent ta%en !lace& 'o do read it)

(orea ( 'tory of )* !arallel)

+ietnam (War of t#e Will of t#e !eo!le)

Nazism Reasons for Nazism i) ii) iii) ,conomic crises Political crises 'ocial crises

,conomic -rises

a) .ermany $as already facing t#e unafforda/le com!ensation from t#e treaty of +ersailles 0101 (It $as a treaty com!letely against .ermany on t#e !rinci!le of re"enge /ecause all t#e !ro"isions $ere against .ermany)& /) In t#is scenario France 2 Belgium attac%ed 3Ru#r4(Famous for iron 2 coal mines) $#ic# led to t#e indefinite stri%e /y t#e la/orers of t#ese mines5 t#is created su!!ly s#ortage of fuel 2 ra$ material to .erman industries creating deflation in 016)& c) .ermans s#o$ed t#e signs of reco"ery from 0167 /ut /efore it could strengt#en itself 8#e great economic de!ression(0161) $as a /lo$ to t#e .erman economy Political -rises a) From 0*90-010:5 .ermany #as seen a strong monarc#y5 /ut as William-II esca!ed to Holland in 010* 5so monarc#y came to an end 2 $as re!laced /y a !olitical institution called Weimer in 011; it $as an infant 2 immature organization $#ic# faced 6 cou!s from 016; to 016) 0) By <r (a!!(016;) $#o tried to seize t#e ne$ Parliament /y force 6) =udendorff > He $as t#e mentor of Adolf Hitler5 in 016) =udendorff tried to re!eat t#e story so from t#e "ery /eginning 3Weimer Re!u/lic4 $as struggling to ac#ie"e strengt# 2 sta/ility 'ocial -rises

a) <ue to t#e economic 2 !olitical crises .ermany society $as facing t#e /runt of anarc#y 2 em!loyment 2 in t#is tension /et$een .ermans and e$s deteroited t#e conditions in .ermany /) .ermans accused on certain grounds t#at e$s $ere res!onsi/le for t#e defeat of .ermany in World War > I

8reaty of +ersailles

Adolf Hitler

Rise of Adolf Hitler

a) In 0101 Hitler formed Nationalist socialist !arty5 in s#ort Nazi Party& In t#e initial !#ase Nazi Party 2 Adolf Hitler failed to im!ress t#e .erman !eo!le& In 016) #e $as im!risoned along $it# #is master (I #o!e u remem/er =udendorff)& /) But t#e economic de!ression in 0161 increased t#e trou/le in .ermany 2 a!!eared to /e a great o!!ortunity for Adolf Hitler 2 #is am/itions& He $as a/le to attract t#e masses 2 in t#e election of 01)) #e succeeded in getting good num/ers of seats in .ermany& c) As none of t#e !arty #ad got ma?ority (As #a!!ens in t#e case of Indian Politics too& But still t#ey manage $it# 09-0* coalition !arties @& And #o$ $ell do t#ey manage&&& Management .urus do ta%e a note @ lolz) so .ermany $as going t#roug# economic 2 !olitical insta/ility $#ic# frig#tened t#e ca!italist class(e.g of India tatas , ambanis , and Kumar managlam birla (In news recently do google it)) in .ermany

d) Adolf Hitler too% anti-communist stand $#ic# !ro"ided #im t#e su!!ort of ca!italist class 2 $it# t#is increased strengt# #e com!elled President Hinden/urg to acce!t #im as t#e c#ancellor in 01)) (Note !resident Hinden/urg !resident of .ermany from (016A>):)) e) <uring re-elections Adolf Hitler 2 #is !arty $ere /e#ind all t#e nuisance in .ermany5 s!ecially /urning do$n of Reic#-stag(t#e .erman !arliament)& Hitler accused communist for t#is act 2 !ro!agated t#at communist $anted to desta/ilize5 t#e !olitical system in .ermany5 t#is increased t#e frustration in ca!italist class 2 t#ey ga"e com!lete and unconditional su!!ort to #im f) In 01): $#en President Hinden/urg died5 Hitler occu!ied t#e !ost of !resident 2 /ecame t#e 3c#ancellor cum !resident of .ermany4 in 01):5 later on to /e t#e dictator of .ermany

Internal Policies of Adolf Hitler

0) Political reforms 6) ,conomic reforms )) 'ocial reforms

0) Political reforms > In 01): Adolf Hitler a/olis#ed !ro"incial legislature in .ermany 2 t#at ended t#e status of states in .ermany $#ic# com!leted .erman unification& Hitler 2 Mussolini (Follo$ing soon) $ere of t#e o!inion t#at a ne$ /orn 2 struggling nation s#ould al$ays /e under strict su!er"ision 5 $#ic# reBuires a /an on ci"il rig#ts& Cnder t#is im!ortant ste!s ta%en $ere ,nd of ?udicial rig#ts Ban on freedom of eD!ression 2 s!eec# (Art 01E0Ea (Indian -onstitution > ?ust a !assing reference to refres# your and my mind)

a) A/olition of o!!osition 2 Purge (Purification of critics of #is o$n !arty) > Wit# t#e coming to !o$er #e a/olis#ed #is o!!osition in .ermany (No o!!osition5 no tension free to do all atrocities) 2 /y t#e conce!t of !urge in 01): #e eliminated 2 %illed all #is critics $it#in #is o$n !arty5 so from 01): Nazi $as t#e only !arty in .ermany 2 Adolf Hitler t#e only .erman leader&

6) ,conomic reforms - : year !lans $it# t#e o/?ecti"e to im!ro"e 2 increase !roduction in .ermany a) ,"olution of synt#etic > 'ynt#etic $as e"ol"ed as a su/stitute for $ool fi/er and motor fuel 2 t#is /roug#t do$n t#e im!orts of .ermany /) ,limination of e$s > 1;F of .erman /usiness $as in t#e #and of e$s 2 $it# t#e elimination of t#is community it $as transferred to .ermans 2 t#is /ecame t#e im!ortant reason for .ermans gi"ing t#e initial su!!ort to Adolf Hitler& )) 'ocial Reforms > ,ducation /ecame a "ictim of Nazi Pro!aganda& Interference in t#e !ersonal life of !eo!le (e&g& a .erman $omen $as not allo$ed to marry a Non-.erman @& Reference same as Vedic period 2 types of marriage (Anuloma - ig!er class male can marry female of lower class " #ratiloma $%ales of lower class cannot marry female of !ig!er class ))

External Policies of Adolf Hitler

0) =eft disarmament conference (01))) > according to Hitler disarmament $as t#e !ro"ision of Paris !eace conference of 011;& And if ,uro!ean !o$ers $ould #a"e /een loyal its disarmament $ould #a"e started from 011; 6) =eft league of nations in 01): on t#e grounds t#at it $as a !o$erless /ody acting as !u!!et of im!ortant ,uro!ean countries(great Britain 2 France) )) Refused to acce!t 8reaty of +ersailles > As according to Hitler it $as a dictated !eace /ased on t#e !#iloso!#y of re"enge& :) ,m!#asized on t#e conce!t 8#ird Reic# also called as Heart =and Policy G According to #is conce!t Hitler declared formation of a greater .erman em!ire /y uniting all t#e areas dominated /y .ermans li%e Poland 5 Austria 2 -zec#oslo"a%ia5 t!is is also called as t!e !eart-land policy of itler w!ic! became t!e important cause for &orld war $ II

Heartland Policy Ma!

Heartland Policy (Third Reich Policy) a) Cnder t#is !olicy R#ineland (Ri"er R#ine in Ma!) /ecame t#e 0st target of Hitler after $#ic# #e mo"ed to$ards 'udetenland $#ic# led to t#e Munic# conference of 01)*5 in $#ic# Hitler !romised Britain 2 France to lea"e t#e !olicy of aggression5 if #e $as allo$ed to #old 'udetenland& /) 8#is $as acce!ted /y Britain 2 France /ut later on Hitler "iolator #is !romise 2 attac%ed -zec#oslo"a%ia& 8#is $as an alarming /ell for Britain 2 France& =astly in 01)1 #e attac%ed Poland 2 t#is $as t#e end of !atience of Britain5 so Britain declared $ar on .ermany 2 t#is $as t#e /eginning of WW-II in $#ic# Hitler $as assisted /y Italy 2 a!an Benitto Mussolini

ascism(Benito Mussolini)

0) Reasons > For Fascism

a) ,conomic -rises - Italy $as at t#e centre of renaissance(t!e acti'ity, spirit, or time of t!e great re'i'al of art, literature, and learning in (urope beginning in t!e )*t! century and e+tending to t!e ),t! century, mar-ing t!e transition from t!e medie'al to t!e modern world& )5 /ut it $as a /ac%$ard country as it lac%ed industrialization5 agricultural reforms etc& Initially it refrained from t#e $ar /ecause of its /ac%$ardness 2 socialist !ressure in t#e country& But circumstances c#anged in 010A5 2 Italy $it# t#e #o!e of #a"ing Big gains sided $it# allied !o$ers (Britain 2 France)& 8#e reason for t#is $as5 some of t#e s!ecific areas of Italy $ere still under command of Austria 2 Neig#/oring countries 2 t#ey assumed t#at if t#ey #el!ed allied !o$ers in t#e $ar5 t#ey $ould get t#eir areas /ac%& Alt#oug# allied !o$ers $ere "ictorious in WW-I Italy failed to full-fill its as!irations 2 t#is increased economic crises in Italy& And in t#is economic crises5 Italy $as not a/le to digest t#e !#iloso!#y of democracy 2 none of t#e !arties in Italy $ere a/le to gain ma?ority5 so t#ere $as al$ays a trou/le of sta/le go"ernment in Italy& Cnem!loyment5 !o$er 2 anarc#y $ere #ig#ly !re"alent in Italy 2 in t#is $ay t#e o"erall crises in t#e country !re!ared t#e ground for t#e emergence of Benito Mussolini Rise of Benito Mussolini 0) Benito Mussolini $as a teac#er 2 a strong follo$er of t#e !#iloso!#y of socialism $#ic# #e !ro!agated t#roug# #is ne$s!a!er A"anti& 6) In 016; #e formed fascist !arty 2 started a ne$s!a!er 3Peo!le of Italy4& In 0166 elections #e got good num/er of seats5 /ut t#ere $as no ma?ority to any single !arty in Italy& 'o Italy $as facing a scene of !olitical insta/ility $#ic# $as a for t#e ca!italist story( 'ame story as t#at of Adolf Hitler) )) Benito Mussolini too% anti-communist stand 2 #e $as a/le to get t#e su!!ort of t#e ca!italist class5 $it# t#is ne$ strengt# and su!!ort of Bro$n '#irts (Hout# organization of #is !arty) #e mo"ed to$ards Rome 2 #orrified ruler ,mmanuel $#o acce!ted #im as Prime Minister of Italy in 0166

:) From 0166-016: #e c#anged t#e entire structure in Italy a!!earing as a dictator of Italy

0) Internal Reforms

a) 8reaty of =ateran (0161) /) A/olition of I!!osition c) ,nd of -i"il 2 Human Rig#ts Note (A/olition of o!!osition 2 end of ci"il and #uman rig#ts > same as t#at of Hitler so I $ill not co"er it o"er #ere&)

a) Treaty of !ateran ("#$#) > By t#is treaty #e ga"e autonomous c#arge of +atican to t#e !o!e $it# com!ensation 2 also acce!ted cat#olic religion as t#e official religion of t#e state& In t#is $ay t#e long dis!ute /et$een Italian go"ernment 2 !o!e $as o"er& And Po!e acce!ted Benito Mussolini as t#e ruler of Italy&

$) External Policies Benito Mussolini $as a/le to satisfy #is !eo!le in early !#ase of #is carrier5 /ut t#en #is su!erficial reforms5 $ere $as#ed a$ay /y economic de!ression of 0161 Italy 2 Italians once again came into trou/le 2 Mussolini #ad t#e only $ay of $ar to satisfy t#e sentiment of !eo!le so #e raised t#e ne$ slogan 3old glory of Rome4 $#ic# $as /ased on t#e !olicy of aggression in $#ic# #is im!ortant targets $ere Al/ania5 ,t#io!ia etc& In t#is $as Benito Mussolini 2 Adolf Hitler /ecame friends #a"ing common interest $#ic# lead to t#e 3Berlin- Rome Access4 $#ic# $as later ?oined /y a!an 2 t#is 3Berlin-Rome- 8o%yo4 $as t#e ri"al !arty of allied !o$ers in WW-II

%orld %ar & II ("#'# ( "#)*) Main reasons for World War >II a) Red t#reat > communist (Became a !anic for t#e entire ,uro!ean !o$ers) /) <issatisfaction 2 Humiliation of ,uro!ean !o$ers (=i%e Italy 2 .ermany) c) Failure of World Irganization d) 8#e .reat ,conomic <e!ression (0161) e) Aggressi"e Nationalism (Nazism 2 Fascism)

.ote $ /ust /otted down most important reasons for &&-II (Refer .0(R1 02A33 )21 $ 4y Ar5un 6e')

Emer+ence of ,a-an (.ne im-ortant e/ent of %%(II) Note > Indo 2 -#ina are called .olden =and (For its agricultural Producti"ity) 2 Indonesia5 Malaysia are called .olden Island 0) .olden land /ecame t#e dream for ,uro!ean countries5 so from 07t# centaury t#ey started !enetrating into eastern Asia&(reference Portuguese came to India - 0A;A) 6) a!an too% stern action against t#e foreigners due to certain reason li%e con"ersion of missionaries (t#ey $ere con"erting a!anese !eo!le to -#ristianity)5 'o a!anese maintained isolation from 078H centaury to t#e latter #alf of t#e 01t# century&

)) 8#ey only allo$ed <utc# to /e t#e intermediaries /et$een a!an 2 Rest of t#e $orld& C'A $as also struggling to get into ,ast Asia 2 in 0*A) commodore Perry a C&' na"al officer com!elled a!anese ,m!eror to o!en t#e doors of a!an for C'A& :) Wit# t#e entry of C'A from 0*A)-0*795 all ,uro!ean !o$ers also entered 2 made t#eir !lace in a!an& 8#is $as a set/ac% for aggressi"e a!anese sentiment& A) Hence a!anese Found out t#e reasons for ,uro!eans strengt# 2 t#at $as a) Po$erful 2 sta/le Polity /) ,conomic <e"elo!ment 8#is immediately /ecame t#e target of a!an 2 led to rise of a!an&

Rise of a!an from fall 0) 'elf =i/eration > As a!an understood t#e reason of its failure5 so it immediately too% t#e ste!s for it 2 in t#e most uniBue e"ent in t#e $orld #istory is collecti"e surrender of !o$er 2 !ri"ilege /y <amios 2 'amurai to t#eir em!erors 8#ose $#o are confused $it# <amios 2 'amurai

,a-anese Political Hierarchy 0) ,m!eror (A%i#ito) 6) Prime Minister('#ogun) )) Feudal =ords(<aimios) :) '!iritual Warriors('amurai)

And ne"er e"er in t#e #istory of $orld you $ould see suc# an e"ent occurring $#ere Feudal =ords 2 Warriors surrender its !o$er 2 !ri"ilege to t#e em!eror 8#is not only strengt#ens t#e a!anese em!eror /ut esta/lis#ed social eBuality in a!an& 8#is is called 'elf =i/eration

6) 'elf ,m!o$erment > After #a"ing a strong !olicy from 0*79 > 0*1: a!an too% some $onderful ste!s a) -om!ulsory !rimary education for /oys 2 girls (0*79) /) -om!ulsory Modern ,ducation to /oys 2 girls (t#at too medium in ,nglis#) c) Framed t#e constitution of a!an on Prussian line #a"ing a string em!eror5 under t#e guidance of Prince Ito Note > -om!are t#is $it# t#e !olicy of Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini (Ban on education etc) )) Formation of national Army > $#ic# $as !ossi/le /ecause of social eBuality in a!an&

:) ,m!#asis on economic de"elo!ment5 s!ecially infrastructure 2 industrialization /ecame t#e /ac%-ground for self em!o$erment 2 in 0*1: a!an $as a modern 2 ad"anced Po$er in Asia

Rise of a!an as a !o$er in Asia

0) After a!an com!leted its !#ase of transformation5 t#e t$o immediate "ictims $ere c#ina 2 Russia5 on t#e grounds of territorial dis!ute /et$een /ot# t#e !arties& 6) Port Art#ur t#e only ice-free !ort in nort#ern zone $as ta%en a$ay /y a!an from Russia 2 (orea also came under t#e dominance of a!an from 010;& )) As a!an defeated t#e 6 giants of Asia5 so it immediately ele"ated its !osition 2 !ro"ided a!an t#e status in $orld Aristocracy $it# C'A 2 C&( Im!erialism of a!an 0) In t#e /eginning of 6;t# -entury5 a!an #ad reac#ed to t#e !ea% of de"elo!ment 2 no$ it $as #ungry for t#e sources of ra$ material 2 mar%et5 /ut t#e trou/le $as a!an $as t#at t#e core areas in Asia (=i%e c#ina 2 India) $ere under t#e control of its friends li%e C&' 2 C&(& 6) In t#is scenario a!an ado!ted a "ery smart !#iloso!#y to fulfill its aim of im!erialism )) Cnder a!anese Monroe <octrine ( M<) a!an ga"e t#e slogan of 3Asia for Asian4 2 under it a!!ealed for t#e remo"al of all foreign !o$ers from Asia 2 esta/lis#ment of local leaders#i! in Asian countries& :) In res!ect to t#is !#iloso!#y a!an ga"e t#e com!lete su!!ort to INA (Indian National Army) A) 8a%ing ad"antage of WW-II a!an o"er ran entire ,ast Asian countries from (orea to P#ili!!ines5 distur/ing t#e !olitical status of $orld !o$ers in t#is region& 8#is annoyed C&' 2 it freezeed a!anese accounts in C&' 7) In reaction to t#is a!an attac%ed !earl #ar/or in 01:0 $#ic# ended t#e isolation of C'A as it !artici!ated in WW-II 2 /ecame acti"e in $orld !olitics 9) Alt#oug# a!an $as defeated in WW-II5 /ut it #as c#anged t#e !olitical status of east Asia5 $#ic# $as still a as!iration for $orld !o$ers due to its economic 2 strategical im!ortance

*) In t#is scenario (orea 2 +ietnam /ecame t#e "ictim of WW-II

0orea

1) (orea is t#e story of )* !arallel (8#e 78t! parallel $as first suggested as a di"iding line for

Korea in 0*17&) Cnder t#is it $as di"ided into Nort# 2 'out#& 6) Nort# under command of C&'&'&R 2 'out# under t#e control of C'A )) It $as decided /y /ot# t#e !o$ers t#at a!anese forces $ill /e e"acuated5 sta/ility $as to /e maintained 2 t#en after elections (orea $as to /e left #ome& :) As 6E)rd !o!ulation of (orea $as in 'out# (orea5 so it $as clear to C&' t#at t#ey $ill /e !resent in (orea after t#e elections t#is $as t#e fear of C''R 2 -HINA5 in 01A) Nort# (orea attac%ed 'out# (orea $#ic# $as declared as internal !ro/lem of /ot# t#e country& A) In suc# circumstances 3PANMCN IAN4 agreement of 01A75 declared t#at (orea $ill /e united only after t#e agreement of !olitical setu! 2 !eo!le of /ot# t#e grou!& 8#is seems to /e a c#allenge as Nort# (orea is suffering from !o"erty 2 is under t#e control of dictators#i!

(orea > )* !arallel

1ietnam (2tory of the 3ill of the -eo-le) 0) +ietnam $as a !oor 2 /ac%$ard country /asically dominated /y Budd#ist farmers& It #as faced a colonial era of 6;; years under Frenc# 2 $#en a!an eliminated foreign !o$ers from east Asia5 it !ro"ided relief for a small !eriod to +ietnamese 6) But +ietnam /ecame a "ictim of 09 !arallel $#ic# $as a similar agreement /et$een C&' 2 C''R li%e (orea& )) Initially France $as #anded o"er 'out# +ietnam5 /ut in 01A: France #anded o"er t#e com!lete c#arge to C'A& :) C'A failed to analyze t#e situation in +ietnam 2 t#e resistance of t#e most /ac%$ard 2 !oor !eo!le /ecame a matter of ego for C'A& A) +ietnam $as a great story of t#e $ill of t#e !eo!le 2 !residents of C'A li%e o#n F& (ennedy5 =yndon B& o#nson and Nic%son failed to su/due t#e !eo!le of +ietnam 2 in 019) C'A a!!ealed for !eace agreement $it# +ietnam5 leading to t#e inde!endence of +ietnam in 019:

+ietnam $ar

References $$$&google&com N-,R8 -=A'' 068H > By Ar?un <e" World History > B+ RAI Notes of A"ad# I?#a 'ir Name > Arun -#ettiar Ro$ #ouse no -;65 sector -675 sidd#i "illa5 o!! a%urdi rail$ay station5 !une -:00;:: Mo/ile no > **;;7)71A:5 1;600*07A: