Goldstein - The Arabic Version of Ptolemy's Planetary Hypotheses

The Arabic Version of Ptolemy's Planetary Hypotheses Author(s): Bernard R.
Goldstein Source: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, Vol. 57, No. 4 (1967), pp. 3-55 Published by: American Philosophical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1006040 . Accessed: 13/04/2014 18:40
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.
American Philosophical Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Transactions of the American Philosophical Society.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 129.82.28.124 on Sun, 13 Apr 2014 18:40:28 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
THE ARABIC VERSION OF PTOLEMY'S PLANETARY HYPOTHESES

BERNARD R. GOLDSTEIN *
CONTENTS
Introduction................................ Summary ................................ Description of the manuscripts .................... Translation .................... Commentary .................... Arabic Text ....................
PAGE
3 4
13
5 5 9
INTRODUCTION
Arabic versionof Books I and II (the latterdid not survivein Greek). Heiberg informs us in his introduction that the translationof the Arabic version was begun by Ludwig Nix, but thathis early death leftit to others (Heegaard and Buhl) to complete his task.5 As it turns out, the two Arabic manuscripts, from which they worked, contain a passage on planetary sizes and distances at the end of Book I, and yet Heiberg's editiongives us no inklingof it. Ironically, the omittedpassage contains what is really of outstanding historical interest:thatthe PtolemaicSystem is indeedthe creationof Ptolemy. Hartner'spaper was the key to thisdiscovery, forit led me to investigate whetherthere were any manuscriptsof this text which had not been used in the preparation of the publishededition.I soon foundthat 0 mentionsa Hebrew manuscriptin Steinschneider Paris of the Planetary Hypotheses. By chance, a microfilm of thatmanuscript was alreadyin mypossession,and to my pleasantsurprise, it contained the section on sizes and distancesat the end of Book I. It seemedodd thatthenew passage belonged in themiddle of the published version,ratherthanat the end as one mighthave expected,but the Arabic manuscripts confirmed the Hebrew version. The aim of thispaper is to present a translation and on the previously commentary unpublished part (which * This research was supported by a NationalScienceFoundaI shall call part 2) of Book I of Ptolemy'sPlanetary tion research grant (GS 821). 1 Following medieval usage, Sun and Moon are included Hypotheses.Moreover,it seemed desirableto include among the planets. theArabictextoftheentire workwithvariantreadings, 2
3
The PtolemaicSystemis the name usuallygiven to in the Middle Ages and the the world picture, current 1 spheres to whichtheplanetary Renaissance, according are nestedto fillexactlythe space betweenthe highest su1blunary and the fixedstars.There is, of element, fire, course,notraceofitin Ptolemy's and until now Almagest it has not been foundin any otherof his works.The earliest textual evidence for this systemhas been a passage in Proclus2 (412-485) in whichthishypothesis is mientionied in an anonymous olnly fashion. In a recent paper,3Willy Hartnerconcludedthatthe Ptolemaic System is in fact due to Ptolemyand appeared in his PlanetaryHypotheses,of whichonly a part survivesin the originalGreek. ProfessorHartner noticedthat several Arabic authorsascribe values for to a work by Ptolemy planetarysizes anid distanices called kitab al-manshfir&t, which, he shows, is the Arabictitle forthePlanetarvHypotheses. The published versionof this treatisedoes not, however, includethis passage, and Hartnerwas leftwith no alternative but thatpartof thetextwas lost. The PlanetaryHvpotheseswas includedby Heiberg in his editionof Ptolemy'sminorastronomical works.4 There one findsan editedGreektext of what Heiberg tookto be all of Book I and a German translation of the
Hvpotyposis,ed. Manitius,p. 220 if. W. Hartner, "Medieval Views on Cosmic Dimensions" MWlangesAlexandre Koyre (Paris, 1964), pp. 254-282. 4 J. L. Heiberg, Claiidii Ptolemaei opera qluae extant oninia, Voiumnen II, opera astronomnica mninora(Leipzig, 1907), pp. 69-145.
because it. too. has never hben niihlidhdl
A oz-nprn1
5 Heiberg, p. ix. The Arabic text is also discussed on pp. xvi and clxxiv. O M. Steinschneider,Die Hebraeischen Uebersetzungen des llittelalters (Berlin, 1893) 2: p. 538.
GOLDSTEIN:
PTOLEMY
ON THE PLANETS
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
of Book I, part 2, is presentedbelow, but passage. For ease of reference summary sections of the texthave on the numerical detailedcomments data are postponed been numbered in the translation, although the Arabic to the commentary whichfollows the translation of this textdoes notdo so. SUMMARY OF BOOK I, PART 2, OF PTOLEMY'S The first part of Book I, publishedby Heiberg,includes a description of modelsforplanetary motion and forthesemodels.7It ends withthe a set of parameters of Saturn'smodel,and this,in effect, is the description end of a major section.The second part of Book I, publishedhere for the firsttime,begins with a short Aristotelian introduction (see Section 1 of the translationbelow) on thenature ofplanetary motion followed of the planetary models. by a generalcharacterization the arrangement of the planetary Section2 concerns spheres,and the place of the Sun in the order of the planets.Ptolemyremarks thatthe parallax of a planet is too smallto be measured, and so its distancecannot be directlycomputed.We are then informed that a transitof the Sun would guaranteethat a planet lay belowthe Sun, but Ptolemy was not aware of any such report.It is further argued that a transitmightpass unnoticed because the greaterpart of the Sun would still be exposed, "for when the Moon eclipsespart of the Sun equal to, or even somewhat greaterthan,the diameterof one of the planets,the eclipse is not pertheorderagreeduponis: Moon, ceptible." Nevertheless, MIercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter,Saturn, Fixed Stars. Two principlesare now invoked (Section 3): (1) the ratioof the relativedistancesof a planetfrom the centerof the earth,producedby its model,is equal to the ratioof the truedistances of the planetfrom the true distanceof a planet is earth, (2) the minimum truedistance oftheplanetjust below equal to maximum nestinsideone another. The it,i.e. theplanetary spheres minimum lunardistances are takenfrom and maximum the Almagestand roundedto 33 and 64 earth radii respectively. From the ratio of Mercury'smaximum distance to its minimumdistance, and likewise for VTenus, Ptolemyfindsthat the maximumdistanceof Venus is equal to 1,079earthradii. Since the minimum solardistance was independently found to be 1,160earth radii, Ptolemynotesthata space would exist between of Venus and the Sun contradicting thespheres thefirst principle mentioned above. But the space would be too smallforthe sphereof Mars, and so he arguesthatthe Sun might be somewhat closerto the earth,for"when we increasethe distanceto the Moon, we are forced to decrease the distanceto the Sun, and vice versa. Thus, if we increasethe distanceto the MIoonslightly, the distanceto the Sun will be somewhatdiminished and it will thencorrespond to the greatestdistanceof PLANETARY HYPOTHESES
Venus." The distancesto the outer planets are then determined under the assumptionthat the minimum distance of Mars is equal to themaximum solardistance (1,260 earthradii). Ptolemystates (Section 4) that the radius of the earthis equal to 2 ;52 myriadstades,and thenconverts the planetary distancesfrom earthradiito stades. Section 5 concernsthe apparentsizes of the planets and includesa remarkof Hipparchusnot preserved in the Almagest.Ptolemystates that,in agreement with Hipparchus,he foundthe apparentdiameter of Venus to be a tenththatof the Sun, when Venus is at mean distance.He thengives the apparentdiameters of the other planets, but does not explicitlyascribe these values to Hipparchus.8 The apparentlunardiameter is given as 1, times the diameterof the Sun when the Moon is at mean distance(48 earthradii). Clearlythis value is based on the modeland not directobservation. From the apparentdiametersof the planets,the true diameter of the Sun, and the planetary distances, Ptolemyderivesthe truediameters and volumesof the planetsin relationto the earth.The celestialbodies in descending order of volume, then, are: Sun, first magnitude stars,Jupiter, Saturn,Mars, Earth, Venus, Moon, and Mercury. Section6 deals withthe arcus visionisof the planets fortheirrisings and settings and agreeswiththevalues whichPtolemy used in thetablesforplanetary visibility in the Handy Tables.9 For acronychalrisingsof an outerplanet (i.e. whentheplanetrisesas the Sun sets), Ptolemy says thatthe arcus visionisis halfof the value statedforits heliacalrising.Neitherthe Almagestnor the Handy Tables deals with acronychalrisings.He further tells us that sometimesMercurywill fail to appear, because the elongationrequired for its appearance may exceed its greatestelongationfromthe Sun,
Bar Hebraeus (Le Liz're de l'ascension de l'espirit,ed. F. Nau [Paris, 1899], pp. 193-195) refers to this passage of Ptolemy but asserts that all of the apparent sizes were determined by Hipparchus. Nau identifiedK. da-nasire, the source mentionedby Bar Hebraeus for the apparent planetary sizes, as the Ce1ttiloquiitm, but Nallino (Al-Battani sive albatenii opus astrotomniculm.[Rome, 19071 2: p. xxvi) correctlypointed out that it is simply the Syriac translationof K. al-Manshiirat,i.e. Ptolemy's Planetary Hypotheses. Mr. Noel Swerdlow, who is engaged in a study of the medieval treatment of planetarysizes and distances, brought these passages to my attention.I wish to thank him for his assistance in preparing this paper. 7 For a comparison of these parameters with those in the 9 Cf. B. L. van der Waerden, "Die handlichen Tafeln des Almagest and other works of Ptolemy, cf. e.g. B. L. van der Ptolmaios," Osiris 13 (1958) : p. 71. In the Handy Tables Waerden, "Klaudios Ptolemaios," in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencvy- Ptolemy does not indicate an arcutsvisionis for firstmagnitude clopddie, 46 (1959). stars on the ecliptic, but in the Planetary Hypotheses he does.
VOL.
57, PT. 4, 1967]
DESCRIPTION OF MANUSCRIPTS
In Section 7 Ptolemy discusses an optical illusion whichaffects the estimation of apparentsizes at great distances. Such optical illusions are also treated in Ptolemy'sOptics,thoughI have not founda passage therecorresponding exactlyto thisone.10 Nevertheless, DESCRIPTION
thispassage in thePlanetaryHypotheses reinforces the argumentsfor the authenticity of Ptolemy's Optics, which is only preservedin a Latin translation of an Arabicversion.
OF THE MANUSCRIPTS
The manuscripts used forthis editionare: BM. BritishMuseum,MS. arab. 426 (Add. 7473), fol. 81b-102b (Heiberg, cod. A). L. Leiden, MS. arab. 1155 (cod. 180 Gol.), fol. 1a- 44a (Heiberg, cod. B). Hebrew. Paris, MS. hebr.1028 (ancienfonds470), fol.
54b-87a.
The BritishMuseummanuscript is dated (A.D. 1242),11 btut contains no information concerning theauthorofthe Arabic text. The copyisttells us, however,that this copy was careftully collatedwithits prototype. The Leiden manuscript is undated,12 but it informs us (fol. la) thatthe redactor of the Arabicversionwas Thlbit b. Qurra (d. 901) who is also knownto have revised several other Arabic translationis of Greek scientific works.'1"The foliosin MS. L are in disorder. The properarrangement of the foliosis: 1 to 21; 25 to 27; 22; 23a; 24b; 28 to 44a. Folios 23band 24a are blank. No figures appear althoughblank spaces were leftfor them.A shortnoteon fol.44a, in the same hand as the restof themainuscript, informs us thatthe length of the + 1/147 days, accordingto sidereal year is about 3651/4 what Ptolemyproves in this treatise.This year length was computedby someone,otherthan Ptolemy,from - M300 days the sum of Ptolemy's tropical year 3651/
and his value forprecession, 10 per century, i.e.

+ 1/147 3651/4
3651/4
1/3o
+ 1 ;0,55%oo
for10 of solar motion takes 1 ;0,53 days. The Hebrew manuscript informs us in the colophon (fol. 87a) that the translator was Kalonymos b. The catalogue entryfor this manuscript Kalonyimios. indicatesthatthe translation (fromArabic) was probably completedin 1317 and that this unique copy is (lated 1342.14 No figtires appear in the manuscript, although space was leftforthem. In the marginof the Arabic text, presentedbelow (pp. 13-55) whichis a facsimile of MS. BM,15 I have indicatedcorresponding foliosin MS. L (e.g. L lb), and corresponding pages in the Heiberg publication (e.g. H 71). The variantreadingsof MS. L are presentedbelow the facsimile of MS. BM. The titleofthistreatise whichappearson L 1ais displayedas the first footnote to BM 81b.
TRANSLATION OF BOOK I, PART 2, OF PTOLMEY'S PLANETARY HYPOTHESES [BM 88a,4] 1. These are the models (hai'a) of the planets in their spheres.As we have said, there are anomalies in the motionsof the (planetary) spheres not foundin the sphereof the fixedstars,forthe latter sphere'smotionis very close to that of the universal motion, whose sphere, of necessity, has a simplenature, unmixedwithanything, and containing no contrarity at
10 Cf. A. Lejeune, L'Optiquce de Claude Ptoleme'e (Louvain, 1956), pp. 124* ff., 74 ff. et passim; A. Lejeune, Euclide et Ptolemee (Louvain, 1948), p. 95 ff. 11 Cf. Catalogius codd. mss. orientalium, qui in Museo Brittannico asser-vantur (London, 1852), p. 205 ff.The catalogue quotes the beginningand end of Book I, as well as of Book II. 12 Cf. P. de Jong and M. J. de Goeje, Catalogus codicum orientaliumBibliothecae Academiae Lugduno-Batavae (Leiden, 1865) 3: p. 80. 13 H. Suter, Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber ind ihre Werke, A bhandlungen zur Geschichte der mathenmatischen WissenchaftenX. Heft (Leipzig, 1900), p. 34ff.
all. The planets,all of which lie below the (prime) mover,move withit fromeast to west,and also move with anothermotion fromwest to east. They move forwardand backward,and to the south and to the north,which are the directionsof local (makdniya) motion. Local motion is the firstof the remaining motionsand thingswhose natureis eternalhave only this kind of motion.The changes and oppositionin quality' and quantity,and the coming-into-being of thingswhichare not eternalare not like the changes apparentto us in the eternal, forthese changesare in the thingitself and its substance. The Sun, in our opinion, has but one anomalyin its
14 Catalogues des manutscrits hebreux et samaritains de la Bibliotheque Impe'riale (Paris, 1866), p. 186. 15 r wish to thank the Trustees of the British Museum for their permission to publish this manuscript. 1 Kaifiva: Hebr. eykh.
GOLDSTEIN:
PTOLEMY
ON THE PLANETS
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
stronger becausethereis nothing in the ecliptic, motion than it to give it anotheranomalyin its motion.The planetshave two kindsof anomaly;the first remaining (fortheSun), to theone we mentioned similar anomaly, depends on the place in the ecliptic,and the other to the Sun. Each of the planets dependson the return has one free motion, the other is determinedof The motionof the planetsin the two direcnecessity. tions (north and south) takes place with respectto boththe sphereof the fixedstars (i.e. the equator) and the sphere of the Sun (i.e. the ecliptic). The first of due to the inclination is simply variety of thismotion the eclipticto the equator. The Moon has two such and the otherdue (motions), the one just mentioned, of its orbitto the ecliptic.The five to the inclination planets have three such (motions), and three is the whichoccur; two of them of variations number greatest and the thirdis due to have alreadybeen mentioned, whichrotateabout the of the deferents, inclination the ('amr) of earth,to the epicycles.The characteristics to thoseof thesespheres(i.e. the epicycles)are similar But spheres(i.e. the deferents). the restof the inclined betweenthe two kindsof one may imaginedifferences spheresbecause (the epicycles) do not go aroundthe earth, for the earth lies outside of them. Moreover, motionon the inclinedspheresbringsabout motionin and southoftheeclipdirections (north thetwoopposite takesplace spheres on theepicyclic tic), whereasmotion to the ecliptic.The inon planes parallel (muwze7zsh) is fixed, likethatof the to deferent of epicycle clination [BM 88b] eclipticto the plane of the equator. of (the eclipticwith) If we imaginethe intersection the meridianal)ove the earthas the apogee, and that thenthehorizonin both undler theearthas theperigee, servesas the mean distance.The inclination dlirectiolis is one and the same and does not change. of theecliptic The motionof this sphere, inclinedto the equator, limitof this takes place about its poles. The northern sphere is called the summersolstice,and it is someanalogousto the apogee (i.e. timeson the intersection in the east, and at the poinlt iiidheavein),somletimes at the point to the west. Similarly,the solmietimes limitis the wintersolstice.The vernalpoint southern is analogous to the ascendingnode; it too may lie in of apogee (i.e. midheaven),or of perigee the direction (i.e. lower midheaven),or to the east, or to the west. The same is true for the autumnal point which is node. In similarfashion, to the descending analogotus of the inclined we may imagineall of the conditions sphere that surroundsthe earth. The sphere of the as similarto thosementioned, Moon has characteristics to the epicycles. do theeccentric sphereswhichincline fromthe first When we wish to turnour atttention to thesecondtype(of inclination), type(of inclination) we need do no more than replace the equator by the In the third and the eclipticby the deferent. ecliptic, whichtakesplace outsidethe earth, typeof inclination, the role of the equatoris takenon by the fixedepicycle
and the role of the eclipticis takenon by the deferent; and the inclination varies in the way I shall describe. We see that the spheressurrounding the earth,on whichmove the Sun, the centersof the epicycles, the Moon, and the planets, return according to their periods. The epicyclesreturnwith the returnof the centersof the epicyclic not withthe return spheres, of the planet that moves on them-this is the condition (h.1) foreach of one of the spheres. 2. The arrangement of the sphereshas been a subject of some doubt up to this time.The sphereof the Moon is certainly the closest sphereto the earth; the sphereof Mercurycloser to the earththan the sphere of Venus; the sphereof Venus closerto the earththan thesphereof Mlars;the sphereof Mars thanthe sphere of Jupiter;the sphere of Jupiterthan the sphere of Saturn; and the sphereof Saturn than the sphereof [BM 89a] the fixedstars. It is clear fromthe course of theplanetsthatthissphereis closerto the earthand that sphere further away, along a straightline from the eye. But with respectto the Sun, thereare three possibilities: eitherall fiveplanetary sphereslie above the sphere of the Sun just as they all lie above the sphereof the Moon; or theyall lie belowthe sphereof the Sun; or some lie above,and some belowthe sphere of the Sun, and we cannotdecide thismatter withcertainty. The distancesof the fiveplanetsare not as easy to determine as those of the two luminaries, for the distances of the two luminaries were determined, mostlv, on thebasis of combinations of eclipses.A similar proof cannot be invoked for the five planets, because no phenomenon allows tIs to fix theirparallax with certainty.Moreover,up to this timewe have not seen an occultation of the Sun (-byany of the planets), and therefore it is possible for one to assert that all five planetary sphereslie above the sphereof the Sun. But the argument so far does not permit one, whose intention is to seek the truth, to draw a conclusion. Firstly, the occultation of a large body (the Sun) by a small one (a planet) maynotbe perceptible on accountof the of the solar body whichwould still be exremainder posed,forwhentheMoon eclipsespartoftheSun equal to, or even somewhat greater than,the diameter of one of the planets,the eclipseis not perceptible. Moreover, such eventscould onlytake place at long intervals, for (an innerplanet) is closestto the Sun (in longitude) whenit is at theapogee and perigeeof its epicycle;but (the planet) is foundin the plane of the eclipticonly twicein everyrevolution on theepicycle, whenit passes fromthe northto the south,and when it passes from the southto the north. When the centerof the epicycle is at one of the nodes, and the planet is also at that node,and theplanetis also at theapogee or perigee(of its epicycle), then the planet may hide (part of the to thosewho reportobservations Sun). According and examinethem a longtime(ntiqddr al-zaman) carefully,
VOL.
57, PT. 4, 1967]
TRANSLATION
pothesisof the Sun, which is in the middle fromall standpoints, the further (the spheremustbe) from the Sun. Thus the sphere of Mercuryis adjacent to the sphereof the Moon, for both the spheresof Mercury [BM 90a] and the Moon are eccentric, and theeccenter moves about the centerof the universe in the direction of the daily rotation, in contrast to the motionof (the centersof) their epicycles; and it followsthat these 3. We began our inquiry intothe arrangement of the centerslie at apogee and perigeetwicein everyrevolusphereswiththe determination, foreach planet,of the tion. The spheresnearestto the air move with many ratio of its least distanceto its greatestdistance.We kindsof motionand resemble the natureof the element then decided to set the sphereof each planet between adjacent to them. The sphere nearest to universal distanceof the spherecloserto motionis the sphere of the fixed stars which moves [BM 89b] the furthest the earth,and the closestdistanceof the spherefurther witha simplemotion, resembling the motionof a firm (fromthe earth). Let us assume thatonlythe spheres (mnathbuit) body whose revolution in itselfis eternally of MIercury and Venus lie below the sphereof the Sun, unchanging. 4 remaining but that the othersdo not. We have explainedin the The distances of thethree planetsmaybe 2 that the least distance of Almagest (K. al-sitaksis) determined withoutdifficulty fromthe nestingof the the Moon is 33 earthradii,and its greatest distance64 spheres,where the least distanceof a sphereis conearth radii, dropping fractions.Moreover, the least sidered equal to the greatestdistance of the sphere distanceof the Sun is 1,160earthradii,and its greatest below it. The ratioof the greatestdistanceof Mars to distance1,260. The ratio of the least distanceof Mer- its least distanceis, again, 7:1. When we set its least cury to its greatestdistanceis equal to about 34:88, distanceequal to the greatestdistanceof the Sun, its and it is clear fromthe assumption that the least dis- greatestdistanceis 8,820 earthradii and its least distanceof Mercury is equal to the greatest distance of the tance 1,260 earthradii. The ratio of the least distance Moon, that the greatestdistanceof Mercuryis equal of Jupiter to its greatestdistanceis equal to the ratio to 166 earth radii, if the least distanceof Mercuryis 23 :37.5 When we set the least distanceof Jupiter equal 64 earthradii. The ratioof the least distanceof Venus to the greatestdistanceof Mars, its greatestdistance to its greatestdistanceis equal to about 16:104. It is is 14,187 earthradii and its least distance8,820 earth clear fromthe assumption thatthe greatestdistanceof radii. Similarly, we set the ratio of the least distanice Alercury is equal to theleast distance of Venus,thatthe of Saturnto its greatest distanice equal to the ratio5 :7, greatest distanceof Venus is 1,079 earthradii,and the and the least distanceof Saturn equal to the greatest least distanceof Venus 166 earthradii. Since the least distalnce of Jtipiter. the greatestdistanceof Therefore, distanceof the Sutnis 1,160 earth radii, as we men- Satturn, which is adjacent to the sphere of the fixed thereis a discrepancy tioned, between the two distances stars, is 19,865 earth radii, anid its least distance is which we cannot account for: but we were led in- 14,187 earthradii. escapablyto the distanices In short, whichwe set down. So much takingthe radiusof the spherical surface of forthe two (planetary) sphereswhichlie closerto the the earthand the water as the unit,the radius of the earththani the others.The remaining spherescannotlie sphericalsurfacewhichsurrounds the air and the fire between the spheresof the Moon and the Sun, foreven is 33,6 the radius of the lunar sphereis 64, the radius the sphereof Mars, whichis the nearestto the earth of Mercury's sphereis 166,the radiusof Venus' sphere of the remaining and whoseratioof greatest spheres, to is 1,079, the radius of the solar sphere is 1,260, the least distance is about 7:1, cannot be accommodated radius of Mars' sphereis 8,820,the radius of Jupiter's betweenthe greatestdistanceof Venus and the least [BM 90b] sphereis 14,187,and the radiusof Saturn's distanceof the Sun. On the otherhand it so happens sphereis 19,865. thatwhenwe increasethedistance to theMoon, we are forcedto decrease the distanceto the Sun, and vice 4. The radiusof thespherical surface oftheearthand versa. Thus, if we increasethe distanceto the Moon wateris twomyriad stades (al-astadhiya)7and halfand the distance to the Sun 3 will be somewhat third slightly, and one partin thirty myriad stades [2 ;52 myriad dimiinished and it will thencorrespond to the greatest stades], for the circumference (of the earth) is 18 distanceof Venus. myriadstades. The argumentwhich forces the above-mentioned The boundary thatseparatesthe fiery and the lunar orderof spheresis not entirely based on the distances, buton thedifferences in their motions as well.The most 4 With L and Hebrew; BM reads: fixed. compelling argument is that the further fromthe hy2
must elapse beforethe return(of the center) of the epicycleand the planet in conjunction(with the Sun) above the earth.With theseconditions, it is clear that one cannot judge with certainty for the two (inner) planets,nor even forthe planetson whichit is agreed that they lie above the sphere of the Sun, i.e. Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.
Hebrew: ha-magisti. 3 With L and Hebrew; BM reads: Moon.
6 With L and Hebrew; BM reads: 63.
5 Hebrew 23 :38. Hebrew: ris.
GOLDSTEIN: PTOLEMY ON THE PLANETS
[TRANS.
AMER.
PlIIL.
SOC.
of94 8 myriad stadesand a half spherelies at a distance and a tenthmyriadstades [94 ;36 myriadstades]. The boundarythat separates the lunar sphere from the sphere of Mercurylies at a distanceof 1839 myriad and one partof thirty (stades) and a thirdand a tenth myriadstades [183;28 myriadstades]. The boundary thatseparates the sphereof Mercury from the sphereof stadesand a half of 475 myriad Venus lies at a distance and a thirdand one part in thirty myriadstades [475; 52 myriadstades]. The boundarythat separatesthe sphereof Venus fromthe sphereof the Sun lies at a distance of 3,093 myriad (stades) and a tenthof a myriad(stades) and one part in thirty myriadstades that separates [3,093;8 myriadstades]. The boundary the solar sphereand the sphereof Mars lies at a distance of 3,612 myriad (stades). The boundarythat separatesthe sphereof Mars and the sphereof Jupiter and 5,284 myriad lies at a distanceof 2 myriad myriad stades. The boundary that separates the sphere of fromthe sphereof Saturn lies at a distanceof Jupiter 4 myriadmyriadand 4,76910 myriadand a thirdand one part of thirty myriad stades [44,769;22 myriad stades11]. The boundarythat separatesthe sphereof Saturnfromthe sphereof the fixedstarslies at a disand 6,946 myriadstadesand tanceof 5 myriad myriad a thirdof a myriadstades. If (the universe is constructed)accordingto our of it, thereis llo space betweeni the greatest description anidleast distances(of adjacent spheres),and the sizes ofthesurfaces thatseparateone spherefrom another do not differ from the amounts we mentioned.This is mostplausible,forit is not conceivable arranigement thattherebe in Nature a vacuum,or any meaningless and useless thing.The distances of the spheresthatwe have mentioned are in agreement withour hypotheses. But ifthere is spaceor emptiness between the (spheres), thenit is clear thatthe distancescannotbe smaller, at ally rate,than thosemenitioned.
5. It is now possibleto determine the diameters of thecelestialbodies in relation to one another. To determinethesesizes,we need the apparent diameters of the planets,the modelsfortheirmotions, and the scale of these models [lit.: bodies], which are given by the aforementioned distances.The procedurewhichallows Us to determine the sizes is described below. Hipparchus said that the apparentdiameterof the Sun is 30 timesas greatas thatof thesmallest star,and thatthe apparentdiameter of Venus, whichappears to be the largeststar,is about a tenththe apparentdiameter of the Sun. The diameters whichare seen do not misrepresent (tughadiru)thevisionof theirtruediamof Mercury eters perceptibly Hipparchus theMoon is 1/4and 1?4; thediameter '27; [?]. In this statement, + 1k2; the diameterof the the diameterof Venus 1/4 8 With L and Hebrew; BM reads: 74. Sun 512; the diameterof Mars 114; the diameterof 9 With L and Hebrew; BM reads: 133. + 1/4o; the diameter 41/3 Jupiter of Saturn 4Y4+ %o; and 10 L
11 This number is corrupt; see commentary.
minimum values forthe (also) said thathe determined sizes of the celestialbodies,and thathe used a common [BM 91a] distancein relation to whichthe earthis a point.Hipparchusdid not makeclear at whichdistance of Venus its diameter takes on the value quoted,but we considerthis amountto be its apparentdiameter at mean distancewherethe planet is usuallyseen, forat apogee and perigeeit is hiddenby the raysof the Sun. We too findthatthe apparentdiameter of Venus is a tenth thatof the Sun, as Hipparchusstated.Moreover, we findthe diameter of Jupiter to be 1/12 the diameter of the Sun; Mercury's1/15 the diameterof the Sun; Saturn's 1/18the diameterof the Sun; and the diameter of Mars, and of firstmagnitudestars, 1/20 the diameter of the Sun. The diameter oftheMoon at mean distance on its sphere, and mean distance of the eccentric sphere,is equal to 11/3 of timesthe diameter the Sun. If all the diameterssubtendedthe same apparent angle at theirmean distances, the ratioof one diameter to anotherwould equal the ratioof theirdistances, because the ratioof the circumferences of circles, as well as of similararcs, one to another, is equal to the ratio of theirradii. In the measurein whichthe diameter of the Sun is 1,210,the diameter of the Moon is 48; the of Mercury115; thediameter diameter of Venus 6221?4; the diameterof Mars 5,040; the diameterof Jupiter 11,504; and the diameter of Saturn 17,026.The diameter of the firstmagnitude stars in this measure,assumingthat their (sphere) is adjacent to the furthest distanceof Saturn,is 19,865,or about 20,000; and the amountis surelynot less than 20,000. But the diameters do not subtendequal angles,forthe diameter of the Moon subtends an angle 11/3 timesthatof the Sun, and the diameters of the planetssubtend angles smaller thanthe-Sunin the ratiosmentioned. It is clear thatin the measurewhere the diameterof the Sun is 1,210, the diameter of the Moon is 64 because it is 11/3 times 48; the diameterof Mercuryis 8 because it is about of 115; the diameter 1/is of Venus is 62 whichis about 'ln of 6221/?; the diameterof Mars is 252 which is [BM 91b] 'Ao of 5,040; the diameterof Jupiteris 959 which is about 1/12 of 11,504; the diameterof Saturn is 946 whichis about Y18of 17,026; the diameters of the firstmagnitudestars is 1,000 which is 1k0 of 20,000,and theyare certainly not smaller. We have alreadyexplainedin the Almagest(K. alsitaksis)'2 thatthe solar diameter is 5? in the measure where the diameterof the earth is 1. This 5?kis to 1,210as 1 partin 220. If we take thisamountwiththe values previously set down,we find thatin themeasure wherethe diameter of the earth is 1, the diameter of
With
and Hebrew; BM reads: 4,999.
12
Hebrew: ha-magisti.
VOL.
57, PT. 4, 1967]
COMMENTARY
the diametersof the fixed stars of firstmagnitudeat In the measurewherethe volumeof the /2o. least 41/2+ the volume earthis 1, the volumeof the Moon is 1/4o; is 149, 683;13 the volumeof Venus is 1/44; the of Mercury volumeof the Sun 166Y3;the volumeof Mars 1A; the '/o; the volumeof Saturn volumeof Jupiter 82Y2+Y?+Y the volume of first magnitude stars at least 791/2; volume, the Sun has the greatest 94Y'+ 'A. Accordingly followedby the fixed stars of firstmagnitude.The the fourthSaturn, the fifth thirdin rank is Jupiter, Mars, the sixth earth,the seventhVenus, the eighth the Moon, and lastlyMercury. We now repeat that,if all the distanceshave been the volumes are also in accord with given correctly, what we have said. If the distancesare greaterthan thenthese sizes are the minimum those we described, [BM 92a] values possible. If their distances are given, Mercury,Venus, and Mars display correctly is equal someparallax.The parallaxof Mars, at perigee, to thatof the Sun at apogee. The parallax of Venus at apogee is close to that of the Sun at perigee. The parallax of Mercuryat perigeeis equal to that of the Moon at apogee, while the parallax of Mercury at apogee is equal to thatof Venus at perigee.The ratio of each of themto the lunarand solar parallax is equal to to the ratioof the distancesthatwe have mentioned the distancesof the Sun and the Moon. ofa starand its disappearance 6. The first appearance the rays of the Sun, takes place when the star unider and the Sun is near or setting, risilng is on the horizon, the horizon. The arcus visionis is measured on the great circle throughthe center of the Sun and the stars whichlie on the orb zenith.For first magnitude of the zodiac,it is about 150; forSaturnabout 13?; for for Venus at morning Jupiter90; for Mars 141/20; and setting rising70, butat evening and evening setting morningrising 50; for Mercury 120. For acronychal risingsof the outerplanets,the Sun mustbe below the earth (i.e. the horizon) by about half the above-
mentioned arc. (Two) different (values) were noted for the solar distance (arcus visionis) of Venus, but not for the other planets. The three outer planets, Saturn,Jupiter, Mars, appearanlddisappearfrom under the raysof the Sun onlly whentheyare near the apogee of theirepicycles. Mercury, however, may appear near bothapogee and perigee, butin either case it disappears and appears near its mean distance. Sometimesthe elongationrequiredfor appearanceis greaterthan its greatest elongation so thaton occasionit failsto appear altogether. Venus disappearsand appears near apogee and perigee,and its magnitude('uzm) at the time of its appearancevaries owingto the difference in its distance (fromtheearth) at thetimesofitsheliacalrisings and settings. 7. Let us now considerthe reason thatour imagination ascribesmagnitudes to thesecelestialbodies which are not in the same ratioas theirdistances.We should recognize that this effectis an optical illusion in [BM 92b] accordancewith (the principles of) optics (ikhtildf al-manazir).We shallexplainthisdiscrepancy in everything which is seen at a great distance.The eye cannotestimate such great distances, and similarly it cannotestimate the difference in the relativesizes of things of diverse magnitudes, for the eye (merely) gathers (the visual rays) which are then interpreted in termsof what is more familiar. Hence, the planets seem closer to us than they truly are, for the eye (naturally) comparesthemto thingsat more familiar as we have explained.The (estimated)magdistances, nitude varies according to the distance, but at a smallerratio (than geometric rules would require) on accountof theweaknessof our visual perception to discernquantity ofeither kind (i.e. distance or magnitude), as we have mentioned. End of Book I of Ptolemy's PlanetaryHypotheses
COMMENTARY ON THE PLANETARY DISTANCES AND SIZES

Distancesin Earth Radii Section3: Planetary In the Almagest (V, 13), Ptolemy states that, in earthradii,the mean distanceto the Moon at syzygy is 59, at quadrature38 ;43, and the epicyclicradius is 5 ;10. Hence the maximumdistance to the Moon is 64;1O earth radii (59 + 5;10), and the minimum distance is 33 ;33 earth radii (38 ;43 - 5 ;1O). Dropping fractions we get the values here: minimum lunar distance,33 earthradii; maximum lunardistance, 64 earth radii.
13
Hebrew: ?9,663-
The solar distanceis givenin the Almagest(V, 15) statedthat as 1,210 earthradii,but it is not explicitly this is the mean distance.Here 1,210earthradii is the mean solar distance,and the minimum and maximum solar distancesare then correctly computedas 1,160 earthradiiand 1,260earthradii,forthesolar eccentricityis 21' partsin 60. Mercurypresents a problem here forthe ratioof its least to greatestdistancecannotbe 34:88, as the text states.With the parameters of the Almagest, the ratio
10
GOLDSTEIN:
PTOLEMY
ON THE PLANETS
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
is 33 ;4 to 91 ;30 as Hartnerhas alreadynoted.' In the Ptolemy changes first partofthePlanetary Hypotheses,2 of his Mercurymodel3 (the radius of the parameters the epicycleis changedfrom22;30 to 22;15, and the radius of the circleon whichthe centerof the deferent 3 to 2 ;30) but theseparameters movesis changedfrom about 34 to stilldo not yieldthe ratio34:88 but rather 90;15 (i.e. 60 + 3 + 2;30 + 2;30 + 22;15). From theratio distance of 64 earth radii, 34:88 and the minimum Ptolemy derives the maximumdistance of Mercury equal to 166 earthradii. states here that the ratio of For Venus, Ptolenmy minimunm distance to maximumdistance is 16 :104. the ratio From the modelforVentisin the Almagest,4
/~~~ D
Nr
R~
should be 15 ;35 to 104;25 and this ratio was then rouinded to 16:104. (Note that both for Mercuryand Venustheratioshave notbeenreduced to lowest terms.) From the ratio of minimum distanceto maximum distance and a minimumdistance of 166 earth radii, Ptolemy computes the maximumdistance of Venus equal to 1,079earthradii. To eliminatethe space betweenthe maximumdistance of Venus and the minimum distanceof the Sun, Ptolemysuggeststhat the lunar distancebe increased slightly.The solar distance was determined in the Almagest (V, 15) from three conditions: (1) the Mfoon at its maximum distanceexactlycoversthe Sun arid theyboth subtendan angle of 0;31,20?; (2) the maximum lunar distanceis 64;10 earthradii; and (3) the ratioof the shadow diameter to the lunardiameter is 2% to 1. As Ptolemyremarks here,the derivation of the solar distanceis quite sensitive to small changesin the lunar distance.Thus, we can computethat for a maximumlunar distanceof 65 earth radii, the mean solar distanceis reducedto 985 earthradii.To demonstrate this, consider figure1, where s (GD) is the radius of the Sun, m (HT) the radius of the Moon, r (MN) theradiusof theearth, and n (RP) theradius of the shadow.The distanceto the shadow is equal to the distanceto the Moon, i.e. (1) TN=NP=d Let a be the angle subtended by the radius of the Sun and the Moon, i.e. angle DNG = angle TNH = a = 0;15,40? (2) Moreoverwe are giventhat (3) where p is the angle subtendedby the radius of the shadow.Thus n _ 25 (4) But
M = d sina (d/2) crd2 a = d x 0;0,16,24
2a=/a
(5)
and x
FIG. 1
2r=ST+RP =SH+m+23 r= 1 or, letting SH= 2 - 34m In triangles MNG, and DGN SH 1 Therefore
1-SH=
(6) (7)
1 Hartner, "Medieval Views on Cosmic Dimensions," p. 267 ff. Hartner argues that the ratio 34 :88 is rounded from the ratio 64:166 (the minimumaind maximum distances in earth radii), and that the maximum distance in earth radii was computed with Almagest parametersfor Mercury's relative minimumand maximum distances but with the erroneous value, 60 e.r., for 166. the minimum distances in earth radii, i.e. 60- (91;3 %3.4) 2 Heiberg, p. 87, 89. 3 For a description of Ptolemy's Mercury model, see 0. Neugebauer, Exact Sciences in Antiquity (Providence, 1957), pp. 200, 207, and Hartner, p. 266 ff. 4 Cf. Hartner, p. 271.
GH GN
DT DN d DN
(9)
DN-DT DN
=
or DN d
l
(10)
VOL.
57, PT. 4, 19671
COMMENTARY
(11)
11
If we let d=65 (instead of 64;10) m=0;17,46 (insteadof 0;17,33) and
radii(insteadof1,210e.r.) (12) DN = 985 earth It is clear thatthe increasein the lunardistanceaffects the solar distance to a much greater extent than it of Venus. thedistance affects For Mars, Ptolemyhere takes the ratio of its maxidistanceto 7:1. Using distanceto its minimum nmum for Mars fromthe Almagestthe ratio the parameters shouldbe 105;30 to 14 ;30 whichis onlyapproximately distanceof Mars equal to the 7 :1. Settingtheminimum distanceof the Sun (1,260 earth radii), he mlaximium the maximumdistance of Mars equal to 8,820 finids earthradii. Note that,if the Sun is drawnin to elimof Venus distance themaximum inatethespace between distanceof the Sun, one should no and the minimum longer take 1,260 earth radii as the maximumsolar distance. Ptolemyhere takes the ratio of miniFor Jupiter, mum distance to maximumdistance equal to 23 :37. Using the parametersof the Almagest,the ratio is 45 ;45 to 74;15, btit here Ptolemy has rounded this ratio to 46:74 and reducedit to 23 :37. Ptolemythen it and finds distanceof Jupiter the maximum computes with equal to 14,187earthradii,but my recomputation the same data yields 14,188.7 earth radii. Since the in Arabic wordsforsevenand nineare easilyconfused the Greek text may have read: 14,189. manuscripts, heretakestheratioofminimum For Saturn,Ptolemy distanceto maximumdistanceequal to 5 :7. Using the the ratiois 50 ;5 to 69 ;55. of the Almagest, parameters Ptolemy then computes the maximum distance of it equal to 19,865earthradii.But 5 of Saturnand finds this amountis 14,189 earthradii,whichseems to confor the maximumdisfirmthe suggestedemendation tanceof Jupiter. Section4: PlanetaryDistances in Stades. of the earth is given here as 18 The circumference myriad stades, the same value found in Ptolemy's takes the earth'sradius (VII, 5).5 Ptolemy Geography equal to 2 ;52 myriad stades, fromwhich it is clear was roundedoff that the amountof the circumference for 9,2:s2 (i.e. froma more preciselycomputedfigure, 3.139) is too low a value for7. theplanetary between The distances to theboundaries spheresare now computedin stades fromthe values stated in earth radii and the value for the previously in the text radius of the earthin stades. The numbers distanceof the Moon, are derivedfromthe minimum distanceof the Moon, 64 33 earthradii; the maximum earthradii; the minimum distanceof Venus, 166 earth
5 Cf. M. R. Cohen and I. E. Drabkin, A Source Book in Greek Science (Cambridge, Mass., 1958), p. 180.
radii; the maximumdistance of Venus 1,079 earth radii; the minimum distanceof Mars 1,260earthradii; and the maximumdistanceof Mars, 8,820 earthradii. The distance to the boundarybetween Jupiterand Saturn presents a difficulty, and I see no way to correctthe corrupt numberin the text. If we take the distancein earthradii as statedin thetext,14,187,this boundarywould lie at a distanceof 40,669;24 myriad stades, whereas if we accept the emendation that the distancein earth radii is 14,189,the boundarywould lie at a distance of 40,675;8 myriad stades.The distance to the boundarybetweenthe spheres Saturn and the fixedstarsagreeswiththemaximum distance of Saturn, 19,865 earthradii. Section 5: RelativeSi-es of thePlanets. The apparent diametersincluded here, which became canonicalvalues in the Middle Ages,6 are given in termsof the solar diameterswhen the planetis at the its mean distance.Table I lists the mean distances, and true volume the true diameter, apparentdiameter, foreach planetas statedin thetext.
TABLE I Mean Apparent to the Sun's True
Distance Diameter Diameter Volume in compared compared compared

Planet Moon Mercury Venus Sun Mars Jupiter Saturn 1. Magn. Earth Radii 48 115 622? 1,210 5,040 11,504 17,026 to the Earth's to the Earth's
Y40
1/19,683 1/44
1/3
'A5
+ 1/24 1/4
7 + 1/20 YA
1 'Ao 'As Mo
142
MO
+ 'Ao 4Y4
43 + Y40
5 1/h
166%
112
+ 1'o 821/4 79'2
+ Y8 94'/6 one-half The meandistances werecomputed bytaking the sum of the maximum and minimumdistances diameter The apparent alreadymentioned. givenforthe Moon indicates thatPtolemy has takenhis lunarmodel as accurately the size as well as the distance measuring of the Moon, i.e. if at maximumlunar distance (64 earthradii) the lunar diameter equals the solar diameter, then at % of that distance,the Moon must appear 4A timesas large as the Sun. The truediameter the of each planetis derivedfrom mean distanceand the apparentdiameteras follows. Let d be the mean distanceof the planet,D the mean of distanceof the Sun, a theapparent angulardiameter the planet,,B the angular diameterof the Sun, k the ratio of the planet's apparentdiameterto that of the of the planet,and S the true Sun, P the truediameter of the Sun. diameter
o20
6 Cf. J. L. E. Dreyer, A History of Astronomyfrom Thales to Kepler (reprinted by Dover Publications, 1953), p. 258.
Stars
20,000
41A +
12 Then, P
GOLDSTEIN: da
PTOLEMY (1)
ON THE PLANETS
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
Almagest(V, 16) as equal to 5? earthradii,and the otherdiameters are computedfromequation (4). For the true diameter of Venus, all of the Hebrew and and in the table Arabic manuscripts give the value entered S- D: (2) (i.e. 0;18). But accordingto my computation 1/4+ %o is (i.e. 0;17) should be the result. This emendation where supported by the volumeof Venus whichwas certainly a a=k computed by cubing0;17. (3) by cubingthe true diamThe volumesare computed Thus eters, and both the diametersand the volumes were as well as in the result.In roundedin the computation p Sdk (4) of the earthis given the the volume Almagest (V, 16) D timesthatof the Moon, whereasthe volumeof as 391/4 The true diameterof the Sun, S, is taken fromthe the Sun is givenas 170 timesthatof the earth.
VOL.
57, PT. 4, 19671
ARABIC TEXT: BM MS. ARAB. 426

BM 81b L lb
13
H 71
S.
AA ist,6 *splA ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~kt
l,
1-0bp;020
10
0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~10 %'tJ9 ',,. p& LAA

*
$'
AY
>>
A \ pj Y i AU ; i;^..A4 -i . .. ;* .. . ........
15
L 2L
H 73
'L ziu
14
Li $o
4vi2ep
20
,.
*A
s1: 5 t ; . Lo L^b ,< Ao:3
45oLJ
LleSss*>t*#?<tb\a*<J
it
...*
i2
L.(4 oJJi
ya
9eA
a&
s L
25
,iJJi.8 AoL.l 1
^jLFuJ)t
1 >*5
yL '~I?IJ~ I j.:i
E~~~
[ Lo L.Abo
? C ,.
L. Jd1.>
';
>
L. alD
Lj
Lza,s[WI,
t.
4 L. L. LwL* 1
'5 t.L0n 1..
'.s LL..~Jly
?.lo
&. gJy$
14
GOLDSTEIN:
PTOLEMY
ON THE PLANETS
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
BM 82a L 2b
6j~~~~~~~~~~~~
&
H 75
s'l*A)Ak 4o UGs1 CAS Lue L4

s~~~~~~L
ASw
LVY>o^"
91^*
S.
.>
J.
1s
t t , \~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6
y'st
4?. W494~i3
I"
lGlu
; 1 20
-PAbJ
~:$v
%4s$A ,L 4 ,4
t,z),Sr +o
>4a41\H~ 4~
L~,o-t
'
j 41
H 77
~-,~
Lw I t.4
SJ Wa;jI~
~~~~~C
L 3b
L. 1,4,L(AI 7 L.
W ?L.J
?.
g
;L.L s L.J>,,t,LJ.iL.o-mts [ 11A,.s,

i
U~ 11 L.
&L.
(
ts
) l L. a~s
23 D
; LL.~Lr
AL.
l L1-L. |
JI(
ii..S
L. L.~ 9 Lj.ad L is 1 2
)1
r iLsert BI nari1v .. WJit~Lv..J
,i [L) UJJI
VOL.
57, PT.
4, 19671
ARABIC TEXT:
BM MS. ARAB. 426 BM82b
15
J;vc\*^wsII
_5ss
s$s44Qw
A~~~~~~~~~~ b9 j~~~~Li
CA>
sJ iDlu;/ig
s,IaL) Jt?\Zs
.)AAs?eo'?
,^
a2U:
J,61J J*
YXr>sw'kA
@ s4Ak &s9
to
A'. I Lcsj
iLa
)zL
4a.
o;sX;S@_@g')cUs~~~I
^~~~~~AO 6 i. V'a
A.,
LA 99sb&^^j+#
Aa :3i
t
, lmlit
H 79
b j5s
s: c3i v
p 1
99 ^'
"f
Wa
X S~~~~~L
L 4a
ASOX\J
>
JOG@
LWB
25
>i4.AI
.(r
n&1:d.v.:rcp;}.AYo483
C>a7 L. owtts C;}?J
...
,L2SI9>D35
L.CLVJyI..Z.o.L?_ISo
Jii+ L. ad4s &U1"nI C

L.s4
13 L.rnt
ii
CI_
13 L.ornits C, 'ALJ s
J
ii 1
EL. [L
ti
L.y[j , ,
L.
JJAaI
() L;4*r
20
J )'
7 L.
) ;
16
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
BM 83a
_~r1h~4t
#.&A
La
r i to-
LA4b
t_~~~~~~~~~~~~~D ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~'

3\09+i v 84. L. 4
t+
a$W4 tasyN9
1cJ3}1
.. L5> s*41
c>etJ
A..;t$at!;^Jz A
X,uri,l>X{ii Al
A:
Qt* ^,L
0
,~~~~T.
Wd.
15 s,9< ,;o \\ <>

.
**9Jfp
L(i
L(r
j .3. (v LI,on)
.kw..1Iu? L. ,~j:,,4e,28 8..1 PixJ H .k%

4..ASJ:,
^ (LT~tMrcLs) t t;? L~. b v4i
(jflWoVdS)
(irz words) i; (iz5 v i L.;
mits
fJ)4)
L.is'?
Jj
o [&,A' iwors) Wii L.1.u~&~ e| i ~ cflt ( # LLJ C,j1 ii
I.. |9J%
(ivt.vds) 4
4P
1}
L.
lb
9
S
25
(jiZ.5li ia..
l
d( LL,.AL (.b>vfLvuot
-p
>
r
7
."
'
1..
*Lt. J >
i5
1...
2s!4S (L*_r~)
4*..20
L.93
(L.n
vo'rdtss) S
11.3
(in woras)
.3
SL .93
(in
Lvords)3 L. U-2-
L 1Si 7
ol>9 .
(n
L. qiq
(i'nwords)
6 L. l A.,_Jf
.X ( i-nkJords)8
3tq,M53)#02t
(i-ndcs)
words)IL,Z
L.lsq 1ILn L6 ,d (i-nwrds)
^,,
.2 ^X7 (inwards) I L. *
VOL.
57, PT.
4, 1967]
ARABIC TEXT:
BM M1S. ARAB. 426

00
17
BM 83b
s Jki;
H-83\
AA.?j
apivgj
s>i
-&
J j3 Aaltj
.19Ai
I4*l;
s j
-3
H83 .i.iia56P9s,
t. . J s %,>-0@kvvsE.Ss >=r4xJi:g
;3
wds
=<p;
41J8sv
\v;
&A)
v
;tt.
15t5 \ . \'}rw 4, ~~~
'
^nb,4s
2~~~10 . ~~L6"
tE
Ay.A
JI
v ;
/4
'3
[ Ais . J fJz
Û/. ;7
b+F.,U IaLt
20
25
X *iI,'/ &.H. .&e;AumA'..\1J.. L.L<LLc~~
|-iS
t,)
vossl
s WP3,,Jf. ;\t jj9
0
L.
3-q L.
18
GOLDSTEIN: * *>;irPs>
PTOLEMIY ON THE PLANETS
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
s
L
BM 84^
H 85
Z1- .
L6b
ja S
bQ,:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,
rA 3~XA~
15
o>*^;)
H 87
-)9 *&A
+\l La;?
20\A8>J
A
t ;
>yq iJCn ; \ 4 tl \ CIU, \ ) \^ 8
A 96
\t S
,>
w>87 L=[,1
[ll;2
.wss[
Loit
E
6j~ij
l lD 0
S9 XAW 1
L.
LasL:L6 da >
. >
L.\44s
L. Zj
W LI [
JJ
6
,
Sa3 L,.?34*
L.aclds
'sa
orztS
,4'Jk)J J.
4. L. .J,io
VOL.
57, PT.
4, 1967]
ARABIC TEXT:
BM MS. ARAB. 426

BM 84b
19
2gtagsoj@868) 4,.<fa~~ A
A9t
p-XISw 41t3
92*et<>9
~~~L7b
'~&,'3J'
a A,
joaUA
.:) LAL;,
>.r
'
H,89
;s.X?M'
j
\~~,2ja.i
15
*0*
~~~20
L8a
,t>K>^.,-W-aS)+;W~~~~~~~A,5O
,4
5\
LIt [LSLW
&t .,
13 J; wiz-
e++i
t9
AL
it
L.0onttS
r4ik.2 17 L.om7its _i
L o'tS o
J<)
20
GOLDSTEIN:
I
6J
PTOLEMY
0
ON THE PLANETS _i
ia
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
*
/mh
BM 851' L J1J
A. l&J
Am-~~
a AcwA, Af
6j+
i-vAoA teoi} ,<\
U,V9
,\,L I.
LW 9L8
H 91
U I39, A
-V
65 u @9A., A$
.
s~~~~L lzs
a,
15~~L1
t_,)l
_
os\
,1ee~~~~~~~~tS'M
1 5 au" pt9
A A9.4 3XTG-t;eL
e
A,j
' >@+a>D\t.t;4?, 25>Jwz Lt 4z,-J&Ku;d
4
A
~~~~~~~20
i;< i;+*?30-M>9};1l26a;9?Ji~~~~.04
_S
L9a1
@ LOSH# -iZ\@S, S.
\^-CZ*b:)-,a
'-
25
t+is L A
% 5LX
4 Ls79
z3L.
2,-LL . oi
~~L).90
VOL.
57, PT. 4, 1967]
ARABIC TEXT:
BM MS. ARAB. 426

-" -O' I a
21 BM 85b
H 93
L;a.k
.6
y.J\
PfflU* _ l9i;totGz\)-v>)@\422t
%-A)L43 Yo\e
A -
- 921a
Ik\
i
A,;
;L^;d;e@-t
-SAie>3
-b
A-~~~~~~2
H
L! s) Au *9XLS-o a>iL.jt;> o.Jv,gbwf

w\
<,/ ' '
A \
*
S\q;
djo g=
t
t 20 25
95)J; H~~)
iD
Jr O.5 L ^ ff
\\A
,ZJ)\_
^_-<
is
H95
g ;\sH C A. ^x.fi9; z*^+17 .j4, Af <4b5\O>9-,Db
\ L. 'l
J_toA\_0,t,@j9J ^~~~~Ir
,>5uJ@&_X8"b,
wov,~~~~LA
trse L5\Xek 4
*zO)b\9 osF *S&J 95
-IA
,tL_*
vi ~~~~17
J~~~~~L
)j
s .mt -8L OY
,Y
22
GOLDSTEIN:
PTOLEMY
l lit@
ON THE PILANETS
G
[TRANS.
AMER. s a,
PHIL.
SOC.
JVI@,^" \>o)r
s\ ; @
BM 86a
"l 9;jvSeo;Sz~~~~ \D9X t6;0%4 .coNS,

A,zJ4;5>5t4|1;iL4
16
5
i?j
)9
b 9Uj-)
I39
L3
SH
9 !J^1xjU
L\,0
H97~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~d
Gb{(1otAJIJ
H 97
>J41;
222
L\k3
yut E
i.9@p' b)98j\A
17
LI
L')S\>,?s\Ls\ 4~~~
~~~~~~~~15
.3Z LA<Q z)Tvos\49;vS=S>X@Aw ~~ ~ ?.J~~JA.I LadcLs~~~~0,L6/1Ioi

LL
izjsv W
>~~~~
vcs\
JstH Lila-
a\\,
Atow9,
\ .O<sSw
. .~~~2
>X_+;2;sbttjKli(s'.~~~A.v
A
4)53y\40jvASSvL^tuatwAJ6AJ$
<lo; a; -i I
z&
>,o
1g,
25
L I la
;3
\ Ju
a", s< 5ZlsL._,, Laxoj 3 L.ownit5 ,J S1... iL NEJ)1#Ll(}L 9~~~~~~~i I -Z,s l[ 1 lL 13 L L
L.L[LSSi
7-8
VOL.
57, PT. 4, 1967]
ARABIC TEXT: 14c
BM MS. ARAB. 426
23
,4
wi
is
'
BM 86b
H 99
04
&tU
I'l&
Y\S
4.UX@X!SSAI
S.Wi
awy<;. H 1015 'uf3Jfr J5\\LJ\*\S iAs

'O*. @z1 3%400 <?,! 2
L.dis...4([
~~~~~v
. ,f,o
UA)4
.LJs
z7
iS
.,.
1 0
9
L20J
5 .$.\dBom
Dl
L. PLL4
r :ja1ii?UU
U LLS
L.Aj c,a
lxSJi
sU4
.
.t~~
A -,_,,;A-k;%s>
j@,;>
20
H;10
oL
yl
fS
aJs
iu;b)m
L >;S>_}I1
L7L
*1[
-Z7L
iz.
..I
24
GOLDSTEIN:
PTOLEMY
ON THE PLANETS
[rRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
4A i.;.
y& ii_Su
v!v( lp
e,s
lSj,j
BM 87a
L12a
4.")X.^ Lt
er
Ai J, ,W,AA, rAIP-4&' 'I
51
~~31I3
>)t tQ , j
?.
lb
Ua)
&A)
Is
1
o,X;,X,Aw
LQ.
1? I:2 15
212
H 103
J>
^,,6.
t J.*
SPA'
)
s.&.
20
daSl*SA^stsM~~~Lf~
1,-mt
EZi- i
C>S, s Lf..
jIj oL IU
IL1b,
,W Li,
&a4s
L.I
7L
1
Q
AA&ua4s~Si
L.1
e
ar
VOL.
57, PT. 4, 1967]
ARABIC TEXT: ,Us?
BM MS. ARAB. 426 BM 87'
25 LI3a
e"I I
H 105
10
,?L1;2Ytel;s
v,JsCsi AAai
1 15
L13",
jL V ,.
tH i # W.
5
04
20
L1 3j.
20
>+op
L..LL.LI
H 107 Loila
\>Z,@b$+X.~~-n
ju ^jX %
?+*vi
9
s
7
L. fl;,lJI
;CL;XJi IS, IV-JA?
>jl;
25 4s2.^;$
L.L
17
L.o-mits
S E j9 L ,J *lg5
. L ,O-mits )LO11...J
is
gxE
7 L. t>5 .S,JI
-5L s' 2q
26
GOLDSTEIN: &>.
END H
PTOLEMY
ON THE PLANETS
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
BM 88a
t
LAa;S
9 96$wtgiL2j4>;1
t9bty
~~~~~~~L14a
Ll4.
OUL .0i L5,L J.W8)>^
.>;
4 L-
1tj
4t. ...
:9
10
W, jxl Lv3 W):tsM+-Oo9

~ -.@A~ LA~ 6Nr
@4S3ta
LbL
b
I
15
&Kjp
~L4JI
\ \ LAL ~4,~aI?LK
.z
L.
20
LwI;)va*bw
AURj9
YLr.iI L L. S
Id
ii p q Lorts, 4\ U jyeJj ESs,\$JI 6?LLffiX
JJDte*!~~~~L
@..LL..JJ [\X4J1u
yjs
@ ItNjI
li
&I
4 L.079its E .47)I
<
L.o ht [ jjJJ lDl ? ,1 3t
Z>1
~~L.
wmits CA E LffS1...
1*L. SJI tjl ipd Cl+;)
ots Lm 0
;Ladus L1 C,>1
XVOL. 57, PT. 4, 1967]
ARABIC TEXT: BM MS. ARAB. 426 ibju tUs uj . tu6Jw

<)\ je-,ij>;\;ji<
27
Wasw
BM 88b
END
j>-\Z;a-;>
L 14b
Us-i
i,1 @\A;d i9>>\Lt>,
d
\J<X5)
LL" 8u1 v4\ X6

a.
~~~~~~~~~~~~5
.v30S
es
j)>U2~)
,
-9*J
: 34
10 I 2
iSa! '
L15b
,5 j &o. . L,, _ .;WI
itSsJ*.
J ,8D\s3Y;MAWOV^D.9v<?\ts$s>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
Q Q\D^tl;s<J$>
' 28o9 *_5),~~~~~~~~~~~N
OK'*D j\
es.j LA U.' *4
L15bJ \_ 5
s.L
.zi;2r
-s tcivtr
i LL
L.4lls LI
Lw &Ld2 2s L.omit-s
aq
28
GOLDSTEIN:
0?4ty
PTOLEMY
ON THE PLANETS
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
-$5
*3t }
t31+\
^ S
~U
BM 89a
u$
'a 2~~~4
1|a;
LOs
+b
% +v
I@2j,
$,.
~lJ\I
00v~~1
5
o
r O Ws;ak+'s aaUS9W^*,oFuS S^J);;! w ., ;j\ 9
~~~~~10
t.owb;
L16
c)4
0
4
', j3bAMA \
LED >9b3,>U4i w4iY4
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2
* \t 15
Sv'skSs)s_
L Z)
LÂ tAk
I .f
io
\I
't
[.
LA)
L.a,
L.out
L~,l
t:tjlbS r ..\t\owg2
L~ H Z91 .....4,*
)H? ,,;&ns4JI,g
201C
L.cfflits y
l 21
l..
L,
J ig
b;.,Z 3
4.J~~~~~~~~~~
- _,1+
5,27
1 14 L. M I L.,zA1J,
-j
o L
;% y1
a
1JI
9
VOL.
57, PT.
4, 19671
ARABIC TEXT:
BM MS.- ARAB. 426
29
89b
~~~
~)~L1~~LL,
IL
'@%
la,
53eW 96)br
Qr Ktu' A'o -
Artl1 6lA
Ll7a> t9Jg5 3* L
4.6f
15
> t'!F.>G.* rv-,9|^ttp i<9

jH \a@ wL\.j
10
L17a,
A_^.>>?
}**<5;LA
>a L..tAL6zDJi C,..o>ii 2.
C!.>1 ~i L.,Jsx iL,
v ii
?..A
C~15 U
_lU4yl\e A :o Lle~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L7
b),j
L.o'nit f.5;
)a
..jaI
be v7
tt
tjg~
LJ*.A2, S
LD
v WW ,Gcz\e ?9Sv
ad)9LtH>ts9'a
L17
n L
.3
Ert L.omits
..._r4w.7
L. 3 518L LLo-mits Ss
2,cL
L;SYI
L.l
.lr
'l
L>o1
.j
30
GOLDSTEIN:
PTOLEMY
e
ON THE
PLANETS
I.
[TRANS.
AMER. BM
PHIIL.
SOC.
*boj@uf;|9KeV
9J
90a
e1se; ><
~~~~.86
Ii
. -; \.x3;
*.'i i
*. \
'.-4C
La2
Y'j
b 1 5 ,i9 ilYl
f t09 1fftv b. )\@S9
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LA
<
JgsL~ L.$pec*ts L.a~~~s:Ct,;5>1
....
t
.)L
X
L
Û 61
Ll/r
> 1
2J0
8i~
\$
1@
~25
L ois
C.7 L.
Col1 ,Il
(#at-;,., ;1,/;1. 5.1.?S'
P- JI 1i,
VOL.
57, PT. 4, 19671
ARABIC TEXT:
BM MS. ARAB. 426
31 BM 90'}
LI 8b
i:t4 ;J
4;4pl)A2_Caj'
A-LACOjUZO-3.r Ij-
1 4*y
\X@ % f
tl.
f-
la
5
5
.~~SC
iS,3:.
,;,Si,>^Ja89
s1-9
o1
lo.a
or,.;5)~J \AJ6,.)
!Y. t9$1 js&i59 ,
L:,A'_JA&joR
..5,1,
. s<i
^s 14 ^d<>'toL>~~~~~e
j66t; 9 ky.-C
jXt<+-gd
&
19
iJ>w
\o b6 jwe t9b%dIS
S
Z
&
1 20
-'
Mg & z9960A-? 3 t2-&>
,CA lj
25
L. 15.
&. ,,
'I L.& J..i. 4
L. iLLtI x L..m.ts E 46
-. ,g ? L. '3_.
L,5u,
L.111
ECfri u$,l,,, L.ictpoaSs
L.) JLiJ
2s L.
32

Cs j <RS, BM9
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
J atofX 1a ; m{S_,, \ u i ^;\
vX vi
1=
>v9J
Li
It
f ;-SÂ,&W7Fl,2 &<r
XwJJ \s- kJ
, L
% c A?.,C4A: VWvu;
Y\
's9'-s
-<
\ >j
\/ AS
J
^ |
L2Oa*@
-' -t5
L.) 9; \J\b
15
_/A -W p<) ot 8b-D^S cq p leoJ
4WI-
&
y^-)1.
fL6s^
; '19.9v
ii>
t>A
J9 e
~~ C,a
...
LJ Asbbv.4'J)SJI
) JA
14 1
^ La)>L
0fa j..Li
i
10b
L..
U1
1~
mt
AwAJ< S*L*
20l,.\~,R,
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
X1p1) g-s j1 391 a>JI VL.,
Ct0,lJbI ol;l
9 to
IY~
L.
;,9
JA A9'L;
aS;5t
t Lmt xj1lL
. 1
d/.;jL
Li iLSL.j
VOL.
57, PT. 4. 1967]
ARABIC TEXT: 6_ e4ouysv8X>.2XastXsa
BM MS. ARAB. 426

t99t
33 BM91b
i:'$dJ>Zg4 \dKo, ,4 t '\ASu aL r' I II Al,,ot LAI v% fk;St> \v^,t
L20'
_)\A ' *
Aa\sas9'Uilya
L ~,
,&5>\s,S,+\S,zv)y)Sy
~~iLitc\a\Xts\tsVL,?;B~~~~~L
t_ _9X 9$ 't\ztS
e\ h
CA)
IOU1
Y j U- lee>X;jiX
eC~*9Ji
li
20 2 5
otK.z<bov1:4,>f.>W\,.,s,.>?,)WtXA'
,li
[1x111L1>),
a, > &tV
i:
1%t
..
2s
ont S Y1 aybyIJ;Jzstvg,
g
911
>..,x17Lons L~~~~~~~~~~omtr
r<
. vJ1 ont
[4 Lomit~~s
34
GOLDSTEIN: a3
PTOLEMTY ON THE PLANETS
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
*3$
';
iw
BM 92a
L21'
.c\ &4vJ ea6'ptL3%5l
of),iy<, :,?|uSltS,
O\XXa<76t^z1425%
2t
v& l'
4r'+e
j s,
5,
15
4v*8,
b 8 t^*G
J\t\
s,8L.ut>l
v v5
0 ~~~~~~%n-,
W l^WJas
<)81>\
;\?St+*,
jEND
L 211}/L25a
20
..~~~~s
tve^stb ASf B.4
' %^ ,JwJ!iv9
\; bs
EN L21,
L
u
a,0, _)U.tA
~ ~~~~L;1 ~ )uu
?s1 V it >V~I 1.~j,

UU
J-
Ii'
3
La
L5
% y Ii I, Lf ;>5)C s *o>2, ,<zs~I lj I 2 Z Lo L3X;Ao9$> LAji +-~~~~~ kjo

4.
2?)
L,A .
>
L25
L.agLswYI .~x
.D)XYu+
L.
,JL,9
-'W tal
1L.
x xIs
tU3.-;aE,
.
1 3 .a-9
VOL.
57, PT. 4, 1967]
ARABIC TEXT:
BM MS. ARAB. 426

s.
of
35
0
#;Wx
o v
'0
>
BM 92b
J;li U4 lUi
,,~i CjiI 7?
L\$.& ~ ~~~~h
? L.. Lt 4 L.,?I
10o
?J
s tj L .wjI L.omL
..
Lf
~
tJ;*t L0
ssct*#s 4
tK
36
GOLDSTEIN:
L
PTOLEMNY ON THE PLANETS

w *""/w /o/^
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
BM93a
L26a
II H
Hill
~,-pd~
****
L~
~1
~LD-
La
46
041
=
I
*~3
;A
H 112
,a
esa
.* $
5;\sj"\:,t^
s o;
U6 88 y9 s lo&
J 17^Jk% .Swu < a.X ; \<

~~~ ~~IL
,t 4U:
tA@ffis
112~~
H
i>$z$;bo849Us
+tz<Nt ?<;}
A@l ><^jf?!% ~ ~
~
A, , S~~~~~~~~~~~~.S
\v
20
LL~I E4
L.. Z9P9
2-39Q
4$<
tiii...
L.3
L..omits
L.L...
i:G L.
L.L14
17
L.J pJr}'
G J ?>!
VOL.
57, PT. 4, 19671

i > -
ARABIC TEXT:
tl'';9ms
BM MS. ARAB. 426

e*
37
, '
44
BM 93b
H 113
_vLt
,
i,
|a
~9\6t>;C19tJlj*
L27a
H 113
O.'
IL
4Z 1F
bb\% 3 1 Si>%X
I.
s
j
66
>
A..A
I)A
15AL27 Ook6"y H 114~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 I* *. *;Jis <,.jnH _

k3. Ij .3 1 .
s.XaW9IU06 Zr V9
J,. lu
F eJjA<eW.
e*sej*H#
tst~~~~~
%W.)
'oo*aIt?-A.,s
I -uly
JeA 11 L-.X;x
b>
13ao\skN\
AL'offoo$6blem.6 1>
.1 ul>4
L27'25
~~ LW'
0o
I *,*-_ L
J Iz L
38 >;^1
GOLDSTEIN:
a
PTOLEMY
ON THE PLANETS IX 91
(TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
*ij$:A%fiffi>@8
%t
:$I
BM 94a
END
>g-v
+\)L
L 27b/ L22a
H 115
p;
jes
LA I
~~~~~~~~~10
, .. ..
* ..4AJt *
~~~~~~~~~~L &$;G)X 1.h0mi

A:;
0
z rj;. ,? AASe
Lu
L22
Vj
H 116 6L,%,U;l&
J{si;t>t Jo t
* Iv\X%X-!LS S4> L 7f )v .2;09| 2t<J

I .Ir.Y41>.
iaS1IT i,^.* J)l,*,-l a !z'i L.&4

I e
25
4i..4: La
IX
L.
J gq L.orr~its s L.LAiz LnJd
L. a4Ls
L.,22 E
+j
VOL.
57, PT. 4, 1967]
ARABIC TEXT:
BM MS. ARAB. 426

k ka
39
BM
94b L23a
.P&$O
v-
wt4tak\^v
0o
H 117
L46)t!>>4;;K9
X5
)~~Ou-
I0
23a/
t>***0.#||;soWs4)i5Lelv~~~~~~~~40 L24iS iLVJ&9~PJaE~A5~#C 4r W I~XUAsAI-
ENDL
15
[.,f.js
H 118
LEa Loa
fr
~~~~~~~~'O
20
.N?
-4i13
iUyh3&
1 25 L28u
L.t. jJI a a Lg L.ad1 p

L 5
z a.
J L j LI...ti
it,
L '.A"
I vfs LcLs;obl
<
15.
L24"
40
GOLDSTEIN: ASbeN9
PTOLEMfY ON THE PLANETS b-tt)BM
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
95a
:i*t\?
@\
Di*V' .;M>GSo'
W&l, H .,
_-)|SarSs
H 119
kLS4 91
4ss
,4
L28be 15
?ptsE~>lso
; 11J>,>,'}# L
Mi
<t
jlii
j~~J
~
t4
ta6))t Ito2
-s
H 120 ,. Ji=.
L4
:>X9$L/
25 .. tf2
996||y-tL98l5b.j
tir9twS?t;QW
L29a
CIA.I LJ iE 19
to 1..L3J L.omis
t)n 1
L. ,I
r ja*
1
it
L
L.. (WI
S L.a4ls M
)Id i&;7JI
is~L.
L.t.,?Ji
Jjz
&, 4 LA
IS L.J
25
y V.Y
21
(j.4i
1S
jIc L.
I zS L.o~s
VOL.
57, PT.
4, 1967]
ARABIC TEXT:
BM MS. ARAB. 426 BM 95b
41
AAotS>@9>%Pl&A>wlos~o..
b\WI
2-
X n>4x%sttttSN
4.3'-s i,L)A,
> btb<Z ig9%,L.>t\,t, I20J
t.AoJJM
1
j\
IS;
9
4
10
o
L29"
' CyAJJA4, ?AL; ,44L4.,
H 121
$4&J 14
15
,"r
bs 'l
diui9
AP
I20
uP6SW
Jl
Lk
s$
25
05 L30. 'JZJ
L.
L>
L.Jlai
LCAL
CJJ(
, L. L 1
.1,,J1
LYI
42
GOLDSTEIN: \$~~3
PTOLENIY
ON THE PLANETS
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
Aj >>s';cf, Pr.t#,tj
~J U
.
#0.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
Gas) J+ BM 9& ;iW
&
H 122
\v
.1
Ljt
b 6'i
A A'Is
V
uS\
a}8J&9s
Q!>
06~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
)>~~~ IW=
0t\tS
|>WZ3:
Q}
L3Ob
wSAR'po
\\.); &JA
.k&&v \S&SC!&-A&A
to rS se>R4k8
H 123
1f S;Jlbt@
-9
R<S)ISAJUX
&$J-
20
4?J' &J)6 s"t
t isL.
Li.
jI L. L.orni t ts
on
L
u-i L.
.
.t
,Sa
9
..
L. 9.1
A L.
t
C L4A
,
. LO
[
.4
J
eo. L s L. o-nitsI
n-
iSr
LS? l L. J
J,
JL E "L
L. .Cts o iS L sr".ts
1 7ni Lt. EJJI L.o
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~17
VOL.
57, PT.
4, 1967]
ARABIC TEXT:
BM MS. ARAB. 426
43
0-Th
r>jig#,i<f~~
I,r" lv
BM 96b
L3la
&~~~~LJ
5@t*4:
H 124
LIZ Mffj2
2
J
>'t.
$zz.
iA--
> t soXv4\
teX;"w aA
u-l-
bL
.^1-1
A
0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
JA?/~&AJaA _
I/ t:z'
15
t *
L31b
2J
* 6
06J *; 6;lv
20
I .4 56%z
r Ull ;l l
LU4,iV 7.~
n j L.wU
z LoitsL~L~i
1L~
'X^@C 27
.L
L 0MEts
44
GOLDSTEIN:
PTOLEMY
ON THE PLANETS
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
BM 97a H 125
L;
.&
*.
or866l AI
Ii
L32a
1-1AYi 6, 11I ejUI X s:tu ;>s4#Q~A. }}
mmoj.8t
L-4 1, ,LJWO
9 cJA$;I
L
,; >-p
LiA9z^94Sa$I
_4 I8ffi%^\J>454b ~L32b
%-A
>
I15 L33a
&zX;e~L
H 126
},
ir
6L lt9 ;UASosE
,, a-ko" @ ,,~\j>lz;20
3
H 127
l,l ;
.I3XJ.1JbW ":),41S%A S,,AwJo3AbL
-^
>
s25
1,
,
L33b
[_{P am9
tL.
1 t
0-,ALJ
1s L aU
LI
L> i @S
iz
ag
LL1
Wo
U;'.
r [JtJ
13L
?. ;
L. Li,
L
1i ;, L.onits L
o-L
1 S
,.0 .J io L. aJUL
J)LJ 20 L. 22
L.~ds
~~~t.
JYJiJI dLLiL 3a,Ui

r 6L. zHlI
21
L.2
L.
~,
iz.
VOL.
57, PT. 4, 1967]
ARABIC TEXT:
BM MS. ARAB. 426

I
45 BM 97b
-J
2!A.1 1**z.
J
lo
&
g 4~~~~~9J4wv?
~10 ~~~~~ z~~~~,

At$
* 4a'f-.''i' .>988 t3v
~~~~~~~~L34.4
~~~~~L53
H 128
?.7J,J'o
L?; by- s Lz><^ L.o?k L.JT > ti)|>4&sJW? t@8 ;!;e?a$Sj L; -L 10 &22III .zJo s,<is@b)\b\ \aKs sJ>Ows~~~~po
4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3'
~~~~~~L34a,
XlFol
LL@^wn -iJ
1p.k
I Lf
LA-th. plac-,s
46
GOLDSTEIN:
PTOLEMY
ON THE PLANETS
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
BM 98a
H 129
tJ444tj5
8;!
*)b
W
I,i?e4
*0
5
.tL.
Wimp
L35a
c) 1>>TY&W
:@8 '}sX'<i'& H130~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
.sis A, J&OThLtS d
4t @D\'3Ll @:w.!wAirj
~ ~
pil
15
to~ aE1.*...Jj4IIiz uG6!adz<<
~ ~~~~2 L.o3 LZT?io I-&X8ALa Y
L35
H 130
,;;>ij
T t
*r@3
84
S3>-S9|>9Sa
.6e3s~~~~~A
1.LAmatS
~~~~~~~20
Jvs9<8J9t4:)
, e..)83. ;t&,S>8,.,9
L35b
_tA
L.
.,p 3
;7}
13
L.L2Ee
s L.o-mt
2
L5?L t; L _,Io . .JM

1 >1 + o L.omits[
14
VOL.
57, PT.
4, 1967]
ARABIC TEXT:
BM MS. ARAB. 426
47
hI-J JL*1t.ij,Li.AsJz,$A&a1
BM 98b
.4
H 131
AA
~~~~~
oss~~~~~~, t.tAAA ~L36a !t;-&oj ~~~A 4k~~~~~~~~' to
H__ 131
JC s\{@^;t;@
C%t
yAJ l 4.A0
i
j>3id
wS
,15
L36b
_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
07"I;X-r
As^.1n
4:)
I
-ilb;t;>t:s1sH}25
"
.S;
L.T3L-qjjj ajj
L.
jLi~, j
io
L3
48 H 132
GOLDSTEIN: PTOLEMY ON THE PLANETS 0,,
[TRANS.
ANIER.
PHIL.
SOC.
BM 99a
\ bAs
ela;
la
'as
L37a
&J~~~~~~~~~~
.. Co5)E,s
~~~~~J
Noas &s
;:$f
H 133
i.'k
J+v kSZ>
A.
IJ"
15
Xto
20
9\;
37a<,,
EN
'
E';*a!JS>M9s
*S'D X'
~~~~~25
L37b
i:s~ ii L.owntts L. .; \wNJ
t5 s
s Lit
L.omitsLL
sJ 1sL J +,s ,L,lb Is, _9

-.
22
VOL.
57, PT. 4, 1967]
ARABIC TEXT:
BM MS. ARAB. 426
49 BM9P L38a
4mi
LA 1.9
60
'
- t.vi!>?'o'?'$s wsoj a 94v s apr)tot@@~~~~~~~~~~~~~a lvElas%"lY

H 135~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
L.J7
L1 L. oL
Feo,~s.6
tpLL
a15
iSz-z%L;L ~~~~~~~~15
L38b
it<8tN9X;tX
H 136
L39aJ
Nt;W-zs-W9\s
a-
;3+5za9-?-
~~~20
4t3 H136
J w
@'v.reo
-0.
s '88*~~~~~~~
)to
25
a3
* s
. L , L o7mits E; i, L t., L. o t) ?L. Zo ?,L crnits -52I..9 t_y,L L. , 3 L.4 uL as fo L. E f3 J..

_.. YW
2 \1
L ju1
J L.c
leiA1S
,g, 1
17-
23,
L. t L.3 15A l)4e+ S MAfiL.P7
zo
17 lX, L.) x6
L.W15 L. !:{,o1 ::1[g,10,ls oitsC,1
50
8 _4
GOLDSTEIN:
PTOLENMY ON THE PLANETS
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
Xt>be
A.8\s.!jiw
BM IOOa
aLj
10vSA^JuStiS@
Jj
|du'ow
137L Hi>P)t^*E2b?.b
'
' a;
.vw|>tu
10
aS
@,.tr4Ai%3j&4 |'END
L39'
* ,@s tt,J , OS4AIf ..~~~~. LH,O 1 37Lo
H137.>s,H
e 4.A @&$,_ bSW'uz|wl L. j \ i .* 4U
S\ofi
ttsly-
L. Li U4 w L.:d y.Ji
/,
lj3qbu
ZI.
L t
&L
3L
25 .d
20
L..~~~~~ 6.~SJ
END
L 39h,
II L-
J1 L. o LTn ts
...g
s7 L.Qlds 4 [ , L. k1E W ,, L. > 11 L io Loyntt
cLJ ~~~L
Lq S;
L.adds t (!b,mz L.J
L.a
V'OL. 57, PT. 4, 1967]
ARABIC TEXT:
BM MS. ARAB. 426
51
b;v.!>oU&&
Iw!>4. *.
90
X-
H 138
5w,tpt.j<wSo,>,9J<!>;4
A:;X ;XCk AA
Uz l$\Ll;^ ,x10l
- WH .cLY?>OJ
w>15 9
0 Lt
\@\rg>\i
* jW=J k.
L408
20
_>o9
H 139 5Jc1sA4
J X@. >%9\
U. {1;5JXPo
J &.0
DJA-4
L.
Lz.
L>J
o L i L. , xo i
s-
L iJwI W j,
zs
L. ZII
L.
....
Jw I "-zo L. qo
z L.adls T
Ej>
ji,
17
22
52
GOLDSTEIN:
PTOLEMY
ON THE PLANETS
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
$>;>
@b
i9~~
5 7 8\> 6 4
1@
BM 101"
s
H 140
,~~~L6
IEijZs|kil
\
I8viS^g
sI5
L4Ob
$a
EJr>\s.@\y
" %$'KA
10
_4, J\Jt5w61,;)fits,4a
JW0~<;;iz ib
U:L4w?j 6
US I L.;,
15
Crt^#Cssl;ti5w
.a2co
ILl*ti
i_tx*
2|
4 wl
20
L4 1a
H 141
L%
BteA .t. ' , .

[
Lact J
[
A4IP ' ~AU i

L.3 a
L[
?, 8I
25
,S
Ljd LcJ
aCt,9
L
L
Ji <$oI 3-s-V[Js
,..jJ MIJ
a3
L.O FYUt 3
[ i
I
L,,
LJs >
7
a3 L . JL
2 [J aL. dd.s
L WlUI
L.omits
VOL.
57, PT. 4, 1967]
ARABIC TEXT: BM MS. ARAB. 426

4
53
BM101',
.,
Lo VS,
k~~~~~l
.;b,, t;
lA\as
l CoLh:4
a
Li~~L2
gwl
7J
A*X, v )
ib
g
vi 9 6
@~j>v9>
~.
,,lbUZ=A 4, ?%
UL412
~~~~~~~~
ufl9
U2o 9,,>.&lt
, b
20. bt
-$ \ouiAPr9;i55< s5.5st;>i.9ies$aiv---e~A
I,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
~~-AJ
lo
bâty J *u
L4211
~~~15
H 142
L!&>:,
-Al j,l '
a$'ts>9iL
'
fte 's Tnts
20
iZX<>-î)i51S}tkJz>oA
tet;a * t\ouL@o W)l .
Li2
u8w?1:44 L9l
2
., ,1U L.
as L-ornLt L.ois sL. 1a a>, E W I L. -j S1p1 L.adls >L"j. L6'i7 +
L.,
>
o,[v17L.os[.,l L.als
L)6 I Lp .3
L.adds s L ozttt Y
54
GOLDSTEIN:
PTOLEMY t^ Igg
ON THE PLANETS juX .0,
[TRANS.
AMER.
PHIL.
SOC.
4 *..w,: ,r
2bijU
H 143
xW
17
4 4i-
BM 102a
Wo-s&t\;.S<4
-1 oXieN Ut s)
ot0X
%;;@paltLSi _,C4\s->As
_9U;a1
10
@ 4s.LiA &os itA,6'#3
%95d | L>9zSL43a
d W;^P^
'.*ia LI j-**tA, '66
15
GUPA,9JA~AkoC4S
AL*
.4A
.'j:L' ;593
I,;I
l ,
Lp : A%.J U.
40
IaAv 5|; 20 (;bkLiI,_) *.l#* .@1 tc .lAw

';038vIP j
v
ILAAzJi L. 1aimt
H 144
L. i31fi
>
a'
J
L. J
La.
11
11
)L
17
25 L43L
[491~~~2f,>Is L4jo~
L. LIJ
JLI ;,
is
L.a ds L,.o
iil
E L.-L,or;,
w a4k
,1lls ,<6L ,JI z vi 1,1 -?SL
L. [ I i0Y
.>l
l Z add L L. &d
lH E JlL-YI L.aSdSs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C-
LLL.;s
I -L L-
Id < LJL I
-VOL.
57, PT.
4, 1967]
ARABIC TEXT:
4>jC
BM MS. ARAB. 426

$t s * I i Oo BM 102b
55
- r<,
i.
2,\
\;
W.g>,g;
P9
A J4
LC
Ie)upJ.t;.j.'ips,X* io,.Ap
LIL~~~~~~ iLJ,JI E4L 4,-J

At L9.*
44 [;AU L ->j _2r.LA
r n
Lt ,
4;
a4ws~~~~%
u9.o.})W\vo
\laiS89K)
20
E,LO c9J
.- @ IE.0 1eIt
Ed
CIS X...

Goldstein - The Arabic Version of Ptolemy&#39;s Planetary Hypotheses

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Goldstein - The Arabic Version of Ptolemy&#39;s Planetary Hypotheses

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Arabic Version of Ptolemy's Planetary Hypotheses Author(s): Bernard R.

THE ARABIC VERSION OF PTOLEMY'S PLANETARY HYPOTHESES

because it. too. has never hben niihlidhdl

57, PT. 4, 1967]

and his value forprecession, 10 per century, i.e.

57, PT. 4, 1967]

Hebrew: ha-magisti. 3 With L and Hebrew; BM reads: Moon.

6 With L and Hebrew; BM reads: 63.

5 Hebrew 23 :38. Hebrew: ris.

GOLDSTEIN: PTOLEMY ON THE PLANETS

and Hebrew; BM reads: 4,999.

57, PT. 4, 1967]

COMMENTARY ON THE PLANETARY DISTANCES AND SIZES

57, PT. 4, 19671

If we let d=65 (instead of 64;10) m=0;17,46 (insteadof 0;17,33) and

Distance Diameter Diameter Volume in compared compared compared

+ 1'o 821/4 79'2

57, PT. 4, 19671

ARABIC TEXT: BM MS. ARAB. 426

AA ist,6 *splA ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~kt

0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~10 %'tJ9 ',,. p& LAA

s1: 5 t ; . Lo L^b ,< Ao:3

'5 t.L0n 1..

s'l*A)Ak 4o UGs1 CAS Lue L4

;L.L s L.J>,,t,LJ.iL.o-mts [ 11A,.s,

r iLsert BI nari1v .. WJit~Lv..J

BM MS. ARAB. 426 BM82b

C>a7 L. owtts C;}?J

Jii+ L. ad4s &U1"nI C

GOLDSTEIN: PTOLEMY ON THE PLANETS

t_~~~~~~~~~~~~~D ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~'

15 s,9< ,;o \\ <>

.kw..1Iu? L. ,~j:,,4e,28 8..1 PixJ H .k%

^ (LT~tMrcLs) t t;? L~. b v4i

(irz words) i; (iz5 v i L.;

o [&,A' iwors) Wii L.1.u~&~ e| i ~ cflt ( # LLJ C,j1 ii

L.lsq 1ILn L6 ,d (i-nwrds)

BM M1S. ARAB. 426

15t5 \ . \'}rw 4, ~~~

X *iI,'/ &.H. .&e;AumA'..\1J.. L.L<LLc~~

s WP3,,Jf. ;\t jj9

PTOLEMIY ON THE PLANETS

>yq iJCn ; \ 4 tl \ CIU, \ ) \^ 8

BM MS. ARAB. 426

i-vAoA teoi} ,<\

' >@+a>D\t.t;4?, 25>Jwz Lt 4z,-J&Ku;d

57, PT. 4, 1967]

BM MS. ARAB. 426

L! s) Au *9XLS-o a>iL.jt;> o.Jv,gbwf

g ;\sH C A. ^x.fi9; z*^+17 .j4, Af <4b5\O>9-,Db

*zO)b\9 osF *S&J 95

"l 9;jvSeo;Sz~~~~ \D9X t6;0%4 .coNS,

.3Z LA<Q z)Tvos\49;vS=S>X@Aw ~~ ~ ?.J~~JA.I LadcLs~~~~0,L6/1Ioi

a", s< 5ZlsL._,, Laxoj 3 L.ownit5 ,J S1... iL NEJ)1#Ll(}L 9~~~~~~~i I -Z,s l[ 1 lL 13 L L

57, PT. 4, 1967]

ARABIC TEXT: 14c

BM MS. ARAB. 426

awy<;. H 1015 'uf3Jfr J5\\LJ\*\S iAs

Ai J, ,W,AA, rAIP-4&' 'I

57, PT. 4, 1967]

ARABIC TEXT: ,Us?

BM MS. ARAB. 426 BM 87'

;CL;XJi IS, IV-JA?

OUL .0i L5,L J.W8)>^

Goldstein - The Arabic Version of Ptolemy's Planetary Hypotheses

Goldstein - The Arabic Version of Ptolemy's Planetary Hypotheses

t_~~~~~~~~~D ~ ~~~~~~~'

zO)b\9 osF S&J 95

.3Z LA<Q z)Tvos\49;vS=S>X@Aw ~~ ~ ?.JJA.I LadcLs~~0,L6/1Ioi

15AL27 Ook6"y H 114~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 I* . ;Jis <,.jnH _

~10 ~ z,

oss~~~~~~, t.tAAA ~L36a !t;-&oj ~A 4k~~~~~~' to