Brandon Hokenson Prof.

Wolcott English 1102 17 March 2014

How Smartphones Improve Research: An Annotated Bibliography (Final Draft)

This annotated bibliography is intended to serve as a guide for anyone beginning to research how the use of smartphones impact research. The bibliography describes research methodology with smartphones and notes the different ways research is improved by the use of a smartphone.

Introduction
Technology changes so rapidly that its hard to keep up with it sometimes. The use of smartphones as a research tool is very promising because it has the chance to adapt to the rapid advancement of technology. This means that this topic of how smartphones improve research can help professors, students, researchers, and even just anyone who owns a smartphone. 61% of people in the United States own a smartphone in todays world (Gold, 83), which goes to show that this topic is relatable to a very large amount of people. Research tools used to rely on desktop computers and specialized operating systems for every field. With the introduction of the android operating system along with the ios operating system, applications are widely available

and easily distributed to thousands of people at an instant. The smartphones small form factor makes it extremely portable, allowing people to carry it on their person at all times. Most of the recent smartphones are more powerful than some laptops and even computers of today. This makes them a very valuable tool that can be adapted to the research environment in any field of study.

Castro-Palacio, Juan Carlos; Velzquez-Abad, Luisberis. "Using A Mobile Phone Acceleration Sensor In Physics Experiments On Free And Damped Harmonic Oscillations." American Journal Of Physics 81.6 (2013): 472-475. Print. Castro-Palacio, a Physics Professor at the University of Pinar del Rio, tackles the idea of using a smartphones accelerometer to measure free and damped oscillations in physics experiments. The experiment performed made use of a smartphone running the android operating system attached to a glider on an air track. One end of the air track had a spring on it, which was switched in between trials, to create either free or damped harmonic oscillations. Castro-Palacio and Velzquez-Abad performed 6 different trials while attaching different weights to the glider to change the oscillation period and frequency. When these results are compared to more traditional methods of measurement the margin of error at highest was 1.99% and the lowest was 0.05%. This shows that the use of the accelerometer is a very valuable and accurate tool in the physics department.

Chappel, Roger. "An educational platform to demonstrate speech processing techniques on Android based smart phones and tablets." Speech Communication. 57. (2014). This academic journal entry tells about an application called Speech Enhancement for

Android (SEA) which aims to assist in the development of an intuitive understanding of course content by allowing students to interact with theoretical concepts through their personal device. The application allows students studying digital signal processing to observe four primary elements of speech processing which enables an intuitive comprehension once speech is either enhanced or modified. The results of the study concluded that the students believed that SEA helped tremendously with learning about digital signal processing. The author also states that the study for each of the students was only over a one hour laboratory period which could affect the study as it is only a short-term study. Di Noia, Tommaso. "An end stage kidney disease predictor based on an artificial neural networks ensemble." Expert Systems with Applications. 40.11 (2013). This scholarly journal entry is written about a program that is distributed to doctors, in the form of an android smartphone application, to help predict if a patient is at risk for end stage kidney disease. This application makes use of artificial neural networks to find the risk percentage of a certain patient. Sex, age of patient, age of renal biopsy, age of clinical onset, onset type, histological grade, serum creatinine, K-DOQI classification, protein in urine, and blood pressure are all part of those artificial neural networks that gets assessed in determining the risk factor, Di Noia says. In conclusion, making this tool widely available with android devices allows many doctors a pre-emptive look at patients with a future of end stage kidney disease so that they can start aggressive therapy and close follow ups to slow their progression.

Gold, Steve. "Hacking On The Hoof." Engineering & Technology (17509637) 7.3 (2012): 80-83. This journal entry attempts to explain the complexities of smartphone wireless analysis

applications and mobile hacking. For ios smartphones the way to gain administrator rights to inner system files and installation of could-be devious programs is called jailbreaking. Jailbreaking or the equivalent on the android os, root permission, can allow people to alter or replace system files, run specialized applications, and even replace the entire operating system on a smartphone. Specialized applications can infiltrate wireless networks from the inside out to cause harm or to fix problems with the network. Most attacks, before the invention of the smartphone, came from heavy duty laptops before and were defined as IP-based transmissions from outside the network and were easily recognized as they used a lot of resources from neighboring networks. The widespread adaptation of smartphones allows anyone to attempt to break in and harm a wireless network they can connect to. The main idea behind this article is that even though people mostly use smartphone wireless networks to troubleshoot and improve their security, there are some people who will use this technology maliciously.

Kim, Juseuk. "Adapting Smartphones as Learning Technology in a Korean University." Journal of Integrated Design and Process Science. 17.1 (2013). This academic journal is about a set of surveys taken by university students to see how smartphones are being used as a learning tool in colleges. The author said that not only were smartphones used extensively by almost every student but they had a broad definition of how they used their smartphones for learning. The results of the survey say that students usually have an average of 80 apps on their smartphones with an average of 13 apps they used to learn. The author also addresses his credibility by stating that these surveys were taken by students of a bilingual university with majors of either engineering or education. The bilingual part of this university is the reason why many of these students had dictionaries

or translators which they used to help learn. Kim concludes that the use of smartphones in the classroom shows that the dynamic of learning in a classroom setting is changing rapidly.

Montoya, Francisco. "A monitoring system for intensive agriculture based on mesh networks and the android system." Computers & Electronics in Agriculture. 99. (2013): 14-20. This academic journal discusses the use of an application on the android os framework to collect and monitor variables that are used in precision agriculture. This application makes use of Wireless Sensor Networks, sensors, and a server. The sensors gather data about the farmland air and soil which are uploaded to servers through the wireless sensor networks. Sensors are inexpensive and reliable so they are placed throughout many different acres of agricultural lands. The android application designed for this monitoring system has 5 different tabs which include: Activities, Fragments, Models, Loaders, and Components. Farmers or national park rangers can quickly assess the status of hundreds to thousands of acres of their land with a tap on the screen of an android tablet or phone. By tapping fragments they can see specific data for different parts of the land. The models tab compares all fragments of land at a glance. The sensors and android application allow farmers to save time and money by knowing what areas of land are in need of what without taking days to survey the land by hand. The use of wireless sensor networks are also vital to the gathering of the data so that it can be turned into useful information displayed on the android application. The study of this monitoring system was supported by the government of Spain Ministry of Education.

Nacci, A; Trov, F; Maggi, F; Ferroni, M; Cazzola, A; Sciuto, D; Santambrogio, M. "Adaptive And Flexible Smartphone Power Modeling." Mobile Networks & Applications 18.5 (2013): 600-609. Seven

professors from the Polytechnic University of Milan collaborate on this academic journal entry to talk about using their platform for the android operating system that will analyze and preserve the battery life of smartphones. Since smartphones are everywhere in todays society and are used for any task, the battery life of them is one of the most important features. The platform that they created to do this power modeling is called MPower. "The MPower approach creates an adequate and precise knowledge base of the power behavior." This allows them to create better device-centered power models that consider the different types of hardware in each one. This experiment was carried out on 278 different users. The platform was installed onto the android operating system for at least one year to gather enough data on whether MPower was beneficial or not. The main purpose of this application being installed on the android device is to collect data to use for future power-saving applications. It also tells the user what is eating up the battery life and allows them to turn it off. At the end of the experiment 22.5 million sets of data was collected and because of the wide range of data collected will allow the professors to create more tailored power-saving applications.

Sans, J.A. Oscillations studied with the smartphone ambient light sensor. European Journal of Physics. 34.6 (2013). This academic journal describes the use of a smartphones ambient light sensor to analyze a system of springs undergoing either simple or damped oscillatory motion, which also demonstrates the value of mobile phone sensors as a tool in the physics laboratory. The author thinks that the widespread use of mobile phones and the constant evolution of the technology on these devices make them an attractive tool for possible application in scientific demonstrations and experimental measurements. The experiment is conducted by mounting an android smartphone, running an application, between two springs with a light source at one end facing the

front screen. The author concludes that with the results gathered, through the smartphone all calculated values are in good agreement with results gathered from more traditional methods. The big idea behind this article is that android mobile phones can be used to gather data the same as other traditional methods.

Suarez-Tangil, Guillermo. "Dendroid: A Text Mining Approach To Analyzing And Classifying Code Structures In Android Malware Families." Expert Systems With Applications 41.4 (2014): 1104-1117. This academic journal tackles the subject of analyzing and text mining datasets of malware families within the android operating system. The application called Dendroid uses the Vector Space Model to analyze and classify the different types of malware. Smartphones of today present greater security and privacy issues to the traditional PC users. For instance, many of such devices incorporate numerous sensors that could leak highly sensitive information about users locations, gestures, moves and other physical activities, as well as recording audio, pictures, and video from their surroundings. The increase of people adopting smartphones triggered the increase of malicious software targeting the android os. The malware samples used were extracted from the Android Malware Genome Project which provided approximately 1231 different dangerous applications. The application is first deconstructed into code chunks which correspond to a method associated with a class within the app. This means that the application is broken down into as many chunks as it takes to create the application in the first place, allowing the user to see exactly how the app functions and is made. The analysis by Dendroid allows the user to sort the different malware applications into hierarchal trees. These trees can then be used to track how these dangerous applications evolve and give researchers a chance to destroy them

before they have the chance to change. This journal entry is very technical and can be hard for someone with little software knowledge to follow.

Stopczynski, Arkadiusz, et al. "The Smartphone Brain Scanner: A Portable Real-Time Neuroimaging System." Plos ONE 9.2 (2014): 1-10. In this academic journal, Professor Stopcsynski from the Technical University of Denmark along with some of his colleagues, attempt to use a smartphone and a EEG cap that is able to plugged into it as a real-time system to analyze 3D brain images. The article states that there are no competing interests for any of the authors involved in this study. The study makes use of a consumer-grade neuroheadset that records brain activity by stimulating the brain with the use of electrodes placed on the scalp, this method is called Electroencepahlography (EEG). The headset is then plugged into an android or ios smartphone to record brainwave functions. The application is also developed for windows and mac, meaning portability is not only limited to smartphones but also to laptops and anywhere with a computer. The experiment involved the participant to imagine tapping his finger onto a table, the brainwave results of this was recorded and then compared to more complex EEG data gathering techniques. The results of the comparison of the two sets of data show that this mobile application brain scanner compares favorably with the data from the laboratory grade experiments. Although the results received by both were the same, some cleaning up of the results was necessary for the smartphone-gathered data such as small biofeedback. With the increasing capability of smartphone processors this technology should only get more accurate with time.

Young, Howard A. "Scientific Apps Are Here (And More Will Be Coming)." Cytokine 59.1 (2012): 1-2. Print. Dr. Young explains, in depth, how some applications on the ios platform assist in his biomedical research. The first two apps he reviews are called BioLegendCD and BioLegendIL. These two apps are immunology related and is suitable when one is seeking the most basic information about the CD antigens. They relate to flow cytometry and show links between all their detailed pathways. The next app Young says is very useful is called iPathways. This app lists hundreds of metabolic pathway maps straight off the wall charts every student of biochemistry older than 30 should remember. It also includes other pathways such as WNT and FGF. The last types of apps Dr. Young reviews are apps that are used in scientific meetings. An app called Cytokines 2012 has evolved for over 3 years into a very valuable app for scientific meetings. Over the last 3 years Cytokines 2012 added note taking, RSS/twitter feeds, a scheduler, and pdfs of recent papers of those attending the meetings. Dr. Young has been responsible for creating the content for Cytokines 2012 but has received no financial remuneration for his efforts. The conclusion is that the amount of scientific apps are increasing daily and growing rapidly to encompass every aspect of research.

Young-Seol, Lee. "Activity recognition with android phone using mixture-of-experts co-trained with labeled and unlabeled data." Neurocomputing. 126. (2014): 106-115. This scholarly journal is written about the use of multiple sources to determine a users activity from uncertain and insufficient mobile sensor data. Young-Seol is a professor at Yonsei University in South Korea who is studying the use of smartphones to recognize and adapt applications and processes to the types of activities that the owner of the smartphone participates in the most. Studies have been done before on activity

recognition with the use of gps-coordinates, raw-data mining, and the accelerometer. Young-Seol uses a mixture of all of these along with unlabeled filler data to attempt to better the technology of activity recognition with only the use of a smartphone. The system he uses is called a mixture-of-experts. This means that local experts solve smaller problems with data and use a gating network to combine solutions from separate experts, which all add up to the overall objective of activity recognition. The study was done by first collecting the personal data from the phones, including labeled and unlabeled data, which is then put into three equations to find the averages of the data. These averages then go on to the mixture-of-experts who then determine what the activity was such as walking, running, watching tv, etc. The conclusion was that with unlabeled data, which is cheaper and more readily available then labeled data, was able to be recognized and classified the same as labeled data. This means that usually unimportant unlabeled data can turn into useful data in the future using this mixture-of-experts method. This research was supported by the Industrial Strategic Technology Development Program funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and the ICT R&D Program 2013(Korea).