Airworthiness and Aircraft Loads

13-Mar-14

RM

The airworthiness of an a/c is concerned with safety incorporation/application in all aspects of its: construction operation.

13-Mar-14

RM

These range from structural strength to the provision of certain safeguards in the events crash landing. It include design requirements relating to aerodynamics, performance and electrical and hydraulic systems.

13-Mar-14

RM

Structural aspect of airworthiness of a flying vehicle depends mainly on: strength stiffness

13-Mar-14

RM

Strength problems arise from ground loads air loads

13-Mar-14

RM

Strength problems arise from ground loads air loads and their magnitude depends on the selection of maneuvering other conditions applicable to the operational requirements of a particular a/c.
13-Mar-14 RM 6

What is Load Analysis

The task of loads analysis o Loads analysis largely means establishing appropriate loads for design and testing The goal or purpose of loads analysis o Nearly always to support design or to verify requirements for designed or built hardware.

13-Mar-14

RM

Airplanes loads come from diverse sources. These include: Component and payload weight

13-Mar-14

RM

Airplanes loads come from diverse sources. These include: Component and payload weight Air loads

13-Mar-14

RM

Airplanes loads come from diverse sources. These include: Component and payload weight Air loads:
Lift Drag gusts

13-Mar-14

RM

10

13-Mar-14

RM

11

Lift

Lift

Mo
CP

Drag

CP

AC

Drag

13-Mar-14

RM

12

Lift

Lift

Mo
CP

Drag

CP

AC

Drag

13-Mar-14

RM

13

Span-wise Span-wise Lift lift distribution Distribution Chord-wise Chord-wise Lift lift distribution Distribution

Span-wise Lift Distribution

Wing lift distribution

13-Mar-14 RM

Chord-wise Lift Distribution

14

Span-wise Span-wise Lift lift distribution Distribution Chord-wise Chord-wise Lift lift distribution Distribution

Span-wise Lift Distribution

Wing lift distribution

13-Mar-14 RM

Chord-wise Lift Distribution

15

Airplanes loads come from diverse sources. These include: Component and payload weight Air loads: lift, drag, gusts Acoustic loads

13-Mar-14

RM

16

Acoustic Loads During the lift off and the early phases of the launch an extremely high level of acoustic noise surrounds the payload The principal sources of noise are: Engine running Aerodynamic turbulence Acoustic noise (as pressure waves) affecting on light weight panel-like structures produce high response
13-Mar-14 RM 17

Airplanes loads come from diverse sources. These include: Component and payload weight Air loads: lift, drag, gusts Acoustic loads Thermal loads

13-Mar-14

RM

18

Airplanes loads come from diverse sources. These include: Component and payload weight Air loads: lift, drag, gusts Acoustic loads Thermal loads space fast vehicles
13-Mar-14 RM 19

Airplanes loads come from diverse sources. These include: Component and payload weight Air loads: lift, drag, gusts Acoustic loads Thermal loads Landing loads

13-Mar-14

RM

20

Airplanes loads come from diverse sources. These include: Component and payload weight Air loads: lift, drag, gusts Acoustic loads Thermal loads Landing loads: touchdown arresting
13-Mar-14 RM 21

Take-off loads

13-Mar-14

RM

22

Take-off loads: runway taxi assisted (e.g. jet/rocket) take-off catapult

13-Mar-14

RM

23

Catapult

13-Mar-14

RM

24

Take-off loads: runway taxi, catapult, assisted (e.g. jet or rocket) take-off Power plant loads

13-Mar-14

RM

25

Take-off loads: runway taxi, catapult, assisted (e.g. jet or rocket) take-off Power plant loads: thrust engine torque gyroscopic effects

13-Mar-14

RM

26

Gyroscopic effects

13-Mar-14

RM

27

Take-off loads: runway taxi, catapult, assisted (e.g. jet or rocket) take-off Power plant loads:
thrust, engine torque, gyroscopic effects

special loads:

13-Mar-14

RM

28

special loads: towing refueling cargo weapons recoil bomb release missile/rocket fired blast effects

13-Mar-14

RM

29

Other loads: cabin pressure Turbulences crash safety

13-Mar-14

RM

30

Flight Loads
Maneuver Gust Control deflection Buffets (winds strike) Inertia Vibration

13-Mar-14

RM

31

Ground Loads
Vertical load factor Braking Bumps Turns Catapult Arrested landing Aborted take off Spin-up gears Spring back gears One wheel/two wheel Towing Ground winds Break away

13-Mar-14

RM

32

Other Loads & Conditions

Fatigue Fall safety Damage tolerance Bird strikes Lightning Wind milling Thermal Jacking Pressurization Power plant Hail Ground handling

13-Mar-14

RM

33

Principal Aerodynamic loads on an Aircraft

Wings, tail-plane and fuselage are subjected to: bending loads shear loads torsion loads and must be designed to withstand them at minimum weight

13-Mar-14

RM

34

For spacecraft, the following additional loads are encountered: Launch loads boost orbit transfer On orbit loads

13-Mar-14

RM

35

Aircraft Mission and Stages

Applied loads depends on the mission of the aircraft, e.g.: Transport Fighter Aerobatic mission

13-Mar-14

RM

36

The stages during any aircraft mission can be roughly divided into: Taxi and take off Cruising Maneuver Landing

13-Mar-14

RM

37

Design loads must be carefully established for every stage of the aircraft mission.

13-Mar-14

RM

38

The objectives of structural design is to maintain the shape and integrity of the aircraft during each part of the mission and stage.

13-Mar-14

RM

39

Factor of Safety Flight Envelope

13-Mar-14

RM

40

The a/c designer is constantly seeking to reduce the a/c weight to a minimum compatible with safety.

13-Mar-14

RM

41

To ensure general minimum standards of strength and safety, airworthiness regulations (CAA) lay down several factors which the primary structure of the a/c must satisfy. These are limit loads proof loads ultimate loads

13-Mar-14

RM

42

Limit load is the maximum load that an a/c is expected to experience in normal operation.

13-Mar-14

RM

43

Limit load is the maximum load that an a/c is expected to experience in normal operation. The proof load is product of the limit load and the proof factor (1 - 1.25)

13-Mar-14

RM

44

Limit load is the maximum load that an a/c is expected to experience in normal operation. The proof load is product of the limit load and the proof factor (1 - 1.25) Ultimate load is product of limit load and the ultimate factor (usually 1.5)

13-Mar-14

RM

45

The a/c structure must: withstand the proof load without damaging distortion

13-Mar-14

RM

46

The a/c structure must: withstand the proof load without damaging distortion not fail until the ultimate load has been achieved.

13-Mar-14

RM

47

The proof and ultimate loads may be regarded as factors of safety and provide for various contingencies & uncertainties etc.

13-Mar-14

RM

48

Factor of safety =

FoS =

13-Mar-14

RM

49

Margin of Safety = =

MoS = = FoS - 1

-1

13-Mar-14

RM

50