INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Assignment Title An Assignment Submitted by Name of Student Name of Establishment Class XXXX, Section XXXX, Fall 2012

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Abstract In this research, we will observe the scientific methods of research. The term statistic means the collection, organization, analysis, presentation and also interpretation of the data. It was shown that inferential statistics are used to test some hypothesis. Inferential statistic is often used to make generalization from a sample to participants, population. Sampling error and sample bias

are two sources of error. Inferential statistic takes into account the sampling error. We will make a research in the IT Company using the knowledge from the course. Different types of descriptive, nonexperimental techniques will be examined, including naturalistic observation, qualitative methods, surveys, questionnaires, and case studies. Different types of designs will be discussed in the research. Jackson believes that a good scientific research should be open for public. Reasonable inference can be made only if there are enough facts noted by and with sufficient homogeneity of the collected material. The statistical method is based on the laws of large numbers, which is required a hundred supervisions in some cases. In order to receive the statistical processing of the material findings may vary with different degrees of probability (objective possibility of recurrence or detection under these conditions), ( Bluman, A. G. , 1998). The probability of this conclusion depends on the number of observations which are made and ranges from 0 (the inability of the fact) to 1 (full reliability, mandatory advance under certain conditions). We will emphasize and establish the goals of scientific research. The practical value of the research has been examined.

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Inferential Statistics

Psychology is the science of behavior (Myers & Hansen, 2006).Psychology cannot restrict only the learning of the sole individual fact. Jackson (2011) discussed in his research about mental processes which are the mass phenomenon, and so the inherent patterns can be identified only by studying the mass of facts. For example, it is impossible to make scientific research concerning the children`s thinking of the certain age or about the process of formation the motor skills without using the research methods. We cannot analyze only one person if we want to receive the accurate data. We need to research the sufficient number of participants which allowed us to make accurate conclusions (Isen, A. M., & Means, B., 1983). It is necessary to study the psychology of mass phenomena using the statistical methods of research. Coon says that the goals of social scientists are to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control person`s behavior. Statistical methods are often use in the research analysis. However, the correct application of statistical methods set up a serious claim to the methods of collecting the material under investigation. When a person gathers data it is necessary to note all useful information and make inferences concerning the research and decisions. Methodology refers to the scientific techniques used to collect and evaluate data. Data is always gathered through careful systematic observation. Scientific research is divided into two parts: basic and applied (Beauchamp, K. L. 1974). Statistical methods are losing their scientific value, if they are applied to a high quality non-uniform material, for example, if the researcher combines into one group the data obtained people of different ages, different skills, different professions, etc. in the research. Hypothesis testing is also discussed in the research. In our research, we have examined the election situation in the IT Corporation and answer the question why there is so much people elect the certain candidate, we took into account the age

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS of participants and their religion. We use applied research, which is aimed to solve the realworld problems. In order to receive the accurate data we apply the scientific data. We gathered the information systematically, observe the participants in the voting departments and note all necessary information. Nonexperimental method has been practiced during the research. The quasi-experimental design (the single-group pretest/posttest) was applied in the research. The diagram 1 shows the observation before the company election; diagram 2 presents the observation after the event. We have one experimental group-control group design, and they were under observation till the end of the research. During the research, it was establish that it is necessary to take into account the physical and

social variables. Participants feelings and thoughts depend on the day of the week, time, weather and even their image. They expressed a wish to take part in this research, so that neither moral nor ethic norms nor human rights were disturbed. All participants were gathered in the staff room in the same time. They were given the paper with the rules. The rules say that it is not permitted to speak and give a piece of advice for colleagues during they were answering the form. The design of the research took into account. Factorial design was shown in the diagrams. Parallel lines indicated that there was no interaction between the factors; lines that cross or had the potential to cross indicate that an interaction was present. Statistical methods require preassembled groups the facts of the qualitatively similar features. It is not necessary to ask every person about their feelings, instead of it we can query comparatively a small number of people and then to draw the inferences in the diagram from their responses. We converted information using the methods of inferential statistics. Inferential statistic can permit to test the hypotheses and make inferences concerning the data. Inferential statistic can be parametric or nonparametric; it depends on the accuracy of the research. The inferential statistics include the t-test,

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

chi-square test, regression analysis and the analysis of variance. We use the t-test in our research because it examines differences in designs that have one independent variable, two treatment groups and a dependent variable (Bluman, 1998). A directional hypothesis was chosen for the test. This design reduces individual differences. This design was effective for our research, especially when we demonstrate the changes in feelings and thoughts over the period of time in our participants. The t-Test concerning our research is shown in the appendix 3. The T value in research is 2.288. Our significance value is .024. There is a significant difference between the two groups (the significance is less than .05). A sample is typically a small subset of the employees` of big IT Corporation. We would sample more than 100 participants. All of them were volunteers. For example, something would be wrong with our sample if it happened to be made up entirely of other city residents. If the sample held only, for example, Floridians, it could not be used to infer the attitudes of other participants. Inferential statistics are often based on the defined assumption that sampling is random. Scholars think that the percent of deception is rather high in the researches. It can be up to 60% of experiments (Myers & Hansen, 2006). This lecture discussed how to use inferential statistics, how the research can be used on practice. The results of the research, which was in the IT Corporation, will help next candidates to improve employees` loyalty in future. The statistics can show the corporations` leaders what they should change in the departments and who they should elect for the leaders position. It is necessary to follow the ethics norms and rules during the research. We havent disclosed any personal information. Subjects' anonymity is maintained, and results are kept confidential. Although, it is not necessary to sign an informed consent form for our type of research, but the participants made

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS References Isen, A. M., & Means, B. (1983). The influence of positive affect on decision-making strategy. SocialCognition, 2, 18-31. Jackson, S. J. (2011). Research methods: A modular approach (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. Myers, A., & Hansen, C. (2006). Experimental psychology (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. Bluman, A. G. (1998). Elementary statistics (3rd ed.). Boston: WB/McGraw-Hill. Nolan, S. A., and Heinzen, T. A. (2011). Essentials of statistics for the behavioral sciences. New York: Worth Publishers. Matheson, D. W., Bruce, R. L., & Beauchamp, K. L. (1974). Introduction to experimental psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Appendix 1

120

100

80 Sales dep 60 IT dep HR dep 40

20

0 Candidate 1 Candidate 2 Totals

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Appendix 2

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Appendix 3

df

Sig.

Mean differ.

2,28

112

.024

.1408