Programme: Bachelor in Civil Engineering Subject Code: BAA 1112 Topic: Civil and Structural Drawing

OBJECTIVES After completing this chapter, you will be able to : i. Describe the term that are use to classify building structure. ii. Understand type of structural drawing documents iii. Classify a structural elements with consecutive numbering and grid systems methods

Introduction
Engineers also use the medium of graphic to express

what they have design. Engineers drawings are more to technical drawing that was an outcome from the design procedure . In this chapter, students will be introduce with structural system of a building that are designed by civil engineer as for building is one of the field that need the expertise of a civil engineer. This system is later documented in the civil engineering drawing plan.

Engineers design the bone of building

Architect design the appearance of the building

1. Building structural components

Civil engineers are well known to practice engineering

knowledge in the applications designs, constructions, maintenances etc. of buildings. Buildings are supported by a structural systems that is designed and constructed to support and transmit applied loads safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable; loads(stress) and deformation(strain) in its member This system is divided to superstructure system and substructure system

Building superstructure
The superstructure system is the vertical extensions of

building physical structure above the foundations

Columns Beams Load bearing walls

Slab
Trusses Staircase

Columns
Columns are rigid, relatively slender structural

members design to support axial compressive loads applied to the ends of the members

Beams
Beams are rigid structural members designed to carry

and transfer loads across space to supports elements mostly a columns

Load bearing walls

A load-bearing wall is a wall that bears a load resting

upon it by conducting its weight to a foundation structure or a beam.

Slab
Slab is a plate structure that are rigid, planar, usually

monolithic structure that disperse applied loads in a multidirectional pattern, with the loads generally following the shortest and stiffest routes to the supports

Truss
Truss is a structure comprising one or more triangular

units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes. Widely use to support roof.

Staircase

Stairs provide means for moving from one level to

another. Landings of stairway should be logically integrated with the structural system to avoid overly complicated framing conditions

Appearance- Architect.

Structure Civil Eng

Building substructure
The substructure is the underlying structure forming

the foundation of the building This systems a later to be discuss in geotechnical engineering drawing chapter.

2. Classification of drawing doc.

Basically there are 3 types of documentation for a

construction project:
Tender documentation Construction documentation Completion documentation

Each documents in different formats; depend on the

projects owners will contains different type of drawings.

2. Classification of drawing doc.

Generally there are 5 types of drawing can be

identified for the purposes of document classification:

Design layout drawing Design detail drawing Shop detail drawing

General information drawing

As-built drawing

General information drawing A drawing containing information required for the understanding of related drawings, or for the performance of the work depicted on them. Documented in tender and construction documents. Normally in general information drawing, engineers will specified type of materials that must be used in the construction of the building.

General information drawing

Reinforced concrete and steel are well

known a modern materials for building constructions. Information on the design always mentioned in the drawing. Ex: 2y24 means the concrete are design with 2 steel reinforcement with a diameter 24 mm throughout the beam (design detail drawing)

Design layout drawing

A type of drawing depicting the plan, size, shape and

relationship, as designed, of major structural elements. Documented in all phase of documentation.

Design detail drawing

A type of drawing doc. depicting all the information

required for the construction, in accordance with the design, of any given part of a structure or structural element. Documented in construction and completion documents

Design detail drawing steel connections

Design detail drawing staircase

Shop detail drawing

A type of drawing that are prepared by fabricators depicting all

necessary information for the fabrication of structural elements (design layout/detail drawing), and intended for use in a certain projects. Ex: roof truss. Construction and completion documentations

As-built drawing
A drawing depicting a structure or structural element

as constructed. Documented in completion document at the end of the project to be kept each by owner, contractor, consultant and for some case the local authorities.

3. Classification of structural elements

Each structural element customarily

labelled by a discrete reference using a suitable combination of letters or numbers. This reference may be by either consecutive numbering or a grid system, or both

Consecutive numbering
In a consecutive numbering system, the reference

should comprise aprefix, stem and suffix, as follows:

Prefix-the location or floor level of the structural

element. Floor levels may be designated either by sequential levels or traditional storeys (see Table 2.2.) Stem-the type of structural element. Suffix-the individual number of the structural element.

Consecutive numbering
Codes for the prefix and stem are given in Table 2.2. The individual number for the structural element

(suffix) should be allocated using a consecutive numbering system for that type of element. Examples:
Fourth floor, beam No 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 B 21.
Level 10, slab No 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 S 4.

Consecutive numbering
Each element will be catalogued so that the layout

drawing and the details drawing are relate on each other.

Layout drawing

Detail drawing

Grid system
A grid reference system consists of one set of grid-lines

in one direction with a second set of grid-lines in another direction. Any grid system shall be consistent throughout a project, i.e. architectural and engineering drawings shall have the same grid orientation. Grid systems are generally used with regularly shaped structures but grid lines do not necessarily have to be at right-angles to each other. Grid directions should be selected to allow for expansion to accommodate any anticipated future extension

Grid system
The project grid may be adopted with a completely

arbitrary orientation, bearing no relation to any recognized map grid or True North. Australian standard recommended that, for structural grids, the grid-lines running down the sheet be marked alphabetically (A, B,C...) and the grid-lines across the sheet be marked numerically (1, 2, 3...), as shown in Fig. 2.1. Some civil engineering practitioner use a transverse systems from above

Australian standard recommendations

DISCUSSION Q&A