The Hall Effect

As preformed by Brian DAngelo and Jesse Martin Written by Jesse Martin In this report, the Hall effect is erified! It is demonstrated that this effect is linear "ith regards to the c#rrent and the magnetic field applied to the Hall s#bstance! The magnetic field of a solenoid is meas#red! The Hall effect "as disco ered in $%&' by the physicist "hose name it no" bears( Ed"in Hall! Hall disco ered this galanomagnetic effect as a grad#ate st#dent at John Hop)ins *ni ersity! As a +slab, of some s#bstance has a c#rrent passed thro#gh it and is sim#ltaneo#sly e-posed to a magnetic field, a oltage "ill b#ild #p across the sides parallel to the c#rrent flo"! .ig $
V FE = qE = q H w

132

#ntil the t"o forces e4#ali0e! Here, w is the "idth of the slab, or the separation of the charges, and VH is the Hall oltage that is meas#red across the slab! 5nce the t"o forces e4#ali0e, "e get
qvB = q VH ! w

162

7#rrent e4#als
I = qnvA

182 "here A is the area of the side of the slab! Hence,

A = wt ,

A slab of material in a magnetic field with an applied current. The mo ing charges "ill feel a /orent0 force as they pass thro#gh the magnetic field! This force is gi en by
FB = qv B !

192 By pl#gging 192 into 182, and #sing 182 in 162, "e find
VH = RH IB ! t

1$2

1:2 RH is )no"n as the Hall coefficient and has #nits m6;co#l, I is the c#rrent being passed thro#gh the s#bstance, and t is the thic)ness of the slab$! Before data co#ld be ta)en, the Hall probe had to be calibrated, and the

This "ill separate opposite charges to opposite edges, and it is this separation that "ill prod#ce the oltage! .rom the oltage, a force in opposition to the /orent0 force "ill b#ild! This force "ill beha e th#sly,

$! E-periment hando#t for Hall effect, <hysics :$:, The 5hio =tate *ni ersity

nat#re of the Hall effect erified! A commercial ga#ss meter "as #sed to determine the magnetic field prod#ced by a ariable field magnet! This magnet "as then #sed to calibrate the Hall probe by charting the effects of arying c#rrent or magnetic field! .ig 3
V(1.25 kG)

Variable current
0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

Variable B field
0.12

-0.02 -100

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.1
Current * 1.25 kG

0.08 V(300.5 mA)

Voltage vs. variable current times magnetic field. As can be seen from fig#re 3 and 6, the data e-hibits a linear region at lo" c#rrents and lo" magnetic fields, and then c#r es off at increasing c#rrent and magnetic fields! It seems that the Hall coefficient changes as I and B reach a certain threshold! The Hall coefficient "as determined by ta)ing the data from >#st the linear region and, "hen di ided by the thic)ness of the sample, "as determined to be ?!???$&? @ ?!?????& m3;co#l! 5nce the probe "as calibrated, the magnetic field of a solenoid "as meas#red! T"o solenoids "ere placed end to end to form one long solenoid "ith a length of 6$!? @ ?!9 cm! The probe "as placed in bet"een the t"o solenoids, and the field "as meas#red! .rom the field, the n#mber of loops that made #p the solenoid "as estimated to be $?98 @ &% by #sing the form#la for the magnetic field inside an ideal solenoid! The tr#e n#mber of loops "as co#nted to be $?'?! As can be seen, the calc#lated n#mber is consistent "ithin #ncertainty!

0.06

0.04

0.02

0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

B* 300.5 mA

Voltage vs. variable magnetic field times current. .ig 6

$! E-periment hando#t for Hall effect, <hysics :$:, The 5hio =tate *ni ersity

.inally, data "as ta)en o#tside of the solenoid along the a-is! This "as done "ith the Hall probe and a commercial ga#ss meter, different from the one #sed to calibrate the Hall probe! The e-pected magnetic field of the solenoid "as also calc#lated #sing

d+ ? I! 3 B= 3 3 3 d+ +R 3

3 3 3 d +R 3 d

1&2 for a nonAideal solenoid! .ig 8

B (Hall Pr !e) B ("au## meter) B (e$%e&te')

Data B2 Bm Bc
60

50

40 B (Hall Pr !e)

30

20

10

0 -0.01

approaches a magnetic field of $? B! It has been s#ggested that it is not an ideal Hall probe and that it may ha e some inherent systematic error! The de ice "as ne er chec)ed for a magnetic field of 0ero d#ring calibration as the ariable field magnet did not go to 0ero, so it is possible that as long as a c#rrent is flo"ing thro#gh it, e en if it is not e-posed to a magnetic field, some Hall oltage "ill be meas#red, res#lting in a pse#doAmagnetic field! The earths magnetic field may ha e some contrib#tion, b#t it "o#ld only be on the scale of 8 Ba#ss! Ho"e er, "hen "e decrease the c#r e by 8 Ba#ss, it does appear that it is consistent "ith the e-pected c#r e "ithin errors! Another systematic error "o#ld be "hether or not the Hall probe "as centered on the a-is and "hether or not it tra eled perfectly along the a-is! This "o#ld ca#se a shift in the magnetic field that "o#ld help e-plain the shift in the graph! If the probe did not tra el perfectly alone the a-is, then it "o#ld not be as far from the solenoid as meas#red! It "o#ld be offset by some angle theta, "hich "o#ld decrease the distance and increase the field meas#rement! This "o#ld not be a h#ge offset, b#t in this region e en a small offset "ill prod#ce a large difference! If "e consider the c#r e prod#ced by the ga#ss probe, "e can ass#me the same a-ial mo ement diffic#lties! 5ther than the inherent #ncertainty of the ga#ss meter, there is nothing else to consider for this c#r e, as the Earths magnetic field "as ta)en into consideration "hen calibrating the meter! The finally c#r e is the e-pected c#r e! The primary #ncertainties are systematic in nat#re! They are #ncertainty in length

0.01

0.02 $

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

B field as measured b" the Hall probe and gauss meter with the e#pected field. As can be seen, all the graphs ha e the same general shape! The offset s#ggests that there is some systematic error in ol ed! /ets consider each c#r e one at a time! .irst, the c#r e generated by the Hall probe! It seems to be le eling off as it

$! E-periment hando#t for Hall effect, <hysics :$:, The 5hio =tate *ni ersity

of the solenoid, and in the radi#s, as the radi#s had some thic)ness to it, and the e4#ation #sed ass#med perfectly thin "alls! In concl#sion, the Hall effect "as erified! As long as the magnetic field and the c#rrent stayed belo" some threshold, there "as a linear relationship bet"een the oltage meas#red, and the c#rrent and B field applied! The characteristics of the magnetic field prod#ced by a nonAideal solenoid "ere also meas#red! The magnetic field "as fo#nd to fall off 4#adraticly in accordance "ith theory and the n#mber of t#rns in the solenoid "as predicted "ith in errors!

$! E-periment hando#t for Hall effect, <hysics :$:, The 5hio =tate *ni ersity