SPE 150910

Synchronization of Coiled Tubing Drilling (CTD) in Extended Reach Drilling

(ERD)
Sultan Alimuddin, Nihar Shah, Abhirup Das, Neeraj Kumar, Ankit Pandey, Kumar Abhishek, School Of Petroleum
Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University
Copyright 2012, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the North Africa Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Cairo, Egypt, 2022 February 2012.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been
reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its
officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to
reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.


Abstract
Coiled tubing is used for a range of oil and gas well operations. It is mainly used in drilling, work over, pumping, logging etc.
This technology is becoming an economic substitute to conventional drilling as it is highly cost and time saving. Drilling with
Coiled tubing allows incessant supply of the pipe into the hole without constant interruptions, whether it can be as a drill
string or tubing. Nowadays, most of the wells drilled are deviated because oil & gas reservoirs can be exploited more
efficiently through extended horizontal wells. Also, Extended reach drilling make economic as well as environmental sense
by reaching different pockets without drilling lots of wells. Through ERD we can also construct multiple wells to drain a
large area from a single surface location. Moreover, the reserve situated in a populated area and geographically harsh area can
be thoroughly exploited using high angle extended reach deviated and horizontal well.

However in drilling high angle deviated and horizontal wells with coiled tubing, the motion of coiled tubing drilling is
somehow restricted due to generation of high friction forces which lead to buckling inside the well. Another challenge using
CTD for ERD is effective transport of drilled cuttings, as the complete string is in sliding mode while drilling. Apart from
this there many challenges which drilling industry is facing in CTD usage with ERD.

The main aim of this paper is to synchronize CTD usage with ERDs. Here we have presented the benefits & challenges of
CTD-ERD system which can be used to save time and cost as well as proposing the possible current solutions. Knowing the
limits and appropriate usage of coiled tubing in ERDs will save lot of costs and has potential to revolutionize the existing
drilling activity of whole exploration, production and geothermal sectors.

Keywords: Coiled tubing drilling, Extended reach drilling, Synchronization

Introduction

To successfully manage reserve and resources there should be precise engineering of target formations and practical
execution of project assets. In todays challenging drilling environment and economic climate attaining both precise and
practical execution needs effective technologies as well as proper algorithm to successfully implement the same. This
confluence of effective and useful technologies with successful and latest operational developments has significantly
impacted in the arena of coiled- tubing drilling operations which has significantly emerged as a technology for drilling
vertical, horizontal, high angle directional and extended reach wells in onshore as well as offshore area in todays oil and gas
industry.

In this paper we have assembled past ideas and methodology of CTD in ERD wells with current works on the topic in the
fields to prepare and present to decision makers of hydrocarbon industry the further synchronization steps for better
application of the CTD in ERD wells in future. This paper also sets out to prove that the coiled tubing drilling systems that
have evolved over the past two decades is comfortably compatible with its application in drilling extended reach wells and
have surpassed many of the goals originally set for this new innovative drilling technology worldwide.

2 SPE 150910
COILED TUBING DRILLING

Coiled-tubing (CT) was originally developed as a live well intervention tool for safe and efficient work-over operations
without requiring the well to be killed. With the growth of underbalanced drilling as a means to minimize invasive formation
damage in both horizontal and vertical wells, it was a natural fit to marry drilling technology with coiled tubing as a live well
intervention technique [1]. With the development of precise drilling technologies along with coiled tubing coil's integral
potential while working in live wells made faster development of coiled tubing drilling. Once viewed as an expensive
alternative to jointed pipe drilling, CTD nowadays have become as competitive in many cases as conventional drilling
techniques. Further results from field have proved CTD to be more effective in simple shallow drilling, completion and
stimulation operations especially in shallow gas drilling operations [2].

Planning and execution of Coiled Tubing Drilling:
Following designing and planning need to be done before a CTD operation can be carried out in reality:
1. Prejob analysis Before the starting of drilling activity a proper well review along with analysis of path of well
completion, weight on bit simulation needs to be done. Proper candidate selection is utmost important before
moving ahead with CTD. Prejob engineering like operationability and drillability using CTD also need to be
thoroughly reviewed. A proper cost analysis is also needed for giving a permanent nod for CTD.
2. Assembling of BHA components The entire bottom hole assembly should be trouble free such that entire BHA is
able to drill to the targeted depth without much complication and in lesser time. A typical BHA for drilling
directional well with the help of coiled tubing consist of drill bit, bent housing mud motor, a steering tool for sensing
directional data, float valve, hydraulic disconnector, coiled tubing connector as shown in [Fig. 1].
3. Drilling fluid selection - The drilling fluid selection needs to be done keeping in mind the diameter of coil used in
CTD. The fluid chosen must be lean enough to pass through the coiled tubing and then also must have the ability to
lift cuttings back to surface at flow rates compatible with the coil. Apart from this drilling fluid should be
environment friendly and reduce cost and compatible with BHA used.
4. Job execution Surface equipment for a CT drilling operation typically is a high capacity CT unit with some type of
mast for handling wellhead equipment and associated drilling fluid handling equipment. A proper job execution in
CTD involves following steps:
a. Rig up at site
b. BHA completion
c. Run in hole
d. Flow test
e. Pull out and finally rig out
Thus through proper coil monitoring, amalgamated structural approach to operations and execution and reliable BHA and
downhole orienting tools, CTD planning and execution can be effectively ensured.

EXTENDED REACH DRILLING

As the recovery of hydrocarbons becomes more tedious due to energy scarcity in present scenario, ERD wells have pushed
drilling engineering boundaries to its modern level at present to meet the worlds demand for more oil and gas. ERD is
increasingly been used to target to hydrocarbons far from the surface or otherwise difficult to access areas of oil and gas
reservoir. ERD can also facilitate drilling around environmentally sensitive and regulated area. The ERD is used to allow the
operator to drill complete and produce fields from a smaller no. of platform which results in lesser capital and operational
expenses. When throw ratio is greater than 2:1 the deviation drilling is classified as ERD. Extended reach projects are
typically classified into four groups:
1. Ultra Long ERD The throw ratios are upto 6:1 and build to hold ratio is upto 80 degrees. It requires extensive
planning and quality personnels.
2. Very shallow ERD The ratios lies in the range of 2.5:1
3. Deep water ERD Here also the ratios lies in the somewhat range of 2.5:1
4. Small rig ERD The throw ratio is less than 2.5:1

Planning and execution of Extended reach drilling:
Before carrying out ERD project following planning and analysis need to be done thoroughly.
1. Technical planning Technical factors includes selection and availability of BHA and verifying each components
condition and application for current project. The factors such as hole stability, weight on bit selection, proper
drilling fluid selection and directional path needs to be studied [3].
2. Directional drilling dynamics Proper dynamics and design consideration of directional drilling needs to be done
along with proper selection of drilling tools effective for ERD.
SPE 150910 3
3. Environmental factors All environmental factors of drilling site needs to be checked and then ERD should be
planned. For eg: Wytch farm extended reach drilling project was carried out by British petroleum because of
sensitivity of the environment as well as the place being a tourist spot [4].
4. Economic factors It includes thorough analysis of cost of well after ERD is planned and the most cost effective
path should be chosen.
5. Availability of skilled manpower having proper knowledge of execution of extended reach drilling project.

A proper ERD program as shown in [Fig. 2] is more difficult to perform than conventional drilling and thus proper well
control techniques should be in use apart from using latest advancement in drilling technology.

Theory

COILED TUBING DRILLING

CT drilling has become one of the fastest growing technologies in drilling world. The technology currently is operable and
continues to improve years to years. The ability to monitor downhole conditions (such as bottomhole pressure, actual weight
on bit, and vibrations, among others) and to obtain wireline-quality logs in real time while drilling is unique to CT drilling
and can provide invaluable information for the operator while drilling. Apart from this there are various other advantages that
CTD offers as below [5, 6, 7]:
1. It increases simplicity of drilling process
a. Fast trips (Coil can do many operations requiring only one trip to the well site)
b. Drill and trip under pressure
c. Continuous circulation while tripping pipe
d. Slim hole capability
e. Small location size
f. Continuous two way telemetry giving real time drilling data and thus control over drilling.
g. Portability
h. Lower tortuosity
2. It increases the automation of drilling process by reducing the human manpower required.
3. Elimination of drilling problems and increase in safety.
4. CTD can continue to be used in live well conditions.
5. CTD gives faster drilling times with world record being setup to 254m/hr. CTD has proved that the footage drilled
per day has been higher than other conventional drilling techniques.
6. Smaller footprint at the well site, less construction and less costly clean ups and thus environment friendly.
7. Can work on availability of superior surface pressure control up to 10,000 psi.
8. Last but perhaps the most significant advantage is that it is cost effective leading to decrease in OPEX continuously.

Apart from various advantages, CTD has its limitation also as listed below [5, 6, 7]:
1. Smaller hole sizes.
2. Restricted hole length and multilateral options.
3. During drilling:
a. Cannot rotate.
b. Low circulating rates.
c. High circulating pressures.
d. Dog leg severity due to reactive torque from wellbore while drilling directional wells.
4. Limited fishing capabilities.
5. Short tube life.
6. High maintenance.
7. Limited availability of high capacity units.
8. There are lot of chances of buckling of coiled tubing in the wellbore due to slacked off weight and thus this will be a
problem in both maximum reach and tube life.

With improved tools developing and successful usage of CT drilling worldwide, future potential of CT drilling is
encouraging. From the first horizontal well drilled using CTD reported in 1992, the technology has improved to the point of
wide acceptance and application in current scenario.

EXTENDED REACH DRILLING

Those wells whose wellbore is kicked off from the vertical near the surface and whose inclination is built to allow horizontal
displacement as required to reach the target zone required distance away is called extended reach wells built through ER
4 SPE 150910
drilling. In ER drilling the main emphasis is on building the angle of well to near horizontal which is then extended into the
reservoir horizontally for production. The main advantages of using ERD wells are [8]:
1. Longer productivity of well
a. Less drawdown pressure of the well.
b. Enhanced reservoir exposure from single well head.
2. Optimized productivity and field recovery:
a. Achieved by placing longer lateral holes in the reservoir.
b. Better recovery from fewer wells.
c. Access to stranded reservoirs.
3. Environment friendly because it is having smaller footprints
a. Consolidation of surface facilities in offshore as well as onshore areas.
b. Less resource in use for drilling which also means less drilling waste.
c. Reduced expenditure in capital costs due to fewer platforms and subsequently less flow lines.
4. Enhanced access to offshore reserves from land.
5. Enhanced production from shallow reservoirs.
6. Increased flow of heavy oil from offshore fields versus long subsea flow lines at low seabed temperature.

The application of extended reach technology has resulted in extended field drainage radii, increased production rates,
improved reservoir management. a reduction in required platforms and well counts and improved field economics... [9].

There are various hindrances also while drilling extended reach wells as listed below [10]:
1. Drilling:
a. Cuttings removal get accumulated
b. Stuck up of drill pipe
c. Less ROP
d. Loss in circulation
e. Loss in hole
2. High drilling fluid circulation needed.
3. Danger of fracturing and damaging formation at the earliest.
4. Chances of kick and blowout so better well control procedure need to be in place.

ERD wells are unique. They need best practices combined with innovative equipment and experienced personnel for
successful completion. Special rig configurations, drilling equipments, intense engineering and continuous monitoring and
analysis of field data are also necessary to successfully purse extreme ERD objectives.

Methodology

The proposed synchronization step is developed after looking and reviewing the applicability of all CT drilling operations
conducted worldwide on the basis of ability to execute, supervise and assist in future CT drilling operations in ERD wells.
One of the first two steps is to do prejob management and a thorough technical feasibility study and then finally execute the
job with application of some finer developments of technology in CTD. These synchronization steps will also help us to
understand whether CTD within the framework of existing equipment will be able to execute the trajectory as planned. It will
also help in preparing groundwork for live drilling practices as well as execute the work in proper time.

The synchronization steps consist of following parts:
1. Prejob Management - Planning for CTD ERD needs proper planning from onset to prevent non productive time
while drilling as well as to prevent any other technical errors while drilling. The following steps have to be followed
for proper prejob well site management [11].
a. Well Planning Finalize proper Geo Technical order along onsite geologist, reservoir engineers and other
competent management people.
b. Communication Proper preparation of communication and reporting between rig personnel and other field
staff should be there. Apart from this everyone should be aware of HSE standards and each and everyones
roles and responsibilities.
c. Tubing safe operations Manage tubing life and interpret and understand job programme such that it is within
safe operating limits of Coiled tubing.
d. Equipment maintenance program Proper spare inventory should be there and proper inspection programme
should be in place.
e. Cost analysis This is basically done to compare the expected cost of ER well drilled with conventional drilling
techniques and with coiled tubing techniques. After comparison and analysis the final decision has to be taken
by management team.
SPE 150910 5
2. Technical feasibility study - The purpose of this is to discuss the effects of all the variables which are taken into
consideration while performing CT drilling. [Table 1] compiles all the dependent and independent variables that are
in consideration when taking case of CTD-ERD. The main challenges that has to be overcome through this technical
study are:
a. Complex well trajectory path.
b. Limited pipe size due to small cross-sectional area of coiled tubing.
c. Restricted BHA sizes because of various drilling tools compatibility with coiled tubing.
d. Friction inside well leading to buckling of drill pipe.

As of today the best synchronization steps have to be followed while assessing the well planning through CTD-
ERD which may simplify the planning and feasibility of future wells that will be drilled there[5, 12, 13, 14]:
a. Coiled tubing size The coiled tubing diameter should be large enough so that the flow rates necessary for
proper hole cleaning and functioning of mud motor operations do not cause excessive pump pressures and thus
effectively drilling continues. Also size of the hole to be drilled will also influence the coil size.
b. Drill string design- To prevent helical buckling which is directly related to bending stiffness and clearance
always larger O.D. coiled tubing should be used. Also designing of coiled tubing size should be in place
keeping the location of drilling site and its availability on the rig site owing to its weight, shape and size. The
drill string design for CTD-ERD should include following properties to balance out high torsional capacity as
found in ERD wells:
1. Tool joint stress balancing.
2. High torque threads compounds.
3. Axial stress in tool joints.
4. High strength drill pipe material.
c. Bit selection The selected bit should be compatible with the coil as well the target which is to be drilled along
with BHA components like motors. Bit should also not produce high shock and vibration and provide good
ROP and is durable enough to get through some of the hard formations. The bit should be able to operate within
the range of WOB that coil can deliver in a controllable manner.
d. Steering (Directional) tools - Directional drilling in coiled tubing is achieved by sliding which is not the case
while using conventional techniques. Hence as the tube itself cannot rotate then reactive torque tends to develop
in the tubing caused by the torsion generated by the motor and the drag of the bit as it rotates. This torque
affects the reading in directional tools. Also as the hole is continuously steered, it leads to constant curving and
which in turn leads to continuous correction in wellbore trajectory. Thus proper deliberation must be given to
limit the severity of wellbore directional changes as they can influence the total horizontal distances drillable.
Thus directional tools should be accurate and quite susceptible to the vibrations subsurface to give proper
readings.
e. Depth control Depth can be measured from reel and injector point in vertical well but in ERD wells the tube is
not in full tension leading to wrong readings. Apart from this the tube while reeling out is never fully
straightened also leading to fallacy in readings. Thus planning for a radioactive collar should be in place at
proper interval to get the actual and proper depth control.
f. Well bore stability This can only be achieved by high monitoring through proper planning. A combination of
offset data and theoretical models can also provide proper guidance in wellbore stability. Useful data obtained
by breakout analysis, caliper logs, real well time logs also help in analyzing and synchronizing well bore
stability. Proper checks should also be kept on chemical interaction between mud and formation. For eg: A
WBM system will always have greater chemical interaction with mudstones and thus affect stability during that
interval.
g. Motor performance While choosing proper motors for ER wells to maintain performance of drilling bent
housing PDMs should be used. Motor performance is a function of drilling fluid, bit type, WOB in CTD-ERD
wells.
h. Hydraulics The hydraulics designed for particular well in ERD should be such that it should be able to lift the
cuttings and clean the hole. The hydraulic should not exert maximum pressure than which the CT can support
before bursting. Hydraulics in CTD-ERD is function of mud weight, plastic viscosity and yield point of mud
used.
i. Rate of Penetration ROP in coiled tubing is controlled by motor/bit selection and the reduction of hydrostatic
pressure on the formation. The weight of coiled tubing with injector force make up the lack of drill collars as
used in conventional drilling for increasing weight and tension in drill string. Thus ROP optimization is limited
with less WOB in an extended reach wells which need to be taken in consideration.
j. Hole cleaning The main reason for accurate hole cleaning is lack of rotation in CTD. Apart from this as in
extended reach wells while drilling with CT, well bore cuttings bed begins to form on the low side of the
wellbore which makes synchronization more difficult. Planning for wiper trips with the bit are necessary for
effective and proper hole cleaning at various intervals. We should also monitor potential hole cleaning
6 SPE 150910
inefficiencies such as bottom hole pressure changes, surface and pump pressure changes and sample cuttings
retrieved and make proper judgment.
k. Formation damage There are many factors of formation damage with chief being clay swelling and pore
blockage from fines migration. Thus proper synchronization and study should be done in advance to prevent the
same apart from formation getting damaged due to phase tripping and emulsions.
l. Pump pressure It is function of pump rate, fluid composition, length of coil and flowing friction inside the
coils and in the annulus.
m. Weight on Bit The chances of buckling in CTD ERD wells due to more tortuosity in ER wells reduces the
string ability to transfer WOB which is single main factor to closely monitor. WOB is a function of well
geometry, hook load and friction in CTD-ERD wells.

3. Final job execution Final execution of desired plans and routes of CTD-ERD wells should be with proper and
thorough consultation of drilling engineers and several meetings and technical discussions with the service provider.
The following techniques help in extending the reach of coiled tubing and thus help consequently in executing the
job [16, 17]:
a. Buoyancy reduction The fluid should be lighter inside the tubing and heavier in the annulus. This reduces the
normal contact force between CT and well bore surface and thus reducing frictional drag and effecting deeper
reach.
b. Friction reducer Friction reducers are the chemical which are mixed with hydraulics for decreasing the friction
in drill tubing. The chemicals reduce the metal to metal contact friction by creating a low friction film on the
CT, casing and OH surfaces. Effective friction reducers have a relative high degree of surface activity, which
improves their adhesion to material, such as metal casing or formation rock and so enhances the lubricity of
surface.
c. CT straightening When coiled tubing is wound off a reel and bent over the gooseneck and then passed through
the injector into the well, the coiled tubing undergoes plastic deformation and is subject to residual bend. Proper
steps should be taken for straightening of it and prevent from further fatigue in the coil.
d. Tractors Drilling in CT with tractor gives added advantage of it pulling the wire line or coiled tubing out from
the deviated well without bringing stress in it. The hydraulic tractor consists of a control assembly connected
between two shaft assemblies.
e. Effect of flowing forces These forces can be utilized in the tubing forces simulation to evaluate the effect on
reach. This effect is also important when running coiled tubing into a flowing well.
f. Pump down Technique This technique is useful if coiled tubing has buckled in the pack off region. This
establishes a pack off between the production tubing and the coiled tubing at a point deep in the well near the
producing zone.
If any of the above techniques is unable to achieve the desired reach, then it is possible to utilize a
combination of these techniques to achieve the desired reach and depth. Shown below are basic
procedures for the perfect job execution on surface in CTD- ERD:
a. Pre rig up
1. Conduct site survey for placing CT equipment at best place.
2. Channelizing of layouts for drilling operations and communications.
b. Mobilization
1. Review all safety precautions.
2. Mobilize equipment to loaction.
3. Install BOPs and other necessary valves.
4. Place workover unit on top of BOP stack.
5. Using crane lift tower with gooseneck into place on the hydraulic workover rig assist unit.
6. Set guy wires for tower.
7. Rig up pumps.
8. Pressure test BOP stack.
c. Rig down
1. All pressure should be bled off from pumps.
2. Rig down pumps
3. Lossen guy wires and rig down the tower and gooseneck
4. Rig down workover rig
5. Move all coiled tubing equipment from location

The above synchronization steps is a key to planning successful CTD - ERD drilling jobs, especially where there are lots of
complexity inside the well. However, it is important to realize that the above steps are subject to simplifications in order to
make them more practical. Caution should also be exercised if the above steps are required to operate at extreme condition
like HTHP wells. All the major variables which must be balanced have been given and thus driller should have proper
SPE 150910 7
understanding of the causes and effect relationships between the all the various variables and these steps are essential to
effective evaluation of the CTD - ERD drilling project.

Conclusion

The synchronization program that has been proposed here is just a theoretical program. Various steps have been developed
after extensive study and review of all literature available of CTD and ERD. We hope that after going through the compiled
synchronized steps the driller will be able to implement CTD-ERD on real field more competitively and thus the fallacy can
be reduced to minimum level.

The future of the CTD is very bright. The more we collectively work and record the successes of CTD, the more we will be
able to ensure a very bright future for this innovative, adaptable and flexible technology. Developments of new technologies
in convergence with sustained systems application and fair assessment of candidate applications can and should expand the
market for CTD applications in the future. The advantages of ERD are also well known. We can reach under cities, frozen
seas and other sensitive areas only through ERD wells. ERD is the technique that enables maximum reservoir contact with
minimum surface disturbance and thus best practices will enable this practice to be conducted safely and with best results

In todays world from Arctic to Antarctic mankind is hunting for hydrocarbon and minerals, the worlds economy are being
run by Oil and Gas. In seeing so much importance of oil in everybody life and so much risk and cost involved in drilling, the
usage of CTD in ERD should be brought into notice on a bigger scale so that much energy and money is saved and the lust
for energy can be satisfied. If energy crisis cannot be averted then at least it can be deferred till a tangible source of energy is
brought into practice [18].

Acknowledgments

The authors take pleasure in acknowledging their professors at Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University for guiding them and
supporting them. The authors would also like to thank the Society of Petroleum Engineers, The intervention and coiled tubing
association and International Association of Drilling Contractors for providing strong technical feedback regarding the
subject matter of paper.

Nomenclature

BHA Bottom Hole Assembly
BOP Blowout Preventer
CT Coiled Tubing
CTD Coiled Tubing Drilling
ER Extended Reach
ERD Extended Reach Drilling
HTHP High Temperature High Pressure
OD Outer Diameter
OH Outer Hole
OPEX Operating Expenditure
PDM Positive Displacement Motor
ROP Rate of Penetration
WBM Water based Mud
WOB Weight on Bit

References

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Technical Symposium of Saudi Arabia Section, Dhahran, 21 23 May, 2006.
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8 SPE 150910
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Table

Independent Variables Dependent Variables
1. Liquid flow rate 1.Motor performance
2. Hole size 2.ROP
3. Casing geometry 3.Hole cleaning
4. Motor configuration 4.Bottom hole pressure
5. Bit type 5.Well bore stability
6. Hook load 6.Cost
7. Build rates 7.Formation damage
8. Coiled tubing size 8.Pump pressure
9. WOB
Table 1: Cause and Effect of CTD Operations [15]





















SPE 150910 9
Figures:


Fig. 1: Typical Bottomhole assembly for CT horizontal drilling [5]


Fig. 2: A simple extended reach well [3]