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CHAPTER 5
5.1
TRUSSES
Introduction
Created on 02 June 2007 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Steelbiz Licence Agreement
A truss is a triangulated framework of members in which loads are primarily resisted by axial forces in the individual members. The most commonly used truss is single span, simply supported and statically determinate with joints assumed to act as pins. Trusses can be pitched with sloping rafters as shown in Figure 5.1 or can have parallel top and bottom chords. Trusses with parallel chords are often referred to as lattice girders.
Roof covering Purlins Rafter
Main tie
5.2
Typical uses
A common application of pitched trusses is for roofs. Lattice girders have a wider variety of uses including support of roofs and floors particularly with longer spans or heavier loads. The support of long span flat roofs is generally accomplished by using trusses with parallel chords. Pitched roofs are normally supported by pitched trusses, even for modest spans, the exception being the specialised area of pitched roof portal frames. Portal frames are beyond the scope of this publication and will not be considered further. One advantage of trusses is that they can be delivered to site as one complete unit, as several smaller units or even as individual elements. The choice will depend upon the size of the truss, the ease of transport between the fabrication shop and the site and the availability of space on site.
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5.2.1 Spans
The most efficient form of truss to be employed in any given situation is usually controlled by the span to be covered. Figure 5.2 shows a variety of pitched roof trusses together with the spans over which they are customarily used. For spans in excess of these values, lattice girders may be more practical. However, lattice girders are used for a whole range of spans (greater than approximately 7 m).
Created on 02 June 2007 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Steelbiz Licence Agreement
Figure 5.3 shows two types of lattice girder the N-girder or Pratt truss and the Warren girder. These trusses have depth to span ratios typically in the range of 1:10 to 1:14.
<7 m 7 - 11 m
11 - 17 m
17 - 25 m
11 - 17 m
17 - 25 m
25 - 31 m
25 - 31 m
5.3
Design concept
Typical roof trusses are plane frames consisting of sloping rafters which meet at the apex or ridge of the frame (see Figure 5.1). The lower ends of the rafters are prevented from spreading by a horizontal main tie, whilst internal bracing members triangulate the truss and carry primarily axial forces. The internal members also reduce the segment lengths of the chords which enables lighter weight and therefore more efficient chords to be used.
Created on 02 June 2007 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Steelbiz Licence Agreement
fact slope upwards slightly from the supports. This is carried out so that under loading, the bottom chord does not deflect below the horizontal.
Created on 02 June 2007 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Steelbiz Licence Agreement
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Created on 02 June 2007 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Steelbiz Licence Agreement
Detail 2
Detail 1
Detail 1
Detail 2
Detail 3
Created on 02 June 2007 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Steelbiz Licence Agreement
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