1248. 'lA, pc. of verbal constructions [noun + 'lA = analytical verb] ( sx. of denom. verbs) > U '-lV, sx.

; U '-lV, sx. of denom.

verbs: Lp N {N} (together with the passive sx. -uvva-): salIa-luvva- v. 'harden' ( salIa 'hard') | Er yimcn - cIsc-la-
v. 'bathe' 'cool onself' ( cIsc 'cool') | Chr L nycmrinamyust+-'la-s 'to bathe' ( {Lw.} 'have a cold shower-bath')
nycmroc yusto n. 'cold' | ? Es {W} arg-lc-ma 'to become shy \ fearful' ( arg 'shy, fearful') | Z {W} srIslInI 'to get old'
( srIs 'old'), Z US gstral- vt. 'marry so. to' ( gstIr 'wife') || Vg N aom-l- 'be sick' ( aom 'illness'); Os V lool- v.
'angle (fish)' ( lo n. 'fishing-rod'); possibly also the Vg Ss sx. -l for the result of an action: Vg Ss {ChCh} yaItil 'Schnitt,
pa:pc:' ( yaIt- 'cut'), osal 'Wasserri im Flu, npopna, npoxon (na pcic) (a place that was "washed through" in a river)'
( os-'wash') ? Sm: Ne T xnpnnc- mirilc- 'ask an excessive price' ( xnp' mir? 'price'), Ng {Hl.} (in IS II) Iams-ls-
'smear with blood' Iam 'blood', Slq Tz {Hl.} at-al- 'smell (sth.)' atI n. 'smell' Lh. PUAS 161-4, Gy. WBU 4O, Coll.
CG 272-3, N LL I 325, ERV 776-7, MRS 158, W EDW 39, W SDW 252, Ter. 255-7, ChCh 55, IS II 14-6 ll A: T
'-la- / '-la-, sx. of denom. verbs: OT bas-la- 'begin' ( bas 'head'), Yk -la- / -lia- / -luo- / -luo-, Chv -la- (Chv L
us-la- 'begin', cp. us 'head') M '-la- / -lc-, verbal denom. sx.: WrM darqa-la- v. 'forge', Dg dar_a-la- id., cp. WrM
darqan 'blacksmith' IS suppose that here Dg preserved the pM length of vowels Pp. IM 75, Pp. PLVM 13 (on pM long
vowels) Tg '-la-/-lc-, sx. of denom. verbs > Ewk, Lm -la- / -ls-, Nn, Ul -la- / -ls-, WrMc -la- / -lc-, e.g. Lm mu-ls- 'carry
water' ( mu 'water'), mo-la- 'bring firewood' ( mo 'wood' Bz. 116, Vas. 766 Rm. VMT 8O-2, Rm. VAJ 173-4, Pp.
PLVM 9 ll ? HS: traces of the denom. verbal sx. '-l- may be discerned in S: S 'rbl v. (> Ar rbl v. G 'multiply; have many
children, flocks') presumably S 'rabb- 'numerous, big' (> BHb br2 rab / -Br2 rabb- id., etc.), S 'sl v. (> Ar %
o?l v. G 'be lean, thin, little') presumably derived from a S adj. 'sa'ay- underlying the Ar [Qam.] {Fr.} pf. %a
oa?a 'tenue habuit corpus' E O3C 136 (with a different semantic interpretation if the derivational pattern), Fr. III 1, Hv. 239
^ IS II 14-6 (U, A).
1249. 'lA analytical (> synthetical) marker of collectivity (or '?ElA, dem. prn. of collectivity N '?clV 'clan, tribe'?
[q.v.]) > K '-l-, -'al- > pSv '-al- (> Sv: UB -al-, LB -al-, Ls -al-, Ln -al-), verbal sx. for plurality of objects: Sv Ln
li-risd-al-i 'to baptize many', pSv -al (> Sv UB -al), sx. of pl. in nouns: Sv UB dinal- 'girls' ( dina 'girl'), mcs_al
'black' pl. ( sg. mcs_c), maral 'homines' ( marc 'person') [Top. SJ 81 mentions dialectal variants marcl and marol
'homines'], pSv 'la--a [pl. of some nouns of kinship: UB la-__v-a 'wives' ( sg. _c_v 'wife'), la-_vb-a 'brothers' ( sg.
mu-_vbc 'brother')], pSv '-al- and '-icl-, pl. markers in pp.: lo-mar-al-c 'parati, prepared' [pl.]. A Zan cognate of the Sv
-l-plural may be discerned in the presuffix -l- in some Lz and Mg nouns (preceding the regular pl. suffix -cc: Mg Iua-l-cc, Lz
Iva-l-cc 'stones'). As to the most productive Sv pl. ending '-ar/'-al (with the allomorph '-al after the stem with '-r-), it
does not necessarily belong here (because its main and primary allomorph is '-ar). It is possible that the reflex of the N pc. 'lA
is represented in the Sv verbal marker of 1p incl. subiecti l(o)--d (Sv UP l-i-mar-i-d 'we [incl.] prepare ourselves', l-a-r-id 'we
[incl.] exist', lo-gcm-d 'we [incl.] stand it' Test. SJ, Top. SJ 81, 84, Top. SE 238, Dt. 66-8, GP US 22, 61-88, Zhgh. ChMP 171,
Q O26-O27 ll HS: EC '-Vl-, '-jy,Vl-, formative of pl. > Sml Db -ycl- (miq 'house' - pl. min-ycl-I, bIllavI 'knife' - pl.
bIllavi-ycl-I), Sml N -yal- (abbo 'father' - pl. abba-yal, vadno 'heart' - pl. vadna-yal, billavc 'knife' - billavc-yal,
garvan-lc 'hunter' - pl. garvan-lc-yal, scIo 'tale' - pl. scIi-yal, pl. of pl. and mass pl.: nag 'woman' - nag-o 'women' -
naga-yal 'groups of women, women in mass'), Sml B -yal (furo 'slave' - pl. furo-yal, abcso 'snake' - pl. abcso-yal), Sml
Dgl -yal (cl 'well' - pl. cl-yal, habas 'Negro' - pl. habas-yal), Sml J -yal (gu 'year' - pl. guvc-yal), Bn -(i)yali (abi
'sibling' - pl. abi-yali, siddah 'father-in-law' - pl. sidda-yali, sirir 'bed' - pl. sirir-yali), Rn -l- (luh 'leg' - pl. luh-lo) Bs -cl,
-ol, -al, -allo, -olc (vorab 'he-goat' - pl. vorab-cl, cacav 'scorpion' - pl. cacav-ol, lcf 'bone' - pl. lcf-al, sul 'nail,
claw' - pl. sulallo, garsa 'old man' - pl. garsolc), Or -olc, -oli, -oli, -cli, -lc (muca 'child' - pl. mucoli - muccli,
moti 'king' - pl. motolc - motolc, abbi 'calf' - abbilc), Gdl -ala, -alla (dilI-at 'elbow' - pl. dilI-alla, c?a 'young goat'
- pl. c?-alla), Sd -ullc, -olc, -ollc, -allo (danca 'good' - pl. dancullc, IaIIo 'child' - pl. IaIIullc, hayy-icca 'sorcerer'
- hayyolc, mot-icca 'lord, master' - pl. mot-ollc, labba 'male' - labballo) || ? Ag: Km -la ({Ap.} x"sra 'child' - pl. x"sr-la),
{CR} -li (bor 'lake' - pl. bor-li, tarara 'hill' - pl. tararo-li) || Bj {R} b-a'li-n 'those' nom. m. ( sg. b-c-n), b-a'li-b 'those' acc.
m. (sg. b-c-b), b-a'li-t 'those' nom./acc. f. ( sg. b-c-t) Zab. MNT 68-72, 93-4, 99-1OO, 141-2, 168, 237-8, 261, 297, PG
214, Ap. K 323, R BedS III 32 S: WS '?il(l)ay 'these' [ N '?clV 'clan, tribe' ( 'all', prn. of plurality), q.v. ffd., sequences
'?ic lA and '?u lA (with the deictic particles'?i (or '?'c) and '?u, q.v.)] ll A {Pp.} '-l, sx. of pl. > Tg '-l, pl. ending (pTg
'uri-l children > Nn uril, Sln uril) > Neg -l, Ewk -l, Nn (unproductive, fossilized after nouns) -l in nsgi-l 'young sisters'; in
most lgs. '-l coexists with (or has been replaced by) a compound pl. ending '-s'al > Nn -sal, Ul -sali, Sln -sul / -ul,
Neg/Ewk/Lm -sal; with prtcs. the ending '-l is the main pl. marker in Ewk, Lm, Sln, Ul and Nn and one of the pl. markers in Sln
Ci. 254-5, Bz. 75-8 M '-l, rare pl. ending, suriving in MM [S] dabaal, {Lew.} dabaya-l 'mountain passes' ( sg. {Lew.}
dabaya, {Pp.} dabaan), possibly MM Iimul 'finger-nails' ( sg. Iimu-sun), as well as in HlM 6aiauyyn {Pp.} bagacul,
Brt bagasul 'children' ( sg. HlM 6aiauyy( bagacud), where '-l is added to the derivational sx. {Pp.} '-cu (cp. qara-cu
'ordinary man' [lit. 'a black one'], boro-cu 'uneducated person' [lit. 'a gray one']) Pp. IM 177, Lew. I 123, Chr. 74, Sin. UAP
216-7 Hardly here ( IS II 14) T 'iIi-la (Cl. 'cIIi-la) 'twice', because this is a shortened var. of the gerund form
'cIIi-layu (or 'iIilayu) from the verb 'cIIi-la- ('iIIi-la-) 'to do for the second time' [ 'cIIi ('iIi-) 'two' with a
denom. verbal sx. '-la/'la- ( Cl. xiv, 1O8)] Not here the T plural ending '-lar / '-lar, which belongs to N
'larvV 'together, many' [q.v.] ll D '-l, pl. ending > Tm B/W iccayal 'flies' (sg. iccay), Tu tarc-lu 'heads', ani-lu 'nails',
OTl/Tl {An.} somandaIom-ul 'subordinated persons', Tl ato-lu 'songs', Krg Iclcsi-lu 'barbers', Klm Iayc-l 'fishes', Ii-l
'hands', Gdb Ii-l id., Prj Icyu-l id., cnu-l 'elephants'; this ending appears within the compound pl. sx. '-(n)IVl(u) (> ClTm
an`-Ial 'men, males', Kn marm-gul 'trees', etc.) An. SG 178-8O, Zv. CDM 12-3 ll ? U '-lla, sx. of n. coll. > FU: Chr
{Wc.} -la (sx. of collectivity, used also as pl. marker): Ioz'la 'pine-forest', {MRS} 'fir-forest' ( Ioz 'pine' or 'fir'), Iorno-la
'roads' ( Iorno 'road'), Chr Ur |oz-'la 'roots' ( |oz 'root'), ? MkMr {Ahl.} -na-l, sx. of n. coll.: sali-nal 'elm-forest,
Iuz-nal 'pine-forest' ( sali 'elm', Iuz 'pine'); on the other hand, forms like Chr Iozla may be understood as substantivized
adjectives ({MRS} Ioz-la 'of fir-trees, cnonin') Slq Tm/Ke {Hl.} -la, marker of plural: loga-la 'foxes' Lh. PUAS 15O-1,
Wc. TNB 16, Ahl. MM 56, MRS 2O5, 7O, Cs. GSG 1O9, 141 ^ IS II 14-5 [#246] ('-l'a, sx. of n. coll.), Sin. UAP 214-6
(U, A), Gr. I 117-8 ("collective L" in U, A, CK).
125O. 'lA locative pc. > HS: S 'la 'to, towards' > BHb -l1 la- (before a stressed syll.: Me3l1 la-'hcm 'to them', a&bl1
la-'bo 'to come') / -l5 li- (li- < 'la-o-) / -l6 lo- (generalized allomorph, originally before an unstressed syll.), Ph l-, Pun l-,
[GkSc.] o-, [LSc., Pn.] LA- - LI-, Ug l-, (AkSc) li-, OA l-, IA l-, (GkSc) o-, JA -l6 lo- / -l5 li-, Sr lo- / la-, Ar li-, Sb, Mn -l l-,
Gz la-, Ak la-; the variant li- (in Ar, Ug, ? Pun) is on the analogy of the preposition (> px.) 'bi 'in' KB 482-4, HJ 549-58, A
#1422, Dk. JDPA 262, Hnr. 142, Deg. 61-2, Br. SG 82, BGMR 81, L G 3O3, Sd. 52O C '-ljV, > Ag '-l {AD} locative-
directive case marker ({Ap.} dir. case ending) > Bln {R} -l, -li dir., Xm {Ap.} -l loc., Q {R} -li 'in, on, at, from', Km {Ap.}
-ol(i) loc. || EC: Sa {R} -l loc.-dir. 'in, to' (ba'lo-l 'ins Land, im Lande'), Af {R, Clz.} -l 'in' (bu'la-l 'in the village'), 'to \
towards (so.)' (rc'dantu-l 'zum Huptling', yo-l 'zu mir'), {Hw.} -l 'at, in, on' (vo bado-l 'in that country') Ap. ANH 8, Ap.
K 327, Ap. Kh I 258-6O, R BilS 68O-1, R Q 11O-1, R S II 24O, R A II 873, Clz. 74-5, PH 289, TB LA 514 Hardly here
( Tk. I 141) Eg r 'to, towards' (EG II 386-8, Vc. 37), because it is a reduced variant of ir and because its r did not represent [l]
(on the ev. of DEg r and most Cpt dialects) [cf. N '?il'a 'place to stay'] ll K: Lz -lc, morpheme of direction in adverbs of place:
tudc-lc 'down (nach unten)', ga-lc 'nach auen', mc-lc 'to the other side'; Mg -la-, morpheme of direction within compound pxs.:
a-la- 'hinab-, herab-', c-la- 'hinauf-, herauf', ga-la- 'far away (hinweg-)' || IS II 25 adduced here Sv -la '(a person) from' [with
nomina loci]: adisi-la 'a person from dishi', but it is semantically nearer to the N adjectivizer 'lV [q.v.] Marr 38, Q O118-
O12O, Dirr E 126 ll U: FU '-lA 'on', 'in': BF '-la / '-la sx. ('the place in \ on'): F taIa-la 'the place behind' (cp. taIa- 'hind' [in
cds.], taIa-n 'behind'), scta-la 'uncles home, chez loncle' ( scta 'uncle'), ctcla 'south' ( 'place in front of'); BF '-l-, the
initial element of the compound endings of the exteriour local cases (denoting a position or a movement relating to the surface or
the next environment of sth.) > F, Es -l- id.: BF '-l-na / 'l-na adessive 'on, at' (> F -lla / -lla, Es -l), BF '-l-ta / 'l-ta abl. 'from
(the surface of)' (F -lta / -lta, Es -lt), BF '-lcn allative (dat.-dir.) 'to (the surface or the environment of)' (> Ing -lcn - -llcn, Krl
A -lc, F -llc, -llcn, Es -lc) | Lp N {N, It.} -l, locative sx. in adverbs: vuollc-l 'farther down' ( vuollc n. 'down'), lullc-l 'farther
south' ( lullc n. 'south'), -l-d abl. 'from' in vuollc-l-d 'from down', lulc-l-d 'from the south', S {Hs.} -lic, locative sx. in dem.
pronominal adverbs: daalic 'here, now', dallic - dillic 'then', duolic 'there (dort, da drben, sieh dort)', duvlic '(sieh) dort in der
Ferne' | Er, Mk -l- in adverbs: Er nicnc iIclc 'in front, before', Mk nnionc iqgola 'in front' ({Lh.:} cp. Mk {Ps.} iqIsa
'wegen, fr'), Er xcnnc mcylc, Mk xcnc 'mcla 'later, after that', Er nacono vasolo 'far away' ( naco vasov 'far') | Chr:
L iyc(innoc 'Iuo+-l-no, B {Wc.} 'Iuoi-l-no adv. 'near, in the vicinity', 'Iuoi-l-Io 'to the vicinity' (cp. L
iyc(iioc 'Iuo+-Io id., B {Wc.} Iuoi-n 'with') (Chr -l- belongs here unless it goes back to the N adjectivizing 'lV
[q.v.]), possibly also in the ending of dat.-dir. ({Kov.} dat.): Chr L -nan -lan, Chr H -nan, {Wc.} -lan / -lan, Chr U {Wc.}
-'lan / -'lan, as well as in that of abl.: Chr H {Wc.} -'lcc, Chr U {Wc.} -'lcc | Vt -l- in adverbs: a: no az-lo, {Wc.} az-la 'at
the beginning, before', a: nanc azlanc, a: nan azlan 'forward' ( a: az 'front, front side'), iy: na Iuza-la, {Wc.}
Iu'zala 'lengthwise' ( iy: Iuz 'long'), Z UV/Sk {SZ} bsr-lan 'backwards', Z U {Wc.} bsr-'la, bsr-'lan 'again' ( Z 6ocp
bsr 'hind part'), in Prm {LG} 'Ivo-la ({LG} 'Ivola) 'hut' > Z Iola 'hunters and fishers small house without windows,
Waldhtte', Vt Ivala 'hut [tabernacle] used in summer as a dining-room') as well as possibly in Vt/Z {Wc.} case endings:
adessive Vt -lcn, Z -lsn, -lcn, allative Vt/Z -lI, abl. Z -lIs, Vt -lIs, -lcs, approximative Vt/Z -lan || Vg N -l, -lc in adverbs:
cla-l 'forward' ( cla 'far away'), mula-l 'towards the front corner of the house' ( mula 'to the front corner'), Iona-l
'outside' [direction], 'from the house' ( Iona 'outside, out of doors'), nalval 'towards the body of water', alal 'upstream',
yolal 'down' [direction], noqxal 'up' [direction], {BV, Rmb.} yuv-lc 'back [direction], home, into the house' (cp. yuv- pv.
'back, home'), {Rmb.} tI-lc 'in this direction' ( tI 'here'), tuv-lc 'in that direction'; Os Kz yo_-li 'home' [direction], in a
compound ending with the abl. -t-: Os E ta-l-ta 'from there' | OHg {Srb. & IS) -lan / -lcn, a locative sx. in adverbs Coll. CG
291-2, Lh. PUAS 149-5O, Laan. 165-7, N 57O-1, 81O-2, It. LC 55, 181, Hs. 16O, ERV 111, 2O6, 372, PI 92, 162, Wc. TNB 13-
5, MRS 256, Kov. LV 226-7, Kov. G 243, Wc. TT-2 113-5, U3S 22-4, 226-7, Fu. GA 135-5O, LG 114, U 198-2O2, SZ 18, 26,
Sz. MNyH 73-5, Srb. PGS 42, Srb. IMPJ 47-53, Galkin IG I 53-4, BV 148, Rmb. 188, 192 ll A: [1] Tg '-la/'-lc, loc. sx.
[ '?il'a 'place to stay' ( 'to stand'?)] > Ewk, Sln, Neg -la / -ls, Lm, Orc -la / -ls(:), Ud, Ul, Nn -la / -ls id. (Ewk, Sln, Neg
mo-la 'in\on a tree', Lm, Orc, Ud, Ul, Nn mo-la id., Ewk, Lm, Neg, Orc mindu-ls, Sln mindtls, d, Nn minduls, Ul mindtls
'in me'), WrMc -lo / -lc, loc. sx. in adverbs: {Hrl.} dolo 'dedans', dclc 'en haut', tulc 'dehors' Ci. 256-67, Bz. 84, Hrl. 66-7 l A
[2] 'la- 'on this side, near' (< the N locative marker 'lA + deictic pc.) > M 'naya > Kl D {Rm.} na 'diesseits'; -: (a) loc.:
WrM nagana, HlM, Brt naana 'on thi side, nearer', Ord nana 'de ce ct-ci'; (b) 'naya-du 'situated on this side' > WrM nagadu,
HlM naa(, Brt naa(a, Ord nad_u, Kl {Rm.} nad
a
, Ord nad_x`i, Kl naa(i nadI+ id.; (c) 'naya-gur 'on this side' > WrO
{Krg.} nayuur, Brt naaiyyp id., nayar 'hither, to this side', Ord nagur 'through this side (par ce ct-ci)', Kl naapan,
{Rm.} naran - narn id., d : WrM nagagurda-, HlM naapyyp(a- 'be on this side'; (d) Kl {Rm.} nayas 'von dieser Seite ab';
(e) Ord nasi 'vers ce ct-ci, vers ici', Dg {Mr.} na-si ' toward here, hither'; (f) Ord nat`a 'de ce ct-ci, en dea' MED
556-7, Krg. 2O5-6, KRS 364-5, KW 272-3, Mr. D 194, Ms. O 479-8O, 483-5 ? AmTg 'laIa(-) adv. 'near' > Orc laIi id., Ork
laqa - la_a - laqqa - la_s id., adj. 'nearest'; 'laq adv. 'near' > Orc, Ul, Ork, Nn laq, Ud laq " laq-laq STM I 488, 492
DQA #1175 [A 'la- 'on this side, near'; incl. M, Tg 'laIa-, 'laq] ll ?? D (in SD) '-ul, loc. sx. > OTm, Ml -ul, Kt -l, OKn -ul /
-ol, Tu -olu ( D 'ul n. 'house, inside' < N '?uhjV,lV 'hut', q.v. ffd.) Hardly here SD '-ilE, loc. sx. (> OTm, Ml -il, Irl
-li - -ili, Td -, OKn, LKn -alli, Kdg -lI, -alli, ?? Tl -lo), because D 'l is not cognate with FU 'l; it is more plausible that SD
'-ilE goes back to the noun 'iljV, 'house, place' > OTm il '[this] place' (D #494, An. SG 219) and belongs together with S '?ilay
'towards' < N '?il'a 'place to stay' [q.v.] Subb. 156, Cald. 3O4, 319, Zv. CDM 28-3O, 32, An. SG 219-2O, D #698 ^ IS II 25-
6.
1251. 'lV pc. with diminutive meaning (> formant of diminutives) > K '-Vl-, diminutive sx. > G P mam-il-a 'daddy', in
other G dialects vocative mam-il-o 'daddy!', together with the dim. sx. '-iI-: G R nav-iI-al-a dim. 'fir-tree', vir-iI-cl-a dim.
'donkey', Sv UB -ol-: din-ol- (dim. of din 'girl') Vogt ACS 1O4, Chinch. XT 82-4, Kob. 161, GP US 96 ll IE: NaIE '-clV-,
sf. of diminutives, e.g. 'orI-cl- '(young) pig' ( 'orIo- 'swine') > L orculus, OHG farhili(n), NHG PfcrIcl, Lt
arsclis id.; OI vrsa'lah, dim. of 'vrsa 'man, male'; Gt barnilo ntr. 'little child' barn 'child'; Lt galvclc', dim. of
galva 'head' BD II/1: 364-7 ll U: FU '-lV, diminutive sx. > Vt S {W} goal 'small pit' ( VT ion go 'pit'), Z
iocp(ocn gsrdsv, gsrdsl 'reddish' ( iocp( gsrd 'red'), Z cmdol 'a little dark' ( ncxi( cmId 'dark') | F iso-la-ma
'a bit larger' ( iso-ma 'larger'), itc-la-ma 'a bit longer' ( itc-ma 'longer') || Os Kz {Rus.} -lc id.: sovor-lc (dim.
of monip sovor 'hare'), qusar-lc (dim. of qusar 'chipmunk'), Os D {Tv.} ta'g_ilo 'small piece\crumble' ( ta'I 'piece,
crumble'); Vg {Sz. ?} tarom-lo 'Gttlein' tarom 'god' [but MK, WVD VII, Ahl. WW, BV, ChCh., Rmb. and all other
available sources of Vg do not mention this dim.]; Sz. 88 also adduces Vg Iatla " Iatla 'Hndchen', but both Munkcsi (MK
2O2) and Kannisto (WVD VII 164) interpret the word as 'Vorderbein, Vordertatze (des Bren)', so that the original diminutive
meaning of the Vg sx. remains qu. | Hg {Sz.} han|al - han|al 'ant' ( Hg hangya id.) Sz. 88, Coll. CG 259, Lh.
PUAS 145-52, Rus. SXJ 164, TmK 171, Silv. 138, W EDW 399 ^ hm. (IE-U).
1252. 'lcj?V, (or 'lcj?V,?) 'being, having', analytical adjectivizer ( formative of adjectives
and quality-bearing nouns) > K: [1] GZ '-l-, '-il-, sx. of deverbal adjectives > OG, G -il-, Mg -il- - -ir-, sx. of participles: G
ccr-il- 'written', Mg ta_il- 'broken', ulir- 'gone (who has gone away)', K 'Ib-il- 'tooth' ( prtc. 'biting', cp. GZ 'Ib-in- v.
'bite') > OG, G Ibil-, Mg Isbir- - Iibir-, Lz Iibi(r)- - Iibr- - Iirn- - cirb- id., GZ 'svil- 'child' ( 'born' 'sv- 'give
birth') > OG, G svil-, Lz sIir- - sIir- 'son, child', Mg o_ora-sIil-i - o_ora-sIir-i 'brother-in-law, sister-in-law' (lit. 'houses
child', cp. o_or-i 'house'); [2] GZ 'm-...-cl-, circumfix of nomina agentis: OG m-t_ov-cl-i 'one who asks (bittend)',
m-targmn-cl-i 'who translates, translater', ma-scncb-cl-i 'who builds', mc-tqv-cl-i 'saying (sagend)', Mg ma-car-al-, prtc.
prs. 'the writing one, writer', ma-vil-ar-i 'murderer', ma-gura-al-i 'teacher'; [3] Sv -la '(a person) from' [with names of villages,
places]: adisi-la 'a person from dishi, ein discher', mastia-la 'ein Mstier, a person from Msti' K 1O1, 1O6-7, 214-7,
Chik. 21-3, Fn. GAS 76-7, Q O94, 295, Dirr E 126 ll IE '-l-, sx. of adjectives: L -il- id. (hum-il-is adj. 'on the ground' ( humus
'ground, earth, soil'), L -il- id. (scn-il-is 'of an old man, senile'), L -lo-, sx. of nomina agentis: lcgulus 'fruit-gatherer' lcg-o v.
'gather' || OHG -l, sx. of nom. agentis: trcgil 'carrier' tragan 'to carry' || Sl m. '-l+ / f. '-la / ntr. '-lo, sx. of past participles:
'bI-l+ 'who was', 'ncs-l+ 'who carried', etc. || Tc A -l, Tc B -lyc, sx. of deverbal adjs. || OI csa'lah 'artificially formed,
decorated, beautiful' < NaIE {Eul.} 'oi_IVlo- 'verziert' NaIE 'ci_I- 'hew out, carve' [> OI prs. im''s-ati id., etc.]);
bahu'lah 'thick, dense, wide, bundant, cp. OI ba'huh 'much, abundant, great, large' || Gk toikio) 'many-coloured' ( OI
csa'lah < NaIE 'ci_I- 'hew out, carve'); to_uo) 'thickish' [cp. to_u) 'thick, stout'] ( OI bahu'lah, i.e. NaIE
'b"ag"u-lo-); the meaning of to_uo) apparently suggests that it was originally a diminutive (i.e. belongs to 'lV diminutive
[q.v.]), but the OI parallel rules it out AnIE: Ht atta-la-, HrLw tata-li- 'fathers, patrius', {Mer.} 'vterlich', Lw ulant-alliya-
'mortal' ( ulanti 'death'), Ld manc-li-s 'Maness' ( Mancs) Brg. KVG 328, Eul. 118-9, M K II 267-8, 342, 424-5, Kron.
EHS I 171-4, 214, 232, Ivn. OPA 49-5O, Mer. HHG 126 ll U 'llc- ({It.} 'lc-, {UEW} 'lc-) 'be, become' > Es lcc- 'become', F
lic-: 3s licncc 'may, perhaps is' | Lp: N l-, l-, lIIc- 'be' (copula), 'exist, occur', S {Hs.} lca-, lc-, ? L lichIc-, lahIc-
id., K {Gn.} lca-, la-, lic-, lc-, li-, lc'-, lc- 'be, become' | Chr L liya- (inf. nn mli'y-as), H lia- (inf. nnam'li-as) 'be, become',
Uf lia- id. | Prm 'lo- ({LG} 'lo-) 'be, become' > OPrm lo-, Z lo-, Vt lu- id., Yz lu- 'become, occur' || Hg lc-, lc-, lo-, lo|-
'be, become', Hg lct 'being, existence' pY {IN} 'lo- 'be' > Y K/T lo- 'be; be (there is)', li- 'have' (-i- is a sx. of vt.) It. #217,
Hs. 141-2, Coll. 32, UEW 243-4, MF 4O2-3, Gn. 1315, MRS 288, 291-2, LG 161, IN 232, Krn. JJ 274, 282, Rd. UJ 47 [#7O] (Y
A U) U adjectivizing '-l- (or -l-?) 'that of X, having X': FU: F vctcla 'watery, wet, fluid' ( vctc- 'water'), Krl {Gn.}
vcdcla, Krl A {Gn.} vcdcl 'watery', Es vcdcl 'liquid, fluid, thin [of a liquid]' | Chr L xapna mar-'la adj. 'a Cheremis' (cp.
ma'riy 'Cheremis') | Prm {LG} 'yumVl 'sweet' ( 'yum 'dough made of rye-malt') > Vt xan yumal 'sweet, unleavened', Z
xon yumov, yumal id., 'not sour' || Os '-l- > Os {Coll.} sarnoq-qur-yital ort 'a hero with golden insteps [yit 'instep']
(Coll. does not indicate the dialect of Os, which is crucial for the et. of the sx.), Os: V/Vy {Trj.} viqIali, Ty {Trj.} viqIli
'hook' ({Lh.} 'Haken zum Aufhngen') Os: V/Vy {Trj.} viqta, Ty {Trj.} viqIta 'to hook, be caught on
( :a(cr , :ancnnr c) )', cp. Os V qiqclta vi. 'to hook, hang ( :a(cr , nonncnyr )'; Lh. PUAS 159-6O quotes some other Os
words with the sx. '-l- Sm: Ng {Cs.} qamta-la 'horned' ( qamta 'horn'), Slq Tz -la gerund (deverbal adverb, like Fr
cn ...-ant): surIlla ilcntaI 'by hunting I shall live', ontalIla laqIala 'being happy, he cried out' Cs. 44, KHG 256 ?
Y: l-suffixes of deverbal nouns, e.g. [1] Y T -ol/-uol, sx. of nomina resultati: Y T idilvcy-Iiyol 'what Idilwey gave, given bu
Idilwey', mct-yanascyrcyuol 'what I have forgotten, forgotten by me', [2] -l, sx. of nomina actionis (masdar): Y T sayanc-l
'sitting, staying; to sit\stay', cvic-l 'doing, to do', Icl-u-l 'coming, to come', Y K ayil 'shooting, a shoot', yar|i-l 'bathing', ald-u-l
'cursing, a curse' Coll. CG 259-6O, Cs. 44, Lh. PUAS 152-6, Trj. S 524, Gn. VK 189, Gn. A 146, LG 335, Krn. JJ 1O4-, Krn.
MI 95-7 ll ?? D: Mlt {Drs.} -lc, sx. of past prtc.: tun`d-lc 'who saw' ll HS: EC: Sml -lc '-er, -or; owner \ keeper \seller of sht.':
damcr-lc 'owner of a donkey', duIan-li-hi 'shopkeeper', hilib-lc 'butcher', Rn lc-ahc (ahc is 'be', y-ahc is 'is') 'have (some
quality), be (of some kind': ira Iumurronc lc-yahc 'Jira has wealth' = 'Jira is rich', ira scyho lc-yahc 'Jira has
lazyness' = 'Jira is lazy' DZO 257, PG 21O ^ The N cnss. 'l and 'l can be distinguished only on the ev. of U and D (namely
some ds. of Os and certain D lgs., but not in Mlt). In this case the only ev. for 'l (rather than 'l) is attested in several Os stems of
rather questionable interpretation; hence we cannot be sure that the U sx. and its N etymon had a cns. 'l rather than 'l. The U
long vw. 'c points to a lr. in the pN etymon. The loss of the lr. and its traces in K, EC and IE suggests that the lr. was '? ^ IS II
2O-1 (includes here both the formant of adjectives and the pc. with diminutive meaning [see N 'lV, diminutive pc.]), Gr. I 186-
91 ["gerundive-participle L" in IE, U (Sm, Y), A [T, Ko], Gil., ChK, EA] ^ The presence of the vw. i (and similar vowels) in K
'-il-, L scn-il-is, Gk toikio), T 'uI-il, 'Iir-il seems to suggest a merger with N 'hil'U 'stand, be, exist' ( 'have') [q.v.
ffd.] ^ The functional change from an autosemantic word to a derivational sx. may have been as follows: noun X + 'lcj?V, 'X-
seiend, who is X, who has X' [cf. Rn ira Iumurronc lc-yahc 'Jira has wealth' = 'Jira is rich', ira scyho lc-yahc 'Jira
has lazyness' = 'Jira is lazy', T 'Iir-il 'what\who is red' 'Iir- 'be red', Sml. damcr-lc 'who has a donkey, owner of a
donkey', Ng qamta-la 'having a horn, horned', F vctcla 'watery' 'having water']; this sx. spread also into the realm of
deverbal nomina agentis ( participles).
1253. 'lu?V 'liv?V ' bovine' > HS: S 'li?- 'wild bull', - 'li?-at- 'wild cow' > Ar A<a la?a(n) id., 'buffalo', Ar
la?at- 'wild cow', ? BHb ea1l4 lc'?a 'Lea' p.n. | Jb C/E {Jo.} 'lc? 'cow', lhoti 'cows', Sq {Jo.} 'slha (pl. cl'hitsn) 'cow', Mh
{Jo.} ls'haytsn, Hbt {Jo.} lshctsh 'cows' (secondary -h- in SES lgs.?) | Ak lu(-m) (< 'li?u-) 'bull (Stier, Bulle)', f. li-t-u - littu
'cow' Sd. 557-6O, GB 374, KB 487-8, BK II 954, Jo. M 253, Jo. J 158 C: Ag {Ap.} 'lsv 'cow' > Bln {R} lovi id., Xm
{Ap.} lsva, Aw {Ap.} sllva || EC {Ss.} 'lo?- id., 'cattle' > Af {PH} la (nom. lahi, gen. lahi), Sa {R} la 'cattle, cows' | pSam
{Hn. BD} 'loi? 'cattle' > Sml {DSI} lo?, Sml N {Abr.} lo?, Sml Jb {Hn.} lo, Rn {Hn.} 'loilyo, {PG} lolyo - loyyo,
pBn {Hn.} ''loi (> Bn Bi/J/Ba/K {Hn.} loi) | Or H {Ow.} lov-ani - loni, Or nom. loni, {Th.} lon (nom. loni), {Grg.}
lon, Or Wt {Hn.} lavoni_, Or B/O {Sr.} loni, Kns lov-a, Gdl loh-a | Gwd/Grs {AMS} lo?-o, Hr/Dbs/Gln {AMS} lo?-o
(pl. lc?c), Cm {Hab.} lo?o (pl. lc?c) id. | Dsn lo- (px. of ox-names), Arr {Hw.} lit 'bull' | HEC: Sd lal-o, Hd lar-a, Brj 'lali
'cattle' (< 'la? + pl. marker '-l-?) || Bj {R} yuvc, {Fl.} yivc 'young cow' Ap. AV 15, Bl. 21O, Ss. PEC 52-3, Ss. B 132, PH
153-4, R S II 242, Grg. 267, Th. 227, Ow. 268, Sr. 36O, Hn. W 58, Hn. S 67 (pSam 'loi, Sml lo - an err. transcription for
lo??), Hn. BD 98 (pSam 'loi?), PG 213, Abr. S 166, DSI 39O, Hw. A 382, AMS 172, 211, 254, To DL 515, AD SF 169 Ch:
Dr {J} la, {Kr.} la 'cow' || Gude {Srp.} la id. (unless l- < '-) ? Ch 'lU?V 'animal, meat' > WCh: BT: Pr {ChL} lo, {Frz.}
lo, Tng {J} lo 'animal, meat', Dr {J} lu, Krkr {Lk.} lo, Grm {Sch.} lau, {Sh.} lc`u, Gera {Sch.} lavi, {Kr.} lcyvi, Bele
{Sch.} lo??o 'meat' | AG: Su/Cp {J} luva 'animal, meat', Mpn {Frz.} lu`a id., 'flesh', Tal {Sh.} lva", Ywm {Sh.} lia, Gmy
{Kr.} lova 'meat' | Ron: Fy {J} lo 'animal, meat', Bks {J} lo, DfB {J} lo(h), Sha {J} luv 'meat' || CCh: Tr sb.: Gnd {Kr.} liva,
Jr {Mk.} lu (unless < 'u) id. | BB: Gude {Mk.} luva, Nz {Mk.} li_uvc, {Mch.} livc, BtZ {Mk.} lio id. | Suk {Mk.} lvi, {IL}
yvi id. (unless l--y- < '-) JI II 92-3, 232-3, ChC, ChL, J S 73, J R 217, J T 115, Frz. DM 35, Frz. P 4O, Sch. BTL 3O, 118,
137, 149 ?? Eg iv: 'cattle (Rind), ox' This and N 'LubV 'be thirsty' suggest that Eg i- and Bj y- may go back to an
initial 'L- (palatalized by the following 'i or 'i_u?) EG I 49, Fk. 12, R WBd 243 Ap. AV 15, OS #1632 ll U: FU (att. in Ugr)
'luvV 'horse' > ObU {Hl.} 'l'uv id. > pVg {Ht.} 'luv > Vg: T lov, LK/MK lo, P/UL/Ss luv, NV/SV/LL/ML lu (pl. lut)
id.; pOs 'loy ({Hl.} 'lay) > Os: V/Vy loy, Ty ay", Y av, D/K ta'v, Nz tov, Kz ov, O lav id. | OHg XIV lov, Hg lo
(acc. lov-at), Hg lo " lu " lu id. UEW 863-4, Ht. #35O (unc. ObU 'luy), Hl. rHt 73-4 (on pObU '-v- '-y-), 75, MF
4O5-6, EWU 9O2.
1254. 'LVa 'to hide, lie hid, lie in wait' > HS: C: Dhl {To.} la- vi. 'hide', la-at-, {EEN} la-at_- vt. 'hide' || SC: Irq
{E} lu- vt. 'hide' To. D 141, ENN 41, E SC 2O6 ll IE 'lcu- > NaIE {P} 'la-/'lo- (/ 'lai_-) 'be hidden, lie in wait' > L latc-o
/ latc-rc 'lie hid, be concealed' ( prtc. 'lo-'to-s) || Gk [Hs.] )to, )to c`tcocto 'was forgotten'; +ext. '-d"-: Gk
e, Gk D oe v. 'be hidden', Gk ovove 'lateo, I escape ones notice' || Gmc: pScn 'lomr 'treature, deception' (> Ic
lomur, Nr {Vr.} lom 'Falschheit') - Gmc: ON lom-brag 'List, Betrug' & lom-gcr 'deceitful', MHG luo {Lx.}
'Nachstellung, Not' || Sl 'la|ati > OCS aom:u la|ati 'insidiari, to lie in ambush', RChS aom:u la|ati 'to make an ambush, lie in
wait' WP II 377-8, P 651, WH I 768-9, F II 8O-2, Vr. 365, Lx. 131, Bern. I 687, ESSJ XIV 21 (does not mention Ps et. of Sl
'la|a- from IE 'la-), StSS 3O4 ll K: G l- (3s prs. c-l-is) 'wait for' ( *'lie in wait') Chx. 687 ^ Cp. also A (Tg '|aya- vt., vi.
'hide' > Ewk |aya-, Lm |ay- id., Sol |ayanna- vt. 'go to hide', Neg |aya-, Orc, Nn aya-, Ud {STM} ca-, {Krm.} a-, Ul
ay-, aya-, Ork day-, daya-/-t- vt. 'hide' STM I 243, Krm. 232) and S 'shh (> Ar shh (pf. sahha) v. 'be
stingy\niggardy of' BK I 1196, Hv. 353) that may suggest an alt. N et. 'VhajyV, 'to hide, conceal', but the latter is less
plausible in the light of the K and C cognates.
1255. 'LabV 'to grasp, get, obtain' > IE: NaIE 'lab"- / (with a nasal infix) 'lamb"- 'seize, grasp' > OI
'labhatc - 'rabhatc - 'lambhatc 3s md. (p. 'a-labha) 'seize, catch' || Gk ouo pl. 'spoils (taken in war)', oi-o)
'taking in on all sides', oi-ocio 'wealth, abundance', ? o|ove 'take, seize' (with obscure -|- rather than --) || ? Blt:
Lt lobis 'possessions, riches', lob-ti 'grow rich', but less probably: Lt lab-as, Ltv, Pru lab-s 'good' WP II 385, P 652 ('lab"-),
EI 564, Mn. 698 (adduces Oss I labursn, Oss D laborun 'attack', but Ab. proposes a different et. of this verb), Dv. #571, M K
III 42-3, M E II 434-5, Ab. II 16-7 (Oss I labursn, Oss D laborun < Irn 'fra-bur- NPrs B bur 'attack'), F II 91, Frn. 327, En.
2OO, Tp. P K-L 4O1-1O ll HS: Ch: WCh: AG {Stl.} 'lab v. 'receive' > Su {J}, Kfr {Nt.} la, Gmy {Fp.} la, Ywm {Fp.} la,
Mnt {Fp.} lab id. || CCh: Bcm {Sk.} luvo id., Gzg {Lk.} -lu- 'carry (a child)' Stl. VZChJ A #133, ChC S: [1] SES 'lbb >
Hrs lbb: pf. sltsbob 'put on arms', Mh lbb: pf. svtsbub 'wrap oneself in a waist-cloth'; [2] +ext. 'I: S (att. in Aram) 'lbI
> JA [Trg.] lbI v. G {Js.} 'hold fast', {Lv.} 'ergreifen, erfassen', Sr lbI v. G 'lay hold, take hold, seize', Md lbI v. G id.,
'hold fast, capture' Ak lt - 'lbt 'touch (lightly)' (adduced by IS with an untenable translation as
' cxnarinar , ncnn) r c) ') Jo. H 82, Jo. M 25O, Js. 689, Lv. T I 4OO, Br. 355-6, JPS 234, DM 224 B 'lby > Ah, ETwl,
Ty -lbuy 'extraire', imv. Ah olbi, ETwl/Ty olboy (Fcj. 32 = Pcj. I A 1, i.e. stem ) Fc. 989-91, 2OO2, GhA 1O9, Pr. M VI-
VII 87 ll A: NTg 'laba-da- 'carry by the teeth' > Ewk lavada-, Ewk D labada- id., Neg lavada- id., Sln lavada- 'seize
with the teeth' STM I 485 ^ IS II 29-3O.
1256. 'LabV (or 'LayibV?) 'be soft' > HS: B 'lbb > Wrg ilbib 'tre ramolli, tendre (pain, couscous, fruit, etc.)', ulbib
'mou, ramolli, tendre (pain, fruit, etc.)', ? Izd ulvu (pf. y-alvu) 'tre ramolli, se ramollir'; ?? B 'l'by ( N 'Libjh,V-KV 'be
wet') > Izd lvy 'tre lisse, mou' Dlh. Ou 163, Mrc. 157, 17O, 213-4 EC: Arr {Hw.} lafna 'weak', ( N 'LASV 'be weak,
worn out'): Or {Grg.} lafa 'weak, soft', laf- become soft', Or B {Sr.} lafa 'weak', Or Wt {Sr.} lafa 'ill', Or B/O/Wt {Sr.}
laf- 'be weak\mild', Or H {Ow.} lafa 'soft', Grg. 258, Sr. 357, Ow. 267, Hw. A 381 Ch: WCh: NrBc: Wrj {Sk.}
lsbslsbs`na, Cg {Sk.} lubulubuna, Kry {Sk.} lubulubu, P {MSk.} ltbu-ltbuti, Sir {Sk.} lillibsnni, Mbr
{Sk.} lt`bultbu, Dir {Sk.} ns lsbuls`bu` 'soft' | SBc: Kir {ChL} tltbltb, Plc {ChL} lulu, Buli {ChL} lavut id. |
BT: Krf {ChL} ltlti, Ngm {ChL} livit id. | Ngz {Sch.} lIfi:d 'softness (of skin, hide products, ground)',
libad-libad 'soft' || ? CCh: Glv {Rp.} lic 'weak' || ECh: Smr {J} la`v 'be soft', Nd {J} la`v, lab`lab` (= lab`lab`?)
'soft' ChC, ChL, Abr. H 616, Ba. 723, Sch. DN 1O2 S +ext. 'lbI - 'lbI > Ar lbq G (pf. labaqa) 'amollir, adoucir',
Ak lbI (inf. labaIu) 'become soft', labIu 'soft' BK II 96O-1, Sd. 521, 526 ll K: GZ 'lab- / 'lb- vt. 'become tender\soft;
moisten' ({K} 'lb-, {GM} 'lb-, {FS} 'lab-) ( N 'LibhV 'wet; to get wet') > OG, G lb-, Mg lib-, Ls lob- - lib- id., G lb-il-i,
Mg lib-u 'soft' K 12O, K
2
1O6, GM S 124, FS K 196, FS E 215, Chik. 3O3, Chx. 673-4, DCh. 848 ll A: ? T (att. in NaT)
'|aba-l 'mild, gentle, peaceable' (with a sx. '-l of deverbal adjectives) > OT |avas id., OOsm XIV {Cl.} |avas 'peaceable,
patient, mild', Osm {Rh.} "v'Y yavas 'slow; gentle, mild; soft in sound', Tk yavas 'gentle, weak, light (levis)', Az |avas 'quiet
(a horse, etc.), mild, slow', CrTt |avas 'slow', Tkm nam|uvas 'quiet, mild, slow', Uz nom|uvos 'quiet' (horse, child), 'slow',
ET zuvas " |avas id., 'gentle', {Jr.} |avas 'good, gentle, quiet, mild', Qmq |avas 'quiet', Qzq yac uvas 'quiet, mild',
Qrg oomos id. ('cxnpnin, iporinn'), Qq uvas, Nog |uvas, VTt am|uas, Bsh |+vas, StAlt {BT} ( o6omobos, Tv
uaamcas id. ('rnxnn, cxnpnin, iporinn'), Xk cabas 'quiet' (animal), Sg {BIG} cabas - camas 'quiet' (animal, person); T
'|aba-l- (with a passivizing sx. -l-) > OT |aval- 'betamed, calmed, quietened' Rs. LTS 125, Rs. W 175, Cl. 877, 88O-1, MKD
219, ET J 51-3, Rl. III 278, 29O-1, Rh. 2195, Sht. 1O5. Jr. 151, TkR 8OO, Nj. 486-7, 782, Jud. 261, BIG 3O4, 31O ll D 'nav-
'become soft' > Tm navu id., be soddened by boiling, rot, decay', Kn navuru, navaru, naviru 'that is tender, soft, fine', Tl
navuru, nauru 'soft, delicate' D ##3617-8 ll ?? IE: NaIE 'lci_b"- > OSx lcf 'weak, sick', AS lcf 'weak' || Lt laibas 'slender,
slim, delicate', licbas 'lean, thin', Sl 'lib+ (dadj. 'lib+|i) 'lean' > OCz libi, OP luby id., 'feeble (ynnin)', Slvnz lcbi 'too high
and weak' (of plants, animals, humans); d Sl 'libav+ > ChS aucoa+ libav+ 'gracilis', McdS nn6an 'weak, not hard enough',
Slvnz lcbavi 'lazy', P lcbavy, lubavy, R Sml n ) 6anin adj. 'without fat' (of meat); d Sl 'libcv+ - 'libiv+ > ChS
auc1a+ libcv+ - aucua+ libiv+ 'ctto), gracilis', OR, RChS auc1au libcvyi 'lean, meager', OCz libcvy, Blg
) nn6cy 'without fat' (of meat), 'lean' WP I 388, Frn. 329-1O, Ho. 197, Ho. S 45, ESSJ XV 7O-1, 74-5 ^ The IE root (if it
belongs here) and some Ch forms suggest the presence of a vw. 'i (probably N LayibV).
1257. 'LibV 'heart' (> 'life', 'middle') > HS: S ''libab- heart' > BHb bl4 lcb / +ppas. libb-, pl. t&bb1l6 loba'b-ot, Ph,
Ug lb, DA/OA/IA lbb, BA cs. bb2l6 lo,bab, JA em. aB1l5 lib'b-a - ab1b6l5 libo'b-a, Sr 'b.ae lcb'ba, Md abs., cs. lbab,
em. liba, Ar wLu lubb-, Gz lobb, Hrs {Jo.} hn-lbcb (pl. hs'-labb-nt), Mh {Jo.} hs-vbcb (pl. hs-vbob), Jb {Jo.} E/C 'ub
(pl. cb'bsts), Sq {Jo.} '?slbsb, Sb, Mn, Hdr lb, Eb {Krb.} li-bu` (libbu) heart', Ak libbu id., 'inside of a container', IA lbb
'center, inside of an object', JEA {Sl.} lib'b-a id., ab1b1l6 loba'b-a 'inner part' A #1434, OLS 24O-1, AD PSH 92, HJ 562-
3, Tmb. 155, KB 488-9O, 173O, DM 228, Sl. 616, 623-4, Nld. MG 78, Jo. M 25O, Jo. H 82, Jo. J 159, BGMR 81, MA 56, L G
3O4-5, CAD IX 164-75, Krb. 22, MiK I #1.174 Eg , DEg ib 'heart' > OCpt a- yb- id. EG I 59-6O, Fk. 14-5, Er. 26, Vc.
243, Ws. 264 B '?ul'|- ( {Pr.} 'hlh) 'heart' > Ah, WTwl, Ttq {Msq.} ul, Ty {Pr.} ul - ovol, Tnsl {Pr.}, Tw D {Sdl.}
ulh, Gh {ABs.} ul, {Nh., ABs.} yul, Kb ul, Sll {Ds.} ul, t-ul-tt ({Pr.}: tt < 'H-t), BSn {Ds.} ul, Tmz {MT}, Izn/SnSr
{Rn.}, Wrg/Mz {Dlh.}, Shw {Msq.} ul, Rf {Rn.} ur, Nf {Beg.}, Awj {Prd.} ul, Si {La.} uli, Zng {Msq.} u, {TC} uy (dim.
ay-ul, pl. cllun) id. Pr. H 27, #482, Fc. 981-2, Sdl. 279, Dl. 44O, MT 365-6, Rn. 284, Dlh. Ou 163, Dlh. M 1O2, Beg. 317,
Prd. 164, La. S 216, Msq. 57, Msq. Z 499, TC D 4, TC Z 316 C {AD} lVbb-, {E} lVb- 'heart' > EC {Ss.} 'lubb- 'heart, soul' >
Kns {Bl.} lu-ota id., Elm ruai? 'heart', Dsn {Bl.} lubba? 'life', Af {Hw.} lubb-i 'heart, soul, yolk of egg' (unless A Ar
lubb- 'heart, mind, middlepart'), ? Sml {Ss.} rub(b)ad 'life' in rub(b)ad ar- 'kill', ? Rn {PG} rubcy 'heart, spirit; (one)self',
Or {Bl., Grg.} lubb-u 'soul, (vital) spirit', Or B/O/Wt {Sr.} lubbu 'soul, life', Sd lubb-o, Brj lub'b-o 'soul' (unless Sd, Brj
lubb- A Or lubb- A Ar lubb- 'heart, mind, intelligence'); Sml {ZMO, DSI} lab 'chest, breast; inner thought, emotions ("cuore"
come sede dei sentimenti)', Sml N {Abr.} lab 'chest', Or lac 'heart' || Ag {Ap.} 'labaI- 'heart' > Bln/Q/Km {Ap.}
lvbvIa id. || SC: Asa {E} liba 'chest' AD SF 163-4, E PC #312, Bl. 259, Grg. 262, 267, Sr. 36O, Ss. B 135-6, Ap. AV 15, Ap.
WLQ 1O, R WB 351, ZMO 249, Abr. S 16O, DSI 377, PG 25O, Brl. 277, E SC 2O5 Om: SOm: Ari U {Fl.} lta - ltba id.,
Ari G {Fl.} liba 'belly' || NrOm: Wl {LmS} uluv
a
, Dwr {LmS} ulva, Malo {LmS} ?ulo, Gm {Hw.} ?ulo 'belly'; Kf {C}
nibbo 'heart, mind', Anf {Gt.} yibbo, Shn {Lm.} nibba, Ym {Wdk.} ni`ba` 'heart' (unless A EthS lobb 'heart') Fl. OO 318,
Fl. OWL, Bnd. AL 145, LmS 286, Hw. EG s.v. 'belly', C SE IV 477, Wdk. 132, Lm. Sh 367 Ch: CCh: [1] Db {ChL} libi
'stomach', Msg {Mch.} lib 'belly'; [2] Dgh {Kr.} ruvc, arvc, Gv {Kr.} ?urvc 'heart', Pdk {Lk.} arva 'chest', Ktk Af {Lbf.}
(o)rfu 'heart', {Stz.} rhih [= {S.} rfij:,] 'soul' || ECh: Mkl {J} ?ulbc 'heart' || WCh: ? Cp lsb 'lung' J LM 189, ChL, ChC,
Lk. ZSS 127, S. 264-5 OS #1668 ll K: G lib-i 'axle (Achse)' ( *middle' *'heart') Chx. 682 ll IE: NaIE {P} 'lci_b"- or
{WH} 'lci_bj",- 'live' > Gmc {Fs.} 'lib- id. > Gt liban, ON lifa, OHG lcbcn, lcbcn, NHG lcbcn, OSx libbian, AFrs libba, AS
libban, lifian 'to live', NE livc; ON lif, Dn, NNr liv, Sw lif, OSx lif, MDt li|v, OHG lib 'life, living body', NHG Lcib 'living
body', AS lif 'life', NE lifc; ? OHG bi-liban, NHG blcibcn, OSx bi-livan, OFrs b(i)liva, AS bc-lifan 'remain' (: NE survivc) ||
L caclcbs 'unmarried (man)' < [hpl.] {WH} 'Iai_vclo-libj",- 'alone-living' from IE 'Iai_vclo- 'alone' [< N 'qayvE(-LV)
'exclusively ones own' [q.v.]) + IE 'lci_bj",-; alternatively {WP, P} < IE 'Iai_vo- + lci_b"- WP I 326, II 4O3, P 67O, EI 12
(on caclcbs), WH I 13O, Fs. 33O, Vr. 355, Ho. 2OO-1, Ho. S 46, 48, Kb. 596, OsS 64, 551-2, Schz. 192,195, KM 83, 429 ll ??
Gil: Gil A/ES qif 'heart' ST 232, Krn. N 481 ^ SOm and Db --, -b- (as well as Or lac) may point to the presence of a lr.
('LibV?V?).
1258. ??? 'L'obV ' grass' ( 'medicinal or poisonous grass'?) > HS: S 'lubb- > Ar lubb- 'poison' BK II 955 ll IE:
Gmc 'lub|'a > OHG {OsS} lui 'stark wirkender Pflanzensaft; Gift, Vergiftung', {Kb.} lubbi 'magic, poison', MHG
luc id., ON lyf 'Heilmittel, Zaubermittel', Ic lyf 'drug', Gt lub|a-lcis 'gitkundig', lub|alcisci 'ookcio, Giftkunde', OSx
lubbi 'juice, poison', AS lybb 'poison, sorcery', NE lib; OHG luon, {Kb.} lubbon 'to poison' OsS 579, Kb. 638, Ho. 2O8,
Ho. S 48, Vr. 36, Fs. 337 ll A: Tg 'nab- '(dry) grass' > Ul navoqta - naoqta - natqta, Ork navuqta - naoqta - natqta, Nn
naoqta 'dry grass', Lm All nab+tla id., Lm Ol nabtt 'turf (of dry grass)', Orc nabo 'moss' STM I 575 M 'nogu- (<
'no|u-?), 'nogu-yan > MM [S] {H} nohoan 'green fresh grass', WrM nogugan, HlM noioo, Ord nogo, Mnr H {SM}
nog_on 'grass, vegetable', Brt noioo(n), Kl nolan noyan, {Rm.} noyan 'fresh grass, greens', WrO noya - noyon 'grass';
noyon, Dg {T} nuga 'greens, vegetables'; MM [LM} '(vNu noyan, [HI] {Ms.} noyoan, [MA] {Pp.} '(vN noyan, WrM
nogugan, HlM noioon, Brt noioo(n), Kl nolan noyan, {Rm.} noyan, Ord, Mnr H {SM} nogon, {T} nog_on, Dx nogon,
Ba nogoq 'green'; WrM nogubtur, HlM noioonrop, WrO noyobur, Brt 'greenish' Pp. L III 73, Pp. MA 259, H 118, Ms. H 79,
MED 588, KRS 38O, Rm. K 278, SM 281, T 352, T DnJ 13O, T BJ 144, T DgJ 158, Krg. 221, Chr. 328-9 ll ? D 'nuv-
'sesamum' > Tm nu, nuvu, Klm nuvvu, Nkr u, Prj, Gdb nuvul, Gnd nuq(g), Knd nu id., Tl nu(:)vu, nuvvu 'gingily seed'
D #372O.
1259. 'LubV 'be thirsty, hungry' (> 'wish, love') > HS: S '-lub- > Ar lvb (ip. -lub-) 'be thirsty' Eg iby id. > Cpt:
Sd ctac, B tat id. EG I 61, Fk. 15, Vc. 61 C: EC: Sa {R} luv-, Af {PH} luvu'tc 'be hungry', Sa {R} lu'va, Af {PH}
lu'va n. 'hunger' || Bj {Rop.} yvy 'be thirsty' (1s p. 'a-yvay, imv. yivai_y-a) ( N 'havV v. 'desire, love'???), {R} yuvay-
pcv. 'be thirsty', {Rop.} 'yavc, {R} 'yava 'thirst' R S II 251, R WBd 243, 273, PH 157, Rop. 251 WCh: BT: Tng {J} lobt
(v.n. lot, pl. lobtdt) v. agree, accept, like', Dr {J} lav-/lab- v. 'want', {Nw.} lsbi / -v- 'agree' (if 'agree, like' 'love', cp. IE)
J T 115, Nw. KL 129, ChC B 'rHf 'be thirsty' (adduced with a query by IS as 'rvf), which is cognate with S 'ryb 'be
hungry' and Sml rab- 'wish' (cf. AD SF 17O) EG I 61 and Vc. 61 (Eg, S), OS #1681 (Eg, S + unc. Dhl sub 'to sip') ll IE:
NaIE 'lcu_b"- / 'lou_b"- / 'lub"- 'desire, love, agree' > OI 'lubhyati 'desires eagerly', lobha- n. 'desire', lub'dha- 'avid,
lascivious' || Gk [Hs.] utto ctoio, tov 'hetaera, whore' ( OI lub'dha-) [ L lua 'whore'?] || pAl {O} 'lau_bitya > Al
las {Kf.} 'I wish (ctiue)', {O} 'wish, want' || OL lubct, L libct 'it pleases, is agreeable', L libido, lubido 'violent desire,
appetite, longing', Osc LOUFIR 'vel' || Gmc 'lcu_baz (< IE 'lcu_b"o-s) > ON l|ufr 'lieb, wert', ORu liubu ({Fs.} liubu), Gt
liufs, OSx liof, OHG liob 'dear (lieb, teuer)', NHG licb, AS lcof 'dear, beloved', NE licf; Gmc 'lub-o (< IE 'lub"-a-) > OHG
lua, AS lufu n. 'love', NE lovc n.; OHG liubon, NHG licbcn, AS lufian v. 'love', NE lovc v.; Gt us-laub|an, OHG ir-loubcn
'to permit', NHG crlaubcn 'to allow', OSx or-lof 'Erlaubnis', AS licfan id., 'lieb\teuer machen', ON lcyfa 'to allow, praise'; ON
lof 'praise, permission', OSx, AS lof, OHG lob, NHG Lob n. 'praise' || Lt liausc' v. 'eulogy, praise', liausinti 'to eulogize,
praise' | Sl 'lub+(|+) > OCS ac+ l|ub+, acu l|ubIi 'gratus, dilectus, desideratus', SCr l|ub, Slv l|ub, Cz liby, Slk l`uby,
P luby, Uk ' n 6nn, Blr ' n 6i, R ' n 6in 'dear, beloved', R n '6on, Uk n '6nn, Blr n '6in 'anyone (quilibet)'; Sl 'lubiti 'to
love' > OCS, OR acu:u l|ubiti, R n ' 6nr , Uk n '6nrn, SCr, Slv l|ubiti, Slk l`ubit`, P lubic 'to love', OCz libiti id., Cz
libiti sc 'be liked', Blg ' n 6 v. 'love' NaIE 'lcub"- 'desire, love' is hardly from 'in Unordnung sein\geraten', as supposed by M
E II 483-4; the latter meaning (as in Vd lubh- 'in Unordning sein' and in NPrs tfL olof-tan [< ClNPrs aluftan] 'be
confounded, afflicted') is likely to be secondary (e.g. 'have violent desire' 'be confounded, afflicted'?) or go back to a different
root, such as N 'LabV 'grasp, get, obtain', 'LibV 'heart' or even 'L'obV ' grass' (> 'medicinal or posonous grass > Ar lubb-
'poison' and OHG lubbon 'to poison'; NPrs tfL olof-tan 'grow mad with love' is due to contamination of both roots WP II
419, P 683-4, EI 358, Mn. 682, 715, AHDI 37, M K III 1O7-8, M E II 483-4, Ch. 651, F II 146, Kf. 178, O 213, WH I 793-4,
Bc. G 318, Mkj. DR 133, Vr. 361, 363, Fs. 187-8, 333, Kb. 620, 625, 628, 634, OsS 454, 564-5, 567, 573, 579, KM 44O, Ho. 199,
2O1, 2O6-7, Ho. S 47-8, 57, Frn. 362, ESSJ XV 174-89, Glh. 391-2, Bern. 756-8, Vs. II 544-5 ll K: G lub- 'get emaciated, lose
flesh, mager werden' [of domestic animals] ( *'go hungry'), lub-i 'emaciated, lean' Chx. 694 ^ IS II 34 (IE, S, Eg, Bj).
126O. 'LibhV [= 'libhV?] 'wet; to get wet' > HS ''lbh > Eg MKL/Md ibh {EG} 'feucht sein von etw.', {Fk.} 'stream
(with liquid), be suffused (with blood)', MK ibh.v 'libationes' EG I 64, Fk. 16 B 'lbH > ETwl/Ty +lbu 'tre trop humide
pour la marche [terrain]' (Pcj. I A 7 [= -stems], pointing to pB a final 'H), Kb (with rdp ) lbubi 'tre tremp, mouilli' (-i <
'-i < pB '-iH) Dl. 443, GhA 1O8, Pr. M VI-VII 1O9 S 'lb > Ar lb v. G 'drivel' (of a child), luab- n. 'drivel of a
child', luabu-l-nahli 'honey' (nahl- 'bee'), luabiyat- {Hv.} 'juice of some fruits', {BK} 'goutte de liqueur transparente sur
certains fruits' S 'lb < (mt ) ''lb < (as ) ''lbh BK II 999-1OOO, Hv. 688 Ch: CCh 'lb ({Stl.} 'luba) 'moist' >
BM: {ChL} Bu ltbcnta, Cb ltti, WMrg lIbdi, lobdi, Ngx ltbta, Klb a`ltbtt`, Hld ltbtri 'moist' | Higi {ChL}: Kps
ltbiIc, HgF ltbIsi id. | Db {ChL} lub id. | ZmD {KNC} lab v. 'moisten' || ECh: Ke {Eb.} lubi v. 'dip in', Smr {J}
la`vc`, Nd D {J} lva` 'wet' ChC, ChL, Eb. 78, KNC 15 OS #1689 (Eg, Ch; HS 'lubah- 'be wet') ll K: GZ 'lab- / 'lb- vt.
'become tender\soft; moisten' ( N 'LabV 'be soft' [q.v. ffd.]) ll IE: NaIE 'lci_b- 'pour, be liquid\wet', {EI} 'pour, make a libation'
> Gk ci|e 'pour, pour forth; let flow, shed', ps. ci|ooi 'melt', i|o) 'dripping, wet', i)' (gen. i|o), acc. i|o)
'stream', i) 'the SW. wind' ('bringing wet') || L liba- 'pour our, make a libation [offer (wine, oil, etc.) to gods]' (to be
distinguished from the homonymous liba- 'take away from') || Brtt {RE} 'libos 'flood', {RE} 'lib- 'flow' > Crn lyf, Br linvad
'flood', W llif 'stream', W llifo, Crn lyva v. 'flow', Br linvan v. 'overflow' WP supposed that Gk Hm oo ci)ovtc (the
long o reconstructed on metrical ev.) provides ev. for Gk *- < IE 'sl-, which was refuted by Chantraine (Ch. GH I 176) F II
97 IE 'b (rather than 'b" < N 'b) is due to the devoicing infl. of 'h ('-bh- > '-h- > IE '-bjH,-); in the prevocalic position the
lr. left no traces in NaIE WP II 393, EI 351 (> L, Gk only), F II 96-7, 12O-1, WH I 794-5, RE 96 ll A: NaT '|ibi 'moist' > OT
{MKD} |iba 'moist', {Cl.} |aba 'moist, moisture' (with a tentatively reconstructed a), Chg XV ibin- v. 'become moist', ibit-
caus. vt. 'moisten', Kr T/G |ibi - ibi, Qmq |ibi-, Bsh |ibi-, Uz, ET nnn-, {ET} |ivi-, VTt zibi- 'get wet', Qq zibi-, Alt
( n6n- ibi-, Shor {Rl.} cibi- id., 'become moist', Nog |ibi-, Qrg ibi- 'become moist', Qzq 6 - zibi- (inf. 6y
zibuv) vi. 'thaw', d 6 r- zibi-t- 'soak, steep' Rs. W 2O2, MKD 224, Cl. 872, ET J 196-7, Sht. 1O9, MM 185, Rl. III
532, 2154 & IV 157, 162 ll ? U: FU (att. in FP) 'lloa 'wet, moist' > Es lo (gen. loa) 'snow mixed with water', Es
louta- v. 'rinse' | Er loavto-, loafto- vt. 'wet, soak', Mk nono(c- loodc- 'get wet' | Chr: L nycniara luIa'ta 'moist,
cool', H nicniara lo'Iata id., Chr L {Trc.} lu 'damp, moist' | Z laId 'moist, damp' UEW 693, MRS 3O6, 311, LG 157-8
lll N 'Libjh,V-KV 'wet, wetten' > HS ''lb'I > S 'lbI > Ar labaI-at- 'morceau de pain tremp et mitonn' BK II 961
B 'l'by > Kb lbuboy 'tre tremp, mouilli, dgouttant deau\dhuile', ? ( N 'LabV 'be soft') Izd lvy 'tre lisse, mou' Dl.
443, Mrc. 157 Kb y provides ev. for a HS 'I, while S 'I is due to the ass. infl. of the non-emphatic ': N 'K > 'I ll A:
AmTg 'ligbV (< ''liIbV < ''libKV?) > Orc libba 'phlegm (coughed up)', Ud ligba 'snivel' STM I 497, Krm. 256 ^ FU
'-- may go back to a cluster '-h- (< '-V-hV?). If FU 'lloa belongs here (in spite of the irreg. vocalism), the initial N cns.
is 'l- or 'l-, otherwise we are left with an unspecified lateral sonorant 'L-.
1261. ??? 'L'uc`V(-tV) 'jaw' 'side\edge' > HS: CS ''lias-at- > MHb tx3l3 'lcsct 'cheek, jaw', JA [Trg.] aT1x6il5
lis't-a id., ? 'Unterleib', ? Sr 'towu lus't-a 'praeputium, uterus' Lv. T I 411, Js. 713, PS 1913, Lv. II 514, Br. 368 ll A: Tg
'lusju,ma 'upper jaw, 'upper lip, muzzle, snout' ( N 'l'usV 'lip, mouth', q.v. ffd.) ll ?? IE: NaIE 'l'ci_st- 'stripe, edge' >
OHG lista 'edge, hem (Rand, Saum, Leiste)', OSx lista 'bandformiger Streifen, Saum, Leiste', NHG Lcistc strip (of wood, metal,
etc.), trim, border', AS listc 'hem, border', ON lista 'Rand, Leiste' (unless A ML aurc list 'Ornamentstreife der Dalmatika'
{Vr.}) Pokorny adduces here Al lcth 'der erhhte Rand eines Grundstckes, Rain, Mauer, Fluufer' (i.e. misspelled lcdh
'embankment, river levee, dike; alluvial land, mud') and reconstructs NaIE 'lci_sd-/'loi_sd- 'Rand, Saum', but En. and Orl
connect Al lcdh 'mud, alluvual bank' (< pAl 'lai_da) with Pru laydis 'clay' WP 389-92, P 672, Vr. 358 (the Gmc word
ML), Ho. 2O4, Sw. 1O9, Kb. 624, OsS 563, AlED 443, O 216, En. 2O1.
1262. 'LavcV 'weak, soft' > IE: NaIE 'lcu_s-/lou_s-/'lus- 'loose' > Gt laus 'loose, vain, empty', fra-liusnan 'to lose',
ON lauss 'free, lax, vacant' (1 NE loosc), OHG los 'loose, lax', NHG los 'loose', AS lcas 'loose; false' P 682, Fs. 163-4, 328,
Vr. 348, Kb. 631, OsS 57O, Ho. 197, Sk. 348, WW 184, EI 481 (unc. : 'lcu_s- 'lcu_H- 'release, cut off') ll U: FU (att. in
FV) 'Lavca 'soft, weak' > F lauha 'mild (as winter), genial (as climate), gentle, mellow, bland' | Lp Sw {SK} lau_sc 'loose, soft,
weak' | Er nanmo lavso 'weak', {W} 'schlaff, matt, schwach', Mk naqua lafca weak' UEW 685, SK 28O, ERB 323, PI 144 ll
HS: S '-luO- 'knead, mix' > BHb lvs (ip. -lus) 'knead'; JA, Sr, SmA, Md lvs id. (A Cn?); Ar lvO (ip. -luO-) 'mix,
chew; soak', Gz lvs G 'knead, mingle, mix', Ak lasu 'to knead', d lisu 'dough'; rdp : Ar lOlO 'be weak, feeble, irresolute'
KB 499, Sl. 621-2, Br. 362, DM 234,Tal 43O, Hv. 699, L G 321, Sd. 556 B: BMnc i-llisu 'fan' Bs. NLB ?? C
'l'as- 'soft, tender' ( N 'LASV 'be weak, worn out', q.v.) > Ag: Bln {R} las- 'soft, fine, tender', Xm lis 'tender, soft' || EC 'lVs-
> Sa {R} lisilis prtc. 'being tender\soft' (of human skin), Sd {Gs.} lcssa 'tender' (leaf, grass); ( EC 'laf- > Arr lafna 'weak',
cf. N 'LabV 'be soft'): ? Or {Grg.} laf- 'be weak\soft', lafa 'weak, soft', {Brl.} laf- 'ammorbidire, ammollarsi', Or O/Wt {Sr.}
laf- 'be weak, mild', Or B {Sr.} laf- id., 'be soft', Or H {Ow.} lafa 'soft' (unless Or laf- is akin to Dhl {To.} laf- 'be tired',
{EEN} 'lafunc 'weak' and the Dhl is not a loan from Or) || ??? C (SC?) 1 Mb {E} -lasu 'be old' R S II 25O, Grg. 258, Brl.
274, Sr. GBO 2O3, Sr. 357, Gs. 2O9, To. D 141, EEN 42, E SC 327, Ow. 267 E PC #314 (C 'las- 'be soft, wek, limp'), OS
#1669, Tk. SCC 1O3 [#32.1O], AD SEC 136 (S, C) The semantic prehistory of S '-luO-: 'knead' 'make soft' ^ IS II 31-
2 ('Lavsn 'cna6in, ncnar) nyrin').
1263. 'LicV v. 'pass, go away' > HS: S 'lOO > Ar 7WLa loo 'loigner, chasser de sa prsence' BK II 998, Fr. IV
1O8 ll IE: NaIE 'lci_t"-- 'li(:)t"- v. 'go, go away, pass', {EI} 'die' ( N 'za'KidV 'to move, go' [q.v.]??) > Gt
af-lci|an 'go, come', ga-lci|an, OSx lithan 'to go, pass away', OHG lidan 'go, travel, pass', AS lian, ON lia 'to go, pass', Sw,
NNr lida, Dn lidc id.; - Gmc caus. 'lci_t|an 'to lead' > ON lcia, OHG lcitcn - lciton, NHG lcitcn, OSx lcdian, AS
ldan id., NE lcad v. || Av rac0- (prs. iri0ya-, pp. irista-) {Bai.} 'depart', {Brtl.} 'die', KhS hariscya 'abandonment' (<
'fra-risti-) || pTc {Ad.} 'lit- > Tc A lit-/lct-, B lit-/lait- v. 'pass on, move' ({Wn.} 'sloigner, tomber'), A/B litI-, B l(y)aitI-
'remove, avert' (< NaIE 'lit"-sI-c/o- NaIE 'lci_t-/'li(:)t- 'go') Tc A/B litI- (< form 'lit"-sI-c/o-) proves, acc. to Rsm.,
that there was no lr. between 't" and '-sI-, hence 't" is originally monophonemic P 672, EI 228 ['lci_t(H)- 'go away\forth'],
Mn. 674, 698 (adduces here OI ri'tih 'going, motion, course', but it is derived from OI ri- [prs. 'riyatc 'rinnt, gert ins
Flieen']), Rsm. AT 87, Fs. 8, Vr. 33O, 354, Ho. 191, 2O4, Ho. S 45, 47, Kb. 6O2, 611, OsS 545, 553, KM 435, Brtl. 148O-2,
Bai. 479, Wn. 263-4, Ad. 554 ll A: M 'nicu- v. 'go back, (?) step back' > WrM nicu-, HlM n na- 'go back; give up, fail to carry
through', ?? MM [S, HI] icu- 'zurck-treten\-gehen\-kehren', 'se retirer', ?? Ord i`c`a- 'se retirer devant qu, par peur de lui'
MED 577, H 8O, Ms. H 62, Ms. O 389 If MM icu- and Ord i`c`a- belong here, the loss of theit initial cns. is due to
metanalysis?
1264. 'lcvdA 'to look for, find' > K: OG, G lod- / lodin- / lodn- v. 'expect, wait for' Abul. 21O, DCh. 652, Chx. 867 ll U
'llcvoa- > FU 'llcvoa- 'find' > F loyta-, Krl A lou_da, Vp lou_ta-, Vo lcu_ta, Es lcida-, Lv lcu_ds- 'find'
|| OHg XIV lcvl-, Hg lcl-, lcl- id. ? pY {IN} 'lcy- 'know' ({AD} 'lcyd-?) > Y {IN}: K lcydi-, T lcyri- id., K/T lcytay-
'recall' (-di, -ri and -tay- are sxs. of vt., but the Y forms may go back to 'lcyd-di, 'lcyd-tay) UEW 247, Sm. 545 (FU, Ugr
'lcvda-, FP 'lcvda- 'find'), Db. OS xxxii, Coll. 95, SK 323, Sz. MNyH 151, MF 397, EWU 886, IN 231 ll D (in SD) 'nct-
({GS} 'nctt-) 'seek, look for, obtain' > Tm nctu 'seek, look out for, desire, aim at, earn', ncttam 'acquired property', Ml
ncttam 'acquisition, gain', nctuIa v. 'obtain', Kdg nod- v. 'earn', nota 'earning'; but Kn nittisu 'look at' (adduced [with a
query] in D #3766) hardly belongs here (see N 'NidV 'eye; to look') The long vw. 'c is likely to go back to 'cv Cp. D
'nat- ({GS} 'nad-) 'seek, desire, follow with the eyes' (D #3637) < N 'rodE 'to seek, wish' IS explains D 'a (for 'c) in
the variant 'nat- by the infl. of the open vw. of the next syll. ^ IS II 17-8 (U, D; N ? 'lcvda-; D 'nct- is misprinted as
'nct-).
1265. 'lciga 'lie (liegen), lie down; lay, put' > K 'lag-/'lg- 'lay, put, plant' > G (da-)lag- 'lay, put in order', (ca-)lag- 'put
into sth., pack', (a-)lag- 'put away', log-ini 'bed', a-lag- n. 'place', Sv {K} la- / l- 'plant (pflanzen); attach, fasten' (msd.
li-l-cni),
amb
Mg/Lz rg- id. ( GZ {FS} 'rg- 'plant'?) Klimov adduces here G rg- v. 'plant', but FS separates between the K
root in question and GZ 'rg- v. 'plant' (> G, Mg, Lz rg-) K 118-9, K
2
1O6, FS K 254, FS E 28O, Chx. 656-8, GP 158 ll IE
'lcg"- 'lie (liegen), lie down' > NaIE 'lcg"- > Gk [Hs.] c_ctoi koiotoi 'lie dow, lie abed', EpGk ft. ce, Gk Hm
cooi 'lie abed', Gk c_o) 'bed' || L lcctus 'couch, bed' || OIr laigid 'lies (down)', ligc 'bed, grave' (< 'lcg"yom), W llc, Crn lc
'place' (< 'lcg"o-) || Gt ligan, OHG liggcn, NHG licgcn, OSx liggian, AS lican 'to lie (iacere)', NE lic || Lt {Ju.} a-lc'g-ti
'lay down', {Frn.} alc'gys 'Bettlgerigkeit, Wochenbett' | Sl 'lcg-ti (1s prs. 'lcgo) 'to lie down' > OCS ac u lcsti (1s
prs-ft. aara lcgo), R ncu (ft. 'n iy), SCr lc`ci, Slv lcci, OCz lcci, Cz lcc - lcci, P lcc id.; Sl 'lczati (1s prs.
'lczo) 'to lie (liegen)' > OCS aco:u lczati (prs. aca lczo), R nc' ar , SCr lczati, OCz lczcti, Cz lczcti, Slk
lczat`, P lcz'cc id. || Tc B lyaI- 'lie (liegen), lie down'; pTc {Ad.} 'lcIc > Tc A laI 'bottom of a river', Tc B lcIc 'bed, resting
place', {Wn.} 'couche' Ht {CHD} laI- v. 'fall', {EI} laIi 'lays aslant', lagari 'lies aslant' P 658-9, EI 352, F II 11O-2, WH I
777-9, LG 419, Fs. 33O-1, Ho. 2O1, Ho. S 46, Kb. 613, OsS 555, Schz. 196, KM 441, Frn. 328, 35O-1, ESSJ XIV 99-1OO,
156-65, StSS 3O3, Glh. 371-2, SSS 464, Wn. 254, 271, Ad. 559, 566, CHD L-N 17-8 ll U: FU 'li'V > ObU 'li- > pVg
'li- 'fall of' > Vg: ML lsv- 'shed\lose hair', LK/MK lcv-, UK lcv-, P/Ss lc-, NV/LL lsv-, UL lc- 'fall off
(abfallen. abgehen, abspringen)'; pOs 'laIon- - 'loIon- 'losgehen' > Os: V loIon-, Ty lcI"on-, D la'Ion, Nz laqon-, Kz
laqon-, O loqon- 'losgehen', {Trj.} ' ninc:ar , nina(ar , ninnxar c) '; this Os verb coalesced with the synonymous pOs vb.
'laIon- - 'loIon- id. pOs 'lo- Vg N {Munk.} lcvat- 'hervorziehen', cp. another d of the same pOs : Os V
loyim-, Os Kz lavcmo- 'herausziehen', {Trj.} ' ninyr , nira nr , ni(cpnyr ' = 'take out, pull out' Ht. ##347, 355, Hl. rHt
75, Trj. VD 159 ll HS: WCh: SBc: Mngs {Csp.} lIgc, Kir {Csp.} liI 'wait' | Su {J} lc 'setzen, legen, stellen', {ChL} lc 'put
down', Mpn {Frz.} lc 'put (several objects)' | BT: Tng {J} liyc 'put, place', Dr {ChL} loyi 'put down', Pr li-o id. (imv. lu)
Csp. 7O, ChL, ChC, J S 72, J T 115, Frz. DM 33, Frz. P 4O ^ IS II 35-6 (K, IE; N 'Lnga = 'LVga) ^ The FU (ObU) points
to a front vw. ('i or 'c), but 'c is preferable, because N 'liga is expected to yield IE 'lci_g"- (though 'lcg"- < ''li_cg"- is also
possible, see AD NVIE) ^ Blz. LB #1O1 (suggests to add the WCh word fot 'put down').
1266. ??? 'LaXga (= 'LahgV?) 'to cut, chop' > ? IE: NaIE 'lag"- (or 'log"-) 'to cut, dig; cutting\digging instrument' > Gk
o_oive (aor. co_vo) v. 'dig' || OIr laigc 'spade', NIr laigc 'spade, mattock, the blade of a spade', OIr {LP} laigcn, NIr
laighcan 'spear, javelin', W llain 'blade, sword', llain 'patch' Fick II 238, WP II 881, F II 92, P 652, LP 35.1, Dnn. 414, YGM-
1 3O2 ll U: FV 'LaIsc 'hew' > Lp N {N} luoI'ca- / -vc- 'cut out a hole in wood (with a mortise chisel)' | Mk naiccxc
'laIso-ms 'to hew, trim, rough-hew ( o6rccinar , rccar )', Er naicc- laIsc- id., carve with an axe' | Chr: L noimnnuam
loIsin'ca-s 'to hew, trim (o6-, rccar )', B loIsin'ca-, M loIssn'ca-, H {Rm.} loIs+nca- id. UEW 683, PI 142, ERV
328, MRS 294 ll ? HS: CCh: Gude lagtc v. 'cut' ChL ? S 'lhg - 'lgh n. 'hollow' > Ar h0La lahg- 'cavit, orbite de
lil', h0Lu luhg- id., 'trou en terre troit lorifice et slargissant mesure quil descend', j0Lu lugh- 'hollow in a valley or
in a well' BK II 968, 972.
1267. 'Ligj,E 'to lick, sip, suck' > IE: NaIE 'lci_g"- v. 'lick' > OI rcdhi, lcdhi, lihati 'licks', Av 3p raczaitc 'they
lick', NPrs inf. ta4Li lcs-tan / 1s prs. sayL lis-am 'lick' (-s- for -z- on the analogy of other verbs like ta4viNi
ncvcs-tan / sayvNu novis-am 'write'), KhS rista 'he licks' || Arm lizem lizcm prs. (aor lizei lizcc"i), lizum lizum,
lizanem lizancm v. 'lick' || Gk ci_e 'lick' || L ling-o / -crc 'lick' (with the infix '-n-), ligurrio v. 'lick' || OIr ligid 'licks', W
llyfu 'lick' || Gt bi-laigo' (att: 3p p. bilaigodcdun) 'belecken', OSx liIIon, OHG lcIIon, lccchon, NHG lccIcn, AS liccian
'to lick', NE licI || Lt liczti (prs. licziu) v. 'lick', iter. laizyti, Ltv. laizit id. | Sl 'liza-ti (prs. 'liz-o) 'to lick' > OCS
auo:u lizati / aua lizo, R nn' :ar / 'nny, P lizac / liz'c, Cz lizati, Slk lizat`, SCr, Slv lizati id., Blg nna 'lick' P
668, EI 351-2, M K III 72-3, M E II 463, Bai. 364, Horn 212-3, 235, Vl. II 1OO8, 11O9, F II 1O2-3, WH I 8O1, 8O6, Fs. 91, Ho.
2OO, Ho. S 47, Kb. 6O4, OsS 545, KM 43O, Frn. 369, Bern. I 725-6, Glh. 38O, ESSJ XV 162, Slt. 92-3 Th expected lr. was lost
in NaIE in prevocalic position ll HS: C: Bj {Rop.} -ligag pcv. 'sip milk for another person (it is taboo for a man to be first to drink
what he has milked himself)', rf. a-t-ligag 'sip fresh milk' Rop. 72, 211 The voiceless I (for the expected g) may be due to the
infl. of the scj. verb laI- id. (< N 'laIV 'to lick, lap' [q.v.]) WS (or SS) 'lg > Jb lg G (pf. 'lcga, sbjn. 'yolga) 'suck
(teats)', OYmn lg Sh ({Slw.} ?algaa) 'jemandem eine Backe voll zu essen geben', Ar Y {De.} lig 'morsel, mouthful' Jo. J
161, Slw. 193, De. 148 Ch: WCh: Sha {J} lig 'auflecken', P {MSk.} liIsn 'lick' || CCh: Gnd {ChL} lcIta, Gbn {ChL}
lcItc, Boka {ChL} lcIts 'lick' ( N 'laIV '' [q.v.]?) J R 286, ChC, ChL ll A: Tg 'lcgbc- 'eat greedily' ( N 'L'uIa-mV
'to swallow', q.v. ffd.) > Neg mt lsbgs- id., Nn lsgbsci- 'eat greedily' (of animals), Ul lsgbs- 'eat greedily, eat enough', Ud
lsgbs- 'eat by large pieces\gulps' (of dogs) STM I 514, Krm. 257.
1267a. ?? 'LagurV 'body of water' > HS: S 'lugg- > Ar wLu lugg- 'pleine mer, abmes de la mer', jWLu
lugg-at- 'masse deau, pleine mer' (semantic infl. of Ar lugg- 'abondance'), Gz log"at- 'abyss, depth, pool of water', Tgr
logg"at-, Tgy log"at- - nog"at- 'depth, whirlpool' BK II 967, L G 3O8 LEC: Sml lag (pl. lagag) {ZMO} 'water-
channel', {DSI} 'affluente', Or B {Sr.} laga 'small river', Or O/Wt {Sr.} laga 'river', Or laga {Grg.} 'river-valley', {Brl., Ss.} 'river,
brook' 1 Brj 'lag-i id., Kmb laga, Sd la'ga, lagga 'river' ZMO 25O, DSI 378, Brl. 274, Grg. 36O, Sr. 358, Ss. B 131, Hd. 124,
2O9, 33O, 382 ll A: M 'nayur 'lake, pond' > MM [S] {H} naur 'lake, sea', [IsV] r0vu'na {Lg.} naur 'lake', [IM} r0vu'na {Pp.}
naur 'sea', WrM nagur, HlM nyyp, Ord, Mnr H {SM} nur 'lake, pond', {T} nur, Dgr {T} naur, Kl nyp nur (gen.
nyypnn nurin) 'lake', {Rm.} nur id., 'pond' H 114, Lg. VMI 56, Pp. MA 442, MED 558, KRS 386-7, SM 29O, T 353, T DgJ
156, KW 282 ?? OKo {Lee} 'narih, MKo nai_ / nai_h-, NKo na 'river' An alt. hypothetic origin: N 'nihr'a 'to stream,
a stream' (q.v.) Lee GKS 8O, S QK #229 (pKo 'nai_h). Nam 1O1, MLC 315 ll D (in GnD) {GS} 'nagur`- 'river' > Png, Ku
nagur`i, Mnd nagur` id. D #3636, GS 191 ^ N '-r- was probably lost in HS due to some morphological processes and\or due
to the infl. of N 'laK'u 'body of water' (q.v.) ^ Blz. LB #96f (N 'naIuri > M, D), & Blz. LNA #39 (N 'naIuri > M, Ko,
D).
1268. ?? 'La'IU 'fig tree' > K: GZ 'layv- 'fig tree, fig' > OG leGy lcyvi, G lcyvi, Mg, Lz luyi id. (1 G luyi 'fig')
FS E 216, K
2
1O7, K 119 (did not distinguish this from the homonymous 'layv- 'meat'), Abul. 2O8-9, Chik. 122, Chx. 68O,
DCh. 648-9, 654 ll ? HS: Eg fP nh.t 'sycomore' ({Vc.} ['naha-t] or ['nahi-t]), nh.t nt d:b 'fig tree', Cpt Sd uec nuhc,
Cpt B uet nuhi 'sycomore' EG II 282-3, Fk. 135, Vc. 151 ? EC: Sa {R} malaha'lo 'Ficus lutea'; C 1 NrOm: Kf {C}
mcllo 'sycomore'; acceptable, if Sa ma- goes back to a px. R S II 266, C SE IV 471 ^ Qu. , because the corr. K '-y- Eg h is
not demonstrably reg. (so far).
1269. 'luIV (= most probably 'lugV?) 'to wash, rinse' > K: o? G laylay- v. 'rinse' ['(im Wasser) schwenken, splen',
{DCh.} ' nonociar '] Chx. 6O8, DCh. 644 ll HS: B (rdp ) 'lHl > Kb lil (pf. i-lal), Tmz lil 'tre rins, pass leau', Mz ilil 'be
rinsed', Wrg llil - il(l)il 'tre rins, tre net, luire', caus.: Kb/Tmz/Izd/Mz s-lil, Wrg slil caus. v. 'rinse', Sll s-lil 'wash'; hardly here
(for lack of any reflex of a lr.) Ah {Fc.} o lollvot 'be washed, wash\rinse oneself', ETwl./Ty {GhA} lollovot 'laver lgrement,
nettoyer lgrement' Dl. 437, Ds. 168, Stm. 221, Mrc. 225, 395, Rn. 338, MT 365, Dlh. Ou 162, Dlh. M 1O1, Fc. 1O73, GhA
115 Eg iy 'wash' > Cpt: Sd ctw cio, ctec ciuc, B twt ioi, tw io, A ctw cio, F twwt iooi 'wash' EG I 39, Fk. 1O, Vc.
6O ll IE 'lou_H- ({EI} 'lcu_h-) 'wash, bathe' > NaIE 'lou_-, 'lovo- 'wash' > Gk Hm oe, Gk A oe 'I bathe, wash (the
body)', Gk Mc rc-vo-tc-rc-yo 'for bathing' || L lav-o / lav-crc, lava- (pfc. lav-i) id., lautus prtc. 'washed' || ON lauga 'to
bathe, wash', OHG luhhcn 'to wash, rinse', NGr Sb lichcn 'to wash', Dt logcn 'to leach'; ON laug 'Lauge, Bad, Wsche' (<
'lou_Ia), OHG louga 'lye, leach', NHG Laugc, AS lca 'lye', NE lyc || Arm loganam loganam 'I bathe' - NaIE lovo-tro-
'washing-basin' > Gk Hm octov, Gk A otov 'a bath, bathing-place' || Gl [GlE] LAUTRO- 'a bath' ({Billy} 'bain'), OIr
{Thr., SB} loathar 'basin', MBr louazr, Br laoucr, Br V {Ern.} lochcr 'trough (auge)' || ON laur 'soap, lather', AS lcaor
'lather', NE lathcr P 692, EI 1O8, WH I 773-5, F II 138-9, Thr. 71, SB 249-5O, Ern. 375, Hm. 5O5, Billy 92, Vr. 346-7, Ho.
196-7, Sw. 1O5, Kb. 636, 64O, OsS 572, KM 427, Slt. 251-2 ll U: FU (att. on ObU) 'luvyV v. 'wash' > pObU {Hl.} d
'lov-Vt- v. 'wash' > pVg d 'lov-t- > Vg T/UK/MK/LK/SV/LL/UL, Ss lovt-; pOs 'loyIt- ({Hl.} 'layit-) > Os: V/Vy
loyIt-, Ty oyIto-, Y lovito-, Kz o_it-, D/K to_ctto-, Nz to_otso- id. pY {IN} 'loyo- 'bathe' > Y T {IN, Ku}
loyo-ro- 'wash', loyo-o- 'bathe' Ht. #349 ('loy-), Hl. rHt 73-4, Stn. WV 254, 34O, KrT 1115, IN 232, Ang. 123-4, Rd. UJ
47 [#72] (Y A U) The Y ev. suggests that some traces of the obstruent '-gy- survived in pU ll A: T '|u'b- (= '|uv-?) vt.
'wash' > OT {Cl.} |u-, {Ml.} |u- - |uv-, MT XIII? [Tf.] |uv-, XwT XIII |u(v)-, XIV [QB] |u- - |uv-, MQp |u- - |uv-, [CC]
|u- - |uv-, Osm XIV-XVI, Tk |uv- " |uy- " |oy- " |u-, Tkm, Kr, Nog, Uz |uv-, SY |uv- " |u-, Qmq, QrB uv-, Qzq, Qq
zuv-, Bsh |iv-, VTt y- |uv-, Az {Bu.} -vvY |uv-, Az |y- |u-, Ln |u-, ET |uy-, Xlj |u-, Qrg zu-, Xk, Tv cuy-, Tf cu-, Yk
suy- || Chv L su- / s+v-, {Md.} su- / s+v- For the development of -y- (< '-v- < pT '-b-) cp. pT 'sub- 'water' (F N
''s'uvhX ''sE?uvhV 'moisture, water') Cl. 87O, Ml. PDP 39O, Rs. W 2O9, DTS 277, ET J 238-9, Brv. T 163, Md. 162
[T '|u(b)-], Md. 6O, Rl. III 569 & IV 163, Bu. II 384. Ra. 198 ^ If the K cognate is rejected as onomatopic, the N etymon
may be reconstructed with '--, '-y- or '-g-, otherwise '-- is ruled out, so that the rec. must be 'luIV.
127O. ?? 'LzagujyV, 'fat meat' > K 'lacyv- 'meat' > Sv UB/LB/Ln/L lcyv 'meat' TK 413, GP 146, FS K 197, K 119
(did not distinguish this from the homonymous 'layv- 'fig') ll IE 'luy- or 'lai_- 'fat' > NaIE 'lai_- 'fat', 'layos 'lard, animal
fat' > L lactus 'fat, rich' (of animals) 'pleasant, fortunate', ? laridum, lardum 'the fat of bacon, lard' ({P} < 'laycs-idom?)
|| ?? Gk oivo) 'fatted, fat' ({Osth.}: < 'laycs-rinos) WP II 379, P 652, WH II 75O, 764-5, F II 85-6 ll ? A: T '|ag n. 'fat,
suet' ( N 'Ejya,gV 'fat', q.v. ffd.) ^ Ch 'lU?V 'animal, meat' (see N 'lu?V 'liv?V ' bovine') ^ Doubtful, because
the IE rec. is qu. and the T reflex '-g- of N '-g- is not demonstrably reg. (at least so far).
1271. 'laIU 'circle' > HS: B 'laI-: Ah talaIat 'circle', ETwl/Ty tal+Iat (pl. til+Iatcn) 'wheel' Fc. 1O29, GhA 113
?? Eg (att. in NK) m rI.f 'neben (jemandem), um (jemandem)'; but Eg fOK m rI.f 'at the time of (so.)' may be either a sd of
m rI.f 'neben' or a direct descendant of N 'r'aKX 'time, term' [q.v.] EG II 457-8 ll U: FU 'laIvV or 'laIIU > ObU
'loI 'ring, circle' > pVg {Ht.} 'laI" > OVg S Tr (labeled "TuraG") nax, Vg T laI, Vg LK lox" (pl. loI"ot), MK/UK
lox" (pl. loI"ot), Vg P lax, lax" (pl. loI"ot), Vg LL lax, OVg N Ber nai, Vg UL laI", Vg Ss {Kn.} laI, {Stn.}
laI", OVg SoO n iy; pOs {Ht.} 'loI > Os: V/Vy loI, Ty lcI", D la'I, K loI, Nz laI, Kz laI, O lo_ id. Ht. #351.
1272. 'LiIV 'be ill, suffer disaster' > IE: NaIE 'lci_g- / 'loi_g- / 'lig- id. > Lt liga 'illness, disease', Ltv liga id.,
'pestilence, disaster', Lt licgti 'be seriously ill, be an invalid (siechen)' || Gk oio) 'ruin, havoc' (of death by plague, by war),
oiio) 'pestilent, deadly, fatal' || pAl {O} 'liga > Al lig adj. 'evil, wicked; bad; sick'; pAl {O} 'liga > Al ligc 'bad situation,
immoral behaviour; serious disease' || ? OIr {P} liach {EI} 'suffering, unfortunate', {P} 'elend, unglcklich' ( WP, P and
EI) Gk oio) 'little' and Arm aat alI"at 'poor, needy, necessitous, miserable' WP II 398, P 667, EI 516 (''hligos 'ill,
bad'), Mn. 689-9O, 7O3, F II 134, Tr. 161, Frn. 37O, ME II 166, Kar. 53O, Bc. 3O2-3. AlED 439-4O, O 227 ll HS: C {AD} 'laI-
> Ag {AD} 'laI- / 'laII- - 'laI-an- ({Ap.} 'lay-an-) n. wound' > Bln la'g'an (pl. la'Ian), Xm {Ap.} loxan, Q {Ap.}
nayan, {R} nag'on, Km {CR} nag'an, Aw {Hz.} lagcn, {Ap.} laycn; possibly also Bln/Aw {R} lag'- 'anfeinden, beschuldigen,
ausschelten', Gz (A Ag) laI"a, laI"a, laI"c 'altercation, strife, conflict', lI"y v. TL (pf. talaI"aya) 'quarrel with one
another, dispute, reprimand' AD SF 261, Ap. AV 14, R WB 251-2, L G 314 ll A: T '|ig 'illness, disease' > OT {Cl.} ig id., MQp
XIV {TAG} |ig 'an illness', ? |ig Ior- 'be hateful', Tk An ig " iy 'illness', Tkm ig-li 'sickly, ailing, rachitic' (of children) Cl. 98-
9, Rs. W 169, TAG 2O, 32, TkR 345.
1273. 'LuIa 'to bend; (?) flexible twig' > IE: NaIE 'lcu_g- / 'lug- 'bend, bend together, entwine' > Gk uoe,
uie id., uo) n. 'withy', uoi pl. 'flexible withy-twigs and withes', uo-ocoo) 'bound with willow-twigs' || L
lux-us adj. 'dislocated', luxa- v. 'dislocate' || Lt lugnas 'flexible' || ON lyIna 'to bend knees' WP II 413-4, P 685, EI 62-3, Mn.
717, F II 141, WH I 841, Frn. 388-9, Vr. 37O ll HS: ? B 'lI 'be bent' [ N 'alj'o,qU 'to bend'] > Ah loIot 'tourner (changer
de direction), dcrire une courbe, tre courb', Mz {Dlh.} lloIloI 'tre branl, bouger, tre disloqu; plier sous le poids', as well
as possibly Ah claIot 'branche', ETwl/Ty l+I+t 'tre courb en rond (en anneau)' Fc. 1O28-9, 1O51, PrGG 190, Dlh. M 1O5 ll
A 'luIc- v. 'bow, hang (down)' > Tg 'loIa- vt. hang down' > Sln, Neg loIo- - loxo-, Lm Ol/B/P noq-, Lm A laq- id., Orc
lo-m lovo-, loIo-, Ud lo-, Ul lo-, loqo-, Nn lo- " loqo-, WrMc laIiya- id.; - 'loj:,IanjV, 'device (made of perches) to
hang fish\meat for jerking' > Ewk lovan, Neg lovan, Orc loIoni, Ork lon, Nn loqqo id.; - 'loj:,Ian- 'hang down (fish,
meat') > Ewk lovan- STM I 5O1-2 M 'nugV- - [1] M 'nugul- > WrM nugul-, HlM nyiana-x vt. 'bend, fold; curve',
Brt nyian-, Ord nugul- v. 'fold', WrO {Krg.} nugul- 'bend, fold', Kl nyln- v. 'fold', {Rm.} nuy
u
l- 'umbiegen, falten', Ord
{Ms.} nuyul- 'plier', ? Mnr H {SM} nug_ula- 'tourner et retourner qch. entre les mains' ( M 'nigul- > WrM nigul- id.); [2]
M 'nugura- > WrM nugura- - {SM} nugara-, HlM nyiapa-x vi. 'bend, stoop; be folded', Brt nyiap- 'be bent, folded', WrO
{Krg.} nugur- 'bend, wrap, curve', Kl nylp- 'be folded', {Rm.} nuy
u
r- 'gefaltet \ umgebogen werden, sich falten', Ord {Ms.}
nuyura- - nuyara- 'se plier', Mnr H {SM} nug_ura- 'branler, osciller'; the WrM graphic variants nigul- and nigura-
[mentioned in KW 281, but not found in Kow.] may be explained as hypercorrect spelling of nugul-, nugura- (due to the regular
as -igu- > -ugu- in many other words) MED 595, Kow. 679, Krg. 227, KRS 385, KW 281, Chr. 333, Ms. O 499-5OO, SM 288
T '|uIun- v. 'bow' ( N ''nuK'u 'to lie down, sink, low', q.v. ffd.) pJ {S} 'nsIi- 'nu_aIi- 'hanging edge of
roof' > OJ nju_,oIji_,i, J T noIi S QJ #1533 Due to vw. harmony T has front vowels in both syllables, while Tg and M
have a back vw. in the second syllable. T -I- (for the expected -g-) is due to the merger with N ''nuK'u DQA #1224 (A
'luIc 'to bow, bend') ^ S NSShs #24 (IE A 'laI`u- 'bend, hang', IS III 61-6 (A 'nugu - 'nuIu- 'bend' < N {IS}
'Nuq'u 'bend, bow' N {AD} 'nuq'U 'to bend, swing, sink').
1274. 'luIE 'to gather' (> 'to count') > IE: NaIE 'lcg- 'gather, count' > Gk ce vt. 'gather, pick up; count' || L lcg-o / -crc
'collect, gather together, pick, read' || pAl {O} 'ambi-lca > Al mblcdh- (aor. mblodha) vt. 'gather, collect' WP II 422, P 658,
EI 242, F II 94-6, WH I 78O, AlED 5O2-3, O 251, Huld 145, 156 ll HS: S (+ext. 't) 'lIt 'gather, pick up' > BHb, MHb yql
lIt G 'gather, glean', JA [Trg.], JEA {Sl.} lIt G id., 'pick up', Sr lIt id., 'collect', OA lIt G 'glean', Ar lqt 'pick
up, glean' (1 Izd loqqod 'gather'), Mh {Jo.} lIt (pf. sv'Iavt) 'pick up (a thing, sth. small)', Jb lIt (pf.: Jb E 'lo'Iot,
Jb C lIot) id., 'pick up off a tree, pluck', Ak lIt G (inf. laIatu) 'einsammeln' Ass. glottalization ''I...t > 'I...t KB
5O8-9, HJ 584, Js. 717-8, Sl. 632-3, Br. 37O, JPS 244-5, BK I 1O14-5, Jo. M 255, Jo. J 164, Sd. 537-8 ll U: FU 'luIc- 'number;
to count', 'luIV 'count, number' ( 'ten') > F luIc-, Es lugc- v. 'count, read', F luIu 'number; reading', Es lugu 'number; story' |
pLp {Lr.} 'loIc 'ten' > Lp: N {N} logc / -II-, S {Hs.} luIIic, L {LLO} laIcv, Kld loIIt 'ten', N {N} loIIc / -g-, L
lahIc 'ten' (as last part of cds ), 'ten altogether'; N {N} loIIa- / -g-, K {Gn.} loIIc- v. 'read, reckon, count' | Er nono- lovo-,
Mk nyno- luvo- v. 'count; consider' | Chr: L ny(amlu'oa-s, E luoa-, H ni(am'l+oa-s 'to read, count'; pChr 'lu 'ten' > Chr
L/E/H lu 'ten' | Prm {LG} 'lu'-d n. 'count, number' ('-d is a sx.) > Z, Vt ni( lId, Z Vsh/EV lu'd id. || ObU {Ht.} 'loyot- v.
'count' > pVg 'lovont- v. 'count (rechnen)' > Vg: LK/MK/UK lovnt-, Ss nonnn r-, {Ht.} lovint- 'count, read'; pOs
'loqot- ({Hl.} 'laqot-) > Os: V loqot-, Ty/Y oqot-, D/K toqot-, Nz tuqot-, Kz uqot-, O luqot- 'read, count (e.g.
money), calculate (rechnen)'; ObU 'lo'y 'ten' > pVg {Stn.} lov > Vg: T {Stn.} o'v, MK/Ss {BT}, UL {Stn.} lov id. | ? Hg
olvas- v. 'read, count' ?? Sm: Ne T naxana-, T O {Lh.} la_na- 'speak, talk', Ne T {Ter.} naxap - 'say', T O {Lh.}
la_aru' 'Unterhaltung, Gesprch' Coll. 131, UEW 253, Sm. 545 (FU 'luIi-, FP 'luIi/a-, Ugr 'luIi- 'count'), Lr. #598, Lgc.
#3499, N II 555-8, Hs. 872, ERV 348, Ber. 33, MRS 298, 3O8, Rm. BT 71-2, PsS 66, 1O9, LG 164, Ht. #358, Stn. D 784-5,
Trj. S 216, Trj. VD 158, BV 46, Stn. WV 236, 254, 346, 357, MF 5O2-3, Ter. 181, Lh. 715 ll A: M 'noc- > WrM nogc-, HlM
n' ' -x 'economize, save for the future; put aside, keep in reserve', WrO no- 'save, hoard, economize', Brt n' ' -xy, Kl n' ' x
no-xo 'store up, accumulate, economize', {Rm.} no- 'sparen, verheimlichen, verhehlen', Ord {Ms.} no- 'faire des pargnes,
amasser les biens, thsauriser' MED 592, Chr. 332, Krg. 225, KRS 384, KW 28O, Ms. O 497 ? T '|ig- vt. 'collect, assemble'
> OT |iy- id., XwT XIV, MQp XIV [CC], Chg XV |iy- id., Tk yig- v. 'amass, accumulate, pile up', Az |iy-, SY |iy- - |iq-, ET |iy-,
Alt ( y- u- 'collect, accumulate', Slr |iy-, Ln |iy- - |iq- 'collect', Tkm |iy-, Qmq iy-, Nog |iy-, Qzq, Qq ziy-, Uz |iy-
'collect, accumulate, harvest', VTt s+y- 'collect, hide', Bsh |+y-, Xk ciy- id., 'accumulate', Tv ciy- (inf. cir) 'gather (e.g.,
people), pick (berries, etc.)', Tf ciy- 'gather (horses, cattle)' Cl. 897, Rs. W 200, ET J 271-2, TvR 56O, Ra. 199 The vw. 'i for
the expected 'u is hard to explain ^ The IE vocalization may be explained as going back to pre-IE 'lu_cI- < 'luIE (cf. AD
NVIE). In the light of the U 'l- the N lateral is 'l- rather than 'l- (suggested by IS) ^ Coll. IUS 12 (U, IE), AD GD 3 (IE, U),
IS MS 366 and IS SS 331 [#5.18] ('loIn = 'loIV 'to gather' [> 'to count']: IE, U + unc. M 'toya 'number' and D 'toII-/toIV-
'gather, count') Gr. II #7O ('lcI 'collect') [IE. U, CK]
1275. ?? 'LuuIE (= 'luIE?) 'to beat, strike, break' > IE: NaIE 'lcu_g-/'lou_g-/'lug- 'break, break off' > OI
ru'|ati 'breaks, shatters' ('zerbricht, zerschmettert'), rug'na- 'broken', Av uruxti- n. act. 'breaking, tearing apart' || Lt lauz-ti (prs.
lauziu), Ltv lauzt (prs. lauzu) vt. 'to break', Lt luzti (prs. luztu) vi. 'break, burst' | Sl 'luz- > R ny:-' ny-r mom.
'strike, lash' (' y(apnr , xnccrnyr '), McdS ny:na, ny:no 'scar' || ? AS to-lucan 'to destroy', {EI} 'pull/tear to pieces' (unless
AS to-lucan 'pull asunder' lucan 'pull up') || OIr lucht 'part, troop, people', W llvyth 'tribe' WP II 412-3, P 686, EI 81,
M K III 64-5, M E II 465, LP 52, YGM-1 316, Ho. 2O7, Sw. 1O9, 174 , Frn. 347, Bern. I 747, Vs. II 53O-1, ESSJ XVI 216-7,
BER III 494 ll HS: CS 'lII ('-luII-) G 'beat, mix (by beating)' > Ar lII (pf wLa laIIa, ip. -luII-) 'cuff, thumb so. on the
neck; mix sth.', MHb {Js.} lII G (pf. K6k2l6 lo'IaI) 'mix thouroughly, beat (oil and wine)', JA ak`1il5 liI'I-a n. act. 'das
Zerklopfen, mit dem Quirl schlagen, Quirlen', JEA {Sl.} ak`1il5 liI'Ia 'beating into a mixture' BK II 1O19, Hv. 694, Js. 711,
Lv. II 5O6-7, Sl. 625 ll ? U: FU 'llu'c- 'strike, chop' > F lyo-, Es loo- 'strike, hit, beat' || Hg lov- / lo- 'schlagen,
hauen'; this FU is to be distinguished from FU {UEW} 'lcvc- 'throw, shoot' (> Chr luyc- " luc- 'shoot', Z lIy- 'shoot, throw',
pVg {Coll.} li- id., Hg lo- / lov- 'to shoot') UEW ('lcvc-), Coll. 96 ('luyc-), Sm. 545 (FU, FP 'lcxi-, Ugr 'ligi- 'hit,
shoot') [UEW, Coll. and Sm. do not distinguish the for 'throw' from that for 'strike'] ^ If FU 'llu'yc- belongs here, the N
etymon is 'luIE, otherwise it is a less specified 'LuuIE ^ IS MS 358 (''luIn 'destroy'), IS SS 331 [#5.24] (in both: IE
+ dub. Ar lvI 'ronger' + err. Or ilIa 'tooth', which actually belongs to N '?czcIU 'thorn, hook' [q.v.]), S NSShS #29 (IE
equated with A 'luI`i 'breal through').
1276. 'li?VIU 'to let, let go, move (tr.)' > HS: S 'l?I v. 'send' > Ug l?I G 'send' (imv. sg. m. lI, ntr. 3m ylI), Sb
l?I G 'send, dedicate', Gz l?I G 'send' (3m js. yo-l?aI), Tgr, Tgy l?I G id.; - 'mal?aI- 'messenger' > Ug mlI, Ph
ml?I, Sr mala?'Ia id., IA ml?I 'delegate, envoy; angel (messenger of a god\goddess)', Ak {CAD} mala_u ' god\deity'
(A a Cn lge.), Ar mal?aI- 'mission, message', BHb K6a1l6m2 mal'?aI 'Gods messenger, angel' 1 BA mal'?aI' id. (with
ppa. 3m: Ek4a9l6m2 mal?"'I-ch), JA {Trg.}, JEA ak1a9l6m2 mal?"'I-a, Gz mal?aI, Ar mal?aI- id.; Ar l?I Sh (pf.
?al?aIa) 'send (so.)' KB 488, 1735-6, GB 374, HJ 629, A #1432, OLS 239-4O, 273, Js. 786, Sl. 676-7, Br. 354, PS 1874-5, BK
II 952, Hv. 673, Bll. 256, L G 3O3, LH 42, CAD X/1 152, Sd. 593 C 'lII 'lII 'send, let go' > EC: Sa {R} pcv. -laI
(pf. 'i-liI-o, imv. c-'liI) 'send', C 1 Amh lII (pf. lvIIvIv) 'let go, let free, let out', Tgy lII (pf. lvxvIv) 'relcher;
abandonner, laisser, lcher' R S II 247, L CAD 7, CS 91 ll IE: NaIE 'lci_I"-/'loi_I"-/'liI"-/'linI"- 'let, leave' (prs.
'li'ncI"-ti) > OI ri'naI-ti 'leaves, gives up, releases' (3p rincanti), riI'ta- 'empty, free (from sth.)', ricyatc 'wird befreit (von
etwas)', Av racI- 'freigeben, berlassen', lrinaxti 'rumt, lt frei', KhS arri|- 'deliver' (< 'ari-rai_caya- 'leave'), eNPrs
{Sg.} inf. taxYr rc_-tan, NPrs {BM} inf. taxYr ri_-tan / 1s prs. zayr riz-am 'pour, pour out, scatter' || OIr lcicid 'leaves'
|| Arm lanem lI"ancm 'I leave, abandon, desert, forsake' (3s aor. eli cliI") || Gk cite 'leave, leave behind, forsake' || L
linqu-o id., rc-liquus 'left behind, remaining', licco 'be for sale' || Gmc {Vr.} lix"an > Gt lcil-an, ON l|a, AS lion, OSx,
OHG lihan, NHG lcihcn 'to lend' || OLt licI-mi, Lt licIu 'I am left, I remain', inf. liI-ti 'be left, remain', a-liIti 'to leave',
a-laiI-ai pl. 'remains, legacy', Ltv liIt (prs. licIu) 'to put' (liIt micra 'to leave alone'), licI-s 'superfluous, odd', Pru
oliIins 'verliehen', olinIa 'remains' | Sl 'lcI+ > RChS a1k+ lcI+ {Srz.} 'remainder', OCS e:+a1k+ ot+lcI+ id. ('to
kotooito') WP II 396-7, P 669-7O, EI 348-9, M K III 59, Horn 141, Sg. 6O1, Bai. 216-7, F II 99-1OO, WH I 8O8-9, Fs. 327,
Vr. 359, Ho. 2O3, Ho. S 46, Kb. 614, OsS 556-7, KM 434, 7, Frn. 372-3, En. 231, Srz. II 71, Vs. II 477 & III 134, Slt. 96 ll ? U
'lliIIV 'move' (vt.) > FU: BF d (ps.): F, Es liiIIu- vi. 'move, stir' | Lp: N {N} liI'Ia- / -II- 'change position\place, stir; shift,
move', L {LLO} lihIIa- vi. 'move' Sm: Slq: Tz {KKIH} laqI- vi. 'stir', laqIrI- vt. 'swing, loosen' (' paciaunnar , marar '), Nr
{Cs.} laga- 'sich rhren', lagara- 'in Bewegung setzen, erschttern' UEW 249 (adduces ObU 'luI- 'jump, enter suddenly',
that belongs to 'luKa 'to jump' [q.v.]), SSA II 73, KKIH 124-5, Cs. 129-3O ll A (SDM97} 'niIo 'to leave, put aside' > M
? 'ni'yu- v. 'hide, conceal' > MM [S] niu- id., [MA] niu- v. 'hide, be hidden', WrM nigu-, HlM, Kl nyy-, Brt n y- nu-
'hide, conceal, keep secret', Mnr H {SM, T} niu-, Dx {T} niu- id.; - M 'ni'yuca 'secret' > MM [S] niuca id. (adj.), WrM
niguca, HlM, Kl nyyn, Brt n yca nusa n. 'secret, mystery', adj. 'secret' H 117, Pp. MA 257, MED 579, KRS 387, Chr. 347,
SM 279, T 351, T DnJ 13O pKo {S} 'noh- 'put, let go' > MKo noh-, NKo noh- no- id. S QK #699, Nam 114, MLCh 353
pJ {S} 'nsI- 'leave, put aside' > OJ noI(-os-), J: T/Kg noIos- K noIos- S QJ #632, Mr. 737 ? AdS of Tg 'ncIu-
'carry, lead' (< N 'nEK'u 'to carry, bring', q.v. ffd.) SDM97 (A 'niKo > M, Ko, J), DQA #1426 (A 'ncIo, incl. Tg,
Ko, J) ll ? D 'niII- 'put aside, remove' ( D 'ni- 'go away, depart'?) > Tm niIIu 'remove, exclude, put aside', Ml niIIuIa 'put
away, aside, remove', Td niI- 'brush away', Kdg niI- 'put aside, remove', Tl ni:gu - i:gu 'remove' D #3685 ^ The apparent
reflexes of an emphatic 'K in IE ('-I"-), in U ('-II-) and possibly in EthS (-I-, -x-) are due to secondary glottalization
('-?jV,I- > '-I-) ^ DQA #1426 (A, D) Gr. II #241 (IE + err. U, A, Ko, J, Ai, Gil, CK).
1277. 'Lo'?iIa 'cutting instrument' > IE: NaIE 'slci_g- 'cutting instrument' > L ligo (gen. ligon-is) 'mattock' || OIr {Vn.}
sloichrcth 'sword' || AS slicc (< 'sliIya-) 'hammer' WP II 7O7, P 961, WH I 8OO, Vn. S 137, Sw. 961, Ho. 298 ll A: Tg
'loI'a-n 'cutting weapon, blade' > Orc loxo(n-) 'sword', Ul lo_o(n-), Neg loxon id., 'sabre', Nn Nh/KU lo_o, Nn B
lo_o(n-) id., 'poniard', Ud lo - lo

o 'sabre', WrMc lo_o 'sword, sabre', Mc Sb {Y} lohs 'sabre', Chj {Kiy.} loho 'blade';
'luIV-i- 'cut with a weapon' > Ul lo_o-ci- 'cut with a sword', Ewk d luIuciun " (Tit.} nyiyunyp 'sword' STM I 5O9, Krm.
256, Z 857, Hr. 626, Y #6O7, Kiy. 11O [#235] ll HS 'lI(I) > 'lI(I) > B ''liuI(I)- > 'liuq-/lVy- 'knife, poniard' > Ah
{Fc.} tc-loq (pl. tc-ly-in 'poniard', ETwl {GhA} tc-loq (pl. tc-ly-cn) 'small knife', Gh {Nh.} c-loq (pl. ci-ly-in) 'knife', Gd
{Lf.} tc-loqt 'poignard de bras' Fc. 11O9, GhA 111, Lf. II #O912 ^ Tg '-I- and B 'I (> y/q) < ''-I- < '-?iI-. The IE 's-
reflects the presence of 'y in pre-IE 'LoyIa < N 'Lo'?iIa.
1278. ?? 'Luj?a,Ia 'valley, low-lying lands, plain' > IE: NaIE 'lou_Io- 'open land, field, countryside' > OI lo'Iah
'open space, place, world' || OL louco- > L luc-us (gen. -i) 'sacred grove\wood', Osc luvIci loc. sg. 'in luco, in (a\the) grove' ||
Gmc 'lau_ho > MDt loo 'bebuschte Ebene, Wald', AS lcah 'meadow, field', ON lo 'glade, meadow', NIc lo 'von den Wellen
besplte Strandebene', NNr lo 'meadow', OHG loh {Kb.} 'grove, wood; Hain, Lichtung', {OsS} 'mit Gebsch bewachsene
Lichtung' || Lt lauIas 'field, acre, land', Ltv lauIs 'field', Pru laucIs 'acre, field' The connection with 'lcu_I- 'to shine' is
secondary (folk et.) Mn. 713-4, WP II 4O8-12, Bc. G 318, Dv. #315, M K III 113, M E II 481, WH I 828, Ho. 196, Sw. 1O5,
OsS 568, Lx. 177, Vr. 361-2, Frn. 343-4, En. 2O3 ll A: M 'nugu 'meadow, plain' > WrM nugu, HlM, Brt nyia 'meadow in the
winding of a river', ? WrM nigu 'meadow', Kl {Rm.} nuy
u
id.; the semantic element 'winding' is induced by the infl. of the
verb 'nugul- 'to bend' (see N 'LuIa 'to bend'); the original meaning 'meadow, plain' is better preserved in loan-words of M
origin: SbTt Tb {Rl., Tum.} nou 'plain, lowland', Tb {Rl.}, VTt {Rl.} nuv 'meadow, hay-meadow', VTt Ks {TTDS} nov 'hay-
meadow' (StVTt 'ua6in'), Ewk Nr {STM Cs.} nuyu 'meadow' MED 594, Chr. 332, Rm. 28O, Rl. III 693, 7O8, Tum. 159,
TTDS 341, STM I 6O8 DQA #1424 [A 'ncIu 'lowland, water meadow' > M 'nigu (> WrM nigu)] ll ? U: FV 'LaIa
'valley (of a river), depression' > pLp {Lr.} 'lcIc > Lp: N {N} lIIc / -g- 'depression, hollow (in terrain), dell, valley', S
{Hs.} licgic 'Grube, Tal', L {LLO} lichIc " lahIc 'langgestrecktes kleineres Tal mit ebener Sohle', Nt {TI} li_c:II_
'depression, valley' | Mk n n lay, Er ncn lcy 'river', Er Iv lcy 'ravine' UEW 685, Lr. #581, Lgc. #3345, Hs. 85O, ERV 335
^ The apparent discrepance between the M and FU ev. for the plain 'I and the IE ev. for an emphatic 'K can be resolved if one
supposes the presence of a lr. (most probably '?, which does not yield 'o in intercons. position [like lou_oI-]). In this case IE
'-I- goes back to a '-I- < '-?I-. Such conjecture helps to resolve the problems of the vocalism in view of the apparent
conflicting ev. of IE and M (pointing to a N 'u) and FV (suggesting 'a in the first syll.). The FU final '-a is from '-a due to
vw. harmony.
1279. 'LuIj?,c 'flexible rod, thong' > IE: NaIE 'log- 'rod, sapling' > Phl raz, NPrs zra raz 'vine, vineyard, grape' || Sl
'lo'za 'flexible rod' ( 'vine') > OP loza 'rod, willow Salix cinerea', P loza 'flexible rod, willow, pussy-willow, vine', R no':a
'flexible rod (esp. of willow and vine)', OUk no:a 'willow shrub', OCz loza 'trunk of a tree'; in the Southern Sl lgs., in Slk and in
Cz the word has developped the meaning 'vine': OCS aeo loza, Blg no':a, SCr loza, Slk, Cz loza 'vine', McdS no:a id.,
'flexible rod, creeping stalk', Slv loza 'sprout, vine' ?? Ht alIista(n)- 'branch' (alternatively: OI 'alIa- 'root fibril' in
vyalIasa- 'nach allen Seiten Wurzelfasern habend', cf. M K III 796); may al- reflect IE 'l-? The adduction (by Pv. and EI) of
Gk [Hs.] ooivov oeoc), outcike) ({EI} 'branchy') is too brittle; the word is parallel to Gk [Hs.]
oottoov outcike) and is likely to be a cd with initial oo- 'all-' P 691, McK 71, Vl. II 28, Glh. 383-4; Vs. II 512-
3, ESSJ XVI 118-23 (supposes that Sl 'loza is derived from 'lcz-ti 'to climb, creep' and rejects all extra-Slavic connections),
Ma. C 242, Ma. CS 277, Pv. I-II 35-6, EI 8O ('hlog- 'branch') ll HS: S 'lI? > Ar lI? 'percussit aliquem flagello' Fr.
IV 122, CAD IX 24O ?? C: Bj {R} la'I"ay 'stick' (unless cd with I"a'lay id., as suggested by R) R WBd 14O, 158 ?
Ch: Ngz {Sch.} laIodi 'whip' [ N 'luKUzV or 'luIKsV 'twig, strap, lash, whip'] Sch. DN 1O3 ll A: NaT '|ugan
'bridle' ( N 'yuIa 'to attach, tie\bind to') > OT |ugun ({Cl.} |ugun) id., XwT XIV |ugan, Chg {Rl.} |ugcn - uycn
- uyan, CrTt, Kr Cr, Qmq |ugcn, Kr T |ugan, Kr G iygcn, MQp |ugcn, uygcn, uyan, MU, Alt uygcn, OOsm XIV oyan,
Tk oyan, ugcn " uyan, Az |uyan, Tkm St |ugon, Tkm uyan, uycn " uyon id., ET |ugan, Uz ian |ugan, Uz
|ugan, VTt, Bsh |igan, QrB ugcn, Nog |uvcn, Qq uvcn, Qzq zugcn, Qrg zugon, Ln yuyan, SY |uyin,
Xk, Shor, Tv cucn, Yk un, Chv |ivcn id. Cl. 913, ET Gl 577, Rl. I 13O5, 18O7, 1815 & III 593, TL 556, AzRL II 588
The existence of two synharm. variants of the word ('|ugan and '|ugan) suggests the existence of a pre-synharmonic form
'|ugan with subsequent as in two opposite directions.
128O. 'luIjV,?A 'luKA 'push, shove, thrust, fasten to' > HS: S 'lI? 'affix, fasten to' > Gz lI? 'imprint, coin
[money]; affix, nail down, fasten to' (the latter semantic variant is indluenced by S 'lI [> Ar Il 'stick to', Tgr lI 'fasten
with nails']) L G 313 ? EC: Sa {R} pcv. lagam, -lgum- (p. 'u-lgum-o) 'load ones gun (shove a bullet into it), fill ones pipe'
R S II 245 ll U: FU 'luIIa- 'push, shove, thrust' > F lyIIaa-, Es luIIa- id. || ObU 'luI- > pVg {Ht.} 'luI- 'pile
up, heap up (fire-wood)' > Vg: LK laI"- / laI"-, MK laI"-, UK laI"-, P laI- id.; pOs {Ht.} d 'lolomo- 'shove
(schieben), push' > Os: D loIomo-, Nz liIomo-, Kz luqomo-, d Os Ty lo'Iomto- id. | Hg loI-, liI-, luI- 'give a
push\shove, thrust' | Hg loI-, liI-, luI- 'give a push\shove, thrust' Coll. 96, UEW 248-9, Sm. 545 (FU, FP 'luIIa-, Ugr
'luIIa- 'push'), MF 4O9-1O, Ht. #354, EWU 911 ll A: [1] ? A: Tg (att. in NrTg) 'ligd- 'stick into' > Ewk ligdirsn- stick in
(a knofe, axe), push through (a stuck object)', ligdirs- 'be stuck in', Lm nid- 'press\push into, stick in' STM I 497 [2] ?? A
{DQA} 'luI`i 'hole', 'break through, make a hole in' ( N 'lovKV 'hole, opening' [q.v. ffd.]) > Tg 'loItU 'hole', pJ 'nuI-
'pass\break through', as weel as possibly (but not necessarily) M 'nuIcn 'hole' DQA #1228 (A 'luI`i 'to break through') ll D
'nuII- v. 'shove, push' > Tm nuIIu, Kn nuIu, nugu, nun'Iu v. 'shove, push, thrust aside', Kdg nuI- push', Tu nuIu-
'thrust, push, reject', Tl nuIu 'shove, push violently, thrust out', Klm nuI- 'push so as to move' D #3722 ^ If the Gz belongs
here, the N etymon is to be 'luIjV,?V (U '-II- and A '-I`- < '-I- < '-I?-), otherwise it is 'luKA ^ IS II 28-9 ('luIn
[= 'luIV] 'pierce, thrust': U, M, Tg + err. NED 'tuII- 'push, thrust'). The NED actually belongs to D 'tuII- 'push, shove'
(D #3286) < N 't'uKa 'to thrust, stab' (> IE 'tuI- 'thrust, stab, prick', C, U, A) [q.v.]. Cp. also S NSShS #29 (IE A 'luI`i
'break through' equated with IE lcug- [i.e. IE 'lcu_g-/'lou_g-/'lug-] 'break').
1281. 'luIsV 'needles of conifer trees' > HS: S 'luIs- > Ak luIsu 'needles of the cedar', MHb {Js.} Sk3l3 'lcIcs, JA
{Js.} luI's-a - lug's-a {Js.} 'the wooly substance of cedar twigs' [ Lv. II 477: MHb 'lcgcs - 'lcIcs, JA lug'sa 'eine
Weide, deren Bast (Wolle) als Docht benutzt wurde' (A Gk uo) {LS} 'twigs or withes of Vitex Agnus castus'?] Fr. IV 122,
CAD IX 24O, Js. 694, 711, LS 1O63, F II 141 ll U: FP 'lluIsV - 'llusIV 'needles\branch of a conifer' > Chr: L nycc lus
'branch with needles (of conifers)', M luyus, B luyos, Uf lus id., 'needles of conifers' | Prm 'lu's / 'lu'sI- 'n> Z nic lIs,
Z EV/Vsh lu'sI- (= {LG} lwsI-), Vt nic lIs 'conifer tree, needles of conifers' It. #439, UEW 691, Sm. 552 (FP 'luIsi 'twig
(of spruce\pine'), MRS 3O6, LG 164 ll ?? K 'lcs`- or 'lcms`- 'needle' > Mg 'lc()s- - 'li()s-, Lz lcms-, G
lcs(a)- " ncs(a)- K 121, K
2
141 ('ncms`-) The unexpected labial cns. (esp. 'm) may be due to the infl. of another ,
namely that represented by OG/G ncms-, Lz lcms- 'needle' and S 'lmd 'to prick'. The cns. ' may have developped from 'I in
the precons. position due to the labializing infl. of the vw. (cp. Chr lus 'whip' < FU 'lluIsV, see N 'luKUzV
'luIKsV) 'twig, strap, lash, whip').
1282. 'laK'u 'body of water (lake, river, etc.)' > IE: NaIE 'laIu- / 'laIv- 'lake, pool, puddle, pond' > Gk okko) 'pond;
pit, reservoir' (< 'laIvo-s) || L lacu-s (gen. lacus) 'lake; trough, basin, tank' || OIr loch 'lake' ({EI}: < 'laoIu), Crn
lag-cn 'pond, puddle, slough', MBr lagucnn 'lake', Br lag 'mare', lag-cnn 'cloaque, dondrire', Gl -loco- 'lake' in toponymy
(names of lakes): Pcnnc-locos, etc., ? W lvch 'lake' || OSx lagu 'sea', AS lau 'sea, flood, water', ON logr 'sea, water,
moisture' || Sl 'loII (gen. 'loI+v-c) 'puddle' > OCS, OR aek loII (gen. aek+ac loI+vc) 'pool, basin', Slv loIcv (gen.
loIvc) 'puddle, pond', : Slv loIva id., Blg 'noina 'puddle', SCr lo`Iva id., 'swamp, lake' P 653, Mn. 661, F II 75-6, WH I
748, Thr. 8O, ECCE 263, YGM-1 314, Ern. 35O, Hm. 5O1, Ho. S 44, Ho. 189, Sw. 1O3, Vr. 373-4, ESSJ XVI 1O-1, Glh. 381,
EI 343 ('lo'Iu-s 'lake, water, pool, pond, cistern') ll HS: Ch: WCh: Krf {Sch.} loIIo 'river' || CCh: Db H {Srp.} laIua
'river', Bdm {Lk.} lssmi (pl. laam), {Mch.} lcgomi id. ChC, Sch. BTL 56 LEC: Sml lag (pl. lagag) {ZMO}
'water-channel', {DSI} 'affluente', Or B {Sr.} laga 'small river', Or O/Wt {Sr.} laga 'river', Or laga {Grg.} 'river-valley', {Brl.,
Ss.} 'river, brook' 1 Brj 'lag-i id., Kmb laga, Sd la'ga, lagga 'river' ZMO 25O, DSI 378, Brl. 274, Grg. 36O, Sr. 358, Ss. B 131,
Hd. 124, 2O9, 33O, 382 Om: SOm: Ari {Bnd.} loI 'water', Ari B {Fl.} luqa, Ari U {Fl.} luIa - loya, Ari G
luqa - loqa id. Blz. LO #91, Fl. OWL s.v. 'water', Bnd. AL 161 OS #1637 (C, CCh) ll U: FU 'laItc 'bay' > F lahti (gen.
lahdcn), laIsi, laaIsi, Es laht (gen. lahc, lahi) 'bay, gulf' | pLp {Lr.} 'loIts 'bay, gulf' > Lp: N {N} luoI'ta 'creek, inlet, bay
(of sea\lake)', S {Hs.} luoItc 'Bucht', L {LLO} luoIta 'gulf, bay (of sea\lake)', K {Gn.} lu_t 'gulf, bay' || ObU 'laI- - 'loI-
'bay' > pVg 'laI 'bay (in a sea\river)' > (partially in cds ) Vg KM/P loI, OVg W I/U nooi, OVg N SoO n i, Vg UL/Ss lox
'bay'; pOs 'loI - 'loI ({Hl.} 'laI) 'long narrow bay' > Os: V/Vy/Ty loq, D lo_, Kz lo_, O lo_ id., d : Ty loqI, K
lo_o id. Acc. to UEW, ObU '-I is an irreg. reflex of FU '-It- Coll. 94, UEW 234-5, Lr. #619, Lgc. #3626, Hs. 876, LLO
44O, Gn. 1333, Ht. #346 ^ Blz. LNA #37 [N 'lovIV 'lake, (reservoir of) water; semantically unjustified equation of SOm,
CCh and IE with U 'lovIIV 'Loch, Grube').
1283. o 'laIV 'to lick, lap' > HS: WS 'lII, '-luII- v. 'lap, lick' > BHb lII (ip. -loII-: 3m qli! ya-'loI, 3pm
uQli! ya'loIIu), Ar lqq (ip. -luqq-) v. G 'lap', MHb {Js.} lII v. G 'lap, lick', ql1 laI adj. 'lapping, greedily',
Tgr lIlI (pf. lvIlvIv) v. 'lick' KB 5O9, Hv. 692, Js. 716, 719, LH 36 C: Bj {R} laI- scv. 'lap, sip (as a dog)'; ? Bj {R}
-liI pcv. (3m: p. i-'liI, prs. in'liI; prtc. 'liIa) 'lap, sip (as a dog)' R WBd 157 B 'vly 'lick, suck' > Ah olloy (pf. illoy) 'lick',
Gh {Nh.} olloy (pf. illoy) 'suck', Zng {TV} clli (pf. yollc) 'lcher' Fc. 11O1-4, Nh. 2O8, DCTC 286 Ch: WCh: DfB {J} loI,
Bks {J} loI 'lick'|| ECh: Tmk {Cp.} la`g v. 'lick, suck', Nd D {J} lsgna 'lick' || ? CCh ( N 'Ligj,E 'to lick, sip, suck' [q.v.]:
Gnd {ChL} lcIta, Gbn {ChL} lcItc, Boka {ChL} lcIts 'lick' J R 144, 217, ChC, ChL, Cp. 79 ll K 'loI- ({IS II}
'loI- - 'laI-) 'lick' > G loI-, Mg, Lz loI-, Sv {K} laI-, Sv UB {GP}, L {Dn.} loI- K 121, K
2
11O, FS K 2O1, FS
NE 221, Chik. 3O3, GM 245, GP 158, Dn. s.v. loI- ll IE: NaIE 'laI- 'lick' ({P} 'schmalzend lecken') > Arm lakem laI-cm 'lick'
(-I- < '-II-, with gemination due to the onomatopic factor) || Lt laIti, Ltv laIt id. | Sl 'loIa-ti (prs. 'loc-o) 'lick' > ChS
aeko:u loIati / aeva loco v. 'lick' Cz loIati 'to swallow, drink greedily', SCr loIati / lo`ccm. Slv loIati 'lap', R
no' iar id. (the standard speling: na' iar ), no' iar / no'uy 'to drink greedily', Blg 'noiax'I lick' P 653, EI 352, Frn. 337-
8, ESSJ XVI 6-7, Glh. 38O, Vs. II 514, Slt. 379-8O ll U: FP (or FU?) o 'laIIV 'lap, lick' > Es laII- 'lick' | Chr: L
nociamlo'Ia-s 'to drink greedily', {} ' naiar = to lap' | Z nai- laI- (-a- preserved due to onomatopia) || ? Hg |ol-laI- 'be
sated' (|ol 'well') [Hl.s hyp.] LG 157, IS II 15, MRS 296, 1O8 ll ? A: M 'lagu- > WrM lagu-, HlM naia- 'eat greedily or
gluttonously' (usually said of pigs) [the preservation of 'l- (usually changed to 'n-) may be due to the onomatopic factor], ? Mnr
H {SM} lag_ss- 'eat noisily, devour', cp. Kl {Rm.} i lag in lag lag gc id
e
_o 'to eat\swallow large pieces of food' MED 515,
SM 219, KW 25O ll D 'naII-/'naI- 'lick, lap' > Tm naIIu, Tu naIIu- - ncIIu- id., Ml naIIuIa, Kt naI-, Td noI-, Kn
naIIu, ncIIu, Kdg naII-, Tl naIu, Klm, Nkr naI-, Prj, Mnd ncI-, Gdb, Gnd, Knd, Png, Ku naI-, Kui naIa v. 'lick' D
#357O, Km. 412 ^ Rosen OS 69 (Sv, IE), Tromb. 287-8 (HS, K, IE, U), AD GD 3 (HS, K, IE), IS II 15 ('laIn 'lick': HS [S,
C], K, IE, U, D) Gr. II #243 ('laI 'lick') [IE, U + unc. EA].
1284. 'luIV ' canine' ( 'lynx') > K (GZ?) 'lcIv- 'young carnivore (whelp, cub)' > OG lcIv-i 'cub', G lcIv-i
'puppy, whelp', Mg laIv-i 'puppy', Lz A lac- 'dog', Lz laI- 'whelp, dog' K 'c and 'c regularly changes in Z a (GM S 146,
416-8), but only under certain conditions (i.a., in open syllables), while in closed syllables Z preserves the quality of the short K
'c (Test. KV 66-9), which apparently suggests that the pK had a long 'c ('lcIv-i); however, there are reasons to suppose
that K 'Iv behaved as a single cns. and that the syll. boundary preceded 'Iv ('lcIvi), hence we preserve the rec. 'lcIv-
(as suggested by K and FS). GZ 'lcIv- < ''lvcI- (mt of 'v) K 12O, K
2
1O8, FS K 199, FS E 218, Chx. 677, Q 27O, Chik.
85-6, Schm. 121 ll IE: NaIE 'luI- (- 'lunI-?) 'lynx' > [1] 'luI-, 'luI- > Arm {Hb.} lusanun lusanunI" pl. 'lynxes' || OSw
lo (< Gmc 'luxa-), with a suffixed '-s-: OHG luhs, NHG Luchs, AS lox id. ({EI}: WGmc '-Is- due to the infl. of the word for
'fox': OHG fuhs, AS fox, etc.) || Gk uko) 'wolf' ( NaIE 'vlI"o-s < N 'v'UzjE,KU ' a canine' [q.v.]) [2] NaIE
'lunI- 'lynx' ( N 'LuqKE ' beast of prey', q.v. ffd.) P 69O (connecting this with IE 'lcuI- 'shine, be bright'), EI 359-
6O (luI-), F II 143-4, Ho. 2O7, Kb. 64O, OsS 576, KM 448, H. 454, Slt. 161-2 ll U: Sm {Jn.} 'loIV 'fox' > Sq d : Tz {Prk.,
KKIH} loqa, Tm {KD} loya, Ke {Cs.} loIIa id.; Mt {Hl.} 'lsy 'fox' (Mt: T/K {Mll.} lui, K {Pl.} nyn, lui, M {Mll.} li, {Sp.}
ncn) Coll. 32, UEW 252 (connects FU 'luyV with the above Sm , supposing that Slq -I- is a suffix), Pl. Z I 86-7, Jn. 84,
KKIH 126, Cs. 131, 224, Hl. M #624 ll A 'loI`V, {DQA} 'l'uI`V 'lynx, wild cat', {S} 'lynx, fox, dog', {ADb.} 'young of a
lynx' > Tg 'luIX > WrMc luIa 'young of a lynx', Ewk luIu 'polar fox', Orc loIc 'lynx' S AJ 225 [#29O], Z 858, STM I 5O9
M: [1] {DQA} 'nogu-yal > WrM {Kow., Gl.} nogool or nuguul ({MED} nuguul), HlM {Luv.}, Brt noioon 'young of a lynx'
Kow. 679, Gl. II 47, MED 595, Luv. 26, Chr. 328 [2] ?? M 'noqayi 'dog' ( N 'nUKV ' canine', q.v. ffd.) pKo {S}
'niI 'jackal' > NKo niIta {MLC} 'wolf', {Gale} 'jackal' S QK #781, Gale 9O5, 314, Rm. SKE 169, MLC 367 pJ {S}
'ni_aIu_a 'nai_Iu_a 'cat' > OJ ncIu_o, J: T ncIo, K ncIo, Kg ncIo S QJ #67, Mr. 495, Kenk. 1348 DQA #1233
(M 'nogu-yal, Tg, Ko, J) ll ?? D 'naIIV 'fox, jackal' ( N 'nUKV '', q.v. ffd.] The vw. 'a may be due to the infl. of D
'nari 'jackal, fox' ^ In M and D, i.e. lgs. without phonemic distinction of the original initial 'L-cnss. and 'N-cnss., the N roots
'luIV and 'nUKV inevitably coincide ^ (,) FU {UEW} 'luyV (> Chr: L nyn luy, H nin l+y 'marten' || OVg {Pl.}
loisa 'Mustela martes' - cf. UEW 252) and MKo nIori 'badger' ^ IS II 34-5, Glh. 528.
1285. 'LuuKV 'to shine' > HS: eB 'luII- > B '-luqq- > Gd luqq (pf. yo-luqq) 'shine (briller)'; rdp eB 'lIlI > B
'lyly > Gh {Nh.} d imv. omloyloy, pf. imloyloy 'briller' Lf. II #O913, Fc. 11O5, 2OO9, Pr. M VI-VII 2O8, Nh. 164 S
'lvyI > Ar d liyaq- {BK} 'flamme, feu qui slve en flamme', {Hv.} 'blaze' BK II 1O49, Hv. 7O4 ll IE 'lcu_I- 'shine' >
OI 'rocatc 'shines, is bright', ro'Ia- n., ro'cis n. 'light', Av raoI- v. 'shine' || Arm lojs loys (gen. lusoj lusoy) n. 'light' || Gk
cuko) adj. 'light, bright, white' || L lux (gen. luc-is) n. 'light', lucc- 'be bright, shine' || OIr {P} luchair 'Glanz', MIr {EI} loch
'shining', W llug, Br luc`h n. 'light'; OIr lochct, W lluchcd (-_- < '-Is-), OCrn luchct, Br luc`hcd(-cnn) 'lightning'; W llcuad
'moon', Brtt [RE} 'lugra 'moon' > OW loyr, W llocr, OCrn luir, Crn lor, OBr loir, locr, Br loar id. || Gt liuha| n. 'light', OSx,
OHG lioht 'bright', n. 'light', NHG Licht, AS lcoht n. 'light', NE light || Lt lauIas, Ltv lauIs adj. 'with a white spot on the
forehead' | Sl 'luca - 'lu'ca 'ray, beam of light' > OCS, OR avo luca, Blg nyua, SCr lu``ca id., Uk ny'ua 'sun-ray'; Sl
'luci 'ray, beam' > Blg nu, nyu, OR, RChS avi luci, R nyu id., Slv luc 'light (of fire)', SCr luc id., light, torch for
lighting', OCz louc 'torch for lighting', Cz louc 'chip for kindling wood' || pTc {Ad.} 'luI- > Tc: A/B luI- v. 'illuminate' Ht
luI(I)- 'grow bright, dawn', luIat 'at dawn'; possibly here also luI(I)-, luI(I)i/a- 'set fire to' P 487-9, EUC 513, M K III 76-6,
M E II 463-4, F II 1O8-9, WH I 823-4, LP 13.1, 35.3, RE 112, YGM-1 313, Hm. 532-3, Fs. 334-5, Ho. 199, Ho. S 47, Kb.
621-2, OsS 562, KM 439, Frn. 344-5, ESSJ XVI 16O-4, Glh. 384-5, Vs. II 537, Slt. 4O-1, Wn. 269, Ad. 556, Ad. H 24, 76, 1O2,
CHD L-N 74-9.
1286. 'L'uIa 'to swallow' > HS: WS 'lIm G 'swallow' > Ar lqm G (pf. laqima, ip. -lqam-) 'avaler promptement',
luqm-at- (pl. luqum-) 'bouche, morceau quon avale en une fois', Tgr lIm G (pf. lvImv) 'eat, devour, swallow', 'essen,
verzehren, verschlingen', Tgy lIm G (pf. 'lvxvmv, js. -lxsm) {CB} 'manger (des grains, etc.) par petites parts la fois',
{Bsn., L} 'eat roasted grain', Gz {L} lIm G (pf. laIama) 'chew on food that is hard and makes noise when it is eaten', Mh/Jb
{Jo.} lIm: L : Mh pf. aloIom, Jb E pf. c'luIum, Jb C c'loIum (sbjn. ys'loIsm) 'put into ones mouth', Hrs pf. alcInm
'make so. swallow', GT : Mh pf. 'latIsm, Jb E 'lotIum, Jb C 'lotIsm 'swallow', Hrs pf. 'latInm (sbjn ynl'tcInm) id., 'chew,
put in the mouth', Mh svIsmct (pl. svIam), Hrs nlIs'mct, Jb E/C lsI'mct (pl. sl'Iam) 'mouthful' BK II 1O16-7, L G
317, LH 36-7, CB 92, Bsn. 21, Jo. M 255, Jo. H 84, Jo. J 164 C: [1] LEC 'luI- v. 'swallow' > Kns {Bl.}, Hr/Dbs {AMS} loq-
id., Gln {AMS} loq- 'schlucken', ? Gdl loI- 'lap up', Rn lo__o 'throat' [2] EC {Ss.} 'luIm- 'neck; (?) throat' > Elm {Hn.}
luI (pl. lum-t?), Arr {Bl.} luIo, Dsn {To.} lu-ti (pl. lug-u) 'neck', pOr {Hn.} 'lu(g)ma_, Or BI {Sr.} lummc, Or Wt
{Hn.} luma_ id., Or B {Vnt.} lummc / -ni 'bone of the neck', Or {Ss.} lumm-c 'neck of ox', Gwd luqum-tc 'sides of neck', Hd
lom-c 'Adams apple', pSml {Hn.} 'luqum (pl. 'luqumo) 'neck' > Sml N {Abr.} luqun (pl. luqumo), Rn {Hn.} lu'_um (pl.
lu_u'mo), {PG} lu_um (pl. lu_umo), pBn {Hn.} nu?un 'neck' [as 'l...n > n...n] (> Bn Bo nu?un, Bn J/Kj/K mu?un);
the ancient meaning 'throat' still survives in Or d liIim-s- 'swallow' (1 Ged liIin-s-, ? Hd liI-icc- id.) Hn. S 67, Bl. 261,
Ss. PEC 21, 49, Sr. 36O, Vnt. 1OO, Hn. W 61, 69, Hn. BD 119, PG 213-4, AMS 173, 211, Hd. 147, 253, 291, To. DL 516 Ch:
[1] 'liIg- v. 'swallow' ({JS} 'lI id.) > CCh: Ms {J} liIqa`, Bnn {ChL} ligimu, BnM {ChL} liga, ZmB liI id. || ECh: Ke {Eb.}
ligi 'schlucken' [2] ECh: Tmk {Cp.} lagsm 'eat (hard food)', Kbl {Cp.} liycm 'eat (soft food)' JS 258, JI II 315, Eb. 78, ChL,
ChC OS #1673 ('liIam--'liIim- 'eat, swallow': S, ECh, Or), #1697 (LEC 'liI--'loI- 'swallow' < HS 'lVI- 'lick') ll K:
G luIm- 'eat with appetite, eat greedily'; but MG [VTq.] luIma, G luIma 'Bissen', 'piece', G luIma-uri 'piece of bread' may
either go back to or have merged with Arab luqmat- '' Chx. 694, AxT 194, NCh. 261 ll IE: NaIE 'lcu_I- (- 'lau_I-?) 'throat'
> Gk cukovi, Gk Hm oukovi 'throat' || Lt a-liauIis 'dewlap of a bovine', liauIa 'gland (of the throat)' ? NaIE
'luIj",- v. 'swallow, drink' > Lt luIcnti, luInoti 'to drink with the beak sunk deep in water' (of doves), {ESSJ ?) luIinti
'to drink greedily' | Sl: Blr nian (- iter. ' niian ) 'to swallow, drink', (iter. >) Cz lyIati, P lyIac 'to swallow', R ' niiar ,
Uk 'nniarn 'to drink greedily'; the BSl verb is hardly connected (contra ESSJ) with NaIE '(s)lcug- (> MHG slucIcn 'to
swallow', OIr slucc- v. 'hiccup, swallow', Gk ue id.) because of the difference between IE 'I and 'g WP II 38O, P 655
('lauI-), F II 9O, 142, Frn. 361-2, 389, ESSJ XVI 241-2 & XVII 25-7 ll A: Tg 'lcgbc- (if < ''lcIbc- < ''lcI`mc-) 'eat
greedily' ( N 'Ligj,E 'to lick, sip, suck') > Neg mt lsbgs- id., Nn lsgbsci- 'eat greedily' (of animals), Ul lsgbs- 'eat greedily,
eat enough', Ud lsgbs- 'eat by large pieces\gulps' (of dogs) STM I 514, Krm. 257 ll D (in McTm) 'nuoIar- 'swallow, eat' > Ml
nuIaruIa v. 'swallow', Tm nuIar 'enjoy, eat, drink' D #3695 ^ In S, C, Ch, K and possibly Tg we find N 'L'uIa-mV 'to
swallow', which is either a derivate ging back to a N cd 'L'uIa + another word (maybe 'im'c 'to swallow, suck' [q.v.] or
the like?). In the latter case this is a cd of two (nearly-)synonymous words like in Chn, like a chain of verbs in C and other
African lgs. or like Yid cr iz gc'Iumcn cu 'gcyn 'he came' (lit. 'he came to go\walk', i.e. 'he came by walking'). In the light of the
N syntax rules (AD NMI 26) we may suppose that 'L'uIa 'swallow' served as a subordinate word (verb) of the head verb
'im'c 'to swallow, suck' and indicated the exact way of swallowing \ sucking ( 'sucked by swallowing').
1287. 'LVKaE (= 'laKE?) 'leg' > HS: pre-B ''lVI- > B 'lVy 'leg; part of the leg' > Ah c-loy (pl. clyan) 'lower leg
(from the knee to the foot), its bones and flesh', 'partie du membre postrieur coprise entre le jarret et la cuisse (chez les
quadrupdes)', Ttq {Msq.} iloq (pl. ilyan) 'lower leg (between the knee and the heel)', Mtm {Ds.} i-loy, Izd i-loy (pl. a-ly-iu_n),
Kb i-loy (pl. i-ly-an) 'leg', Tmz i-ly (pl. i-ly-an) 'calf of the leg' Fc. 11O8, Msq. 16O, Ds. B 181, Mrc. 146, Dl. 459, MT C:
EC {Ss.} 'laI- - 'liI- - 'luI- 'foot, leg' > Sa {Wlm.}, Af {PH} laI 'leg', Af {Ss.} laI 'leg, thigh', Or luIa 'thigh', Or B/O/Wt
{Sr.} luIa 'leg', Kns loq-ta, Msl {Ss.} lux-t, Gdl luII-ct {Bl. G}, {Ss.} luhc 'leg', {Bl.} 'leg, foot', Sml lug, Rn {PG} luh
'leg', Bs {HL} luI 'leg, foot', Arr {Hw.} luII, Elm luI 'leg', Hr, Dbs luh-tc (pl. luqc) 'leg, foot', Gln {AMS} luhtc (pl. luhc,
luqqc), Gwd {AMS}, Cm {Hab.} luItc 'leg'; HEC {Hd.} 'loIIa > Sd, Ged lcII-a, Alb loII-a, Kmb loII-a-ta, Hd loII-o,
Brj {Hd.} 'luIIa 'foot, leg' || Dhl {To.} luIa 'leg (from thigh to knee)', {EEN} luIa 'thigh' ({To.}: A Sml lug 'leg'?) || Ag
{Ap.} 'lsI"- ({Ap} 'loI"-) 'foot, leg' > Bln, Q, Aw lsI", Xm lsIv || Bj {Blz. Rop.} lcIvay 'on heels' ({Rop.}
to'lcIvay at?agig 'I am squatting on my heels') AD SF 272 (C 'lVI"-/'lVII"- 'leg, foot'), Blz. CWL, Bl. 14O, 189, Bl. G
76, Ss. PEC 5, 12, 41, Ss. B 136, Sr. 36O, Hw. A 382, PG 214, HL 124, AMS 173, 211, 233, 243, PH 154, Hd. 66, 21O, 253, 292,
331, 382, To. D 141, EEN 42, Ap. AV 15 HL 124 Coh. EC #419, AD SF 272, OS #1696 , Rop. 145, Blz. CL 179 ll IE:
NaIE 'laII- 'foot, part of leg' > Gk o adv. 'with the foot', oov id., oktie v. 'kick with the heel\foot' || Gmc 'lagiz
> ON lcggr 'lower part of the leg, bone', arm-lcggr, hand-lcggr 'arm', fot-lcggr, lr-lcggr 'calf of the leg'; OScn 1 ME, NE
lcg; Lngb lagi 'Schenkel'; Gmc 'laxaz- or 'lcxaz- > ON lr, OSw lar, Dn lar 'thigh'; Gmc 'liizan- > AS lira 'fleshy parts of
body (shank, etc.), flesh' || Pru lagno 'trousers' ('garment for legs', cp. NHG BcinIlcid) || ? Arm olo oloI" 'shinbone' (o- from the
first part of a cd ?) || ?? L laccrtus 'upper arm' (obscure morphological structure) || ? Tc A lyasIam' du. 'haunches' [{Ad.}: <
'lcIs(c)Io-] P 673 (does not distinguish this IE from 'lcI- 'biegen, winden, springen, zappeln'), F II 82-3, WH I 742-3, Vr.
349-5O, 372, Ho. 2O4, Sw. 1O8, WH I 743-4, En. 2O1, Tp. P K-L 416-8, Slt. 322-3, EI 323 (ON lcggr < 'lcI 'jump') ll ? U:
Sm: Slq: Ke {Cs.} laIa, NP {Cs.} laIIa n. 'step' Cs. 129 ?? FU d 'laItc- 'start going, go, go away\out' (if 'to step')
( N 'za'KidV 'to move, go' [q.v. ffd.]) pY 'laq- > Y T {IN} laqil, {Ku.} naxnn 'buttocks, hind part; tail; back side (of
garments)' (-il is a nominal sx.) [ N 'rigjV,lE (or 'l-) 'foot, paw'] ll ? A: Tg: Ewk Brg lsIss 'knee'; Tg 'lcIV- v. 'put on so.s
footgear' > Ewk loIo- 'put on Tungusian boots (unt)' , lsIsmi " loIomi 'light unt', Neg lo_omt 'footgear (made of reindeer
leather)', Nn Nh lsmi 'footgear for indoors (made of fish-skin)', Nn KU lsmi 'slippers', Ul lsmi id., 'footgear for indoors', Ud
ls_sms 'lower part of the unt, slippers', Orc lsmils- 'wear footgear' STM I 515-6, Krm. 258 ^ The IE reflex points to a N 'a. If
FU 'laItc-, Ewk lsIss and\or Tg 'lcI'o- belong here, the front vw. (instead of 'a) may be due to the ass. infl. of the vw. of the
next syll. The labialization of 'I in Ag and that of the vw. in some EC lgs. is still hard to explain (reflex of a nominative ending
''-u?) ^ This etymon is to be distinguished from 'rigjV,lE (or 'l-) '' ^ If FU 'laItc- belongs here, the N etymon is
reconstructed as 'laKE, otherwise as a less specified 'LVKaE ^ IS II 22-3 ('l'aKa [= 'l'aKa] 'leg' > HS, IE, U [Slq + unc.
ObU] + unc. CD 'taI- 'walk').
1288. ?? 'LahjE,KU 'to grow; sprout, twig' > HS: S 'lhI > Gz lhI G (js. yo-lhaI) 'grow, grow up' B: [1]
'lVy- > Kb i-loy (pl. i-ly-an) 'branche coupe assez courte', [2] ? 'lajH,IVt- ( N 'LVrIV 'stem, stick, club'??) > Ah {Fc.},
Ttq {Msq.} c-laIot (pl. i-loIt-an) 'branch', ETwl/Ty {GhA} c-l+I+t (pl. il+I+t+n) 'small fresh twig' Dl. 459, Fc. 1O51, Msq.
41, GhA 114 ll ??? IE: NaIE 'lcI"- {WP, P Vn.} 'flexible twig (used to make a whip or a snare for animals)' ( N
'luKUzV 'twig, strap, lash, whip'??) > AS ll 'twig, whip' ({WP, P} < Gmc 'laxj",il-) || L laqucus 'trap; noose, halter,
snare', [ N 'LVKjV,hX (or 'LVKjV,_X, 'LVXjV,KV?) 'to grasp, catch', q.v.] laci-o (inf. laccrc) 'ensnare, entice' ([Fest.]
lacit inducit in fraudcm) WP II 421-2, P 673-4, WH I 744-5; otherwise Ho. 191 and Mn. 676 ll A: M 'naIiya > WrM
naIiya, HlM naxna 'shoot of grass, leaf bud', Ord nab_c`i na"xa 'vegetables' (nab_c`i means 'leaf'), nab_t`as na"xa
'lambeau dtoffe' (nab_t`as(u) means 'rag, tatter') > MED 561, Ms. O 48O.
1289. 'LEHKE 'to make one's way with effort (crawl, climb)' > HS: B 'jv,lHy v. M 'crawl' > Izn imv. mullay (hab.
tmulluy), Rf Wr/B/A muay (hab. tmuuy) 'ramper, se traner' Rn. 338 ??? S 'lI > Ar lq G 'passer
rapidement' [ N 'luHKa (- 'lluKaV?) 'to jump'] BK II 1O15 ll IE: NaIE (att. in BSl) 'lcgj",- 'crawl' > Ltv {ME}
lczct (prs. -c|u) 'langsam \ lauernd gehen', lczuot 'sehr langsam gehen, sich schleppen', lczctics, lczatics,
lczuotics 'to toboggan down-hill', Ltv {Ul.} lczat 'rutschen', Pru lisc 'kriecht' | Sl 'lc

zti (1s prs. 'lczo) 'to crawl,

climb [clamber]' > SCr l|c`sti (prs. l|c`zcm), Slk liczt`, R nc:r (prs. 'nc:y), Uk 'n :rn id., Slv lcsti, Cz lczti, P lczc
'to creep, crawl, sneak', OR a1:u lczti 'creep, crawl, clamber; go', Blg {Ger.} 'n:a 'I crawl, climb [clamber]); Sl iter. 'laziti
'to crawl, climb' > ChS aou:u laziti, SCr la`ziti, Slv laziti, CVz laziti, Slk lazit`, P lazic, R ' na:nr id., Blg na: 'I crawl,
climb' WP II 425-6, P 669, ME II 464-5, Tr. 161, Kar. II 517-8, En. 2O4-5; ESSJ XV 36-8, Vs. II 476-7 (both
unconvincingly adduce here ON lagr 'low', MHG lgc, Lt lc'Istas and Ltv lczcns 'flat'), Glh. 37O ll E: NEl la-gi
'vorstoend, berquerend', la-gi-iI 'angereist', AEl la-gi-ma-na 'fr ihre Reise'. la-aI 'unterwegs', la-aI-Iar-ra 'ein
Durchreisender', la-Ii-ib-ba Durchreisende, unterwegs Seiende' HK 8OO, 8O6, 811-3 ^ IE '-gj",- and M '-g- may be
accounted for by the as '-yI- > '-g-; alternatively (and much less plausibly) HS '-I- goes back to '-I- (or '-g-) with secondary
glottalization caused by '.
129O. 'luHKa (- 'lluKaV?) 'to jump' > HS: WCh: DfB {J} luI 'jump high', 'springen (auf und ab)', Bks {J} luI
'auffliegen, fliegen' J R 144, 217, ChC ??? S 'lI [ N 'LEHKE 'to make one's way with effort (crawl, climb)'] > Ar
lq G (prm. -lqa-) 'passer rapidement' BK II 1O15 ll IE: NaIE 'lcI-/'loI-/'loI- 'jump, leap (lebhaft springen), fly' > Ltv
lcIt (prs. lczu) 'jump, leap, hop, spring', iter. lcIat 'jump (about), skip', Lt lc'I-ti (prs. lcIiu) 'to fly', laIstyti 'fly about,
jump' || Gk [Hs.] kov to to) )ov o_ciooi 'to dance to the music of singing' || L locusta 'locust' WP II 42O-1
(IE 'lcI- and 'lcI-/'loI-), Bc. 688, F II 115, WH I 818-9, Frn. 353-4, Kar. I 513 ll U: FU 'luIIV > ObU {Ht.} 'luI- >
pVg {Ht., Stn.} 'luI- 'enter suddenly' > Vg: LK laI"-, laI-, P laI-, SV/LL laI"-, LL/Ss laI"-, d : T laI"ot- "
laIot-, P/NV/SV laxxot-, laxxat-, LL lax"at- v. 'jump', d MK laI"olt- id.; pOs 'loI- 'aufspringen' ({Hl.}
'luI-) > Os: Ty o'I-, D toq-, Nz, Kz tuq- id. Ht. #353, Stn. WV 279 ll A 'l'uK- > Tg: Ewk Np luItin- 'run (a certain
distance)' STM I 5O8 ? pJ 'ni`nIa 'run away, escape' > OJ niga-, J: T/K nigc-, Kg nigc- S QJ #13O8, Mr. 735
??? M ':ugatda- (or ':igutajya,-) ({DQA} ':iguta-) 'flee, run away' (> WrM igutaga- - ugtaga-, HlM :yiraa-, Brt
:yia(a- id. MED 1O77, Chr. 261). The M item may belong here only if M ':- reflects A 'l- (hyp. of DQA) and N 'l-
(evidenced by U 'l-) palatalized to 'l- due to the infl. of the following A 'u ({DQA} 'i_u) DQA #1212 (A 'li_oIi 'to run
away').
1291. 'lovKV 'hole, opening' > U 'llovIIV id. > F louIIa, louIas (gen. louIIaan) 'Schupfwinkel', louIIu 'Spalte,
Hhle', louIIo 'corner, grotto, cave', Krl lou_IIo 'opening, hole, cave', Es lougas 'stone wall (serving as a seat) in front of the
hearth, hearth-stone' | Chr: L nyi luI, Uf luI, H nii l+I 'corner; bend, curve (of a road\river)' || Hg lyuI 'hole, opening' [unless
A M] Sm: Ne T noxo 'corber, cap (in a lake\river)', Ne T O {Lh.} lo_c? 'corner (in a house, in a lake) MRS 299, 3O9, EWH
916, Ter. 193, Lh. 228, SSA II 97 ll A {SDM97} 'luI`i, {DQA} 'luoI`i 'to break through' > ppM ''luIcn > M 'nuIcn
'hole' ( N 'NuKV 'NuKE 'hole', q.v. ffd.); possibly ppM 'luIcn 1 Hg lyuI 'hole, opening' (Hl.s hyp.) [unless < FU
lovIIV] Tg 'loItU ({DQA} 'loIta-) 'hole' ( N 'luIjV,?U 'luKA 'push, shove, thrust, fasten to'?) > Neg
loIttItn- - loItoItn-, Ud lotogo- vi. 'get holed\leaky' ( npopnar c) , npo(ip) nnr c) , nporcu )', Neg loItoxo " loItoIo,
Ul luItu 'hole, puncture', Orc loIto-loIto bi 'gaping' (of a hole), Nn Nh luItus adj. 'having a hole, pierced', Neg loItol-, Ud
lotoli-, Ul luItulu-, Nn Nh luItuli- 'make a hole, pierce', Ork luItos, Nn Nh/KU luItu adv. 'through and through' STM I 5O2-
3 pJ {S} 'nuI- 'pass through, break through' > OJ nuI-, J: T/Kg nuI-, K nuI- S QJ #912, Mr. 5O2 DQA #1228 ll ??
IE: NaIE 'lugg- 'hole, opening' (unless IE 'lcu_g- 'to break') > OHG loh (gen. lohhcs) 'hole, cave; Loch, Hhle,
Offnung', MHG loch 'hole, cave; verborgenes Wohnungs- \ Aufbewahrungsort', NHG Loch 'hole' OsS 568, Kb. 629, Lx. 129,
KM 444, P 686 (Loch < IE 'lcu_g- 'to break') The voiced 'gg (for the expected 'II) is still hard to explain.
1292. 'Lajy,Ka 'to cut, tear' > HS 'lI(I) > ?? S 'lII > Ar wLa laqq- 'crevice, slit, furrow', wLu luqq-
'furrow', qaqaLa laqaq-at- 'ditches narrower in the upper part' BK II 1O12, Hv. 692 Eg BD nI 'tear out (the heart)' (EG
II 343), that probably belongs to N 'nuKV 'tear out' [q.v.] ll IE: NaIE 'laI- 'tear asunder' > Gk oki) (gen. okioo)) 'rent,
rending', okie 'tear asunder', Gk Cp [Hs.] otcko otceo 'is broken' || L laccr (f. laccra, ntr. laccrum) 'torn,
mangled', laccra- v. 'tear to pieces', lacinia 'lappet\flap of a garment' || NPrs naXra ra_nc 'breach in a wall, hole, crack' || ?? Sl
'lax+ (< 'laI-s-) / ? 'lox- (< 'laI-s-?) 'torn garment, rag' > P lach id., Uk 'naxa, nax, Blr nax 'rags', Cz L lax 'ragamuffin';
d : R nox' xor pl., R nox'xan, nox'xon 'rags', 'noxxa, 'noxxi'torn pieces of cloth, rags' WP II 419-2O, P 673, EI 568, WH
I 742-3, F II 75, BM 243, Vl. II 27, Sg. 572, ESSJ XIV 17-9 & XV 25O-5 Sl 'lax+ and Gk otcko represent the L-gr. of
apophony. An alternative rec. ('loI-/'laI-) is ruled out by NPrs a (ClNPrs a) ll U 'LcyIIa- 'cut, split' > F lciIIaa- v. 'cut,
harvest', Es loiIa-, lciIa- id., 'carve' (BF A Gmc {SSA} 'blai_I|an 'cut a notch in a tree, lyd pilkka puuhun'??) || Hg lcI,
lycI " liI n. 'ice-hole, leak', 'ffnung, Ri, Spalte' Sm {Jn.} 'lcIIa- (or 'lccstIa-) vi. 'split' > Ne: T ncia-c , T O
{Lh.} lcIa-, F K {Lh.} c:IIa-; En {Ter.} nyic -c id.; - Sm 'lcIIata- (or 'lccstIata-) vt. 'split' > Ne T
ncia6ra-, T O lcI:a'ta, F L {Lh.} a:I:b_taq:at; En {Cs.} obcj. 1s aor. lcIctabo; Mt {Hl.} 'lEgabts- vt. 'split' (Mt
M {Sp.} ncicnr x ' ion ') UEW 244, EWU 885, Jn. 83, Hl. M #62O, SSA II 59 (BF A Gmc [with a query]) ^ U '-cy-
may go back to '-ay-, while S and IE lost the cns. 'y. If the IE cognate has 'o, the N rec. must be 'Lah?iKa.
1293. ? 'LuuKja,'HV 'LuuKHa 'to see, know' > HS: eB 'lIH > B {Pr.} imv. 'luyut / pf. 'yilliyat > Tw
{Pr.} imv. loyot, pf. illoy+t, Ah {Fc.} imv. loyot / illoyot (Fcj. 1O2, Pcj. V - app. I) 'faire connatre' Fc. 11O5, 2OO9, Pr. M
VI-VII 2O8 ll IE: [1] NaIE 'lcu_I- 'see' > OI 'loIatc, 'locatc 'sees, perceives (erblickt, wird gewahr'), lo'cayati 'beholds
(betrachtet)', lo'Iayati id., 'watches, looks at (schaut)', locanam 'eye' || Gk cuooe 'see, behold, look upon' || Brtt {RE}
'luIatos 'eye' > MW llygat, W llygad, OCrn, MBr lagat, Crn lagas, Br lagad id.; W am-lvg 'evident', cyf-lvg, cg-lvg
'conspicuous', go-lvg sight' || Ltv luIs 'Schauender, Freier, Kundschaftler', luIot [luIuot] 'schauen, auf etw. sehen' 'to
try, venture', Lt lauIti 'wait (for so.)', Pru lauIit 'search, look for', Iaima-luIc "sucht heim" | ? Sl 'luciti 'find, hit (the
goal)' > RChS luhiti luciti 'meet, receive', Blg ) nyua 'hit (the goal)', SCr luciti 'find, receive', P luczyc, R no-ny) unr
'receive' ?? [2] NaIE 'laoI- ({WP} 'laI-) 'see, look' > OHG luogcn (in older dictionaries: luagcn, lucgcn, luagan) 'look,
see; lugen, schauen, erblicken', {OsS} 'aus einem Versteck hervorsehen, schauen, lugen', NHG lugcn ''to look out, spy about,
peep', OSx {Ho.} loIon 'lugen, blicken', AS locian 'see, look', NE looI In NaIE the reflex of the lr. is lost in prevocalic
position, IE 'laoI- < pre-IE 'lu_VI- ("state II") < N 'LuuKja,'HV 'LuuKHa P 689, M K III 112-3, M E II 48O (unc. :
probably OI loI- 'see' lo'Ia- 'lichter, freier Raum'), F II 11O, Frn. 345, En. 187, 2O3, WP II 381, EI 5O5 ('lcu_I-), LP
263.1, RE 92, Hm. 5O1, Ho. 2O5, Ho. S 48, KM 449, Kb. 641, Schz. 2O3, OsS 578, AHD 76, Vs. II 538, ESSJ XVI 162-3 (Sl
'luciti ''luciti 'illuminate' 'luci 'ray of light').
1294. ??? 'LVKjV,hX (or 'LVKjV,_X, 'LVXjV,KV?) 'to grasp, catch' > HS: S 'lIh 'take' > BHb lIh G (ip.
-IIah) 'take', Ph, IA lIh G , Pun, Yd lIh G (ip. -Ih), Mb, DA, OA -Ih G ip. 'take', Ug lIh (ip. -Ih) 'take, grasp', JA
{Lv.} lIh T (3pf ip. Nuhq^l2`T5 tillaI'hun) 'be married' (of girls) [lit. 'be taken'], OCn TA (AkSc) inf. la-Ia-_u (=
'laIahu) 'to take', Ar lqh (pf. laqiha) 'conceive' (female), 'be impregnated' (palm tree), (pf. laqaha, ip. -lqahu) 'impregnate',
Sb lIh 'take, seize, capture, arrest', Mn lIh 'take \ seize illegally', Gz lIh D (pf. laIIoha) 'lend' | OAk, Ak A laIa?u,
Ak B lcIu 'take, take a wife' KB 5O7-8, A #1482, OLS 246-8, HJ 58O-4, Lv. II 521, Js. 717, BK II 1O12-3, Hv. 692, Bll. 262,
MA 57, L G 317, CAD IX 131-47, Sd. 544-6 ll IE 'lHII- ( N 'luKUzV 'twig, strap, lash, whip' [q.v. ffd.]) > NaIE
'loII- > L [Fest.] lax 'deceit, fraud' ([Fest.] lax fraus), [Fest.] lacio, -crc 'entice' (Fest.: lacit inducit in fraudcm) [
laqucus 'noose, halter, snare' < N 'LahjE,KU 'to grow; sprout, twig' [q.v.]) - c-licio 'lure out, entice out' WP II 421-
2, P 673-4, WH I 744-5 ^ Qu. , because the IE may be explained otherwise (cf. N 'luKUzV).
1295. 'luKUzV - 'luIKsV 'twig, strap, lash, whip' > U: FU (att. in FV) 'lluIsV 'lash, whip' > Er noimo loIso id.
('inyr'), Mk noima loIsa 'lash, whip (inyr, xnicr)' | Chr: L nynm lus, E {It.} lus, H ninml+s 'lash, whip
(inyr, nncria)' It. #22O, ERV 349, PI 149 ll A: Tg 'luIs- - 'lusI- 'trace-strap' [ N 'ruqjV,'zV 'to tie; tie (an animal)
with strap; loop'] > Ewk luIsiIa " luIsiIan '(central) trace-strap in a team of dogs (nor) i, nocrpoxia)', Neg
nusIu - nusIi, Nn Nh luIsur, Nn B luIsuri, Nn KU nuIsur, Orc nuIsu " noIsu, Ud B nuIi, Ud I/Sm nuxi, Ud K {Krm.}
luxi, Ul nusIu id., Ork nusIu " nusIu '(central) trace-strap in a team of reindeers' STM I 5O9, Krm. 267 ll ? HS: Ch: Ngz
{Sch.} laIodi 'whip' ( 'LuIj?,c 'flexible rod, thong') Sch. DN 1O3 B 'lId 'whip' > BSn loIIud, Izn loII'ud id.
Ds. B 138 ll ??? IE 'lcHI"- > NaIE 'lcI"- {WP, P Vn.} 'flexible twig (used to make a whip and a snare for animals)' ( N
'LahjE,KU 'to grow; sprout, twig' [q.v. ffd.]) ^ The voiced cns. 'd in B and Ngz and 'H in IE suggest a voiced sibilant in N
('z?). If the the HS and the IE cognates are not valid, the sibilant is 's.
1296. 'LiLU 'water, sea' > HS: C: Bj {Rop.} lil- scv. 'be liquid, melt', {R} lil- scv. 'be wet\humid\liquid' R WBd 158,
Rop. 86 LbB 'lilju, 'sea, (?) water' > Lb [Hs.] iu 'water', Jrb {Bs.} i-lil, Jrb / Nf / Snd / Mtm {La.} i-lol 'sea' Msq. Z 517,
La. S 259, Vc. NN 38O-1 S {Vc.} 'nil- (dis < ''lil-) 'large river, flood, watering' > Ak nilu(m) 'watering, flooding', Ar
sattu-n-nili (name of an ancient river-bed in Mesopotamia), ?an-nil-u 'the Nile of Egypt, the Nile of Kufa (Mesopotamia)'
CAD XI/2 234, Sd. 694, 79O (connects Ak nilu- with Ak n?l 'befeuchten' and [?] Ar nhl v. 'quench thirst'), Vc. ACBM 1O6-7
{Vc.} Eg 1 Gk Ncio) 'the Nile' Vc. ONN, Vc. NN Vc. NN 28O-1 ?? CCh: Suk {Mch.} llau 'river' (unless to N
'laK'u 'body of water') ChC OS #1674 (HS 'lil- 'water, be wet' > Lb, Bj + unc. Fgg ill 'weep') Alternatively, it is
possible (after IS) to explain B 'lVl- and Bj lil- as rdp of the N 'l'ayhV 'to pour; water' ll IE: NaIE 'liro- (dis from
'lilo-?) > Clt: OIr lcr (gen. lir) 'sea', NIr lcar 'sea, flood, surface of the sea', W llyr 'sea' Bc. 36-7, YGM-1 318, Dnn. 426 ll
??? AdS of A: T '|uj:,l 'spring, fountain' (< N 'zagulV 'zugalV 'to flow, pour' [q.v. ffd.]) ^ IS II 32-3 ('L'ayn).
1297. 'LillV (= 'LilV?) 'reed, water-plant' > K: GZ 'lcl- 'cane' ( N 'h'UrcllV 'reed') > OG, G lcl-i id.; cd
(Phragmites communis) 'lclr-c`cm- 'reed' (cd 'lcl- + c`cm- 'grass') K 12O-1, K
2
1O8-9, , 3O6 (on K 'c`am-/'c`cm-), FS
K 199-2OO, FS E 218-9, Abul. 2O8, Ser. 82, Chx. 677-8, Q 27O ll IE: NaIE 'lci_l- - dis 'lci_r- 'water-plant' ( N
'haLiLV 'flower, a plant with flowers' [q.v. ffd.]) ll ?? D 'Vrcll- 'reed' ( N 'h'UrcllV '', q.v. ffd.) ll ? A: T '|il- > Tlt
|isqit 'rhubarb' Rl. III 498 ^ If Tlt |isqit belongs here, the N etymon must be 'LilV; if not, but the D word does belong, we
reconstruct 'LillV ^ Fn. KD #5O ( K, D). Qu., because some of the connections may be due to borrowing.
1298. 'lumV 'magic, spell, fortune' > U: FU (att. in FV) 'lluma- v. 'charm, bewitch' > F lumoa-, Es lumma- id. | Lp N
{N} labmo- / -m- 'to get bewitched, to bewitch', Lp Pa {TI} loma- 'to charm, bewitch' | Chr H sonzam l+mcm, Chr U
sincam lumcm 'to blind (so.) by withcraft' (lit. 'to bewitch the eyes') UEW 694, TI 221 ll A ''ln'omV > T '|om 'luck,
omen, magic device' > Chv {Ash.} sam 'medicine'; MT [AH] |om 'omen, divination' (Tk 'fal'), Tk yum - yom 'luck', Tk |om
'omen, predicion; tale, legend' - T '|om-(y)aI 'tale' > SY lomaq id. (preservation of the ancient 'l- or its apparent restitution
resulting from phonetic laws of SY?), Kr, Qmq |omaq, Nog |umaq, Xk nima_ id., Qrg omoq, Uz zumboq 'legend', Qzq
zumbaq 'riddle', Tkm |omaq 'wit'; T '|om 1 M 'dom 'sorcery or ceremony for ridding of diseases or calamities; magic
formula of cure' > WrM, HlM dom id. ET J 22O-1, Rs. W 2O6, SDD III 1537, Tn. SJJ 19O, Ash. XII 35, Jeg. 69, MED 26O
pJ {S} 'nsm- > OJ nom- v. 'pray' S AJ 69, 276, DQA #1213 ll HS: S 'lmm > Ar lamm-at- 'sort, fortune; mauvaise
fortune', lamam- 'folie; obsession, commencement de la folie attribue laction des dmons' BK I 1O22-3 ^ Rs. W 2O6 (Tu,
M, FU).
1299. 'la?jV,m'U 'crust, scab' > HS: S: Ar l?m G 'dress (a wound)', la?m-at- 'breast-plate (cuirasse)' BK II 952-4,
Hv. 673-4 ll U: FU (att. in FP) 'llam'U 'scurf, scab' > Er ncx lcm ' eczema on the head', {Rv.} lcmc 'rash, scurf (esp.
on the head of a child)' | pChr {Ber.} 'limo > Chr: Uf lumo 'Schorf', L nycxoc 'lumo 'sore, scab', H nnx lim id. | Prm
'lo'm 'scurf, scab' ('crpyn, iopocra') > Vt nox lom id., Z nocx lsm id., 'mange' LG 162, UEW 686, ERV 337, Ber. 36, MRS
289, 3O5, Ep. 61 ll A: M 'namur-sun > WrM namu(r)sun 'herpes, tetter; dead tissue; scab; ulcer', Ord namus(u) 'espce
dulcre qui se dveloppe sur le visage', Brt naxapla(-n) 'scab' ('crpyn') MED 564, Ms. O 483, Chr. 32O.
13OO. 'ljE'g,umc 'wet\cold weather, dew' ( 'wet snowfall' 'snow') > HS: B mt 'lVmuH- > Wrg {Dlh.} ta-lmu-t
'brume basse, brouillard lger des bas-fonds', Ah ta-lamu-t 'dew', Kb a-lomlum temps gris, brumeux'; ? llomlom v. 'tre gris,
brumeux, nuageux (temps)' Fc. 1O77, Dl. 453, Dlh. Ou 169 C: Ag: Km {CR} lugom 'fine rain' || EC: ?? Or {Th.} ligidi 'very
cold weather (freddo glaciale)' CR K 223, Th. 225 ll U ''llji,umc > FU 'llumc 'snow' > F lumi (gen. lumcn), Es lumi 'snow'
| Lp N {Fri.} lobma, lobmc, Lp S {Hs.} lubmc, Lp Vfs {Lgc.} lums 'snow', Lp T lamma- v. 'fill with snow' | Mk, Er non
lov, Er A/LP loq 'snow' | Chr: H nix l+m, L nyx lum, Uf, B lum id. | Prm 'lu'm > Z nix lIm (obl. lImy-), Z Vsh/EV lu'm, Vt
nixi lImI id. || OHg XVIII lom 'hoar-frost', Hg lom, lam n. 'wet; floating ice (in spring on rivers)' Sm {Jn.} 'yom- v. 'snow' >
Nn T c'x:c- id., c'x: 'soft fluffy snow', T O {Lh.} yomcc?, T F {Lh.} yumssoaIat 'dnner sprlicher Schneefall',
Ng d {Mik.} '|umu v. 'snow', Slq Nr {Cs.} com'na 'it snows', Slq UO {KD} tosa v. 'snow in large flakes' The discrepancy
between FU 'll- and Sm 'y- points to a pU palatalizing factor ('i after the initial cns.?) UEW 253-4 ('lumc), It. #186, IS III
34-5 ('luqc), Sm. 538 (U 'lomI 'snow', FU, FP 'lumi, Ugr 'lumi, Sm '|om), 552, Hs. 868-9, Ker. II 81, LG 164, MF 4O8,
EWU 9O6, Jn. 46 ll A {SDM97} 'lunV 'snow' > NTg 'lunc 'wet snow' > Ewk luns, Neg luns id., Ewk luns- v. 'to snow'
(of wet snow), Neg luni- v. 'to snow in flakes' (of wet snow) STM I 51O pKo 'nun 'snow' > MKo nun, NKo nun 'snow'
Rm. SKE 172, S QK #216 SDM97 s.v. 'lunV, DQA #1232 [A 'luni; incl. Tg, Ko] ^ Rs. UAW 31 (U, A), IS MS 366
('lungn 'snow': U, A), IS III 34-5 ('lungc 'snow': U, A) ^ N '-E'gum- > FU '-m- - (in Mr) '-q-. N '-Egum- (= '-igum?) >
'-gm-> '-ng- > NTg '-n- ^ Sm 'y- points to the presence of a palatalizing factor after 'l-. It may be 'li_- < N 'lE'g- ^ The
original meaning is likely to have been ' bad\rainy weather', but in U and A (due to the climatic conditions) the meaning changes
to 'wet snowfall, snow'.
13O1. 'lahm'U 'swamp; body of water' > HS: S: Ar [Gol.] lahim-, luham- 'mare amplum', [Qam.] liham- 'big sea' Fr. IV
131, BK II 1O34 B 'lVm'uH 'big swamp, wet grass-land' > SrSn {Rn.} a-lmu 'prarie', ta-lmu-t 'trou deau, marais, prairie
marcageuse', Rf A {Rn.} tanmat id., anma 'grande mare, prairie', Kb alma 'prairie naturelle', talmat 'praie; endroit
marcageux, humide et herbeux' Rn. 34O, 354, Dl. 454 ll K 'laj:,m- > G lam- 'silt, dampness', lam- vt. 'wetten, moisten' ll IE
'lcumcu > NaIE 'lama 'puddle, swamp' > L lama 'bog, slough' || Blt ( IE 'lcm- v. 'break'): Lt loma (acc. loma)
'depression, low place, valley', Ltv lama 'puddle, swamp, pit' WP II 385-6, P 653-4, WP I 753, Tr. 162, Frn. 385 (unc.
rejection of the links between the Blt word and L lama) ll U 'llamc 'small body of water, puddle, pond, bog' > F lami 'small
lake, pond', Es {W} dim. lammiIas 'Schlammpftze, Moor' | pLp 'loms > Lp N {N} luobba / -b'b- 'small lake through which
a river runs', Lp Kld naxx n, K {Gn.} lamc 'swamp, marsh', pLp {Lr.} d 'lomsl 'small lake, pond' > Lp: N {N} luobbal,
S {Hs.} luobbclc, L {LLP} luoal, Kld lumbal id. | Chr L non lo 'wet depression \ lowland' Sm {Jn.} 'lIma- 'be
swampy' > Ne T nix6a- id.; Ne T nix6a( 'swamp', Ne T O {Lh.} lumb_ao 'Schlamm, naer Ton', Ne F {Lh.} 'nagiebige
Stelle (im Moor)', Slq Tz {KKIH} lIma 'swamp' Coll. 3O, UEW 235, Lr. #62O, Lgc. #36O9, Hs. 873, MRS 295, SaR 154, Jn.
83 ll A 'lamU 'body of water, swamp' > Tg 'lamu 'sea' > Ewk lamu 'sea, the Baykal lake', Lm, Neg nam, Lm A lam, Orc
namu, Ud namu, Ul, Ork namt, Nn Nh namo - namt, Nn B/KU lamt, WrMc namu 'sea, ocean' STM I 49O-1, Krm. 265
M 'namug 'swamp' > WrM namug, HlM naxai 'marsh, swamp, mire, bog', Brt naxai, Kl naxi nam+g id., {Rm.} namg
'Sumpf, Teich'; M 'namurgan > MM [S] {H} namurhan 'puddle', Brt naxapian 'swamp, marsh' MED 563, Chr. 23O, KRS
367, KW 271, H 113 JK: Kgr {DQA} nu_ami 'pond, sea' SDM97 s.v. 'lamo, DQA #1187 (A 'lamoa'sea, wave';
incl. Tg, M, Kgr) ^ IS II 29-3O ('LaHm/u/ 'swamp': K, IE, U, A) Gr. II #375 ('lama 'swamp') [IE, U, A, J, Ai + err. Ko].
13O2. 'L'Um?V 'lion' > K {GI} 'lom- id. > OG, G lom-i, Sv {Ni.} lvcm, {GI} lom id. [A G?] DCh. 652, Chx. 689,
GI IJI II 51O, Ni. s.v. ncn ll HS: CCh: McMs: Lame {ChL} lumu, LamP {ChL} lum, ZmD {ChC} lum, {KNC} lu`m 'lion';
less probably here the forms in BM {ChL}: Klb lc`vari, Hld luvari, Mrg lIvar., in McHigi: HgNg {ChL} livcri, HgF
luvcri, as well a FlM luvari, because they are obviously akin to Dgh {Frk.} rvirc, {ChL} arvirc, Db {Lnh.} srvarc,
Mdr {ChL} ?uruv"sri, Glv {Rp.} arsvara 'lion' and further to Eg, DEg rv 'lion' and CS '?ar'yay- id. (see N
'?'urVvV 'large feline') ChC, ChL, KNC 15 S ''labu?- 'lion' > BHb Ma5b1l6 loba'?im pl. 'lions', Ug lb, Amr {G}
labv-um, labum, IA lb?, Sb lb?n, OAk, Ak OA lab?u, Ak fOB labu, Ak labbu 'lion', d BHb aib5l1 la'bi 'lion' (originally an
adj. 'having the qualities of a lion'), S d 'labV?-at- 'lioness' > Ar labu?at- - labvat- - luba?at-, BHb lobi'?a ( on the
analogy of aib5l1 la'bi), Ug lbt, OAk, Ak labatu, Ak YB labbatu id. KB 49O-2, HJ 562, A #1435, OLS 241, G A 24, BK
II 956, Bll. 256, Sd. 526-, CAD IX 23-5 Eg: NEg {Spg.} lb 'the god Min (represented as a lion)', NEg {Psn.} rby or lby
'lion', DEg lby 'bear; lion', Cpt Sd/B aoaet laboi 'lioness, female bear' Vc. 94, Er. 262, Psn. NO In S (and Eg?) '-b?- <
''-m?- like in S 'nb? 'name, give a name' < N 'nim?V 'name, word' [q.v.] The above S name for 'lion' (or Eg rv 'lion' with
the original 'r, cf. DEg rv [Er. 243] and N '?'urVvV) was borrowed by IE either at the pIE level (as suggested in GI IJI II
5O7-1O) or later, at the level of the dialects. Gamkrelidze and Ivanov reconstruct pIE 'lcv- 'lion' > pGk 'lcvont- (Lej. MPM
165) [> Gk Mc rc-vo-, Gk cev (gen. covt-o)) 'lion'], Gmc 'liu_v-az (< 'lcv-os) [> OHG lcvo, MHG lcvc, louvc, NHG
Lovc, Lcu id.], Tc lu 'beast' (Wn. 267-8), ?? Ht/Lw valva ({GI}: partial rdp ); Gk 1 L lco; Gmc 1 pSl 'liv+ 'lion' (cf.
ESSJ XVII O5-7). But the hypotheses of S ('lb?) or Eg (rv or lb) origin of the IE word do not explain irreg. phonetic changes:
S or Eg '-b- > IE '-v- (if the origin is S 'lb or Eg lb) and Eg r- > IE 'l- (if the origin is Eg rv).
13O3. 'lamjV,d'i 'low' > IE: NaIE 'lcnd"-/'lond"- 'plain, lowland' > OIr {P} land 'open place', {EI} lann 'open land', Gl
'landa [1 VL {ML} 'landa 'moor, heath, barren land' (> Itl, Ctl landa id., Fr landc 'moor, heath, waste land') and 1 Bsq
landa 'field'], MW llan 'area', W llan 'parish, village' ( 'church'), Crn lan 'enclosure, monastic close', MBr, Br lann 'Heide,
Steppe (lande)' || Sw linda 'fallow land', OHG lant, NHG Land, Gt, ON, Sw, Dn, NNr, OSx, Dt, AS land 'land', NE land || Pru
acc. lindan 'valley' | Sl 'lcdo (- 'lcda) {ESSJ} 'terra inculta' > Blg 'n (a 'waste land, field', Cz lado, lada 'waste land', OR
ame lado, R 'n (o 'a place (in a forest) cleared and stubbed for an arable field'; - Sl 'lcdina > ChS aauuo lcdina
'ager incultus', Blg nc'(nna, n '(nna 'waste land, a meadow\clearing in a wood', SCr lcdina, Slv lcdina 'terra inculta', R
'n (nna, n '(nna 'an arable land formed from a cleared and stubbed place in a wood' WP 438-9, P 675, EI 2OO, Mn. 678,
YGM-1 3O2, Ern. 351-2, Hm. 5O4, ECCE 263, ML #4884, Fs. 321-2, Vr. 345, Kb. 59O, OsS 533, KM 421, Ho. 194, Ho. S 45,
En. 2O4, Vs. II 549, ESSJ XV 41-8, Glh. 372 ll U 'llamtc 'low; lowland' > F lansi (gen. lanncn) 'low, lowland', lantca 'low', Es
laas '(primeval) forest', {SK} 'thick deciduous forest on moist ground', land (gen. landu) 'stagnant pool' | ? pLp {Lr.} 'lomtc
'lie down, rest' > Lp: K {Gn.} lum:dc-o id., N {N} luov'dc- / -vd- 'lie down flat' (of animals), 'lie down resting on ones knees
and elbows', L {LLO} luob'tc- - luog'tc- 'sich mit eingeknickten, untergeschlagenen Beinen auf den Leib legen (von einem
Renntier)', 'lie down resting on ones knees and arms' | Er, Mk nan( - landa- v. 'squat down' | Chr H
nan(aia nacp lan'daIa var 'low place, depression (iornonnna)' (nacp 'place') | Prm 'lud > Z ny( lud 'small
meadow\pasture (in a forest)', Vt ny( lud 'field' Sm {Jn.} 'l+mtV-, d 'l+mt+y 'low' > d : Ne: T nax(o, T O {Lh.} lamtu,
T nax(ni 'low', F L {Lh.} ramtu id.; En: T {Pl.} no((y, M {Pl.} po((o, X {Cs.} loddu, B {Cs.} luddu, {Ter.} no(o 'low'; Slq:
UO {Cs.} lamdi, Nr {Cs.} lamdcI id. pY {IN} 'lamdV- 'low' > OY: Ch {Mat.} nay(an adv. 'low (nn:io)', NW {Lnd.}
namdatschit adj. 'low' Coll. 31, UEW 235-6, SK 275, Lr. #621, Lgc. #3611, ERV 331, MRS 28O, Ep. 59, LG 163, Jn. 81,
Ter. 174-5, Ter. EJ 446, Pl. 2O5, KP 1O9, Cs. 13O, IN 23O-1 ll A ''lamdV > 'namda- 'become lower' > M 'namda- >
WrM namda-, HlM nax(a- id.; M 'nam 'low' ('-m < '-md in Auslaut) > WrM nam, HlM, Brt naxid., WrO {Krg.} nam 'low,
small, minor', Kl nax nam, Kl {Rm.} nam 'low', Kl nax la:p nam haz+r 'lowland'; d M 'namtVyi- 'be flat\low' and
'nabtar - 'namtar 'low, not high' (> Kl {Rm.} namta-, namti- 'be flat, low', WrM nabtar, HlM nanrap, Kl {Rm.} namtr,
Brt na6rap natar, Brt A/NU namtar 'low') result from the merger of 'nam with the M reflex of N 'laPTa 'flat, low' [q.v.]
MED 555, 562-3, Krg. 2O8, KRS 367, KW 27O-1, Chr. 32O-1 ^ IS II 3O-1 ('Lamd/i/ 'low': IE, U, M), Glh. 372.
13O4. 'LumVgV ' eat, swallow' > HS: CS 'lmg - 'lgm id. > Ar mL lmg (ip. -lmag-) 'eat with the extremity of
the mouth', MHb d em1igl6 logi'ma n. act. {Lv.} 'das Schlucken, Kosten', {Js.} 'quaffing, taking a draught; eating and drinking'
BK II 1O23, Hv. 696, Js. 692, Lv. II 476-7 ll A 'lumjE,KV- v. 'swallow' > Tg 'lumqc- id. > Nn B lumgs-, Nn Nh, Ul
luqbs-, Ork numgs- nuqbs-, Ud {Krm., Shn.} X/B/K/Sm niqms-, Ud I {Krm.} iqms - liqms-, Orc nimms-, Ewk, Neg
nimqs-, Sln niqs-, WrMc nuqgi- - nuqgc- id. STM I 595, Krm. 267 pKo {S} 'nomIu- > Ko nomgu- 'swallow' S AJ 254
[#74], S QK #7, Rm. SKE 164 pJ {S} nsm- 'drink' > OJ nom-, J: T nomu, K nom-, Kg noN, Ns numi_-, Sh num-,
Ht/Y num- S AJ 111, 265 [#16], S QJ #16, Mr. 737 SDM97 (A 'lmc 'to swallow, drink'), DQA #1219 (A 'lli_umoc
'to swallow, drink'), Pp. VG 74, S AJ 19, 69, 1O5-6, 274, Rm. l.c. (Tg, Ko) ll D 'nuqI- v. 'swallow, devour' > Tm nuqIu-, Kn
nuqgu- id., Brh nuusiq id., 'gulp down', Tm noqIu, Tu niqgu-, niqgudu-, nuqg+, Krg nun`udu, nunu, Mlt nuqgc v.
'swallow', Kt nuqg-, Td nug- 'gulp down', Krx nun
u
x- 'swallow without chewing, gulp hastily, devour' D #3697, Zv. 52 ll ? o?
IE: NaIE '(s)lu(n)g- / '(s)lcu_g- 'swallow' > Gk u (u-o)) 'a spasmodic affection of the throat, hiccough, hiccup',
ue 'have the hiccough\hiccup', uo) n. act. 'swallowing' || OIr {P} -lungu 'eat, drink', W {P} lcva id. (< 'lugama) || Nr
sluIa, MHG slucIcn, NHG schlucIcn 'swallow' || Sl 'lIga-ti > Cz r lygati, P lygac, Uk 'nniarn, Blr ni' ian id. P 964, F II
142, KM 659-6O, ESSJ XVII 25-7 '-g- (for the expected '-I-) may be due to the onomatopic factor; '(s)- may be due to the
inluence of paronymous IE roots, such as '(s)lu(n)I- / '(s)lcu_I- (> OIr slucc-, W llyncu, Br lonIa- v. 'swallow', Gk [Suid.]
ukoive 'sob', Cz lyIati 'swallow', see P 964, KM l.c., Vn. S 139, ESSJ XVII l.c.) ^ The meaning 'to swallow' may have been
induced by the paronymous lexeme 'L'uIa-mV 'to swallow' (see under N 'L'uIa 'to swallow').
13O5. ?? 'LanV 'side (of body)' > IE: NaIE (+ext. ) 'lcnd"- 'loins, kidneys', {EI} ''lond"u / gen. 'lnd"'v-os 'loins' > L
lumbi 'loins' (later sg. lumbus id.) || Gmc {Vr .} 'lcndvio > OHG lcnti 'kidney', pl. lcnti(n) 'kidneys, loins', NHG Lcndcn pl.,
AS lc'ndcnu pl. 'loins', ON, Nr lcnd, Sw land, Dn lnd id. || Sl 'lcdv-a, '-o, '-i(|c), '-i|c 'loins, kidneys; hip' > ChS aaai
lcdvi, aaaum lcdvi|a, aaaua lcdvi|c 'loins, kidneys', SCr Ch nc`(na 'side, hip', SCr ncHa 'back (dorsum)', lcda 'lumbus,
renes, dorsum', Sln lcd|c, OCz lcdvic 'hips', P lcdzvic 'loins, reins', R ) n (nc 'hip' || OI randhram (by as from
''randhvam) 'loins' WP II 438, P 675, EI 356, WH I 832, Vr. 352, Ho. 198, Kb. 6O5, OsS 546, KM 436, ESSJ XV 48-5O,
Glh. 372-3, Tls. 236 ll A: (1) T '|an > Chv L yx sum 'side (of the body)' and NaT '|an 'hip, pelvis' ({Cl.} 'side, flank') >
OT {Cl.} |an 'hip', Tf {Ra.} nan 'pelvis' (' ra:ona) uacr rcna ucnoncia'), Xk nan 'upper part of the hip', Tkm, Uz , ET ,
Xlj |an, Tk yan, Az, Qmq, Nog, VTt, Bsh, ET, SY, Ln |an, Uz |on, StAlt ( an an, QrB, Qrg an 'side (of the body)', VTt d
|ant+q id.; (2) ? NaT '|an- vi. 'turn back' > OT {Cl.}, ET, SY, Ln, Chg |an- id., Uz ccn- |on- vi. 'return' (unless related to Tg
'qcnu- vi. 'return') Cp. also N 'anjab,V 'back, tail' Cl. 94O-2, Ra. 2O8, ET J 111-4, TL 157, BT 46, DT 218, Fed. II 135,
TatR 711 ADb. SR 13 (T '|an- Tg 'qcnu-) ll ?? D 'nan`n`- 'approach' ( *'move to the side of') > Tm nannu 'draw
near, approach', Gdb nan- " nann- 'enter' D #4588 The semantic change 'side' 'to the side of' 'approach' is parallel to
that of the cognate T derivates: T '|an 'side' Tk yana dat. 'to the side, towards' Tkm |anas-, Tk yanas- v. 'approach' ^
ADb. NN 35 (N {ADb.} 'qAnV 'take with oneself' > D, A {DQA} 'qani 'take with oneself', IE 'nci_- 'fhren).
13O5a. ??? 'lENdX 'to fly' ( 'bird') > U: [1] FU (in BF) 'Lcnta- id. > F lcntaa 'to fly, soar', Krl
lcndca " lcndia, Es lcnnata 'to fly' [2] FU 'lint'a 'bird, flying animal' > F lintu 'bird', Es lind (gen. linnu) 'bird; poultry',
'flying insect' (esp. 'bee'), 'game', Lv lin:d_ (gen. linda) 'bird, game, bee'; acc. to UEW, F and Es -u is a sx. || Os: V/Vy lunti,
Ag/UA/Ty/Y linti, D linto, Nz linto ' cncinp , Emberiza nivalis, Schneeammer' (according to BSE XXIII 1878, cncinp is
Pyrrhula pyrrhula) UEW 249-50, SK 287, 296-7, KrT 485, Trj. S 239-4O, Stn. D 837 ll A: Tg 'lcndu- v. 'fly, flutter' > Ewk
lsnduts- " lsnduldi- v, 'fly, flutter ( ncrar , nopxar )' (of insects), lsnduls- 'flutter in the wind' (of clothes, branches),
lsndu- 'swing from wind' (of trees) STM U 517 ll HS: NOm: Oyda {Fl.} lands 'bird' Fl. OWL s.v. 'bird' ? Eg MK nn.t
' bird' EG II 272 ?? WCh: Sir {Gw.} liyinci 'bird' JI II 22 ^ It is tempting to adduce here Sl 'lct- (inf. 'lct-cti) v. 'fly'
> OCS ac:1:u lctcti, Slv lctcti, Cz lctcti, P lccicc, R nc) rcr The adduction may be valid unless the questionable
equation with Lt lcI- 'fly' is accepted (see ESSJ XIV 147-8). Sl 'lct- is controversial as a cognate because of the unexpected vl.
'-t- and the absence of '-n-; the latter may be explained if the N etymon was 'lEnTV (> IE 'lci_t- > [Schwebeablaut] 'li_ct- >
'lct- ESSJ XIV 145-8 ^ Hardly here [because of 'l- (evidenced by Os V l-) and 'u] FU 'lunta 'wild goose' (UEW 254), that
may be tentatively equated with Tg 'nuqna 'goose' (STM I 646-7) and pKo {S} 'noni 'bustard (Otis)' (> MKo noni, NKo
nosa, cf. S QK #258, Nam 1O4) [on pA cf. DQA #15O8) ^ Suggested in 1989 by Blz. (Blz. LB #12a) [FU, Tg, Oyda].
13O6. 'lcyna (or 'lcyna?) 'soft, weak' > HS: WS '-lin- 'be soft' > Ar lyn (ip. -lin-) G 'be soft, tender, smooth', 'be
mild, kind', 'be relaxed' (of belly), Mh/Jb {Jo.} lyn G (pf: Mh lsyon, Jb C/E lcn, sbjn: Jb C 'ylcn) 'become soft', Mh/Hrs/Jb
{Jo.} lyn Sh

(pf: Mh, Hrs alyin, Jb E/C sl'yin) vt. 'soften', Mh/Hrs {Jo.} slyon 'soft' Hv. 7O4, Jo. M 259, Jo. H 86, Jo. J 167
Eg fMK nny {EG} 'be tired\lazy', {Fk.} 'be weary\inert', fLMK nn.v 'fatigue, feebleness', {Fk.} 'weariness, inertness' EG II
275, Fk. 134 WCh: AG: Ang {Flk.} lcn 'fine, thin' (of flour), 'weak' (of wood), Gmy {ChC} lcn, Cp {ChC} lcnlcn 'soft', Kfr
{Nt.} lcn 'soft' (of cloth) ChC s.v. 'soft', Flk. s.v. lcn, Nt. 24 Cal. 65 (S, Eg), OS #36O-1 (S, Eg, Ch) ll IE: NaIE
'lci_n-, 'lci_- 'soft, tender, weak' > Gk {LS} ivo-ooko) 'with soft\tender body', Gk ioov {Ch.} 'relcher les cbles'', ? Gk
[Hs.] {P} ci--o) (conjecture for the ms. cie)) o io_vo) koi e_o) 'withered and pale' || OIr {SB} lian ('lci_-no-)
'sanft' || ON linr 'soft, flexible', Sw lcn 'soft, tender', ? Dt lcnig 'flexible' || Blt 'lci_nas - 'lci_las > Lt lcinas 'slender, slim',
lcilas id., 'thin', Ltv lcins 'bow-legged' | Sl 'lincti - 'lina-ti vi. 'weaken, lose strength' > Blg nn'nc , McdS {TIS} nnncc, SCr
lin|ati id., R nn' n r 'disappear inperceptibly' (here also 'lincti - 'lina-ti 'shed hair, cast the coat, fade, lose colour'?) P
661-2, LS 1O51, Ch. 638, F II 119, SB 248, Vr. 358, Vr. N 392, Ho. S 45, Frn. 329, ESSJ XV 7O-5, 1O8-11 Vs. II 499 ll U: FU
'lcyna 'weak, loose' > F lcina 'soft, weak' ( A Blt 'lci_nas) | Prm: Z nocn lsn 'quiet, calm' || ObU 'l'in > pVg 'lin >
{Kn.} Vg UL {Kn.} lin 'loose (cna6io)' (of a rope), N/ML {MK} lin 'loose (locker)' (of a thread, rope), linmi 'get loose (locker
werden)'; pOs 'lcn ({Hl.} 'lin)> Os {Karj.}: Kr lin , Kz lan, O lcn 'schlaff' UEW 242 ('lcnV), LG 157, 162, MK
26O, Karj. VES 223 ^ IS II 26-7 ('lc|na = 'lcyna in HS, IE, FU; he is right in reconstructing U 'l-, though he does not
mention the Os reflex, which is the only ev. of 'l-) ^ The N etymon may have been either 'lcyna or 'lcyna. In the former
case N '-n- yields IE 'i_, so that '-n- in 'lci_n- is a suffix. If the etymon was 'lcyna, '-yn- could yield both IE 'i_ ('-yn- >
'-n- > IE 'i_, as suggested by IS) or remain '-i_n- (hence the variants 'lci_- - 'lcin-).
13O6a. 'LAqKV 'tongue, palate' > HS: C: Ag {Ap.} 'lanI- id. > Bln {R} 'lanIi, Xm laI, Q {R} lan_ 'tongue',
Aw {Ap.} lanq 'palate'; Ag 1 Amh N lanIa 'palate' Ap. AV 14, R WB 257, Blz. CL 18O Ch: ECh: Kjr {DB} aliqati
'tongue' || WCh: Gj {IL} lsIa, {Sh.} lcIa, Tule {Sh.} laga id. Blz. LECh #88, JI II 328 ll D 'naqIu - 'naIIu 'tongue'
( N 'naqgu 'tongue', q.v.) > Tm, Ml naIIu, Gdb naqgu id.; AdS of D 'nalIV 'tongue' (cf. N 'nalV 'tongue') D #3633,
Zv. 128, 131 ll IE: possibly AdS of L lingua 'tongue' (< N 'naqgu 'tongue', q.v.).
13O7. 'loqKa 'to bend' ( 'a bow') > HS: Ch: WCh: Hs lanIvasa vt. 'bend' ??? Ch 'rVnK - 'lVnK 'shooting
bow' ( N 'rjv,KE 'sinew, cord, rope; bind, tie', q.v. ffd.) > WCh: Krkr {J} rsnIa, Ngm {Mk.} rinIa, Dr {Kr.} rua, {Mk.}
rtga, Krkr {J} rsqIa, Gera {ChL} riIa, Ngm {ChC} rtqIa 'bow', Tng {J} riga v. 'hunt with bow and arrows' || CCh: BM
'laga n. 'bow' > Mrg {Hf.} laga, Klb {Mk.} laga, Wmd {ChC} lsha, Hld {ChC} laga id. | McHigi {ChL}: Kps rtgi, FlG
rrgc (< 'nrVg-), FlK iqy-nu?, HgG qgi, HgF rigi, HgNk rigi | BB: Bcm {ChL} ragcy, Nz {ChL} ragsy, FlM {ChL}
ragu, FlB {ChL} ragun, FlJ {ChL} lagiy, Gudu raga id. | BB: Gude {Mk.} raga, {ChL} r.aga, FlM r.agt, FlB
r.agtn, Mln rago, possibly also FlJ lagty | ? Lmn {Mk.} lcxc | McMdr: Gv {ChL} laa, Dgh {Frk, IL}, Glv/Dgh {ChL}
laa, Mdr {ChL} ?ulIIa, {Mch.} olIa, {Mk} tlIa | McMtk: MfG {Brr.} lclcq, {Ro.}: Mofu {Ro.} lalaq, Gzg {Ro.} lcI,
Myn {Ro.} alIa, Mkt {Ro.} alaI, Hrz {Ro.} lsIa, Vm {Ro.} lsga, Mlk {Ro.} maqgc-lcI, Mada {Ro.} clcIcd, Zlg
{Ro.} liIcd, Mf {BLB} lcIcd, Mtk {Sb.} lcIcd Ro. 215 (pMM 'lsIa), Brr. MG II 157, BLB 212, Sk. HCD 185, Stl. IF
134-5 (Ch 'ni-ra'q- 'shooting bow'), JI I 18 (Ch 'rg) & II 38-9, Nw. 23, ChC, ChL, Sch. BTL 17 Gr. LA 53, Tk. I 249-5O
Eg fP rv 'cord; bow-string; sinews' ( 'rjv,KE '' [q.v.] [possibly] N 'arK'u 'sinew' [ 'bow-string, bow']); for
phonetic reasons the connection with N 'rjv,KE is preferable) Tk. I 249-5O ll IE: NaIE 'lcnI- v. 'bend' ({IS II} ' cin6ar ,
orin6ar '), 'lonIo-s 'bow' > Blt: ('lcnI- >) Lt lcnIti (1s prs. lcnIiu) v. 'bend, crook, curve; bow'; ('lonIo-s >), lanIas
'shaft-bow; hoop', Ltv loIs 'bow, arch, arc, shaft-bow', {ME} 'wheel rim', Pru lonIi "Steig"; Lt linIti 'to bend', {Frn.} 'sich
neigen, sich bcken, sich biegen', linIc'ti (1s prs. linIiu) 'to wish' ( 'sich neigen zu'), Ltv liIt to bend', liIs 'crooked,
curved, bent'; Pru lunIis 'corner' ("Winkel'") | Sl: (IE 'lcnI- >) Sl 'lcI- 'to bend' > ChS aaka lcI-o / aa u lcsti v. 'flectere',
R 'n inn 'crooked, curve'; (IE 'lonIo-s >) Sl 'loI+ (gen. 'lo'I-a) 'arc, bow' > OCS aaki loI+, Blg ni, R nyi 'shooting
bow', SCr luI, Slv loI, Cz, Slk luI, P lcI, Uk nyi 'arc, bow' || Gmc 'laqxa- > AS 'lohac [pl. lo(a)n 'in sccaft-lo(a)n
'shaft-straps (to help in throwing spear)' (sccaft means 'shaft of spear\arrow'), ON lcng|a 'strap (Riemen, Streifen)', Dn lngc
'Seilstrippe' P 676-7, EI 62 ('lcnI- 'bend; traverse, divide'), Ho. 2O6, Sw. 146,Vr. 352-3, Frn. 356-7, En. 2O5-6, Trt. 159,
ESSJ XV 62-3 & XVI 148-9, Vs. II 531, Glh. 387 ll U 'l'anIa- (- '-U-) 'dull arrow' > Vg P/SV lax (pl. laqIot) id.; Os: Ty
la'qI, D lcqI id. Sm: Ne T BZ noii, Ne T Y nyii'dull arrow (Klumppfeil)', Ne O {Lh.} luII id., Ne F K/Ny {Lh.}
lu"II 'arrow', En B {Cs.} loIu 'round-pointed arrow, Klumppfeil' Y: T/K {Jc.} loIil 'arrow', {Coll. ?} loIIil 'an arrow
with a rounded head made of bone or wood, used for squirrel hunting in order not to spoil the skin', K {IN} luIil 'arrow of a toy
bow' Coll. 3O, Ht. #765, Ter. 192, Lh. 229, Cs. 17, 84, 259, Ang. 143, IN 266 ll A: NrTg 'luqIE- v. 'bow' > Ewk luqIin- v.
'bow the head', Lm no'qIo- id., 'to bow down ( cinonnr c) , nainonnr c) )' STM I 51O-1 ^ IS II 27-8, Coll. 145, AD NM
#27, Sin. TAE 543-4 (Sm, Y, ObU words A Tg), Vv. AEN 12 (doubts about the Tg cognate, because it is isolated within A),
Gr. II #17 ('lonI 'arrow'). ^ The connection with FU 'loqIa- (> F olla longallansa 'to lie on ones side', lonIo- 'to hang', etc.),
proposed by IS l.c., is semantically unacceptable, because this FU certainly means 'to split' ( UEW 256, Ht. #363, Coll. 94).
Neither is acceptable the adduction of M 'toqga- 'to hang' and D 'toqIu- id., because the connection of N 'l- with M and D 't-
has not been proved by other etymologies.
13O8. ?? 'LuqKE ' beast of prey' > HS: C: SC: Alg {Fl.} longa?i 'civet cat' || Bj {R Mnz.} lcngig 'leopard' R
WBd 16O ll IE: NaIE 'lunI- 'lynx' [ N 'luIV ' canine' ( 'lynx')] > Gk u (gen. uk-o)) 'lynx' || OIr {P} lug (gen.
loga) id. ({IS}: -g- < '-nI-?) || BSl: Blt 'lunsi- > Lt Z lunsis, Lt lusis, Ltv lusis, Pru luysis id. | Sl 'rIsi ('I < 'u < 'un)
'lynx' ('r- due to the infl. of 'rIs+ 'reddish, fawn-coloured' > Cz rysy, HLs rysy) > SrCS, OR pti rysi, Blg pnc,SCr ri`s, Slv
ris, Cz, Slk rys, P rys, R pic, Uk pnc || Arm lusanun lusanunI` pl. 'lynxes' P 69O (connecting this with IE 'lcuI-
'shine, be bright'), EI 359-6O, F II 141-2, Ped. VG I 186-8, Frn. 392-3, En. 2O6, Vs. III 53O-1, Glh. 528, Slt. 161-2 ll A: Tg
'licqgV > Orc liqgau 'wolverine'; ?? AmTg 'ycqgu > Ul ysqgul(i) 'wolf, racoon-like dog', Nn Nh/KU ysngur, Nn B ysqguru
'wolf', ?: Orc niqgu, Ud nsqu id. ( N '`ivVmjV,gE 'leopard') STM I 498, 639.
13O9. ?? 'Laa 'stick to; mould' > U: Sm: Ne T naA6nc- vi. 'stick to, be pressed tightly to', naA6ncc- vi. 'stick together',
Ne T O {Lh.} lacc- 'festkleben', rf. 'sich anheften'. Ne F P {Lh.} ascs 'to stick together' (of two flat surfaces) Ter. 165-8,
Lh. 22O ll A: T '|a- > Az |a- 'to mould (bread, pieces of dung) for baking or drying', OT [MhK] |a- v. 'stick' or 'fix' (both: of
bread in the oven), 'build (a wall)', MQp |a- 'make (bread)', XwT |a- 'build'; T rf. '|a-ilc- 'stick to' > OT [MhK] {DTS}
|a- vt. 'stick to' (islar otmaI |ati 'the woman stuck the loave [to the wall of the oven]', but MKD interprets this verb as
'bake'), d ? '|ail- or '|ail- > OT {Cl.} |ais - {MKD} |aus- 'adhere, stick to', MQp XIV |ais- 'adhere', Chg XV |aus-
id., 'stick to', Tk yais-, Ggz, Az, Trm |ais-, Kr |ais- - |aus- " |abus-, Uz |ois-, ET |cis- - |ous-, Qmq
|abis- - |abus-, Nog |abis-, Qzq, Qq zabis-, VTt |ab+s-, Bsh no6cm- |abis-, Qrg abis-, Alt d asin-; cp. T
'|i-il- id. (< N 'LiPjh,a 'to stick, stick to', q.v.) Hs. 376, Cl. 87O-1 [connects '|a- 'to stick, build' NaT '|a- v. 'shut (a
door), cover (things)'], 88O-1, DTS 236, MKD 214, ET J 132-4, BT 47 Tg 'la-gan- 'stick to' > Neg labgan-, Lm nabgan-,
Ud lagban- 'stick to' STM I 484, Krm. 255 ppM {Pp.} 'ni|a- > 'niya- 'stick to' ( N 'LiPjh,a '', q.v. ffd.) pJ {S}
'nai_ma-r- 'ni_ama-r- 'to glue, stick' > OJ ncmari, J: T ncbar-, K ncbar-, Kg ncbar- S QJ #9O4, Mr. 734 DQA
#121O (A 'li_a`'c 'to glue, stick to'; no overt distinction between the reflexes of 'Laa and those of 'LiPjh,a, but with a
suggestion of this distinction) ^ There may be an original connection with 'LiPjh,a '' (as 'i...a > 'a...a, as supposed by IS II
29 for Sm and T) and obviously contamination with it.
131O. 'l'A 'spleen' > HS 'HVj,-lV > C: EC: Af {Clz.} alc'fu [pl. a'lcf-it] id. || SC 1 Mb {E} lubura id. Clz.
LA 1O5, E SC 2O5 WCh: pAG 'lla 'spleen' > Su {J} lla, Kfr {Nt.} la`, Mnt {Hf.}, Ang {Hf., Flk.} la J S 73, 213,
Nt. 23, Flk. s.v. la, Hf. AG 21, Stl. ZCh 243 [#57] The element 'HVj,- in Ch is typical as the first component of compound
names of body parts, it appears in some WCh words as 'hV- [e.g. WCh {Stl.} 'hV-qari 'tooth' (Stl. ZCh 222 [#717]) OS
#1651 ll U 'laV (or 'lcV) 'spleen' > FU: Chr lco"lc | pPrm 'lo > StVt lu, Vt SW lu, StZ lo / lot-, Z US lo, Yz
lo | pLp ''oaoc (by as from 'la-oc with a sx. -oc) > Lp N {N} dav'dc " dad'vc, Lp S {Hs.} daabric, Lp U {Schl.}
ha`b'dcc, Lp L {LLO} tab'tc, Lp Klt {TI} tabt dd, Lp Kld {TI} tam,:(a_), {SaR} raxx n || Os Ty a'otnc | Hg
lc Sm: Ne F: P aso, Ny rabso id. UEW 242, Lr. #22O, Lgc. #7685, N I 465, 5O5, Hs. 398, TI 571, SaR 344, Ber. 29,
LG 161, Lh. 235, It. 213 (on FU 'a-'c in this word) ll A: Tg: Ork lic 'spleen' STM I 499 M 'ni'|alta 'spleen' > WrM
nigalta - nagalta, HlM naanr MED 557 NaT '|ial (or '|aal?) id. > Tf {Ra.} ca'`al, Tv Tj ci'val, Tv (d ?)
cavana id. Ra. 194, TvR 5O5 DQA #12O8 (A 'li_a`V 'spleen'), S CNM 5 ll ? IE: NaIE 'lc- 'liver' > Gmc 'li|-r-o >
ON lifr, Sw, Dn lcvcr, AS lifcr, NE livcr, OHG lcbara, MHG lcbcrc, NHG Lcbcr || Arm leard lcard / gen. lerdi lcrdi id. (<
'lc-r-t) P 5O4, Vr. 355, Hlq. 57O, Ho. 2O, Kb. 595, OsS 552, Lx. 123, Slt. 157-9 ^ IS II 17, S CNM 5, IS MS 364 s.v.
'ccnc:cnia'. IS equates A 'talV Lp N dadvc and Lp S hab'dic 'spleen' [actually Lp U ha`b'dcc] (referred by him to U
'za'zva) with A 'talV 'spleen', which is unt. ( N ''ta_la - ''tal_a or ''ta_lE - ''tal_E 'spleen').
1311. 'LiV 'fat; to smear with fat' > HS: S 'lii'y- (or 'lii?h-) > Ak fOB liu - liiu - liu - lcu 'adipose tissue,
fat, tallow'; '-iy- may be a derivational sx., JPA Bz ebil lybh 'fat, butter', ? Md luata pl. 'fat, tallow', ?? MHb Fulf6l5 li'lu
'glutinous substance, pus' (presumably 'll v. D ) CAD IX 2O2-5, Sd. 555, DM 243, Sl. P 281, Js. 715, MiK I #1.18O
? B 'l:f (= {Pr.} 'vlf) > Kb T itollof 'masser', S ssolf 'passer la main sur; frictionner doucement; caresser', Tmz {MT}
ollof 'masser' Dl. 445, MT 445 EC: Hd {Hd., L} lab- 'anoint, smear', la- 'anoint oneself' L ANK 986, Hd. 29O-1 ll IE
'lci_- v. 'smear, smear with fat', n. 'fat' > OI ri- - li- (prs. lim'ati) v. 'smear', ? Srk rofam 'beschmiere' || Gk ito) n. 'fat',
itoo) adj. 'fat, oily', ocie 'anoint with oil' || ? L lius 'having inflamed\watery eyes' || ?? Sl 'lci-ti caus. 'to plaster,
glue, mould'> OCS a1uu:u lciti 'conglutinare', SCr ncnnrn " li|citi 'to lime, glue, paste, stick, gum', Slv lciti vt.
'plaster', Cz lciti, Slk lcit` 'to glue together', P lcic 'to glue, plaster, mould', R nc) nnr 'to mould (as of clay), sculpture', Blg
{Ger.} nnm vt. 'plaster, model (as of clay)', Blg 'lc+ 'smear', 'lca 'paint white (a house)' Ht {EI?} li- 'smear, paint'
(not mentioned in CHD and Ts. W) P 67O-1, EI 528 ('lci_- 'adhere, stick; smear'; no dustinction between reflexes of N
'LiV and N 'LiPjh,a 'to stick, glue'), M K III 6O-1, M E II 46O, F II 126-7, WH I 811-2, ESSJ XIV 217-9, Glh. 375-6, Drd.
27O, Tls. 237 ll U: pY 'lc- > Y K lc-no- 'smeared with clay' IN 231-2 ll A: Tg: Ewk Z lia- 'smear around', Ewk I nitsrsn-
'wipe clean (hands, dishes)', Nn nitsqi n. 'fat, animal fat (np, cano)' STM I 498, 598, On. RN 65, 213 M 'ni'|a- 'smear'
( N 'LiPjh,a 'to stick; sticky, glue') > MM [S] nia- 'anleimen', WrM niga- - naga-, HlM naa-, Dx nia- 'paste, smear', WrO
{Krg.} na- v. 'paste, affix', Brt n a- na-, Kl naa- na- 'smear' (Brt xnnyyxyn(y rolo n axa, Kl ' (xir roc naax 'to butter
bread'), Kl {Rm.} na- 'leimen, beschmieren', Mnr H {SM} nia- 'revtir dune couche (de mortier etc.)' H 116, MED 566, SM
269, Krg. 2O5, KRS 365, KW 27 Pp. IM 64, Pp. IAL 39, T 347, T DxJ 13O ll D 'niv- vt. 'stroke, smear' > Tm nivu id., 'rub
gently, wipe off', Td nif- v. 'stroke', Kt niv- v. id., 'massage', Kn nivu, Kui ncra- 'rub softly, stroke', Tu ncvariuni 'fondle,
caress', Tl nivuru, nimuru v. 'stroke, pass the hand over gently', ? Klm nigcq v. 'massage', ? Krx nir`
i
qna 'besmear' D #3691
^ It is hard to determine if 'LiV 'fat; to smear with fat' and N 'LiPjh,a 'to stick; sticky, glue' are originally semantic variants of
the same or two different roots ^ IS II 18-2O ('li`n 'sticky': HS, IE, Sm, A, D + qu. Ne lacc- + unc. K 'la-/'l- 'dirt' +
unc. FU 'LiV 'slippy' [cf. N 'Lui?V 'to slip']; does not distinguish between 'LiV and 'LiPjh,a '').
1312. 'LiPV 'to crawl, clamber' > HS: SES 'lyv > Mh lfyv: 3m pf. svfu, 1s pf. lsfI 'be able to climb up (a
ladder, a mountain) easily', Jb lfy: Jb C 3m pf. cl'fc, sbjn. ysl'fc id., Jb E 3m pf. 'lfc id. Jo. M 254, Jo. J 16O ll IE: NaIE
'lci_- 'climb, clamber' > Lt li-ti id., Ltv li-t, frq. li-it id. || Gk [Hs.] oi) tcto 'unclimbable rock', Gk oii-i)
'steep', {F, P} i.e. 'climbable only by goats' (but not here, if we accept LSs interpretation: 'destitute even of goats') F I 31, P
67O-1 (does not distinguish this verb from 'lci_- 'be sticky' < N 'LiPjh,a 'to stick'), Frn. 376.
1313. o 'La?V 'to gulp, eat (esp. liquid food), eat greedily' > HS: S 'l? 'eat greedily, gulp' > Gz l?f (js. -l?af) 'take a
morsel, gulp, eat greedily', AF la?f la?f 'food, morcel, bait', Sq {Ls.} l?f G 'eat', Ar l?f G (ip '-laf-) 'eat becomingly' Ls.
CDG 3O3, Ls LS 228, BK II 952, Hv. 673 EC: Arr lcbbc 'throat' Hw. A 381 ll IE: o NaIE 'lab- - 'lab""- v. 'gulp,
swallow' > Gk ouooe 'I swallow greedily, gulp down', ( NaIE 'lab- - laj:,(")- 'lick, lap' < N 'L'ajH,V 'to lick'): AS
laian 'sup up (liquid with bread)', OSw laa 'trinken, schlrfen' || Gk otte 'drink greedily' || ?? BSl: Lt lacnti, la(n)oti,
lasc'ti 'eat\gulp greedily' (of pigs) | Sl 'loa-ti 'to eat greedily \ much' > Blg nanax, McdS nona 'I eat greedily \ much, devour',
SCr loati 'eat greedily, gulp food without chewing', Slv loati 'eat\drink greedily', Cz loac 'to drink', R ' nonar 'eat
much \ greedily' P 651, F II 85, 91-2, Ho. 195, Sw. 1O4, Frn. 34O, ESSJ XVI 45-6 ll A: M 'labsi- > WrM labsi-, HlM nanmn-
'eat greedily', o 'champ', ? o Mnr H lag_ss- 'faire du bruit en mangeant, manger goulment, dvorer' MED 513, SM 219 Tg:
[1] Nn KU lssi- 'eat (liquid food, like soup)' STM I 518 DQA #1193 (A 'lcbV 'eat greedily', incl. M]; cf. STM I 514.
1314. 'lc'?aa 'leaf, foliage' > HS: S 'la- 'thick foliage' > Ar laff- 'arbre touffu, plante touffue' BK II 1OO8 C
'laHa'- 'leaf' > EC: Gdl {Bl.} 'laitt-, Msl {Bl.} lahaitt- id. || ??? SC 'lohV- 'leaf' > Brn lohia, Irq {MQK} loi (pl.
loo), Alg loi- id. Bl. G 73, Blz. CL 179 (pKns 'labah-), MQK 67-8, Blz. SCL s.v. 'leaf' , Bl. 299 ll IE: NaIE 'lc- 'leaf' >
Lt laas, Ltv d laa id. | Sl d 'lccn+ - lccni 'leaf' > OR acucui lccn, Slv lccn, OCz, Cz lucn 'leaf', Slk lucn 'petal'
|| pAl {O} 'laa- > Al lac 'piece of skin\hide, leafblade, leaf' ( IE 'lc- 'to bark, strip off' < N 'lujV,?a 'bast, bark [q.v.]) ||
? AS lfcr 'rush, bulrush', NE , lcvcrs 'Iris Pseudacorus L.; any sword-bladed plant', OHG {Ho. ?} lcbcr 'Binse' (not in
OsS and Kb.) Frn. 339-4O, ESSJ XIV 119-21, IS IA 48-9, Bern. I 7O1-2, Srz. II 17, O 213, Ho. 191, OED VI 228, EI (Lt
laas < lc- 'peel') ll U 'lc`aa > Sm: [1] Sm {Jn.} 'yaa 'leaf' ('ya- < 'lya- < 'lca-) > Ne: T {Ter.} ny'6a
vsba, T O {Lh.} |"sb_a (< 'v+a), F L {Lh.} |i_ca+ (< 'vca); En M {Pl.} (c nc, {Klp.} dcvc; Slq Tz {KKIH}
coI; Kms {KD} daba " taba, Koyb {Sp.} (a6a id.; [2] ? Sm {Jn.} 'lama, {Hl.} 'lcamac 'leaf' (with an obscure
'm) [or to N 'lajq,a 'palm of hand, sole of foot; sth. flat'?] > Ne: T ncx6 'blade (of a spade, oar), T O {Lh.} lcmb_c id., F
L {Lh.} ri_cm

'shoulder-blade'; Slq: Tm {KD} lamb_ 'Vorderteil des Stiefels', Tz {Cs.} laamb 'Fublatt'; Mt {Hl.}
'namba 'leaf' (Mt T/K/M {Mll.} ncmba id., {Sp.} nax6y(a 'leaf of a tree') FU 'l'cV - 'laV 'leaf' > F lcvc (gen.
lcccn) 'splinter, scale, small leaf' | Er loa 'leave' (< FU 'laV, unless A Blt) || ObU: pVg 'lata (- 'luta?) 'leaf' > Vg
{Kn.}: T lata " lata, LK/MK loto, P luta, NV/SV/LL lata', ML luta', UL/Ss luta' (the forms with u due to the
labializing effect of ?); pOs 'lIot id. > Os: V lIvot, D/O liot | OHg lcvcl 'leaf, paper (document)', Hg lcvcl 'leaf, letter
(Brief)' Jn. 41, 82, KP #249, SW 36, KKIH 1O6, Hl. M 86, 317 [#736], UEW 259, SSA II 66, ERV 35O, Kn. WV 182, MF 4O1-
2, EWU 894-5, LG 157 ll A {S AJ} li_a`V, (SDM97) 'la`c, {DQA} 'li_a`'a 'leaf' > NaT: [1] '|aurgaI 'leaf' > OT
|auryaq ({Cl.} -yaq) 'leaf', OT U, MOg [IM] |airyaq, MQp |araq, Chg XV |aray, |araq, |auryay, |auryaq, Tk
yaraI, Tkm, CrTt, Kr Cr, Bsh |araq, VTt |afraq, Qmq, Nog |airaq, Uz |aroq, Az |arag, SbTt Tb |abraq, Qzq, Qq
zairaq, QrB ca(i)raq, Qrg airaq, Yk sabirda_ id., a variant '|airgan > Chg {Rl.} |airyan - |auryan, OOsm
|airyan; [2] '|aurmaI id. > ET |ou(r)maq, ET |aormaq " |uurmaq " |uutmaq, ET X |ourmaq id., [3] variants
with a secondary l (infl. of T '|albi- 'flat'?): OT |aliryaq, |albirmaq, MQp |aildiraq, Qrg albiraq, Alt albiraq 'leaf',
MQp [CC] |abuldraI 'leaf, foliage' Both '|aurgaI and '|aurmaI may have had a secondary connection with T '|aur- vi.
'flatten' < N 'lajq,a '' [q.v.], which may have influenced their form (a kind of folk et.), but they hardly go back to '|aur-
'flatten' Cl. 879-8O, ET J 13O-2, Rs. W 188, TL 111-2, S AJ 179 [#46) M 'laba 'leaf' > MM [IM] 'baLa labaj:, id.; d
'labcin 'leaf' > MM [MA, IsV, HI] nabcin, [PP] nabc`in, WrM nabcin, HlM nanu, Ord nab_c`i, Brt na6ma, Mnr H labs_i,
{T} lavci, {Prn.} nanun, ShY laciI, Dx [T] lacIn, Ba {T} labcoq, Dg {Pp., T} larci Lg. VMI 55, Pp. IM 1OO, Pp. KP
154, Pp. MA 244, 441, Ms. H 77, Ms. O 479, MED 555, Chr. 317, SM 218, T 342, T DgJ 152, T DnJ 127, T BJ 142, S AJ 253
[#47] ? pKo {S} 'ni" > MKo ni / ni"- 'leaf', NKo ni", Ko: Ph/Chl/Chj i, Hm i, Sl/PhN isagui_, Ks iqsagi id.
S AJ 253 [#47], S QK #47, Nam 126, MLC 137O pJ {S} 'naai_ 'sprout' > OJ nac, J: T nac, K nac, Kg nac S QJ
#462, Mr. 49O Though the connections of the T and M words are rather obvious, the derivationl prehistory of T '|aurgaI
and M 'labcin remains obscure DQA #12O9 (T, M 'labi, Ko, J) ^ S and IE suggest that that the pN lr. was '?, because [1]
this is the only lr. that does not cause vowel lengthening in NaIE, and [2] '? and 'h are the only lrs. liable to be lost in pS roots.
Therefore -h- in Msl lahaitt- may be understood as a hiatus-filling lr.: 'lc?a- > 'laa- ( = "syll. boundary") > laha-. If the
pN lr. was '?, one must conclude that Dhl sabu 'leaf, leaves' and Ch 'sV- ({AD} 's) id. (> My, Kry sii, Sir sai
leaf', ZmB saa or sab, Lame, LamP sab, Mdr {Mk.} aa) do not belong here. Even if one admits that s may go back to a
cluster 'lH (with a voiceless lr. like 'h), this is unlikely to be the case with l? (l + glottal stop). Therefore the above Dhl and Ch
word is more likely to belong to N 'c'ayPV 'vegetation, leaves' [q.v.] ^ IS II 23-5 ('la`a 'flat'), AD SShS 297-9 ('laPtV
'flat, leaf'); both sources do not distinguish between the in question and N 'lajq,a 'palm of hand; sth. flat'.
1315. 'LahPV 'flame; to glow' > HS: S ''lahab- 'flame' > BHb be2l2 'lahab, JA [Trg.] ab1h9l2 lah"'b-a, Ak labu
'flame', Ar eaLa lahab- 'blaze, ardour of fire'; S 'lhb > Ar lhb v. G (pf. aeiLa lahiba) 'blaze fircely' (of fire), Gz lhb vi. G
'burn, b;aze, flame' KB 494, Lv. T I 4O3, Js. 693, Hv. 697, L G 3O8, Sd. 526 Eg BD rhb n. 'Glut des Feuers', Cpt Sd/B
cawa clhob 'steam' EG II 44O, Vc. 42 C: EC: Hr {AMS} lu- vi. 'burn' || Ag: Km {CR} S lob-as, lob-os- caus. v. 'put
on fire, heat, cook' || Bj {R} -luv pcv. 'burn, burn up, light' (1s: p. a'luv, pqpf. 'iluv, prs. an'liu; prtc. 'luva), {Rop.} -liv vt.
'burn', rf. -lau 'be burnt, burn' (intr.) [ N 'cV_V 'to burn' (tr.)] CR K 222, AMS 135, R WBd 16O, Rop. 213, Blz. CL 177
OS #167O ll K: G lala- 'shine, give light, glitter' ('glnzen, leuchten, schimmern'), lala-i n. 'shining, glitter' Chx. 664 ll
IE 'lah-/'lh- > NaIE 'la-/'lo- vi. 'shine, burn' > Gk ote 'give light, shine' || Lt loc' n. 'torch, light', Ltv laa 'torch',
Pru lois 'flame' Ht la- v. 'glow', laiya- 'fever, incantation of the fire', Lw laassa- 'fever' 'lo-s- > OIr lassa(i)r n.
'flame', MW llachar 'coruscus, igneus', W llachar 'flashing, glittering, bright, brilliant' || ? Gk ovi) 'torch' 'lo-sI- > OIr
losc- 'burn', Brtt {RE} 'losIimi id. > MW llosIi (3s llysc), W llosgi, Crn lcsIy, losIy id., OBr lcscsit 'burns' (3s of 'losIim),
MBr lcsquiff, Br lcsIin 'burn' (tr.) P 652-3, EI 513 ('la-), F II 79-8O, LG 25.1-2, YGM-1 3OO, RE 85, Hm. 511, Frn.
386, En. 2O5, CHD L-N 39-4O, 44, Ts. E II 32, 42.
1316. ? 'LE V (or 'Li EV) 'spade, shovel' > IE: NaIE 'lc-/'lo- 'spade, shovel, shoulder-blade' > BSl: Lt locta
'spade, shovel', Ltv lasta id., 'shoulder-blade', Pru loto 'spade' | ? Sl 'loata 'spade' > ChS aeuo:o loata, SCr loata, Slv
loata, Cz, Slk loata, P loata, R, Uk no'nara id., Blg no'nara 'spade, oar' ?? Ht laa {CHD} ' a metal implement
(tongs?)'; the connection of the Ht word cannot be seriously discussed before its meaning is investigated (cp. N 'lajq,a 'palm
of hand, sth. flat') P 679, Frn. 339-4O, En. 2O5, Glh. 382, ESSJ XVI 39-43, CHD L-N 4O, Ts. E II 32-3 ll K: G laot-i
{Chx.} 'large wooden spoon', {DCh.} id., 'scoop, ladle (ionm)', G I/G {Chx.} lacri 'a broad flat wooden spoon', G {DCh.}
lacri 'ladle (pa:nnnna) noia), iron shovel' Chx. 664, 666, DCh. 642-3 ll U 'liV 'spade, ladle, spade-shaped board' > FU
'Lij:,V > F liii 'ladle \ scoop made of birch-bark', Es liits 'Spatel, Rhrholz', ? li (lii) 'small thin board' | ? Er {Ps.}
liis, liuza 'eines von den Brettern zwischen den Aufschlagsfden', pl.: Er liuzat, Mk lcbzat 'Bretter zwischen den
Aufschlagsfden' pY 'lij:,o ({IN} 'lio) > K {IN} lio, {Rd. IN) lio 'snow-shovel', {Jc.} lic n. 'shovel' UEW 69O,
IN 232, Ang. 141, Rd. UJ 39-4O [#31-2] (Y A U 'laV 'Ruder' and [?] U 'laa 'Flche, Blatt') ^ Some of the connections
may be due to borrowing.
1317. 'lajq,a 'palm of hand, sole of foot; sth. flat' > HS: WCh: Mpn {Frz.} la sar 'palm of hand', Ang {Flk.}
lc-sar id. (sar, sar 'hand'), lc-si 'sole of foot' (si 'foot') Frz. DM 32, Flk. s.v. lc C: EC: Arr {To.} laba 'hand' (not in
Hw. A), Dsn {To.} lcbic (pl. lcbim) 'shoulder-blade' || SC: Kz {E} lua?-iIo 'hand', Asa {E} lua?-oI 'upper arm' || ?? Dhl
{EEN} lia pl. 'feathers' (sg. lianc) E SC 2O7, EEN 42, BlzT D 1 [#27a], To DL 514 ? S 'la_jV,- > Ar la_f-at-
'petite pierre plate', ? la_f- 'couche trs mince de crme sur le lait' BK II 981 ? B 'lfs > Ah olfos 'aplatir', ETwl/Ty
olfos id., 'appliquer' Fc. 1OO1-2, GhA 11O Tk. SCC 1O2 [#32.7] (SC and Dhl + unc. Eg yy 'fly') ll IE 'lcu- or
'laH- 'palm of hand, sole of foot' > Krd K L lc 'palm of hand, paw', Krd Sr lc 'paw' || Gt lofa, ON lofi, Nr, Sw, Dn lovc,
OHG laffa 'palm of hand', MHG, NGr laffc 'flat hand' || Lt loa, Ltv laa 'paw', Ltv lca id., 'coltsfoot' | Sl 'laa 'paw, sole
of foot' > OR aouo laa id., R, Blg 'nana, P laa, Slk laba 'paw', SCr la`a 'sole of foot (of a bear, dog)'; ?? AdS of Sl 'loata
'spade' (< NaIE 'lc-/'lo- 'spade, shovel' < N 'LE V id. [q.v.]) WP II 428, P 679, EI 2O9 ('lch_-ch_- 'foot, paw'), KrdJ
591, Far. 294, Fs. 336, Vr. 363, Kb. 586, OsS 568, Lx. 12O, Frn. 339-4O, ESSJ XIV 26-7 & XVI 39-43 ll U: [1] U 'laV 'flat
surface, flat object' > F lac (gen. laccn), lai 'flat side', laca, laia id., 'flat', Es {W} la 'flat' | Er lauza, Mk
las adj. 'flat'; Mk laa 'paw' (unless A R nana id.), ilga laa 'sole of foot' | Chr H/L nan la 'low' (of objects), L
nania la'Ia, B laIa adj. 'low, flat', H {Ep.} laa 'palm of hand', Iid laa 'hand' (lit. 'palm of arm') | Vt nan la 'low' (of
objects), 'gently sloping, squat', nanci lacg 'low' (of things), 'short' (of humans) || ObU 'la- - ''lo- > pOs 'lasoI
- 'lasaI > Os: Ty/Ag/Y/UY lasoq {Trj.} 'flat', {Stn.} id., 'platt', V {Stn., Trj.} lovsoq, Sn losa_ 'flat, low', Z
lasoq 'oar-blade', Nz loso_, Kz loso_, O laso_ 'flat', 'low', (of vessels and boxes)', 'platt (broad and not high)' (any or
both variants of the ObU may belong to [2] as well) | Hg la 'surface', 'plate, sheet; page', laos 'flat; plain, even' Sm: Ne T
na6nccn 'flat, flattened', na6naAp-n 'become flat ( cnn nr c) , npnnn cnyr c) )', nct na6n -io 'palm of hand' (nct id.),
Ne T O {Lh.} laca- 'eben\platt hauen (z. B. mit der Hanflche, einer Schaufel)', Ne F P {Lh.} lasa 'Platte (breit und glatt)',
Slq Tz {KKIH} lacal 'flattened ( npnnn cnyrin, cnn cnnin)', laal 'even, flat, smooth' [2] U 'llaa 'flat surface
(Flche)' > F laa 'blade (of an oar, ax, leaf), shoulderblade', Es laba 'flat surface\side of sth., rough-hewed side of a beam', Vp
laba 'metatarsus' | pLp {Lr.} 'lac > Lp: N {N} lac / -ab- - -av- 'broad\flat termination of sth.', esp. of the sole of the foot),
L {LLO} (s)lahc 'broad\flattened termination of sth.', T lcc 'shoulder-blade' | Prm: Z non lo /lot-, Z US lo, Yz lo
'blade ( nonacr )', Z an-lo 'bowl of a spoon', Z clIs-lo, Prmk cvIs-lo 'oar-blade' Sm {Jn., Hl.} 'lsV - 'lsa 'oar' >
Ne: T na6 , T O {Lh.} lab_c, F Ny {Lh.} d ras

v. 'row'; En: X {Cs.} loba, B {Cs.} lobi 'oar'; Ng {Cs.} d labaq id.; Slq:
Tz {KKIH} laI, Nr (Cs.} lab, Ke/NP {Cs.} lau 'oar, Tz {Prk.} lao, Tm {KD} la:a 'spade'; Mt {Hl.} 'laha 'oar' (Mt
M {Sp.} n id.) UEW 236-7, W ESS 457, Lr. #57O, Lgc. #3263, ERV 332, PI 144, MRS 281, Ep. 59, 1O4, U3S 252, Ht.
#769, MF 387-9, Jn. 81, Cs. 55, 85, 13O, KKIH 125-6, Hl. M #621 Not here (because of the initial 'l-) U 'latV 'flat' (< N
'laPTa 'flat, low') ll A ''la`V 'a flat object' ( N 'laPTa '') > T {ET} '|a- 'flat' - [1] NaT '|ai-I > Az |aiy 'flat,
flattened', Tkm |ai 'slope' ( *'gently sloping'), Qrg abiq 'depression (of ground)', [2] NaT d '|a-ur- (with caus. sx. '-ur-)
v. 'smooth and level' > OT |aur- id. ([MhK] ol ycrig |aurdi 'he smoothed and levelled the ground'), {Cl.} d |arit- or
|ario- vi. 'flatten', Qb/Qc {Rl.} |abir- 'become low', Qrg air-, Qzq, Qq zair- vt. 'press\fell down (a plant) to the ground',
Sg cabir- vt. 'press down, ram'; [3] NaT '|a-iur 'low, flattened' > Qrg aiz id., Alt abis, Xk cabis, Tv cavis 'low'; [4]
other derivates: Qmq |a-alaq 'flat, flattened', ET Tr {Rl.} |a-cuq 'flachnsig', Tv cav-it 'low' (as a house), 'dwarf' (a tree)
Cl. 879, ET J 16-7, Hs. 376, Rl. III 271, 28O, TvR 5O6 pKo {S} 'na- -'no- 'level, wide' > MKo na- -no- , NKo
na-caI S QK #66, Nam 99, 1O5, MLC 311 pJ {S} 'nia 'yard (Hof)' > OJ nia {S} id., J: T niva, K niva, Kg
niva 'yard, courtyard, garden, ground' S QJ #594, Kenk. 1375 DQA #118O [A 'la`i 'flat, broad'; incl. T, Ko, J]; Rm.
SKE 16O (Ko, T, Tg, M) & Pp. VG 37 (both: no dustinction between the reflexes of 'lajq,a and 'laPTa) ^ The existence of
two diferent reflexes in U ('laV and 'llaa) creates a problem. The latter variant may have developped on the basis of
generalization of the weak grade of cns. gradation. It is also possible that there were two N roots, distinguished by the quality of
the labial (' and ') and possibly by that of the initial lateral ('l and 'l), but since both oppositions are completely or partially
neutralized in most daughter-lgs., we cannot distinguish between these two paronymous and nearly synonymous roots ^ IS II
23-5 ('la`a 'flat'), AD SShS 297-9 ('laPtV 'flat, leaf'); both sources do not distinguish between the in question and N
'lc'?aa 'leaf, foliage' Gr. II #159 ('la 'flat') [IE, U, A, Ko, J + unc. CK].
1318. ??? 'LayPV 'good, beautiful' > IE: NaIE (att. in BSl) 'laoi_- > Ltv lain-s 'kind, friendly', Sl 'lc+ (f.
'lc'a, ntr. 'lco, dadj. 'lc+-|i) 'beautiful' > OC, OR a1u+ lc+, Blg ncn, {Ger.} nnin, SCr li_|c, Slv lc, Cz, Slk
lcy, R ) ncnin id., R nc) ncnin 'preposterous, absurd' ME II 41O, ESSJ XIV 25-8, Vs. II 485 (both prefer to derive the Sl
root from IE 'lci- 'kleben, smear'), Glh. 375 Possibly (but not necessarily}: NaIE 'lci_- 'covet' > Gk ittooi id., Pru
allaisitvci 'begehren', ? Lt licti (prs. liciu) 'to order' WP II 4O4, P 671, Tr. 155, Frn. 367, 53O ll A {DQA} 'labo
'more, better' ( N 'rabV 'much, big', q.v. ffd.) ll HS: ?? CCh: Msy {Mch.} lav 'good' ChC EC {Ss.} 'lacb- 'big, many'
(HEC {Hd.} 'loba) ( N 'rabV 'much, big', q.v. ffd.) ^ Qu., because all presumed reflexes other than IE and Ch are explainable
otherwise.
1319. 'lujV,?a 'bast, bark, film (of a plant)' > HS: S 'l? > Ar lf? v. G 'bark (a tree)', 'strip (the flesh) from a bone',
lafi?-at- 'piece of meat without bone' Hv. 691, BK II 1OO9, MiK I #1.18O (Ar lafi?at- < S 'li/aV?- 'fatty, fleshy tissue', cf.
N 'LiV 'fat') B 'lflf > Ah a-liflaf 'a film on a new-born camel\lamb' Fc. 999-1OOO ll IE: NaIE
'lcu- - 'lcu_b- - 'lc- (< ''lu_c-) 'to bark\peel', n. 'bark, skin': [1] 'lcu_- > Lt lu-ti 'to bark (a tree), peel, skin', lau-ti
'pluck off, strip off, tear', lauy-ti 'to bark a tree and to pluck off the leaves' | Sl {Glh.} 'lu-i

-ti 'to bark (a tree), peel' > ChS

{Mikl.} auu:u luiti 'detrahere', SCr luiti 'to peel, bark', lu`it 'to peel maize', Slv luiti, P luic 'to peel', R
(o6-)ny' nnr id., 'to shell (an egg)', Cz louiti, Slk luit` 'to plunder', Blg 'nyn , McdS nynn v. 'peel'; - Sl 'lu+ 'bark, peel'
(i.e. 'sth. barked, peeled') > SCr lu+ 'shell of a nut', Slv lu 'rind (of fruit and vegetables)', Cz lu 'husk, dandruff', OP
vcz'ovy lu 'snakes slough' (vcz' 'snake') || OI prs. lum'ati, iter. lo'ayati {MW} 'hurts, injures, spoils, breaks, violates'
( *'strips') || ? Gmc {Zlz.} 'lau_|-a-z m., 'lau_|-a-n ntr. 'leaf, foliage' > OHG loub id., ON lauf, NHG Laub 'foliage', Gt
acc. lauf, pl. laubos, OSx lof, Dt loof, AS lcaf 'leaf', NE lcaf (the semantic development may be due to the infl. of NaIE 'lc-
'leaf' (cf. N 'lc'?aa 'leaf, foliage') [2] 'lcu_b- > L libcr (< 'lubcr) 'inner bark of a tree' 'book' || Sl 'lub+ id. 'bark of a
tree' > Blg, R, Uk ny6 'inner bark', SCr, Slv lub 'bark of a tree', P lub id., 'lime-bark' | Lt laubti 'peel off', lubcna 'peeled off
skin, peel of fruit', luoba 'rind, peel', luobas 'bast', Ltv lobs [luobs] 'Schale', lobt [luobt] 'to peel', lobit 'to shell, hull, pod,
peel, husk', luba 'bark of lime\fir-tree' || OIr luib (acc. lub(a)c, pl. acc. lubi), NIr luibh 'herb, grass, plant' || ON laur, AS lca
'basket' (< *'made of inner bark'), MLG lo 'small wooden vessel' [3] 'lc- > Gk cte v. 'strip off the rind \ husks; peel,
bark', oto) - oto) 'shell, husk, peel' || pAl {O} 'laa- > Al lac 'piece of skin\hide\flesh, leafblade, leaf' ( IE 'lc- 'leaf' <
N 'lc'?aa id. [q.v.]) || Lt loas 'patch' | Sl 'la-, 'la+ti > OR, R ) nanor 'bast shoe', ) nanni, Uk ) nanor , SCr
laat 'rag\shred'. P lacic 'bast shoes' P 69O-1, EI 55O ('lou_b"-o/-ch_- 'bast, bark'), 567-8 ('lcu_- 'peel', 'lc- id.), M I
#19.24, WH I 79O-1, F II 1O5-7, LG 47, Thr. 186, Dnn. 45O, Zlz. M I #19.24, Zlz. M II 169, Fs. 323-4, Vr. 346-8, Vr. N 41O-
1, Ho. 196-7, Ho. S 48, Kb. 633, OsS 571, KM 426, Frn. 343, 385-6, 388, 391-2, ESSJ XIV 32-4 & XVI 156-9, 177-8, 18O-8, Vs.
II 459, Bern. I 691, Glh. 384, 388-9, M K III 1O8-9, M E II 482, MW 9O4, F II 1O5-7, O 213 ll U: FU 'llXV 'vessel\basket
made of bark' > Chr {Szil.} luo 'knapsack made of bast' || Vg LK {Kn.} la 'birchbark receptacle, looking like a knapsack',
laso 'birch-bark vessel used in fishing' But Er ola 'leaf' (adduced in IS II 34) belongs to FU 'laV < N lc'?aa 'leaf,
foliage' (q.v.) Col. 96, UEW 256-7, Ber. 35 ll ? K: GZ 'lVan- 'bast' > G laan- '(lime-)bast', Mg lion-i 'bast board (ny6oi)'.
It is to be distinguished from G laan-i and Mg lion-i 'Pterocarya (nannna, ipinoopcmnni)', name of a nut-bearing tree, which
is probably a loan from a European source DCh. 643, Q 273 ^ The IE variant 'lcu_b- suggests a pN ' (rather than '), while
IE '-- in 'lcu_- goes back to '-- < '-?-. The vw. between ' and '? is suggested by the preservation of the reflexes of '--
in IE and U (otherwise the cluster '-?- would have inevitably contracted in '--) ^ IS M 351, IS II 33-4 ('Lo`n; HS, IE, FU,
K).
132O. 'Lui?V (- 'Liu?V) (> 'LuyV) 'to slip' > K: G lii 'slippery, smooth', li- 'be\make slippery\smooth' Chx.
684, DCh. 65O ll HS: ? S 'lyv - 'lby > Gz lfy G 'err, move here and there', lby D 'err, be ignorant, blunder', ? Ar
lfv v. G 'wrong so.', {BK} 'faire une reduction dans ce qui est d qn., amoindir la part qui lui revient' L G 3O6-7, Hv. 692,
BK II 1O12 ll IE: NaIE 'slcu_bj",- 'slip, slippery' < L lubricus 'slippery' || Gmc 'slcu_- > Gt sliuan (p. slau, prtc. sluans)
'slip, creep into', AS sluan 'to slip', Dt sluicn 'to sneak', OHG int-slufcn 'to slip away, escape', NHG schlufcn 'to slip,
glide', schlufrig 'slippery'; Gmc 'slci_- > OHG slifan - slihcn sv. 'to glide', sliffan - slifcn wv., MHG slifcn 'to glide
away', NHG Schlcifc 'slide, sledge', Dt slicn 'to slip, escape', AS slior adj. 'slippery', ME slicn (weak v.) vt. 'slip', NE
sli v.; ? OScn 'slcman sv. 'glide', 'slam|an wv. 'let glide, let go' > ON slca sv. 'glide', Ic slca sv., Sw slia 'slip out.
escape', ON slca wv. 'let glide\escape', Ic slca wv., Nr slcc, Dn slic 'let go\escape' WP II 71O, P 963-4, EI 527
('slcu_b"- 'slide'), WH I 822-3, Fs. 438, Ho. 299-3OO, Skeat 571, Kb. 914, OsS 822, 828, KM 66O, Vr. 515, Bv. 652-3 ll U
'Lia > FU (att. in BF) 'Lia, d 'Licoa > F lia, Es liba 'slippery', F lica 'lye, slippery', Vp libcd, Es libc (gen. libcda)
'slippery' SK 297-8, IS II 19 (unconvincingly refers BF 'lia, 'licoa to N 'li`n 'sticky') ^ IE 's- suggests a 'y-element
within the prehistory of the IE , i.e. either N 'LuyV or N 'Lui?V > 'Luya. K '-- suggests a N lr. '? ('-i?- > '-?- >
K --). Hence the preferred rec. is 'Lui?V.
1321. ?? o 'L'ajH,V 'to lick' > HS: EC: Sml lcf- v. 'lick' AD SF 235, DSI 386, ZMO 257 ll IE: NaIE
'lab- - laj:,(")- 'lick, lap' > Arm laem la"-cm 'I lap up, lick up' || Gk otte 'lap with the tongue' (of wolfes), slurp', ft.
o)e, pfc. coo ( NaIE 'lab- - 'lab""- v. 'gulp, swallow' < N 'La?V 'to gulp, eat greedily') || pAl {O} 'laa > Al la
'slobber, lap up' || Ic lc|a 'slurp', OHG laffan 'to lick', OSw, Sw laa, AS laian 'lick, lap up', NE la || ? (with a nasal infix) L
lamb-o / -crc 'lick' WP II 383-4, P 651, EI 352 ('lab-), F II 85, WH I 754, AlED 437, O 212, Kb. 584, OsS 53O, Ho. 195,
Hlq. 56O, WH I 754, Slt. 251 ^ Extremely doubtful.
1322. 'LiPjh,a 'to stick, stick to; sticky, glue; make earthenware' > HS: S 'lbh > Gz lbh G 'make earthenware' L G
3O5 ll IE: NaIE 'lci_- 'be sticky' ( N 'LiV 'fat; to smear with fat'?) > OI rc- 'an etwas kleben', li'ta- {MW} 'sticking \
adhering to', {M} 'angeklebt' || Lt liti (prs. limu) 'to stick', Ltv lit 'to stick, adhere' || Sl {ESSJ} ''li-no-ti > Sl 'lino-ti
vi. 'stick to' > OR aiu:u linuti 'cling \ stick to', R n nyr 'cling to', OCz lnuti 'cling \ stick to', Cz lnouti 'to adjoin (closely)
to'; Sl 'li-no-ti > Cz lcnouti, linouti 'cling to', Slk linut` 'cling \ stick to', R ' nnnnyr , Uk 'nnnnyrn 'stick to'; Sl
'lic-ti v. stat. 'stick to, adhere to' > OCS, OR aiu1:u licti, R nn' ncr , Slv lccti, Cz lcti, liti, OP licc id.; Sl
'lci-ti caus. > OCS a1uu:u lciti 'conglutinare', eBlg nnm, Blg ncn 'paste, glue 'to model', Slv lciti, Cz lciti, Slk
lcit` vt. 'to glue, glue together', P lcic, R nc' nnr 'to model' P 67O-1, M W 9O2, M E II 46O (does not distinguish between
OI rc- 'smear' and rlc- 'glue, stick'), Frn. 375-6, ESSJ XIV 217-9 & XVII 91-3 The loss of the expected lr. in IE may be due
to the infl. of 'LiV 'smear with fat' ll A: T '|i(-il)- [infl. of T '|a-, '|ailj,- id. < 'Laa 'stick to; mould', q.v.] > Tv
ci-is- v. 'stick to', Chv inaA- sib_-+s-, ? Yk sisin- id. Jeg. 225, Md. 99, 16O (T 'ailc-) M: ppM {Pp.} 'ni|a-
> pM 'niya- 'stick to' > MM [S] nia- 'zusammenleimen', {MA} nia- vi. 'stick to', d niaqci- 'sticky ('nnninn'), d
naaldu-qu 'be stuck to ( npnincnr c) )', WrM niga- - naga-, HlM naa- 'glue, stick', WrO {Krg.} na- v. 'glue', Kl naa- na-
id., {Rm.} na- 'zusammenkleben', Ord {Ms.} na- 'coller', Mnr H {SM} nia- 'coller; se coller, sattacher, sadhrer', {T} na- v.
'glue, mould ( incnr , ncnnr )', Mgl {Rm.} d nioldu- vi. 'ankleben' H 116, Pp. MA 244, 249, Pp. IM 64, MED 566, SM 269,
Ms. O 478, Krg. 2O5, KRS 365, KW 272, Rm. M 34, T 347, T DsJ 13O Pp. IM 64, Pp. IAL 39 Tg 'lia- v. 'smear around,
coat', (here?) 'lian n. 'mud' > Ewk lia- v. 'smear around, coat', Ul lta(n-), Nn B lta - ltfa, WrMc lifan 'mud' STM I 498-9
J: OJ {S} nibc 'fish glue' DQA #121O (A 'li_a`'c 'to glue, stick to'; the reflexes of N 'LiPjh,a and those of N 'Laa
'stick to; mould' are not distinguished, but a possible distinction is suggested) ^ IS II 18-2O ('li`n 'sticky': HS, IE, A + qu. D
'niv- & HS 'l- 'smear' + qu. Ne lacc- + unc. K 'la-/'l- 'dirt' + unc. FU 'LiV 'slippy' [cf. N 'Lui?V 'to slip']; does
not distinguish between N 'LiPjh,a and 'LiV 'fat; to smear').
1323. 'laPTa 'flat, low' > U 'latV 'flat' > F lattca, F lataIIa id., Es lataIas 'broad and flat', lataI 'a broad and flat
object'| Chr: Uf {Wc.} latc 'platt, flach', L nanripiamlat+r'ga-s 'become flat ( cnn nr c) ), squat\kneel down', E {Ps.} OT
latortcm 'platt machen', latorycm 'abgeplattet werden', H nanripa lat+'ra 'not high (npn:cxncrin)' (e.g. of trees) || pOs
'latoI > Os: Kz ato_ 'flat', V/Vy lavtoq 'even, smooth, gently sloping', Nz toto_ 'flat, low' (of a plate, bowl) Sm {Jn.}
'l+ta, {Hl.} 'l+ta 'even, low' > Ne: T na6ra, T O {Lh.} lata 'low, even', 'lowlands', F {Lh.} raoto id.; En {Cs.} lota
'ebene Stelle'; Mt {Hl.} 'labta 'low' (Mt: K {Pl.} lata`, M {Mll.} lata adj. 'low', {Pl.} nanra adv. 'low') UEW 238, Coll.
31, Coll. CG 7O, MRS 282, PsS 62, Stn. D 795, Hl. M #617 ll A: M 'labtayi- - 'nabtayi- > WrM nabtai-, HlM nanran-x v.
'flatten out, become low or slanting', ? WrM labtai-, HlM nanran- v. 'sprawl, stretch oneself'; WrM nabta-gar, HlM nanriap
'slanting, sloping; low, short', WrO nabtayar 'saddlebacked, stocky, squat'; d M 'nabtar - 'namtar 'low, not high' result from
the merger of the reflexes of N 'laPTa 'flat, low' and N 'lamjV,d'i 'low' (q.v. ffd.) MED 355, Krg. 2O6 Tg 'lata- 'low,
flat' - 'lnctc- 'flat, even' > Ewk I lata-Ita, Ewk PT natama- 'low' (of place), 'flat', Orc nstsqgs 'even, smooth', Ud nstsls
'flat' STM I 584, 624, Krm. 268 DQA #118O [A 'la`i; incl. M, Tg) & Pp. VG 37 (both do not dustinguish between the
reflexes of 'lajq,a 'palm of hand, sole of foot; sth. flat' and 'laPTa)ll ? HS: S 'lbd > Ar lbd G (pf. labada, ip. -lbud-)
'squat on the ground' ( lbd 'to stick', whence the meaning 'tre par terre et presque coll au sol') Hv. 675, BK II 957 ^ AD
SShS 297-9 ('laPtV 'flat, leaf' in U, A + err. S 'lt?), IS II 23-5 ('la`a 'flat') (does not distinguish this from 'lajq,a '',
in spite of the different initial laterals), IS MS 355 ('latn 'flat' as a variant of [or derivate from] 'lan id.).
1324. 'LaqU 'be moist\liquid, flow' > K 'lcqv-/'lqv- v. 'thaw, melt' > G l_v- / l_-, Sv {FS} lcqv- / laqv- / lqv- id.
(msd. li-lcqv; lcqv-ni 'es taut\schmizt', a-lqv-cb-i 'es wird tauen', a-laqv 'es taute\schmolz') K
2
1O9, Fn. KL 178, FS K 2O1,
FS E 22O ll HS: S 'l__ - 'lhh 'be moist, fresh, humid' > BHb hl2 lah (pl. Mih5l2 la'him < 'lah-him) 'still moist, still fresh'
(of plants), MHB hl2 lah 'fresh', JPA lhlh vt. 'moisten', ChrPA 'xj - 'x l(y)h? 'moisture', Ar lhh caus. (pf. ?alahha) 'give a
contionuos rain' (of a cloud), ? Ak A la_u 'young sprout'; Gz lahloha 'become moist', lahoha 'be humid, damp, soft' KB 499,
GB 383, L G 31O, Sd. 528, CAD IX 45 (Sd. and CAD interpret Ak la_u as a loan from WS) The cns. h in Ar and Gz (for the
expected '_) is hard to explain (a loan from a different S lge.?) Ch: CCh: Ms {Mch.} lav 'rain', {Cat.} lav 'rain; god of
rain', Dw {ChL} lsvvsn 'rainy season' || ECh: Tmk {Cp.} la`v vt. 'wet' || ? WCh: Ang lc 'pour' ( N 'l'ayhV 'to pour;
water') ChC, ChL, Cat. 1O6, Cp. 8O OS #1659 (Tmk + Ang lc 'pour' + Sa layc, Af lay, lc 'water', which are more likely
to belong to 'l'ayhV) ll IE: Ht lah- 'pour, pour out (luquids)', lah(h)u- / lah(h)uvai_ vt. 'pour (liquid, salt, etc.), vi. overflow'
??? OIr {SB} lo-chasair 'rain' (unless < N 'Ulu 'to spring forth', q.v.) CHD L-N 4, 13-5, Ts. E II 3-8, P 695, Bm. TPN
123, SB 249-5O (pClt 'lcvo 'ich sple') ll ? A: AdS of T '|ag- v. 'pour down, rain' (< N 'yaIV 'to pour; ground covered with
water', q.v. ffd.) ll Gil: Gil A loqr(-) 'raw, fresh' (meat, food) ST 162, ST RN 38O, 416 ^ Blz. KM 116 [#11] (incl. K, S,
IE + unc. ObU 'loy- 'wash' (see N 'luIV 'to wash, rinse') and Om 'lVI- 'wet, water').
1325. 'Laquu 'tender, mild' ( 'sweet') > K: GZ 'l'aq- id. > G G luqi, luq-c 'nicht scharf, mild', Lz loq-a 'sweet'
The labial vw. in G G (Western Georgia) may be due to Zan infl. FS E 221 ll HS: B 'lyy - 'lvy 'soft, tender, mild' > Kb
ilqiq 'tre mou\tendre', aloqqaq 'tendre\mou ( toucher)', lloyloy 'tre ramolli', Izn aloqqaq, Rf anoqqay 'tendre, mou, doux au
toucher', Sll iluiy 'tre tendre', Izd lviy 'etre lisse\mou\tendre', BSn aloqqay 'mou, lisse, tendre' Ds. 276, Ds. B 2OO, 23O, 34O,
Rn. 339, Dl. 458, 46O-1, Mrc. 157, 17O-1, 248 ll IE: NaIE 'dl'IIu- 'sweet' [< N cpd. 'dalV Laquu] (see N 'dalV 'tasty,
sweet', q.v. ffd.) ll D (in KK) ''laII- 'be sweet' > Kui naIa (< 'naI--) (p. naI-t-) 'be sweet', Ku {Slz.} laInc, {Fzg.} raIhnc
'sweet', Ku Su {BB, Isr.} r`aI- 'be sweet' D #518O.
1326. 'larvV 'together, many' > K 'larv- > G larv-i 'a field sown by different kinds of seed', larva v. 'baste together
( cxcrar )', Sv UB sx. of pl. -larv (mu-larv 'fathers' mu 'father', di-larv 'mothers' di 'mother' Chx. 643, GP US 51 ll A
'laar > NaT '-lar / '-lar ({Grn.} sx. of nomina collectiva plural sx. of nouns and finite verbs) > OT -lar / -lar, Tk -lar /
-lcr, Az, Tkm, ET -lar / -lar, Uz -lar, Qmq, Nog -lar / -lcr, VTt -lar / -lar / -nar / -nar, Bsh -lar / -lar / -tar / -tar /
-dar / -dar / -oar / -oar, Qzq -lar / -lar / -tar / -tar / -dar / -dar, Qrg -lar / -lar / -lor / -lor / -tar / -tar / -tor / -tor , Alt
-lar / -lar / -lor / -lor / -tar / -tar / -tor / -tor / -dar / -dar / -dor / -dor, Xk -lar / -lcr / -tar / -tcr / -nar / -ncr, Tv -lar /
-lcr / -tar / -tcr / -dar / -dcr / -nar / -ncr, Tv -lar / -lcr / -tar / -tcr / -dar / -dcr / -nar / -ncr, Yk -lar / -lar / -lor / -lor / -tar /
-tar / -tor / -tor / -dar / -dar / -dor / -dor / -nar / -nar / -nor / -nor Grn. S 65-6 ('-lar/'-lar as a sx. of n. coll.
sx. of pl.), Gbn. AT 84 ("in sorgfltigen Handschriften [of OT] wird dies Formans mit dem Nomen nicht verbunden geschrieben"),
Dmt. KCh 65-7, 69-71 M '-nar / '-ncr, suffix of pl. > MM -nar / -ncr id. (with nouns denoting people and anthropomorphous
beings), WrM -nar, HlM {Pp.} -nar, Ord, Brt -nar, Kl -nr; it may be geneticall identical with WrM nar in nar-mai 'all,
everything' (Cinciuss hyp. - CiL MA 22O) Pp. IM 181-3, H SMD 55 ? Tg: WrMc lar scmc 'densely, in multitudes' ({Z}
'iycro, uacro, ronno ') (scmc is an adverbializing word, lit. 'saying') Z 851 CiL 222-4 (denies the connection of T
'-lar/'-lar with M '-nar) ll D (unless a variant of the sx. -ar): OTm -nar, -nar, pl. sx.: vilai_-nar - vilai_-nar 'merchants',
maIir-nar 'chieves of the agricultural tract', munai_-nar 'warriors', Iilai_-nar 'relatives', vinai_-nar 'farmers, servants',
aIai_-nar 'enemies' Shanm. DN 4O-1.
1327. ??? 'LVrIV 'stem, stick, club' > IE: NaIE 'lorga, 'lorgi- 'stick, club, cudgel' > OIr {P} lorc (lorg) 'club, cudgel,
penis', OIr ({LP}: MIr) lurga 'shin-bone' ( N 'rigjV,lE [or 'l-] 'foot, paw' [q.v.]), MW llory 'club', W llory 'club', MW
llorf 'leg of a harp', W llorf id., 'column', OCrn lorch 'Stab', Crn lorgh 'pilgrims stass, walking-stick, pole', Br lorc`hcnn
'pole\shaft of wagon (Deichsel)'; Clt 1 AS lor 'pole; weavers beam' || ON lurIr, ODn lyrI, NNr lurI 'cudgel, club', Sw lurI 'a
blockhead' WP II 443, P 691-2, EI 112 (? 'lorgch_- 'club'), LG 37.2, YGM-1 312, ECCE 265, Vr. 368-9, Hlq. 597, Sw. 1O9,
Ho. 2O6 ll ? HS: S: Ak fOB laru 'branch' CAD IX 1O3-4 ? B 'lajH,IVt- 'branch, twig' ( N 'LahjE,KU 'to grow; sprout,
twig' [q.v. ffd.]) ^ N 'r (rather than 'r) is reconstructed on the ev. of IE, because the presence of a palatal element (in 'r) would
have caused an IE 's- mobile ^ Doubtful.
1328. 'LASV 'be weak, worn out' (or 'LAsV 'to rub, wear out' 'weaken') > HS: C 'l'as- ( N 'LavcV 'weak, soft'
[q.v. ffd.]) > EC 'las- > SC {E} 'las- 'old, worn-out' 1 Mb -lasu v. 'be old' || Or B {Sr.} lafa 'weak', Or Wt {Sr.} lafa 'ill',
( EC 'laf- > Arr lafna 'weak', cf. N 'LabV 'be soft'): Or {Grg.} lafa 'weak, soft', laf- become soft', Or B/O/Wt {Sr.} laf-
'be weak\mild', Or H {Ow.} lafa 'soft' E SC 327, Grg. 258, Sr. 357, Ow. 267 ll IE: NaIE 'lcs-/'los- 'weak, destroyed, bad,
loose' (possibly N 'lUsV 'weak') > L [Plt.] sub-lcs-tus 'sick, weak' || Gt las-iv-s 'weak', ON lasinn 'lose, slack, weak', Ic
lasinn 'sick, damaged', larar 'tired, exhausted', MHG cr-lcsvcn 'to become weak', NHG la 'lax, weary', MLG lasich 'schlaff',
NE lazy || Sl 'losi(-|i) > ChS aemi losi 'macilentus', Blg nom, 'nomnn, McdS nom'bad', SCr lo`s 'unfortunate, bad,
miserable; weak', R Ks 'nomnn 'bad', Slv d loscn 'bad' || L sub-lcs-tus 'ill, weak' || Tc B lcsvi pl. 'attacks of weakness' P
68O ('los-), EI 637 ('losivo-s 'weak'), WH II 618, EM 1167-8, Fs. 322, Vr. 346, Lx. 47, Skeat 333, Bv. 396, ESSJ XVI 92-4
(rejects the abovementioned IE connections of Sl 'losi|i as "semantically unjustified"), Glh. 383, Ad. 56O, IS II 16 (adduces L
sublcstus) ll D {Pf.} 'nac- 'wear out, decay, be ill' > Tm naci- 'be worn \ frayed (as cloth)', naccy 'disease', Kn nasi v. 'wear
out\away, waste away, wither, decay', Tu nciluni v. 'fade', Krx nas- 'cause men\cattle to sicken\languish\die', nasr- 'be ill, pine
away' D #3575, Pf. 124 [#1O38] ll It is worth paying attention to K: GZ 'lcs- v. 'rub, whet, sharpen' > OG lcs- 'whet, sharpen',
G lcs- 'rub, whet, sharpen', Mg las- 'rub out, destroy', Zn d 'las-ir- prtc. 'whetted' - lasir- 'to whet' K 121, FS K 2OO, FS E
219-2O, Chx. 678-9, DCh. 648, Q 27O-1 ^ The K root is semantically distant. But if nevertheless the K belongs here, the N
etymon must be 'LAsV 'to rub, wear out' 'weaken' ^ IS MS 365 s.v. 'cna6in' (IE, D), IS II 16-7 ('lAsV [= {IS} 'lAsn] v.
'rub, damage': IE, D, K 'lcs- v. 'rub, sharpen'), Glh. 383.
1329. 'LisV 'to gather' > IE: NaIE 'lcs- v. 'gather, pluck' > Gmc 'lcsan > Gt lisan sv. 'to pluck, harvest', ON lcsa 'to
gather, pluck', OSx lcsan 'gather, pick up, pick out', OHG gi-lcsan 'gather', NHG auf-lcscn 'to gather, pick up', aus-lcscn 'to
select, pick out', AS lcsan 'to collect, gather, pick, glean', NE lcasc 'to glean'; (a loan translation of L lcgcrc 'to read' 'to
gather'): ON lcsa, OSx, OHG lcsan, NHG lcscn 'to read' || Lt lcs-ti (prs. lcsu), Ltv lcst 'to peck, pick up by packing', iter.: Lt
a-lasyti 'pick out, select', Ltv lasit 'to gather, pick, glean' and (lt from NHG) 'to read' WP II 44O, P 68O, EI 222 ('lcsc/o-
'pick up'), Fs. 331, Vr. 353, Sw. 1O7, Ho. 2OO, Ho. S 46, Kb. 6O7, OsS 55O, KM 436-7, Tr. 16O, Frn. 359 N 'LisV > 'li_cs-
> IE 'lcs- (see AD NVIE) ll U: FV 'Lisa v. 'add, increase' > F lisa 'addition, increase', Es lisa 'addition, supplement', F
lisaa-, Es lisa- 'add' | pLp {Lr.} 'lssc 'addition, increase' > Lp: N {N} lassc / -s- id., L {LLO} lassc id., Kld {SaR} namm,
{TI} lvss
e_
'additional supply (Zuschu, Wucher, (o6ania)', N {N} lascti 'add, put on, increase', S {Hs.} d lassanidh vi.
'increase' | Er nc:y lczc n. {Ps.} 'addition, increase (lis)', {MRV} 'help, profit', nc:yn lczcv 'useful', Mk {Ps.} lcza 'lis', {PI}
nc:ic n. 'help, assistance', Er nc:(a- lczda- {Ps., ERV} v. 'add, increase, help', Mk nc:(o- lczdo- {Ps.} 'add, help', {PI} v.
'help, support' UEW 691, Lr #554, Lgc. #3179, Hs. 84O, TI 195, SaR 156-7, ERV 335, PI 145, SK 298-9 ll ? HS: S 'lss (or
'lss) > Ar lss (ip. -luss-) v. G 'graze (cattle), eat, lick (a vessel)' ( N 'LVsV v. 'lick' [q.v.]) BK II 989, Hv. 685 ll A: Tg:
WrMc nisi_ay 'together with, also', {Hr.} 'mitsamt, dazu, insgesamt' STM I 6OO, Z 231, Hr. 71O.
133O. ? 'LiSX 'small, little, thin' > IE: NaIE 'lci_s- / 'loi_s- 'small, thin' > Gmc 'lai_siz 'less' > OSx lcs, OFrs lcs,
AS ls, NE lcss; Gmc cmpr. adj. 'lai_siza 'less, smaller' > OFrs lcssa, AS lssa; sprl. OFrs lcrcst, lcst, AS lst, lrcst,
NE lcast; Gt Cr lista 'parum, zu wenig' || Lt licsti, lysti 'become thin, lose flesh', licsas 'lean, thin, skim', Ltv licss 'lean,
meager' || ?? Gk Hm ioo) 'soft & warm' (of a wind), 'balmy' (of sleep) WP II 387-9, P 662 ('lci_s- = *lci_- with ext. ), Fs.
331, Ho. 192, Ho. S 46, F II 12O (no definite et. for ioo)), Frn. 329, 376 ll A: Tg 'nis- 'small' > Ewk nisima 'small, fine (as
beads), minute (as hand-writing), thin (as seam)', Lm ntsa 'beads', Neg ntstmItn 'small, fine', WrMc nisiqay, nisi_a 'small fish'
STM I 6OO ll ?? K: G R lisa 'sand' Chx. 684 ^ If G lisa belongs here, the N etymon is 'Lis`sX.
133Oa. ?? 'lisV 'eat; food' > HS: S 'lssv > Ar lsv G 'eat greadily'; S 'lss > Ar lss G 'eat, graze' ( Ar
lss 'lick' < N 'LVsV v. 'lick' and possibly 'l'usV 'lip, mouth') BK II 989. 992, Hv. 685 ll U: FU (att. in FL) 'llisa 'meat,
flesh' > F, Es liha, Vp liha, Krl K liha, Krl Ld liha 'meat, flesh', Lv lcya 'Leib' | d : pLp {Lr.} lisIc 'human skin, flesh' > Lp:
S li|Icc, L {LLO} lii'hIc, N {N} lii'Ic, Kld {SaR} nimm i lIssI 'human skin', {TI} lIssI
e
id., 'flesh, body' SSA II 72,
SK 292, ZM 289, Kt. 187, Lr. #588, Lgc. #3395, LLO 42O, SaR 1175, TI 215 ll IE: NaIE (att. in InA) 'lrcs- v. 'taste' ( N
'LVsV v. 'lick', q.v. ffd.) ll K: GZ 'lVs- > G loslos- 'eat (greedily)', Mg rssIon- - risIon- {K} 'fressen ( par )' ( N
'LVsV v. 'lick') ^ Not here G lcsi 'corpse, carrion' (A NGr coi 'carrion') ^ Qu., because its most reflexes (all but FU) are
also explainable as those of 'LVsV v. 'lick' ^ Blz. LNA #36 (err. equation of FU with G lcsi).
1331. ?? 'lUsV 'weak' > IE: NaIE 'los-/'lcs- 'weak, loose' ( N 'LASV 'be weak, worn out' [q.v. ffd.]) ll U: FU (att. in
FP) 'llusIa 'weak, loose' > Chr: L nym'weak, loose', L nymiamlus'Ia-s, H nimiam'l+sIa-s v. 'become weaker' | Z
nimii( lIsIId 'generous, not stingy' UEW 694-5, MRS 3O2, 31O, LG 164 ^ Qu., because the alleged IE cognate has an alt.
etymology.
1332. 'l'usV 'lip, mouth' > K: GZ 'las- 'lip' > OG las- 'lip' (in las-arto 'large-lipped'), G P/Mx/Kzq {Ghl.}, G Kx/P/X
{K} las- 'lip (of animal), mouth', G las-daycbuli '(one) with an open mouth', Mg lccIv-, Lz lcsI- 'lip' K 12O, K
2
1O7,
Chik. 52, Chx. 67O, Ghl. 325 ll HS: S '-luss- > Ar lvs (ip.. -lus-, pf. lasa, n. act. lavs-) 'tourner et retourner un morceau
dans la bouche; goter, dguster', S 'lss 'lss > Ar lss v. 'take with the lips (grass)' (of animals) ( N 'LVsV v. 'lick')
BK II 989, 991, 1O41 In S (or Ar) the may have been influenced by S 'lss > Ar lss v. 'eat, lick' and S 'lisan- 'tongue' ll
? U: FU ''lussV (or ''laossV) > pOs 'u 'mouth' > Os: V lul, Vy |ul, Ty/Y u, D/Nz tut id. Stn. D 753, Trj. S 218 ll A:
Tg 'lusVma 'upper lip, muzzle, snout' ( N 'L'uc`V(-tV) 'jaw'?) > Nn Nh losoa, Nn KU losoma 'upper lip (of an elk\horse),
upper part of the nose (of an elk)', Ork ltstma 'upper lip (of an elk), muzzle, snout', Ud X {Shn.} li"imo, Ud I/K/Sm {Krm.}
luhimo - lui_mo 'muzzle, snout; nose (protruded part of the face) of a dog\elk\pig', Ewk lusma 'upper jaw, nose, front part of
the muzzle (of a deer\elk)', Lm ntsma 'muzzle, snout' STM I 513, Krm. 257 ^ The pre-history of K 'a (< N 'u?) is to be
investigated.
1333. 'LVsV v. 'lick' ( v. 'taste, tongue') > K: GZ 'ls- v. 'lick, devour' > OG lus- {Chx.} '(ab)lecken' (Num. 22.4:
ay-lus-os 'will lick up, will eat [it] up'), G lus- id., loslos- 'eat (greedily)'; GZ 'ls-vn- v. 'lick' > OG losn- / lusn- id.
(pres. vhlosni, aor. vlosnc, lusna) 'lick', G losn- v. 'kiss with moist lips', {K
2
} 'kiss (rudely)', Mg rssIon- - risIon- {K}
'fressen ( par )', {K} 'gorge, nibble', {Q, K} 'gnaw ( ipi:r )' K 122, K
2
111, Vogt NEG 68, Chx. 691, Ser. 82, Q 314 ll HS: S
'lss > Ar lss v. 'eat, lick' [ N 'lisV 'food' or 'eat' and possibly 'l'usV 'lip, mouth']; - S 'lisan- 'tongue' > BHb
cs. N&Sl6 lo'son, abs. N&Sl1 la'son, Ph [Diosc.] ooov, Ug lsn, (AkSc) {Hnr.} la-sa-nu, OA, SmA lsn, IA Nsl lsn,
(AkSc) li-is-sa-an, BA, IA NS~1l5 lis'san / em. an!S~1l5 lissa'na, Sr W 'no3oe lcsjs,a'n-a, Ar 'saLi lisan-, Sb
nSl lsn, Gz LN losan, Mh svscn, pl. lsson, Hrs lcssn, pl. lssonst, Jb E lsin, Jb C cls`cn, pl. cls`in, Sq {L} lcsin,
pl. lishcn, Ak lisan-, Eb {Krb.} li-sa-nu = lisanu ({AD}: lisanu?) 'tongue'; the replacement of 'i by a (> BHb a) in the Cn
lgs. is due to some phonetic and analogical process(es); e.g., in Hb and Ph it may be explained as a bf from cs. based on the
analogy of the by far more numerous nouns of the Ca'CoC-pattern: cs. lo'son - abs. la'son like cs. so'lom - abs. sa'lom
'peace, well-being') KB 5O9, KBR 536, OLS 249, Eil. FN 81, Tal 445-6, Br. 371, Lv. II 53O-1, Fr. IV 1O2-3, BK II 989, 991,
Sd. 556, CAD IX 2O9ff., Krb. EG 8, MiK I #1.181 Eg fP ns 'tongue' = {Vc. VLE} '[lis-], {Smsz.} '[li.s-] > DEg ls 'tongue' >
Cpt: Sd/B/O aot, A/F/L act id. EG II 32O, Fk. 139, Er. 263, Vc. VLE I 11O, 123, Vc. 99, Vc. GSW 395-6, Smsz. PCV 44
B '?i-lis (pl. '?ilisav+n) [{Pr.} 'hilis / 'hilisavan] 'tongue' > Ah ilos / pl. ilosavon, ETwl ilos / ilosav+n, Ty ilos / pl.
olsav+n, Gh {Nh.} ilos / ilsavon, Gd {Lf.} clos / clsavcn, Kb, Nf ilos-, Sll ils / alsivn, Mz, Wrg ilos / ilsavn, Si
ilos / ilsan, Zng {TC} otsi id. (-ts- < '-ys- < '-ls-) Fc. 1124, Pr. M IV-V 124-5, GhA 118, Lf. II #O922, TC Z 313 ?
C: EC: Arr {Hw.} lcc-, Rn {PG} laa v. 'lick' || ?? Ag: Bln {R} lanz- id. Hw. A 381, PG 3O8, R WB 258 ? Om: SOm:
Dm {Fl.} lilizdcn 'he licks', licu imp. 'lick!' || ? NrOm: Cha {Fl.} hals-os 'he licked', hals-na imv. 'lick!' Fl. OO 319 Ch:
[1] Hs lasa ( HS 'lhs 'lick'), Gw risc v. 'lick' ||| [2] {JI, JS} 'ls 'tongue' > WCh {Stl.} 'ha-lisi-(um) 'tongue' (probably,
lit. 'head-tongue', because the px. 'ha- of body parts is likely to go back to WCh 'hama- 'head') > Hs harsc, Hs Skt halsc (pl.
halusa) id. | pAG 'lis > Su, Mnt, Kfr, Tal lis, Ang {Hf.} lis, Ywm {J} lis | Ron {J}: Fy lcs, DfB lis, Bks ?alis, Klr {J}
?alus | pBT {Stl.} 'lisim > Bl {IL} lisim, Dr lus, Krkr {J} lussm, Grm {Sch.} limsi, Krf {Sch.} ilimsi | SBc.: Zar {Sh.}
rtstn, Grn {Jg.} lasi, Bg {J} qclcs, {IL} qilis || CCh: ns (dis from ls ?) in Ktk: Lgn {Lk.} nsi, pl. sasan ( < 'lVsVn
?) and in Mbara {Trn.} nasay, as well as ls (dis from 'ls ?) in Msg {Trn.} alcs and in Msg Ng {MB} clcsi || ECh 'l'is-
'tongue' > Mu {Lk.} lisi, {J} lcsi, Brg {J} lisi, Jg {J} lcso, Mkl {J} ?tlzc, EDng {Fd.} lcsc, Smr {J} di-lcsc, Kwn
Ii-lisi id. Ffd. see JI I 169 (pCh 'ls- 'tongue') & II 328-9, AD ChCS #22, ChL It is possible to reconstruct an additional
HS 'lhs - 'lhs 'lick' (> Ar, Gz, Tgr, Mh lhs. Ar lhs [1 Bj {R} lchas-], Akk lasu, Hs lasa 'lick') Vc. 99, AD PSH
6.3 [#181], L G 311, Sd. 54O, OS #1666 (pHS 'lcs-), #164O ('lahas- 'lick'), Tk. I 187-8, Sk. HCD 1O8, 186 ll IE: NaIE (att.
in InA) 'lrcs- v. 'taste' > OI rasati, ra'sayati, rasyati '(he) tastes, relishes', OI [Yaj.], OI EpSk rasana- 'tongue', OI EpSk
[MBh], Pali, Prkr rasa- m. 'taste', ? Vd, OI ClS, Pal, Prkr rasa- 'juice, sap' MW 869-7O, RhDS PED 566, Tu. #1O65O, M K
III 48, M E II 441-2 In the OI/Pali/Prkr noun rasa- 'juice, sap' there may have been contaminaion with IE 'ros- 'dew'.
1334. 'L'atV 'skin\leather, bark' > HS: Ch {JS} 'lt v. 'skin' > WCh: Fy {J} lut v. 'skin (huten)', Klr {J} lcd v. 'skin
(abreien, huten)' | Zar {Sh.} lat, {ChL} lat, {IL} ld (or locd?) 'skin (of humans)', Sy {Csp.} lat n. 'skin, leather', Sy Zk
{Sh.} lat, Zar K {Sh.} lat, Zar GL/L {Sh.} lat n. 'skin', Zar K {Sh.} lut v. 'skin' JS 233, JI II 296, J R 87, 353, ChC, ChL,
Sh. SB 31, Csp. 56, 65, Stl. ZCh 237 [#838] ('lVd 'skin, hide') Eg L/G ntt, Eg Md {EG} ntnt, {DW} ntn.t f. 'skin' EG II
356-7, DW I 49O (shows that -t is a sx. of f.) ? S 'ltt > Ar lutat- 'crumbled tree-bark' ( ltt vt. 'bray, crumble'); +ext. :
[1] 'lt > Sr lt G 'bark (a tree)'; [2] ?? 'ltm > Ar miltam- 'pice de cuir que lon tend par terre sous un panier
dattes' Fr. IV 85, 1O7, BK II 963, 998, Br. 365 OS #1655 ('lat- 'skin': Eg, WCh) ll IE: NaIE +ext. 'lctro- 'leather, skin' >
OIr lcthar, W llcdr 'leather', OBr [] lcdrjin, d 'cartilagini', MBr lczr, B lcr 'leather' || Gmc 'lcOra 'leather, (?) skin' > ORu
lc|ro id., ON lcr 'skin, leather', NNr lcdcr, Sw ladcr, Dn ldcr, OHG lcdar, NHG Lcdcr, OSx lcthar, MLG lcd(d)cr, MDt
lc(d)cr, Dt lcdcr, AS lccr 'leather', NE lcathcr WP II 428, P 681, EI 269 ('lctrom 'leather'), YGM-1 3O5, Flr. 238, Ern. 365,
Hm. 511, Vr. 349 (rejects the hyp. of a Clt origin of Gmc 'lcOra), Vr. N 387, Ho. 2OO, Ho. S 46, Kb. 596, OsS 54O, KM 43O ll
A: Tg: WrMc lati_i 'rags, (pieces of) old bast mats' STM I 495, Z 847.
1335. *`litV 'to exercise magic forces against so., detest, suffer from' > HS: CS '-luit- > Sr lvt (pf. lat, ip. -lut)
{Br.} 'detestatus est', {JPS} 'curse' ( from 'lyt, -lit-), BHb Miy5l1 la't-im 'sorcery' Br. 361, JPS 273, KB 5O1 ll IE: NaIE
'`lci_t- v. 'detest' > OIr {P} liuss 'aversion, abomination' (< 'lit-tu-) || ON lcir adj. 'verhat, leid', Dn lcd 'bothersome, boring',
Sw lcd id., 'repugnant, 'ugly', Dn lcd, OSx lcth 'suffering; hostility', OHG lcid 'nicht lieb, verhat; sad, bad, painful', NHG lcid
'disagreeable', AS la 'hostile, hated, hateful', NE loath; ON lcia n. 'Unlust, Wuderwille', NNr lcida, Sw lcda, Dn lcdc
'repugnance', OHG lcid 'Leiden, Bses, Betrbnis', NHG Lcid 'harm'; ON lcia 'verhat machen, verleiden', OHG lidan, NHG
lcidcn 'to suffer', AS lan 'to hate, cause to shun, revile', NE loathc || ?? Gk ocit) - ooito) 'sinner', oitoive v.
'sin' P 672, Vr. 35O, WW 177, 18O, Sw. 1O3-5, Ho. 193, 195-6, Ho. S 26, Kb. 599, OsS 541, 553, KM 433, F I 67, EI 259
('h_lci_t- 'do sth. hateful\abhorrent') ll U 'llVttV (unless it is 'llVssV) > Sm 'lsttV (or '-cc-, '-ss-) 'suffer, endure' > Ne
F {Cs.} rcahtarangam 1s aor. 'ich stand aus, ertrug, litt', Slq Tm {KD} lctab_ 'suffer, endure (krsi)', {Prk.} lattImI-
'endure ( rcpncr )', lstImI- 'endure, yrcpncr ' Jn. 83 ^ On the Gk prothetic vw. and underlying prosodic phenomenon
(denoted as '`-) see
1336. ? 'Lujv,tV 'mud' > IE: NaIE 'lut- 'mud, mire' > L lutum 'mud, mire; moist earth' || OIr loth 'dirt', {SB} 'palus,
cnum', W {SB} lludcdic 'muddy' || Lt {Ruh., Nsl., Krsch.} lutynas (Frn.s emendation: liutynas) 'quebbiger Ort, Pfuhl,
Lehmpftze' Frn. 38O, Nsl. 376, WH I 84O, SB 25O, WP II 4O6-7, P 681, EI 16O ('lcu_- 'dirt', cf. N 'livha 'dirt, silt')
ll K: Mg lcta 'dirt, clay', Lz lcta 'earth' Q 273, Chik. 186 ll HS: B '-lud- (unless A L lutum) [ N 'vVLjV,tV 'moist;
mud'?] > Gd a-lud, Shw {Hy.} lud, BSn {Ds.} lud, Izd {Mrc.} a-lud (pl. ilatton) 'boue', Kb a-luo 'boue (plutt liquide),
grosse boue', Tmz a-lud (pl. aludn, ilatton) id., 'glaise, eau bouleuse', Mz lud 'limon, vase' Lf. II #O878, Hy. 326, Ds. B 46,
Dl. 445, MT 369-7O, Dlh. M 1O3, Mrc. 75, Msq. Z 493 The pB long 'u suggests an underlying 'uv CCh: Dgh {ChL}
ludc, {Frk.} lsdc 'dirt' ChC, ChL B '-lud- may be suspected as being a loan from L lutum, but the voiced emphatic
'-d- and the Ch cognate (ludc) make the hyp. of loan less plausible Flk. AM, ChL ^ IS II 31 ('L'atn: IE 'lat-, K, WCh +
unc. S 'rtv 'moist').
1337. 'livha 'dirt, silt' > IE 'lcu_H- > NaIE 'lcvo- / 'lu- 'dirt, filth, mire' > Gk u-o 'dirt', u-oi pl. 'filth, off-
scourings; moral filth' (but uoi 'water used in washing' and possibly uoi 'rain' belong rather to NaIE 'lovo- 'wash' < N
'luIV 'to wash, rinse' [q.v.]), u- 'brutal outrage', uoivooi v. 'treat with indignity, outrage'), Gk uov or uo)
'defilement from blood\gore', {F} uo) 'geronnenes, dickes Blut' (the short u may be due to the merger with NaIE 'lut- <
'Lujv,tV 'mud' [q.v.]) || L olluo / ollui / ollutum / -crc 'befoul, defile, pollute' || OIr {SB, P} con-luan 'dogs
excrements', MBr {Ern.} louan 'moisi', Br louan 'dirty' || Lt liunas 'quag, quagmire', Ltv luns 'moorige, sich bewegende
Stelle', lunis 'swamp' WP II 4O6, P 681, EI 16O (lcu,- 'dirt'), F II 144-5, WH I 84O & II 334 (all of them connect the L
v. with lutum [see N 'Lujv,tV 'mud'), SB 25O (Clt 'louno- 'dirt'), Ern. 374-5, Hm. 528, Frn. 38O-1 Cf. also N 'Lizu 'saliva,
mucus, (?) 'slime' ll HS: S 'lhv or 'lhy > Ak fOB lu?u 'to dirty (an object), defile\desecrate (a sanctuary, a rite)' (D p.
ula?i - ulc?i, prtc. mula?u - mulc?u, OB stative lu__u), Ak LB lu?u (f. lu?utu, lu?itu) 'soiled, dirty, unclean, sullied'
CAD IX 258-9 ll K: G lia 'silt, mud, quagmire, dirt', G K/Kx lia 'puddle', OG {Abul.} licmalo 'mud' Chx. 681, DCh. 65O,
Abul. 2O9 ll U: FU 'liva 'mud, sand' > F liiva 'pulp, mash', {SK} 'bog, mud', Es liiv, Vo liva 'sand' | Prm 'lu'a 'sand' > Z nia
lIa, Z Vsh/EV lu'va, Vt luo || Os Kz lovi 'mud, quagmire' Coll. 95, UEW 25O ('liva), SK 294, LG 163 ll A: Tg
'libin - 'lcbcn 'boggy swamp, marsh, quagmire' > Ewk lsvs " lsbs, Neg lsvs id., Lm A livin 'puddle', ? WrMc lcbcqgi
'boggy, swampy', lcbcqgi dcrnc_un 'wet (covered with weater) low-lying lands'; 'libV- - 'lcbV- 'be bogged down' > Ul
livu- - livi- - livs-, Ork , Nn livs-, Ewk, Neg lsvs- id. STM I 514 ^ N 'h is reconstructed on the joint ev. of the IE lr.
(causing a NaIE vw. lengthening), K zero, Ak ? and the Ak transformation of the adjacent 'a to c ^ IS II 27 (IE, U, K, S; 'liva
= 'liva; does not distinguish this from the reflexes of 'Lujv,tV 'mud'), AD GD 3 (IE, U).
1338. 'L'a_V 'to strike, fight' > HS: CS +ext. 'lhm 'fight' > BHb lhm G (imv. Mh2l6 lo'ham) vt. 'fight', N (pf.
Mh2l5n% ni-l'ham) vi. 'fight', Mb v. DT or GT lhm (1s ip. ?lthm) 'make war, fight', Md G lhm v. 'gather for fighting \
attacking; threaten, attack', slhm 'fight, attack', Ar lhm G ps. (pf. ahiLu luhima) 'be killed, slaughtered', TL (pf. aha}aTa
talahama) 'kill one another'; CS 'malham(-at)- > BHb em1h1l6m5 milha'ma 'war', Ar mahal0Ma malhamat- 'fight, army',
hal0Ma malham- 'slaughter, fight' KB 5OO, HJ 571-2, DM 231, 467, BK II 977-8, Hv. 681 ll IE 'laX- 'attack, fight' > Ht
{CHL} lahha- 'military campaign', la(h)hiyai- v. 'attack, make war on, operate against', lahhiyatar- 'military expedition,
campaign, military obligation' [to distinguish from the homonymous : lahha- 'journey, trip', la(h)hiyai- v. 'travel, wander'; a
merger of both roots: la(h)hiyai- 'go on an expedition)'], HrLw laha- 'attack', Lc {Ts.} la_a- 'strike (schlagen)' ? Gk cio,
Gk I i, Gk D )o 'booty', Gk i) (-ioo)), Gk D oi) id., Gk )ooi 'plunder' || ??, Phr lavagtaci 'military
leader' CHL L-N 4-1O, Ts. E II 8-11, F II 96, EI 31 ('lch- 'military action') ll K: G la_- / ga-la_- 'verhauen, verprgeln';
'unterkriegen (z. B. Ringskampf)', OG la_uari, G la_vari 'spear' Chx. 672, DCh. 645-6, Abul. 28O, Ser. 82 ll ? E: NEl la-ha-na
'nachdem geschlachtet worden sind', ME la-h-lu-us 'er zerhmmerte, zerschlug', la-h-lu-h-[i] 'ich hmmerte fr sie (pl.)' HK
8O8-9.
1339. 'Lo_qV 'be ill; ache' > K 'lc_q- 'be ill' > Mg la_- id., la_-al-a 'illness', lc_ 'sick' Q 271 ll HS: C: Bj {R} lch-
scv. 'be(come) sick\ill', {Rop.} lch- - loh- - ilh- id., 'hurt, pain' (part of the body)', {R} 'lch-ani - 'clh-ani 'I am becoming
sick\ill', {R} 'lcha - 'clha, {Rop.} loha adj. 'sick\ill' || EC: Sa {R}, Af {Clz.} la'ho 'illness, pain', Sa {R} laho-s- caus. v.
'make ill; pain, hurt', T laho-t 'become ill', Af {PH} lahav n. 'being in labour, fait dtre en couche', ? lahuv 'stinging tail (of
fish\bee)'; ?? C 1 Gz lah 'mourning, grief, dirge', lhv (pf. lahava - lahava, js. yolhav) 'mourn for, lament, bewail' AD SF
168, PH 154, R S II 246, R WBd 155-6, Rop. 211, Clz. 126, L G 312 Ch: pAG {Hf.} 'la 'be painful\sick' > Ang {Flk.} lc
'sick; sickness, pain', {Brq.} lc 'ailing', {Hf.} lc v. 'pain', Gmy/Mnt {Hf.} la id., Sa {J} la id., n. 'wound', Kfr {Nt.} la
'painful', Mpn {Frz.} la 'pain; wound' Hf. AG #129, Flk. s.v. lc, J S 72, Frz. DM 32, Nt. 23 ? B {Pr.} ''vlH v.
- 'vVlaH 'fever' > Kb {Dl.} tavvla (pl. tivlivin), Kb Z {La.}, Izd {Mrc.} taula, Tmzg tavla (pl. tivlivin), SrSn {Rn.}
tau_la, Sll {Ds.} tau_la 'fever' The B word belongs here if 'vV- goes back to the HS prefix of intransitivity Dl. 863, MT
76O, La. S 238, Rn. 423, Ds. 127, Mrc. 117 OS #1631 (WCh 'la?- 'be sick' S 'l?y 'be tired, slow') ll D 'no- (< 'lo-?),
{GS} 'no- 'feel pain, ache; illness' > Tm no id., Ml noIa v. 'pain', noi, noi 'weakness, pain', novu 'pain, ache', Kt nov
'disease, pain', Tl nu 'sickness', Kn no, Kdg no-, Tl noccu v. 'pain, ache', Klm oy- '(wound) hurts, pains', Nkr oy-, Prj, Gdb noy-,
Png, Ku no-, Kui nova 'be painful', Nk oy-, Gnd no- vi. 'hurt', Knd, Mnd nu- no- v. 'pain, ache', Ku {Isr.} lun:- v. 'ache,
throb with pain', luh- v. 'cause pain', Krx nun:- v. 'smart, pain', Mlt nun:c v., n. 'pain' D #3793, GS 144 [#369] l- in Ku
lun:-, luh- may have remained from pD ('lo-?) ^ It is worth paying attention to A: M 'niyan 'epidemic' > WrM {Kow.} niyan
'peste, pidmie', WrM {MED} niyan, HlM n n 'infection; epidemic' (Kow. 666, MED 583) ^ IS II 36 ({IS} 'Lnhn; C, K).
134O. 'LavXV 'board, plank' ( 'bough'?) > HS: S 'lavh- - 'luh- 'plank, board' > Ak fOAk lc?u '(wooden) board,
writing board, sheet of precious metal', BHb h@ul 'lu
a
h 'plank, board; tablet', Pun lh 'tablet', OCn TA [Akkadianized] lc_u, Ug
lh 'writing board' 'message', IA lvh 'board, tablet', Nbt lvh 'tablet', JA [Trg.] {Lv., Js.} ah1ul lu'h-a 'tablet, board', JEA {Sl.}
ah16l2 lav'ha - ah1&l loha 'wooden pank', Sr luh, lu'h-a 'tablet, writing tablet' Ar v0La lavh- 'board, plank; tablet' (1
Gz lavh 'board, table; parchment'); Mh/Hrs {Jo.} lavh 'board', Jb E/C lobh id., Sq {L} loh 'planche' (all A Ar?) CAD IX
156-9, KB 497, A #1449, OLS 243, HJ 569-7O, Lv. II 482, Js. 696, Sl. 619, JPS 227, Sd. 246, BK II 1O39, L G 32O, L LS 229,
Jo. M 258, Jo. J 166, Jo. H 86 EC: Af {PH} lahdi 'shelf inside a grave on which a corpse is placed' PH 154 ll IE: NaIE
'lov-, {Mn.} 'lav-(a) 'board, plank' > Sl 'lava 'bench' > ChS aoao lava, OCz, Cz lava, P lava, R 'nana, R d 'nania id.,
OR aoao lava 'a broad bench; small bridge', Slv lava 'a low sideboard' | Lt lova 'bed', Ltv lava 'sweating shelf (in steam bath);
plank bed, bunk'; Blt 1 Sw lavc 'sweating shelf, bench (in bath), plank bed, wooden box for seedlings' || pScn {Vr.} 'lovan >
ON lofi, lafi 'threshing-floor', Sw logc, Dn lo id., Nr lavc id., 'barn, granary' Mn. 667, ESSJ XIV 52-5, Frn. 387. Tr. 153,
Bern. I 695, WP II 4O7, Hlq. 563, 585-6, Vr. 363 ll ? U: FL 'lava 'board' ( A BSl ??) > F lava 'platform, scaffold; stage;
bed', Es lava 'stage, platform', taalava 'scaffold', pLp {Lr.} 'lovc 'board, scaffolding' > Lp: L {LLO} luovvc 'scaffolding for
keeping hay or fodder', Ar {Lgc.} luovvIc 'auf Pfhle gebautes Aufbewahrungsrerst', N {N} luovvc 'kitchen shelf', Kld
nynn r 'board' SK 282, Krh. 132, SaR 166, Lr. #632, Lgc. #366O The FL word may be either semantically influenced by or
even borrowed from a BSl lge., but the common origin of inherited words is equally possible and semantically plausible ll ? A: Tg
'laba 'bough' > Ewk Tmt lava 'tine made of a reindeers horn', Ewk Ald laara 'many-tined'; Tg 1 Yk laba 'bough, branch'
The direction of the borrowing must have been from Tg to Yk and not viceversa, because Yk words of T origin (just as pT words)
never have an initial l- STM I 485.
1341. 'Loy_i?a 'cheek' (> 'face') > K: G loqa 'cheek' Chx. 691, DCh. 653, SSO I 423 (loqa 'animals cheek') ll HS: S
''lahiy- 'jaw, cheek' > BHb ih5l6 lo'hi, paus. ih5"l# ''lchi 'cheek, jaw', Ug lh (du. lhm, pl. lht) 'cheek, jaw', JA [Trg.] ah1&l
lo'h-a 'jaw', JPA Bz P {Sl.} ejhl lhyyh 'cheek', Ak fOA/OB lctu - litu 'cheek, side', Ar h0La lahy- 'jaw, jawbone, jawl',
hALa laha-n (pl. whiLa lahiy-) 'ct de visage o la barbe pousse, bas de la joue', d yah0Li lihy-at- (pl. hALi liha) 'beard',
? Gz d maltaht (= maltaht) 'jaw'; a CS lge. (Aram?) 1 Ak LB/Nz la_u 'jaw' KB 499, GB 382-3, OLS 243, BK II 979,
WKAS II 4O1, 4O8, CAD IX 44-5, 148, Sd. 546, Lv. T I 4O7, Sl. P 28O, Js. 7O2, L G 319, MiK I #1.178 [S 'lih(a)y(-at)-] ll IE:
NaIE 'lci_I- 'face, cheek' > Blt: Pru laygnan (< 'lai_Inan) id. | Sl 'licc 'cheek, face' > OCS auc licc id., Slv licc, P licc id.,
OCz licc 'cheek', Cz, Slk licc, Blg nn'nc 'face', Blg pl. 'nnnn 'cheeks', McdS nnnc, SCr licc, R, Uk nn'no 'face', R
Ol/Ar/Vlg/Rz nn'no, OUk nnnc, Uk nn'no 'cheek'; Sl 'liI+ 'face' > OR auk+ liI+ id., 'portrait (of a saint)', Blg , McdS nni,
SCr liI, Uk nni, Blr n i 'face', Slv liI 'shape' || ? OIr lccco (gen. lcccon), NIr lcaca 'cheek' WP II 395-6, SB 251 (pClt
'liI'Ion 'cheek' < ''liI'non-), Bc. 223 ({Thr.}: OIr lccconn lcth 'side' + conn, ccnn 'head'), En. 2O1, Bern. 719-2O,
ESSJ XV 75-8, 1O6 (denies the above IE et. of Sl 'licc, liI+), Glh. 377 ll A: M 'niyur 'face, cheek' > MM [S, MA] niur 'face',
[IM] niur, [IsV] niyur, [L] navur, WrM nigur, HlM np, Ord nu'r, Brt n yp nu'r, Kl np, {Rm.} nu'r, Mnr H {SM, T}
niur, Dx {T} niu, Ba {T} nor 'face', Mgl nu'r id., 'cheek' H 117, Pp. L III 72, Pp. MA 262, 442, Lg. VMI 57, MED 58O,
KRS 389, Chr. 345, Ms. O 5O4, SM 28O, T 351, T BJ 144, T DnJ 13O, Rm. M 35, KW 283 ^ K '-q- and IE '-I- go back to
'-q- < '-_?- < '-_V?-. M '-y- is likely to go back to N '-_?-. S '-h- goes back to N '-_-, the glottal stop being lost.
1342. 'laj?,yV 'layj?,V 'not; to disappear' > HS: C: Ag {Hz.} '-la 'not' (verbal sx.): Aw prs.-ft. 1-3 sg. -'a-la, Bln
prs.-ft. 3s -'v-lla, p. 3m -la, Q 3m: prs.-ft. -v-la, p. -la, Km {CR} prs.-ft. 3m -a-la || EC: Sa {R} pcv. -lay [p. 'a-lcy(u)o, imv.
c'lcy] 'fortziehen auf nimmer wiedersehen, verschollen gehen, verkommen', Af {PH} -clcyy- pcv. be lost, stray'; Rn
la - la - lan 'without', Sml {ZMO} la? 'less, without', {Abr., ZMO} la?a 'be without, lack' Hz. AL 3O-1, Vet. OA 27O-4,
R S II 251, PH 95-6, PG 2O6-7, ZMO 249, Abr. S 16O [1] S 'la or 'la? 'not, no' (unless < N '?ala, pc. of prohibition and
categorical negation [q.v.]) > Ak la, BHb al lo [spelled lo?], Ug l, (AkSc) la, IA l?, BA al1 - el1 la [spelled la?, lah], JA/Sr
al1/o la [spelled la?], Md la-, Ar |a la, Mh, Jb E/C la? 'no', Mh ?sl la, Jb ?sl ... lo? 'not', Hrs la, la?, la 'not', Mn l? 'not'; [2]
? S 'lvy > Ar lvy G (pf. vaLa lava, ip. -lviy-) 'nier, dsavouer (p. ex. une dette)', Sh

'faire prir qn. (la mauvaise
fortune)', 'tre fan' (unless 'lvy 'tordre, courber') The SS lgs. provide ev. for the S lr. '? that was lost in (most) CS lgs and
in Ak KB 486-7, 1729, A #1426, Hnr. 141-2, HJ 558-6O, Dgn. 47a, Sg. AAG 539, Sl. 613-4, Br. 354, Nld. SG 328-3O,
DM 227, BK II 951-2, 1O45-6, Jo. M 249, Jo. H 84, Jo. J 158, MA 56, Sd. 52O ll IE: Ht lc 'do not!', 'not' ?? NaIE 'lci_-
'disappear, shrink' > ON linna 'aufhren lassen, hemmen', AS linnan 'to desist, part from' (-nn- < '-nv-) || ? Gk ioooi
'shrink back, go aside, withdraw' WP II 387-8, P 661-2, Fs. II 119, Vr. 358, Sw. 1O8, Ho. 2O3, Ts. E II 5O-2, CHD L-N 55-7 ll
K: OG mo-lcv- 'be used up \ spent' (Mk. 5. 26), MG [VTq.], G lc(v)-/ li- / liv- 'wear out, exhaust, finish' ('abnutzen, beendigen;
sich abnutzen, zu Ende gehen'; ' ncro ar , -c) , ocna6n) r , -c) ') Chx. 674-7, DCh. 647, Ser. 1O6 ll U: FU (att. in Ugr)
'lXyV 'little, small, weak' > ObU: pVg 'l'ay > Vg {MK}: ML lai_, N lai_ 'little, weak' ('klein, zart, kraftlos, schwach'); pOs:
Os Kz loyamti(yo)- 'grow weak\decrepit' (senile infirmity) | OHg XI lcan, XII lca|n, Hg lcany 'daughter, girl' UEW 864-5,
MK 246, EWU 878 ll A: Tg: WrMc laya- v. 'fade', 'umsinken, welk herabhngen', layfara 'be exhausted, weekened, fade',
'weich\welk werden. einschrumpfen' STM I 487, Z 841, Hr. 613, 619 ^ It is quite possible that there are two different N roots:
'L'a?V 'not' and 'layV 'to disappear, shrink'.
1343. 'l'ayhV 'to pour; water' > HS: EC: Sa {Wlm.} lac, Sa I {CR} layc, Sa A {CR} lay, lcy, Af {PH} lc (pl. lclva)
'water' PH 155 B 'lVjH, 'body of water' > Shw {Hy.} tala (pl. tiliui) 'marais, mare', {Msq.} tala 'lake', Zng {Bs.} cl, cli (pl.
cllun) 'sea', {MHNic.} cl, cl (pl. cllun) 'sea, big river, lake' Bs. MS I 142, Nic. 429, Hy. 482 Eg {Mks.} ny v. 'fill with
water', nyv 'primordial ocean' Mks. II ##1974-5 IS II 32 adduces here Eg fP nvy.t 'water, flood' and Eg fMK nvy 'water'
(EG II 221), which is more doubtful because of the unexpected v (better to N 'rVvV 'water' [q.v.]) Ch: WCh: Ang {Flk.} lc
'pour (out)', {ChL} lc 'pour' || ECh: Tmk {Cp.} la`v- vt. 'wet', ? Skr {Lk.} ilco 'pour in' Lk. ZSS 34, Cp. 8O, Flk. s.v. lc, ChL
OS #359 (Ch, Sa, Af; HS 'lay 'water, pour') ll IE 'lci_H-/ 'liH- 'flow, pour' > NaIE 'lci_o- / 'li- > OI li- / prs. layati
{MW} 'melt, liquefy, dissolve', [AV] {M} (vi-)liyatc vi. 'lst sich auf, zergeht, schmilzt' || OIr {P} lic, {LP} liac, W {P} lli
(both < 'lii_ant-s) 'flood, sea', MBr livat 'inundation', W llif 'flood, de luge, current', Crn {P} lyf, {ECCE} lyf id., 'flood' || Gt
lci|u 'oikco, fruit wine', OHG lid 'Trank, Getrnk, Obstwein, Wein', OSx lith 'fruit wine, wine', OFrs lith 'alcoholic beverage',
AS li id., 'apple wine', ON li 'beer' || Lt licti (prs. OLt lc'|u, Lt lic|u) 'pour', lyti (3s prs. li|a) v. 'rain', Ltv lict 'to pour',
lit 'to rain' | Sl 'li-ti / prs. 'li|o 'pour' > OCS au:u liti / aim li|o, SCr li`ti / li`|cm, Slv liti / li|cm, Cz liti / li|i, P
lac / lc|c, R nnr / n , Uk 'nnrn / ' nn - nn 'pour', Blg 'nc id. WP II 392, P 664, MW 9O3, M K III 1O2-3, M E II
475, LP 146, YGM-1 3O9, ECCE 266, Fs. 229, OsS 553, Kb. 611, Schz. 196, Ho. 2O4, Ho. S 47, Frn. 368, Glh. 379-8O, ESSJ
XV 157-, Vs. II 5O4 ^ N '-h- is reconstructed, because it is the only lr. that yields IE 'H and may be lost in Eg ^ IS II 32-3
('L'ayn 'water', vi. to pour'). Cf. also N 'LiLU 'water, sea'.
1343a. 'L'AEyvV or 'L'EvyV 'crooked' ( 'left'), 'to bend, twist' > IE: NaIE 'lai_vo- 'crooked' 'left (gauche)' >
Gk oio) 'left' || L lacvus id., L [] lacvi (bovcs) 'quorum cornua terram spectant' || Lt islaivoti 'Biegungen machen' | pSl
'lcv+ / 'lcv+|i 'left' > OCS a1a+ lcv+, Blg n n, SCr li`|cvi " ncnn, Slv lcv, Cz lcvy, Slk l`avy, P{ lcvy, R ) ncnin,
Ul n ) nnn id. P 652, WH I 75O-1, ESSSJ XV 29-31, Glh. 376-7 ll HS: WS 'lvy G 'twist, bend' > Ar lvy G vt. (pf.
laviya, ip. -lviy-) 'twist (a rope), bend (sth.)', Mh lvy G vt. (pf. lovu) 'bend', molvoyit 'winding mountain pass', Jb C/E
mol'bct 'corner', Hrs lvy G vt. (pf. lovo, sbjn. yolvi) 'bend, wrap up'), ?? BHb ei!v^l5 liv'ya 'wreath' (if 'twisted') BK
II 1O45-6, Hv. 7O2, Jo. M 258-9, Jo. H 86, BDB 531 [#3880], KB 498 (unc. : liv'ya lvy 'accompany') ll A: M 'lcbcyi
> WrM lcbci- 'become ill-proportioned' MED 515 ? Tg: Ork nsvtsy 'to the left!' STM I 615 ^ Blz. LB #99a (IE, Ar,
Hb).
1344. 'Lizu 'saliva, mucus, (?) 'slime' > K: GZ 'lcz`v- 'saliva, mouth foam' > G lczv-i 'saliva, slaver, mouth foam' ({Chx.}
Speichel, Geifer', {DCh., NCh.} 'saliva'), Mg lczva- 'foam (on horses mouth)', Lz lazv-cr-i 'slobbery boy' K
2
1O8, FS 198-9,
Chx. 677, DCh. 647 ll HS: B 'lzz > SrSn {Rn.} i-lozzaz-on, Ntf {La.} i-lozzazon 'bave' Rn. 337, La. MChB 121 ll A: M
'nisun (< ''nis-sun?) [ N 'nisu 'smell, breathe heavily' (sth.)'] > MM [HI] nisun, WrM nisun, HlM nyc, Mnr H {SM}
nusoq 'nasal mucus', WrM nisuta-, HlM nycra-x v. 'discharge mucus', ? WrM nisugu 'abscess, boil' Ms. H 79, H 117,
MED 586, SM 291 ^ Cf. also IE 'lcu_H- 'lcvo- / 'lu(:)- 'dirt', but it is preferably connected with N 'livha 'dirt, silt' [q.v.].
1345. 'LVV (or 'LVvV) nut', 'nut-tree\bush' > K: G lca 'green walnut-shell' Chx. 681 ll HS: S 'luoz or WS
'lavoz- 'almond tree' > BHb zul luz, Cn 1 Aram: Sr lu'z-a, SmA zvl lvz, Md luza; Aram 1 Ar lavz-, Gz lavz id., Har laz
'groundnut' KB 497, KBR 522, L G 322, Nld. NBSS 43, Tal 428, Js. 696, Br. 361, DM 232, Fr. II 135, Frn. 145 ll IE: NaIE
'lasd- 'hazel tree\bush' > Lt lazda - laza 'hazel-stick, hazel-bush', lazdynas 'hazel-tree', Ltv la(g)zda, lazds, lcgzda, lcgzds
'hazel-bush', Pru laxdc id. | d Sl 'lcs-Ia 'hazel (bush\tree)' > Blg ncc'ia, SCr nccia " li|csIa, Slv lcsIa, Cz lasIa id.,
Cz lcsIa 'a bush with small hazel-nuts', Slk licsIa ' a hazel-bush\tree', P lasIa 'stick; hazel-bush', Blr 'n cia 'stick'; ( Sl
'lcs+ 'forest'): SCr lcs, R ) nc'ma 'hazel (tree\bush)' || ? Arm last last '(wooden) raft; ship; bedstead' WP II 387, Frn. 348,
En. 2O3, ESSJ XIV 239-41, Jokl LKU 2O3-5 (adduces Al la|thi 'hasel-nut, hasel-tree'), O 211 (shows that Al la|thi, Al BE laIOi
does not belong here), Slt. 421.
1346. 'lV pc. in verbal constructions, nominalizing the verbal action (> nomina actionis) > K: GZ '-il-, formant of nom.
actionis (masdar): OG, G -il- (OG tir-il- '[act of] weaping', a_il- n. 'shout'), Mg -ir- (Iit_-ir- 'act of reading, questioning',
id-ir- '[act of] bying') Dt. 217, K 1O1 ll IE: NaIE '-lV-, sf. of nomina actionis > Arm -l, e.g. sirel sirc-l inf. 'to love'
possibly 'scd-(o)lo- - 'scd-(o)la 'seat' (n. loci n. actionis?) > Gk Lc co 'seat', Gl -scdlon (in cancco-scdlon 'goldner
Sessel'?), L sclla 'seat, chair', Sl 'scd+i-lo 'saddle' (> OCS d etc+ao:u oscd+l-ati vt. 'to saddle', ChS, OR tciae scdilo,
Blg, R cc('no, Uk c ('no, SCr scdlo, Slv scdlo, Cz, Slk scdlo, P siadlo 'saddle'), Gt sitl-s 'ovo), kotookveoi)', OHG
scal 'seat, throne', NHG Scsscl 'seat', AS scotul id., NE scttlc 'large wooden bench', but (acc. to KM} Gmc 'saoula
'saddle' (> ON soull, OHG satul - satal, NHG Sattcl, AS sadol id., NE saddlc) is a loan from another IE lge. (where pIE '-d-
was not devoiced) Fs. 425, Kb. 846, KM 625, 7O4-5, Vs. III 589-9O, BD II/1: 362 ll A: T '-il / '-il / '-ul- / '-ul-, sx. of n.
act., {Cl.} 'a way of (doing sth.)' > OT alqis n. 'praise' ( alqa- v. 'praise'), ulus 'share, portion' ( ulc- 'divide [into
shares], distribute'), arvis 'magic spell, a charm' ( arva- 'make magic, cast spell'), busus 'grief, sorrow' ( 'busa- v. in d
busan- v. 'grieve, be sorrowful') Cl. xiv, 127, 137-8, 153, 199, 374 M '-l, sx. of abstract nouns: WrM qural n. 'meeting,
gathering' qura- v. 'gather, assemble' ll D '-ul-, sf. of abstract nouns: Tm aIal-ul 'width, expanse, greatness' ( aIal v.
'spread, widen, extend'), iyavul 'leadership, god, way' ( 'iya- found in Tm d iyavu 'way, leading'), ccyyul 'action' (
ccy v. 'do, make'), ayttul 'a spring, leap' (cp. ay v. 'spring, leap'), viIIul n. 'hiccup' ( viIIu v. 'hiccup'), vcul 'heat'
(cp. vcu id.), D 'cir-ul 'darkness' [> Tm, Ml irul, Tu irl+, irl+, Tl irulu id., Kt irl, Td il, Kn irul, irlu, iralu 'night', Kdg
irili 'night-time'] ( 'cir 'be dark; black' > Tm iru 'black, Ml iru 'dark', Klm cirym 'very dark'), D 'arul 'grace, mercy, favour'
(> Tm arul id., Ml arul 'frace, favour', Kt arl 'voice of god spoken through diviner', Tl arulu 'tendernss, afferction' (D #227
suggests that it is connected with D 'ar-/'ar- in Tm arvam 'affection, love', arvu 'desire', Ml aromai_ 'darling', Kn arumc
'love', Tu arti 'fondness', Tl ariti 'love, affection', Ku armcli 'period of heat in animals'); less probable (as found in Kn only) OKn
{Ktl.} -al, NKn {Jns.} -alu, sxs. of the inf.: OKn ir-al 'to be', un-al 'to eat', NKn {Jens.} mad-alu 'to make', Iarc-y-alu 'to call',
Ioll-alu 'to take' D '-talai_, sx. of nomina actionis: Tl dala [MTl {MhS} -dala: arugu-dala 'digestion' ( arugu v.
'digest'), attudala 'perseverence' ( attu v. 'hold')], Tm -talai_, Kn talc, Td -ta / -da; D '-tala is hardly an acceptable
cognate because of the unexplained '-ta- and the cns. '-l- (nor cognate with T '-l-) Em. SDNF 164-9, Ktl. G 12O-1, Jens. GK
91, MhS 111, D #227, 381, 2552 ^ N 'l (rather than 'l or 'l) is reconstructed on the ev. of T and D. In K, T and D the lateral is
preceded by a high vw. ('i in K, 'i/i/u/u in T, 'u in D), which seem to suggest a N 'HXlV, but it is ruled out by the absence of
a lr. (and its inevitable traces likeNaIE 'o) in IE.
1347. 'lihc`V (or 'l- ?) v. 'press, squeeze' > HS: CS 'lhc > BHb hl lhc 'push (so. to a corner, against sth., etc.);
oppress, torment', MHb lhc G 'press, squeeze', SmA lhs 'be narrow; oppress', Ar lahhasa 'put so. in (a strait)', {Fr.} 'in
angustias redegit, pressit', {Hv.} lahis- 'straitened, narrow' GB 384, KBR 524, Js. 7O4, Tal 433-4, Fr. IV 91, Hv. 68O Crn.
equates the S with Cpt B/Sd aw; loh 'ffacer, broyer, craser', which is highly doubtful because of the semantic distance
between the words (Vc. admits a possibility of root contamination: "une certaine confusion entre plusieurs verbes de
signification[s] diffrentes qui ont pu sinfluencer mutuellement") Crn. 76, Vc. 1O2 ll U: FP 'licV v. 'press, squeeze' > F
litsaa-, litso-, Krl liccoa- v. 'squeeze, press together', Es litsu- 'press, squueze' | Chr E {Wc.}
laz+rtc- " l+z+rtc- " l+z+rtc- 'zerdrcken quetschen' | Z nnuii- licII- v. 'press, press to ( (annr , npnar )' LG 16O,
UEW 69O (believes that Z l- is from 'l-) ll K 'lccc`- > G lcc- 'dreschen; zerschmettern, zerstren, einschlagen' Chx. 681 ll
? IE: NaIE 'loaK- > Gk okti), -io) 'pestle' (without convincing IE et.) P 673 and Hofm. 173 (both equate it with NaIE
'lcI- - 'lcI-/'loI- 'biegen'), F II 82 and Ch. 619 (no IE et.; they connect it with Gk o 'mit dem Ferse\Fu') ll ? D (in NED)
'nic- v. 'smooth down (earth); smooth' > Krx nisig- / nisg- v. 'ovelay ith a coating of earth carefully smoothed down', Mlt
nisgc v. 'smooth', nisgro 'smooth' D #3666.
1348. 'lEIj?,u 'luIj?,A 'thick' (of liquids), 'dense', 'narrow, tight' > HS: S 'lII > Ar liIaI- 'presse, pression (p.
ex., des hommes en foule dans un espace troit'), luII- 'qui a chairs compactes (homme)' BK II 1O19-2O B 'lglg > Kb
(imv.) llogllog v. 'be thick' (of liquid), ETwl/Ty aloglug (pl. iloglag) 'lieu touffu (couvert de vgtation touffue)' Dl. 447, GhA
11O ll U: FU {Coll.} 'luIIV, {UEW} 'lcIIV v. 'be narrow (of space), thick dense, tight' > Vt luIIt 'narrow' (of space) ||
pObU 'luI 'thick (of liquid), tight, narrow' > pVg 'luI > Vg UL/Ss laI" id.; pOs 'loI ({Hl.} 'luI) > Os: VK
loI, Ty/Y o'I, Nz tuq, Kz uq id. Coll. 96, UEW 26O-1, Ht. #162 ll A: NaT '|igi 'close, compact', '|ig-tur- v.
'squeeze, compress' > OT |igi ({Cl.} |igi) 'close, compact' '(tightly sewn) seam', {DTS} 'thick' ('iycron, uacrin, iycro'),
'dense' ('nnornin, nnorno'), Qzq n ziyi 'thick (dense), frequent, often', Qq nnn ziyi 'often, more often', OT |igtur- {Cl.,
DTS} v. 'squeeze, compress' Cl. 911-2, DTS 26O-1, MM 176, KrkR 251 M: [1] M 'lug 'thick' (of fog), 'stuffy' (of weather)
> WrM lug, HlM ni {Rinc.} 'thick' (of fog) ({MED} WrM lug Iizy budaqta- v. 'become foggy', HlM {Luv.}
ni xnn 6y(anran {Luv.} 'iycro crcnnnc) ryxan'), HlM {Luv.} ni 'it is stuffy, the weather is sultry' ('(ymno, :nonno'),
xnnx xanyyn '(yxora, :non' [2] M 'nig > WrM nig, HlM n i, nni adj./adv. 'solid(ly), dense(ly), condensed', Kl {Rm.}
nig_ 'dicht, hart, fest (z. B. Tuch)'; M 'nigta adj./adv. 'thick(ly), dense(ly), compact(ly)' > WrM nigta, HlM n ir id., Kl {KRS}
nnir nigto 'thick (dense), firm', {Rm.} niIt
o
- niIt
a
'dicht, fest aneinander, ohne Zwischenraum'; M 1 Qzq, Qq, Nog niq, VTt,
Bsh nii n+q 'firm, solid', Chv naAi n+I, Qrg ii iq, nii niq id., nii ronion 'having eaten ones fill' MED 518, 578, Luv.
231, Rinch. 123, KRS 376-7, KW 276, MM 255, KrkR 485, NogR 238, Jud. 558, 925, Jeg. 138 Tg 'lugI- ({Bz.} 'logI)
'dense, thick (iycron)' > Ud luItu, Ork lug|c, lug|i, Nn Nh lugi 'dense, thick (iycron, uacrin)' (of a forest), Ul lugdi 'thick
(iycron)' (of grass, fur, animals hair), lugbu- v. 'become thick ( iycrcr )' (of grass), WrMc luqdu, loqdi 'dense, thick' (of
forest, vegetation, etc.) ({Z} 'iycron, uacrin, cpocm nc) , nnornin', {Hr.} loqdi 'dichtstehend, buschig, ppig', luqdu id.,
'dichtgedrngt') STM I 5O8, Krm. 257, Z 857-9, Hr. 626, 629 STM I 5O8 (Tg, M), DQA #1221 (A 'li_u'Iu 'thick (dicht),
dense') ll ?? D (in SD) 'niI- ({GS} '-gg-) v. 'fill up (as a hole)' > Ml niIaIIa, niIaluIa, Kn Hv nigi id., Tu ncggi 'full,
complete', nigyuni 'be levelled, filled up as a pit' D #3658 ^ S, T and M (as well as possibly B) point to N '-I-, while U '-II-
apparently represents N '-K-. The solution of the problem may be found in supposing a lr. '-?- following the velar stop and lost
everywhere, but responsible for the emphatization '-I- > '-I- in U and Tg.
1349. 'llayullV (= 'layulV?) 'to sleep; sleeping time' ( Ll ) > HS: [1] S 'layl- - {KB} 'laylay- 'night' > BHb
li%l2 'layil - lil4 lcl, BHb el1i^l2 'layla (cs. lil4 ,lcl) id., Mb, DA llh, OA, Yd em. lyl?, BA em. ai!l6il4 lcljo,'y-a, JA [Trg.]
{Lv., Dlm.} al1il4 lc'l-a - ai!l6il4 lcljo,'y-a, JEA {Sl.} ai!l6il4 lcl'y-a, Sr abs. {Nld.} laylc? " laylay, Sr E lcl'ya, Sr W
'joli lil'y-a - 'jole lcl'y-a, SmA {BH} lili, Md lilia, Ar layl-, layl-at-, Qt lyl, Gz lcli-t, Tgr lali, Amh lct, lclit, Mh {Jo.}
'laylst, lilst, Hrs {Jo.} lclst, 'lsylst (pl. lcl, lsyl) 'night', Sq {Jo.} 'lilsn 'last night', Ak liliatu, lilatu 'evening, night'; EthS
1 Aw D {CR} licla'g'i 'night' [2] S (att. in Cn) '-luin- 'pass the night' (dis < ''lul- or 'lil-, a verb derived from 'layl- or
'laylay- 'night, time to sleep') > BHb lvn / lyn G {pf. Nl1 lan, ip. -lin, inf. Nil5 lin - Nul lun) 'stay over night', MHb
lvn / lyn id., 'take night-lodging, be kept over night', Ph lvyl TD (3p ip. ytlnn), Ug lvyn 'pass the night, sleep'; d Cn
'ma'l'avn- > BHb N&lm1 ma'lon 'camp for the night'; d Cn 'malu'n-at- > BHb en!ulm6 molu'na 'watchmans hut'; ??
KB 5O2-3, 556, 1731-2, Lv. T I 4O9-1O, Js. 899-9OO, Sl. 626, HJ 574-5, A #147O, Grd. UT #1376, OKLS 246, Br. 366, Nld. SG
146, Nld. MG 127, DM 236, BK II 1O5O, L G 314, Jo. M 259, Jo. H 86, CAD IX 184-5 EC: Sml {ZMO} lulov- 'feel
sleepy', lulo 'sleepiness', lulmo 'drowsiness, sleepiness', ? Or Wl {Brl.} luyu 'sleep-walker' ZMO 262, Brl. 285 ll K: GZ 'lul-
'sleep, doze' > OG dis rul- 'dozing, Schlummer', rul- v. 'doze', G lul- {Chx.} 'die Augen halb schlieen, blinzeln', rul- 'light sleep,
dozing', h-rul-s 'is asleep', Mg Ii-di-rul-i 'fell asleep', mt lur-: lur-s 'is asleep', lur-cn-i 'schlafend', Lz lir- v. 'doze' K 123, K
2

11O-1, FS K 2O2, FS E 222, Chik. 3O2, Chx. 697, 1O77 ll D 'nal--'nal-, {GS} 'nal- 'night' (probably from eD 'Laj:,l-,
as suggested by Ku words) > Tm nal, Klm alc, Nkr alc, Nk alcn, Knd nar`a, Png nan`a, Kui nadaqgi, Ku
lal`aqa " la`aqa, Brh nan 'night', Prj ncndu nal 'midnight', Mnd nalaq 'darkness, night' D #3621, Zv. 132, GS 142 [#361] ll
A: ? T '|oj:,l > OT |os 'twilight', OOsm XIV |os 'dimmed (by weeping)', 'dazzled by the sun' (of eyes) Cl. 976 ^ N
'llayullV (= 'layulV?) is originally a Lallwort (cp. NE lullaby). The root-medial '-ll- (or '-l-) is reconstructed on the ev.
of D '-l- (and possibly T '-l-), while the initial 'll- (or 'l-) is conjectured on a typological basis: in Lallwrter the medial cns.
is usually identical to the initial one ^ IS MS 367 ('luln 'sleep': HS [C, ?S], K).
135O. 'j`,lamjX,V v. 'be weak, soft; make soft, knead' > HS: S 'lhm > Gz lhm 'be tender, soft' L G 311 ? B
'lmd v. 'be soft, tender' > Ah {Fc.}, Ttq {Msq.} lmd 'be soft', ETwl/Ty {GhA} lmd 'be soft, easy', Kb alomoi 'tendre
(legume)'; B 'lmz > Gh {Nh.} lmz 'be weak' Fc. 1O79-8O, Msq. 2O3, GhA 116, Dl. 455, Nh. 159 ? C: Ag
'lm - 'lmlm 'be verdant, fresh, mild' > Km {CR} rf. lomoy-t-, Q {R} lolom-, Xm {R} lilcm-, Xm T {CR} lamlim- 'be
verdant, fresh',1 EthS: Tgr lm (pf. lvma), Tgy lm (pf. lvmmoc) 'be green, tender', Gz lmlm (pf. lamlama) 'be verdant,
fresh, mild, become soft' R Q II 94, R Ch. II 74, CR K 225, L G 315 Ch: WCh: Ngz {Sch.} lImi:s 'soft, as a cushion', Bd
{ChL} lsmalsmada 'soft' | Ang {Flk.} lom 'soft, pliable' (of leather, cloth), 'thin' | Hs lau_si, lamsi 'softness; tenderness
(of meat); fineness (of ground floor', Gw {Mts.} lavsi 'softness; fineness (of grain)' || ECh: Kbl {Cp.} lamds, Ll {Grgs.}
lo`mdi` 'soft' | ? ZmD {KNC} lulum 'mou, tendre, doux toucher', ZmB {Sa.} lulu`m 'soft', Azm {Pc.} lum, lam
'softly',lulumada, lulumida 'humble, meek', lulumuna id., 'quiet' ChC, ChL, Sch. DN 1O2, Ba. 723, KNC 15, Pc. 264, 274 ll
IE: NaIE 'j`,lcmjo,- 'weak, mild' > OIr {P} lcm adj. 'fade, tricht, impotent', MW {P} llyvcithin 'weak' (< 'lcmcIt-) || OHG
luomi 'matt, schlaff, mild', MHG lucmcn 'erschlaffen, ermatten', NHG lumm 'schlaff'; ? ON lami, OS, OHG, MHG lam (<
'lom-), NHG lahm 'lame, crippled', AS lama 'crippled; weak, sick', NE lamc || Gk vecc), vecce) 'unceasingly, without
pause' ({F, P}: from v(c)- privativum + *o-co) with prosthetic o-) P 674, F II 331, Vr. 345, Kb. 642, OsS 532-3, 578, Lx.
121, 13O, Ho. 194, H. S 44 ll U: FU 'lamV 'weak(ness); to knead' > F lama 'weakness of cattle because of hunger; week in the
feet', lamassa 'palalyzed, stunned, crippled', Es {W} lamc (gen. lamcda) 'weak, not intensive' | Lp: N {N} labmc / -am-
'weakness of birds in the moulting season', labmo- / -am- v. 'become incapable of flying (of a bird), lose ones vigour, become
tired out (of work)', L {LLO} lamo- 'become unable to fly because of moulting' (of birds) | pPrm 'lam- > Z Ss lam mun-
'entkrftet niedersinken, wenn man einen hefrigen Hieb\Schlag bekommt', lamal- 'angedrckt, niederdrckt werden', Prmk
lamav- 'von einem Hiebe entkrftet werden, so da man nichtgehen kann', ? Z n x- lam- v. 'blunt a blade [ :arynnr ,
ncrynnr (nc:nnc)]'; Yz lam- 'quetschen' || ?? Hg lanIad- (< 'lan-Iad-) v. 'weaken, grow faint\feeble; grow languid', (?) here
also lanIad- v. 'flag, droop' (the Hg supposed cognate is qu. , because the change from FU 'l- to Hg l- is not attested elsewhere,
as indicated by UEW) UEW 684 (ignores the ev. of Prm 'l- and reconstructs 'lama), LG 165, W EDW 453 ll ? D 'nam-
'press, squeeze' ( N 'nam'U 'to squeeze, seize', q.v. ffd.) ^ IS II 21-2 ('lama ' pa:xnnar , pa:x) iuar ': HS [S, WCh + unc.
Ak lmm 'chew'], IE, U, D + unc. K: G lam-/lm- 'hurt').