HUPA LANGUAGE

DICTIONARY
SECOND EDITION

TH E

SEAL O EAT FT GR

HE

Na:tinixwe Mixine:whe

HO

OP B RI AV ALLEY T

HUPA LANGUAGE
DICTIONARY
Second Edition

Na:tinixwe Mixine:whe

Copyright 1996 Hoopa Valley Tribal Council P.O. Box 1308 Hoopa, CA 95546

Dictionary Staff
Compiled By Victor Golla Edited By Ray Baldy Louise Badgely Ruth Beck Calvin Carpenter William Carpenter Victor Golla James Jackson Minnie McWilliams Elsie Ricklefs Herman Sherman Graphic Layout & Cover Design Linda McRae Derek Gamlyn Merrold Young Tribal Computer Consultant Chad Thompson Administrative Staff Marcelene Norton, Ed. Director Lois J. Risling, C.I.C.D. Director Jill Sherman Fletcher, Tribal K12 Director Jennifer George, C.I.C.D. Language Coordinator

Hoopa Valley Village Sites as of 1850

Taken from: 1. MapUnknown source. 2. Number of housesBaumhoff. 3. Locations of village/house sitesGoddard L&C.

This book is dedicated to all speakers of the Hupa language.

May this language always be spoken in the valley.

Rudolph Socktish

In Memory of Raymond Ray R. Baldy

For all his work, active commitment to, and preservation of the Hupa language and culture. May his work with this dictionary continue the use of the Hupa language.

Photo and Art Credits

Photo Credits Page
Cover Dedication Memorial

Courtesy of

Jill Sherman Fletcher Merv George Family/ Jill Sherman Fletcher

Photo Subject
Hoopa Valley Rudolph Socktish

Indian Teacher and Raymond R. Baldy Educational Personnel Program (ITEPP) Merv George Family Hoopa Valley Tribe Gary Risling Jill Sherman Fletcher Steve Baldy Merv George Family Marcelene Norton Lois Risling Hoopa Valley Tribe Marcelene Norton Marcelene Norton Marcelene Norton Marcelene Norton Hoopa Valley Tribe Jill Sherman Fletcher Marcelene Norton George Grant, Merv George, Sr., Merv George, Jr. Houses Emmielee R. Risling Dean Davis, Duane Sherman, Herman Sherman, Reggie Davis W. Cutcha Baldy Merv George, Sr. Hoopa Headstart Children Gary Risling, Emmielee Risling Three Boats Jump Dance Hoopa Headstart Children Phillip Vigil, Carrying Medicine Brush Dance Phillip Vigil, Carrying Medicine Brush Dance Boat Dance Hoopa Valley Ruth Beck and Family

7 22 32 42 Sr., 48 52 54 59 64 69 75 76 93 99 103 109

Art Credits Artist

Derek Gamlyn

Page
1 25 29 35 83

Description

Acorn Dentalia Drum Hand Small dentalia shells

Art Credits, continued Artist

Lyn Risling

Page
2 3 5 10 12 13 14 16 18 18 21 26 30 33 34 40 43 44 49 61 54 55 57 60 63 66 67 70 72 73 76 79 80 86 88 89 98 107 108 9 35 36 48 44 47 51 64 72 84 86 87 90 93

Description

Acorn soup Alder Apron Beaver Bluejay, Bobcat Bow Breast Cap Child Civet cat Coyote Dip net Eel Father Fern Girl Hair Hawk Indian Indian paintbrush, Mosquito, Iris Kinsman Laurel Lily Maple Moss Necklace Oak Paddle Place Porcupine Quail Ring-tai, Robinl Root Skirt Solomons seal, Sorrel Spoon Tobbacco Willow Wolf

Chad Thompson

Bears Paw design, Sharp-tooth design Fish dam Flint design Gambling sticks Headdress Hooks; House Jackrabbit Jump Dance basket; Jump Dance fence Pipe Shinny Slanting design Snake-nose design Standing Up design Swallow Tail design

HUPA ALPHABET CHART

a
f ther fa whila (my hand)

a:
palm whina: (my eye)

b
bear bo:se (cat)

ch
church mindich (bobcat)

ch
(ch with catch) whichich (my elbow)

chw
inchworm orm chwich ich (rewood)

d
deer dinday (bullet)

dz
adze didzit (short)

e
met whixe (my foot)

e:
men ne:s (long)

g
geese niwhg git (Im afraid)

gy
gure digy gyun un (here)

h
hen xontah (house)

i
hit mis (riverbank)

j
jar je:nis (day)

k
keep king (stick)

ky
thank k you y kya ky (dress)

k
(k with catch) kina (Yurok)

ky

(breathy l) a (one)

m
mill milimil (ute)

n
now nundil (snow)

ng
ring ng whing ng (song)

(ky with catch) let kyoh ky lah (porcupine) (seaweed)

o
tote dingqoch (sour) it)

o:
cone to:-nehwa:n (obsidian)

q
(guttural k) qo (worm)

sh
rush noshtah tah (I dont believe

(q with catch) sit whiq qos sa:ts (my throat) (bear)

t
tea to (water)

ts
cats tse (stone)

ts
(ts with catch) tsiting (weapon, rie)

u
run r ixun (sweet)

(t with catch) (t with catch) te toh (blanket) (grass)

w
word widung (yesterday)

wh
whirred wha (sun)

x
(guttural h) xong (re)

xw
(guttural wh) xwe:y (his property)

y
yes ya (louse)

(catch) ah (cloud)

Introduction
The Hupa Dictionary Project History and Structure of the Hupa Language Hupa Dialects Structure of Entries Grammatical Terms Used in the Dictionary The Hupa Alphabet References

The Hupa Dictionary Project

This dictionary contains the Hupa vocabulary including many inected forms of verbsthat is currently used or remembered by uent speakers of the language. Some of this material was collected by linguists and anthropologists. The earliest of these was Pliny Earle Goddard, who was a missionary at Hoopa from 1897 to 1900 and later taught at the University of California. Goddard learned to speak Hupa and obtained information on the language from dozens of people, some of whom were old enough to have remembered the rst coming of Euro-Americans. Although Goddard published a good deal on Hupa language and culture, he never compiled a dictionary. Probably the most important documentation of Hupa vocabulary is in the notes and les that Edward Sapir compiled during his visit to Hoopa during the summer of 1927. Although he stayed in Hoopa Valley only a few months, Sapirs transcriptions are extraordinarily accurate. Much of the material Sapir obtained came from his interpreter, Sam Brown, but he also collected many technical and specialized terms from Emma Frank (Tahsenche), a renowned doctor, and such elders as John Shoemaker. The most recent linguist to have worked extensively on the documentation of Hupa is Victor Golla. During his rst period of work on Hupa, from 1962 to 1965, he collected extensive lists of words from several speakers, most importantly Ned and Louise Jackson, Minnie Reeves, and Rudolph Socktish. He also went over older materials from Goddard and Sapir with these speakers. Beginning in early 1970s, a series of projects sponsored variously by the Hoopa Valley Tribe, the Klamath-Trinity Unied School District, and Humboldt State University focused on the preparation of Hupa teaching materials for children from pre-school through high school. Working as a consultant for the Tribal Education Ofce, Dr. Golla helped establish a standard Hupa Alphabet and compiled several reference works. The rst of these, the Hupa Language Dictionary, was published by the Tribe in 1983. It is in some ways the predecessor of the present work, although it is far from being a complete dictionary of the language. It contains only nouns and is organized around thirteen semantic categories (from Baskets to Natural Phenomena). In 1985, the Hoopa Tribe published a Short Practical Grammar of Hupa, intended to explain the basic structure of Hupa in relatively nontechnical terms. (A second, substantially revised, edition is now in preparation.) In addition, a chart and cassette tape of the Hupa Alphabet was prepared, and work was begun on taped language lessons. A number of Hupa speakers aided in this work. These included Calvin Carpenter, Lila Colegrove, Fred Davis, Minnie McWilliams, Jack Scott, Herman Sherman. Others involved in the work included Jon Brooks, Adrienne Drake, Mary Jane Risling, Laura Lee George, Lincoln Jackson, and Lyle Marshall. Special thanks go to Marcellene Norton and Lois Risling.

ii.

INTRODUCTION

From 1989-91, the National Endowment for the Humanities funded the Hupa Dictionary Project, with the goal of producing a complete reference dictionary of the Hupa language. Marcellene Norton served as project coordinator, Dr. Golla was the primary consultant, and Dr. Chad Thompson worked for 18 months as the project linguist. All of the vocabulary material in Dr. Gollas les, together with a good deal of grammatical data, was entered into a large database (a version of 4th Dimension, specially designed for the project by Kenneth W. Whistler) by Dr. Thompson. In connection with the project, an extensive archival collection was made, under the supervision of Eugene Colegrove. An important feature of the Hupa Dictionary Project was a group of uent Hupa-speaking elders, who served as consultants for dictionary content and as sources of further vocabulary. A weekly evening meeting of this group, to which all community members were invited, was the workshop in which much of this work and discussion took place. Following the end of the NEH-funded phase of the dictionary

project, this weekly workshop continued with Tribal support. The Hupa speakers most directly involved in this effort were (in alphabetical order): Ray Baldy, Louise Badgely, Ruth Beck, Elsie Ricklefs, Calvin Carpenter, William Carpenter, James Jackson, Minnie McWilliams, and Herman Sherman. The current edition of the Hupa Dictionary is still a work in progress. A preliminary edition of this dictionary was circulated to tribal members in 1995. Several speakers reviewed it carefully, and the late Ray Baldy prepared an extensive list of corrections and additions. Dr. Ruth Bennett also prepared a list of additional words based on the suggestions of a number of speakers at meetings held in 1995 and 1996. Where possible these new materials have been incorporated into this edition. Future plans envision an expanded version of this dictionary, correcting errors that will surely be found, incorporating additional vocabulary, and including a Hupa-to-English index organized by verb stems.

History and Structure of the Hupa language

Hupa (together with Chilula and Whilkut, closely related dialects formerly spoken along Redwood Creek and parts of Mad River) is one of the California Athabaskan languages. The others were spoken along the various branches of the Eel River, the Mattole River, the Van Duzen River, and the upper Mad River, in the southern half of Humboldt County, the northern quarter of Mendocino County, and southwestern portions of Trinity County. (The original territories of the California Athabaskans are shown in Baumhoff 1958.) Other Athabaskan-speaking peoples are found along the Pacic Coast from Oregon to Alaska, in the interior of northwestern Canada, and in the American Southwest. Navajo and the Apache languages are Athabaskan. The modern Hupa people have made Hoopa Valley their home for as long as humans have lived in the Americas. Athabaskan languages are highly distinctive, in many ways unlike any other languages in the world. They appear very complex, almost bafingly so. Indeed, learning to speak an Athabaskan language uently is no easy task in adult life, although of course children raised in Athabaskan-speaking communities nd them no more difcult than children nd any language. The exibility and creativity of an Athabaskan language is remarkable. New words can be coined very easily, and the grammatical system, complex as it is, is by and large very regular. Once you have mastered the principles of word formation, learning vocabulary is largely a matter of applying these principles to specic cases.

INTRODUCTION

iii.

Putting together a dictionary of an Athabaskan language is an open-ended process. Hupa, like every human language, has a certain number of basic words that must be learned by sheer memorization. Only a relative handful of these, however, are nouns. Most are verbs, and many of these verbs have very general, analytic meanings (classicatory verbs are particularly good examples of this: see the section on GRAMMATICAL TERMS below). A good deal of the vocabulary of Hupaincluding the vast majority of nounsis formed from just a few hundred basic verb stems modied and inected by a few score verbal prexes.

If you browse through this dictionary you will discover that all of the following English wordsmany of which seem very basic to Hupa traditional lifeare translated in Hupa by verbs or phrases based on verbs: Acorn, Arm, Arrow, Baby, Bird, Boat, Cedar, Clam, Club, Coyote, Creek, Dawn, Deer, Dog, Drum, Elder, Feast, Flea, Flint, Fox, Goose, Gooseberry, Gopher, Head, Heart, Heel, Hill, Indian, Jackrabbit, Knot, Ladder, Man, Mat, Mortar, Otter, Paint, Person, Pestle, Quiver, Rabbit, Rain, Rainbow, Rope, Seal, Seine, Shoe, Snow, Spear, Squirrel, Steelhead, Stool, Story, Summer, Ten, Thorn, Tomorrow, Vulture, Water, Wind, Wolf, Woman, and Woodpecker.

Hupa Dialects
Before the Euro-American invasion in 1850, Hupa was spoken in several distinct regions, each with its own distinctive dialect. As far as can be determined from the scanty documentation (most extensively in C. Hart Merriams notes), the following dialect areas were distinguished: Hoopa Valley (diningxine:wh). Redwood Creek (xwiyqit-xwe). Possibly two distinct dialects were spoken along Redwood Creek: a downstream dialect known as Chilula, and an upstream dialect known as Whilkut. North Fork Mad River (me:w-yinuq). South Fork Trinity River and Burnt Ranch (tse:ning-xwe). New River ( qultsahs-ni ). The Hupa speakers in this area were apparently also speakers of Chimariko. It would seem that the differences among these dialects was not very great. After the establishment of a reservation in the 1860s, Hupa speakers from outlying areas were moved to Hoopa Valley, where their distinctive dialects were lost. A few words are still pronounced differently by different speakers (e.g., chahl and chwahl frog), possibly reecting older dialect differences.

iv.

INTRODUCTION

Structure of Entries
The entries in this dictionary are highly structured, allowing a large amount of information to be displayed in a relatively small space. The examples below illustrate the devices used to structure entries.
5

The general translation or identication of the Hupa word or phrase in 2 is given in italics. In the example: a basket design equivalent to the Yurok foot design. Supplementary information is shown in plain type, in parentheses, and is introduced by the paragraph sign (). Information given here includes references to technical discussions, photographs, etc. (The abbreviations of reference sources are explained in the section on references below.) Also included here are comments on usage, such as slang or archaic. (Archaic words are ones which are not remembered by modern speakers but are attested in older documents.) In the example:
( Goddard L&C p.46, gure 9, Plate 25, gure 3.)

A. Typical noun entries:

frogs hand design1: chahli-mila2 (or chwahlimila)3 [=frog-its hand]4 a basket design equivalent to the Yurok foot design5 ( Goddard L&C p.46, gure 9, Plate 25, gure 3.)6

false Solomons seal: miqis-nintik [=(along)

half of it-it stretches along] false Solomons seal (Smilacina sessilifolia)7 ( Medicinal herb. The bulb is boiled and crushed for a poultice to be placed on sores.)
7 1

The English headword, in boldface capital letters, begins each entry. In the example: frogs hand design. The Hupa word or phrase that most directly translates the English headword immediately follows the headword. All Hupa words are written in boldface lower case. When hyphens are used, they separate words in a phrase. (Hyphens are not used to break Hupa words at the ends of lines.) In the example: chahli-mila. An alternative pronunciation is shown in parentheses. In a few cases, dialect differences or other factors give rise to variants that are equally or nearly equally correct. In the example: (or chwahli-mila). A word-by-word translation of a Hupa phrase is given in square brackets, and is marked an equal sign (=). Hyphens in a word-by-word translation exactly match the hyphens in the Hupa phrase. In the example frog- translates chahli- and -its hand translates -mila. In some cases a question mark is inserted after the equal sign (= ?), indicating that the word-by-word translation is not certain.

Botanical or zoological identications of plant and animal species are given where known, as part of the general translation. Since many of these identications come from older sources, they should be used with caution. In the example: (Smilacina sessilifolia). dropped (off of fall1: nawhtsit2 Im falling (from a height), dropping;3
na:ltsit it fell; na:whtsit I fell; nawiltsit he fell4 5 kingxis6 fall! fall over!; kewingxits he fell; chidiwingxits he fell, dropped (off of something) ixat (several objects) drop, fall; ingxat they dropped (e.g., kiloy ingxat hail fell)7; kixat it collapses, drops (e.g., deadfall, house); kingxat it collapsed

B. Typical verb entry:ingxits he fell,

The English headword. In the example: fall. (Note that verbs are usually cited without the to of the innitive.) One of the forms of the Hupa verb that most directly translates the English headword. Where possible the rst form given will be in the indenite (or imperfective) aspect, which usually lacks an inection for aspect. In the example: nawhtsit (indenite aspect).

INTRODUCTION

v.

Translation of the Hupa word in 2. In the example: Im falling (from a height), dropping. Other forms of the Hupa verb that translates the English headword are given, illustrating different inections (subjects, objects, and aspects) of the verb. In the examples: na:ltsit it fell.When the translation is in the past tense (as here), or in the future tense, it can be assumed that the form is in the denite (perfective) aspect. A bullet () indicates a shift to another verb which also translates the headword. Quite often, an English verb will have two or more translations in Hupa, with subtle differences in meaning.

A translation with an exclamation mark usually indicates that the Hupa verb is an imperative form, which is the same as the second person singular of the indenite aspect. In the example: kingxis fall! fall over! (or you fall over). A Hupa phrase or sentence in parentheses, in boldface italics with English translation in single quotes, illustrates the meaning or usage of the preceding verb form. In the example: (kiloyingxut hail fell) illustrates the use of ingxut they dropped.

Grammatical Terms Used in This Dictionary

ADVERB: Adverbs express when, where, or how an action is performed (Practical Grammar, Section 8). A small number of basic (unanalyzable) adverbs exist in Hupa, such as widung yesterday, hayah there, yide downstream, and xoji in a correct way, truly. Most adverbs are formed from other words by means of adverb-forming sufxes: niwhong-xw in a good way, well (from niwho:n it is good), ta:qi-ding three times, thrice (from ta:q three). Many English adverbs are also formed with adverb-forming sufxes, like -ly in nicely and greatly. CAUSATIVE: Causative sentences indicate that some action or state is the result of another action. The only regular way of forming causative sentences in Hupa is with the verb chichwe make: nichwing sehchwen I made it stink; kike:t chichwe he makes it squeak. CLASSIFICATORY VERB: Hupa, like all Athabaskan languages, has verbs that refer to moving or handling things of a particular shape or consistency (Practical Grammar, Section 4.13). These are referred to as classicatory verbs in Athabaskan grammar. Verbs of this type take a large number of different modifying prexes and are rarely found without such a prex. Following are examples of classicatory verbs with the modifying prex ya- up (in the air): yawinta:n he picked up (a stick-like object); yawingxa:n he picked up (a filled container); yawite:n he picked up (a living being); yawinga: n he picked up (a round object); yawiiq he picked up (a dough-like substance); yawilay he picked up (several objects or a rope); yawinjich he picked up (a granular mass); yawikyo:s he picked up (a cloth-like object). CONDITIONAL: The possibility (but not certainty) of something happening is marked by the future conditional tense marker -de if, when. CONNECTIVE WORD: In stories of all sorts, Hupa sentences are linked together by connective words roughly equivalent to English words and phrases like Then.., After that..., etc. (Practical Grammar, Section 2.6). There are nearly a dozen connective words, and the differences in meaning are hard to translate. Some of the commonest are: haya:, hayahmi, and hayahajit.

vi.

INTRODUCTION

DIMINUTIVE: The sufx -ch (or -ji, when closely followed by another word) has diminutive meaning. That is, it indicates that the word to which it is attached refers to a small or delicate object. Thus, je:lo (large) storage basket; je:lo-ch treasure basket (small basket in which valuables were kept). A similar diminutive meaning is signalled by altering certain sounds in a word: e.g., j to dz, wh to s, ky to K, etc. Compare miwhxe its young with misxe (diminutive) its babies; and xoji-kyoh very well, thoroughly with xodzi-Koh (diminutive) with great care or delicacy. EMPHATIC PARTICLE: A type of particle used to emphasize that something is true or that it happened exactly the way the speaker says. Particles of this type are usually attached to a word or phrase. For example, do:ng for sure, indeed in tsisehwe:n-d:ng he killed it for sure, without a doubt; or qut right, exact in haya:-qut right then, at that very time). EVIDENTIAL: An evidential is a word used at the end of a phrase to indicate the type of evidence on which the statement is based. The commonest evidential in Hupa is the sufxed particle -tseh feel, taste, be perceived (so): ixan-tseh it tastes good, sweet; kisiwhdile:-tseh I feel cold, freezing; chiskis-tseh someone was heard knocking. EXCLAMATION: An exclamation expresses a simple idea in a direct way rather than in a sentence (Practical Grammar, Section 9.2). Some common exclamations are qut okay!, diye yes!, daw no!, and mawh it stinks! Some particles are also used with exclamatory meaning inside a sentence: e.g., gya lo and behold! in niin-de:-gya look at this! see here! FUTURE TENSE: See TENSE; CONDITIONAL. INTERROGATIVE: Interrogative words or sentences ask questions. Hupa has a small set of interrogative words. These include interrogative pronouns (diydi what?, dundi who? Practical Grammar, Section 7.2) and interrogative adverbs of place, time, and manner (da:ydi-ding where, at what place?, duhundi-dung when (in the past)?, daxwe:di how? Practical Gram-

mar, Section 8). Interrogative sentences (questions) are usually constructed with the question particle ung (e.g., chitsa:n ung did he see it? Practical Grammar, Section 2.4). LOCATIVE: The suffixes -ding and -xw form adverbs of place, or locative adverbial phrases, i.e. phrases that indicate the place where something exists or happens (Practical Grammar, Section 8.2). Thus, xontah-ding at the house, at home. Many place names are locative phrases of this type: na:tini-xw Hoopa Valley (where the trails return), takimiding Hostler Ranch (where they cook). NEGATIVE PARTICLE: The particle do not is used to negate the word or phrase it stands in front of (do niwho:n not good). PARTICLE: Particles are short, usually unanalyzable words that modify the meanings of words and sentences in various ways (Practical Grammar, Section 2.4). They are used extensively in conversational speech, and many are difcult to translate. Some common types of particle are: EMPHATIC (ung for sure, qut right, exact); NEGATIVE (do not); QUESTION (ung); QUOTATIVE (chin they say); EXCLAMATORY (gya lo and behold!); EVIDENTIAL (tseh be perceived). PAST TENSE: See TENSE. POSTPOSITION: Postpositions are the Hupa equivalent of English prepositions, but are called post- because they follow rather than come before the noun or phrase they govern (Practical Grammar, Section 6). Thus ching to, toward follows the noun in xontah ching to the house, and follows the pronoun in whi-ching to me. PREFIX: A prex is any meaningful part of a complex word that comes in front of the stem. Hupa verbs always consist of one or more verb prexes and a stem that is usually the last element in the word (Practical Grammar, Section 4.14). Verb prexes are of two general types: (1) inections, which either indicate the aspect of the verb (Section 4.2) or express the subject or object pronoun (Section 4.3); and

INTRODUCTION

vii.

(2) modifying prexes, which add specic secondary meanings to the verb, many of these having to do with the direction of the action (Section 4.5). The verb noninta:n he put (a stick-like object) down consists of a stem -ta:n handle a stick-like object with three prexes: no- down to a point of rest (modifying prex); -- he/she (subject inection); and -nin- denite (aspect inection). QUESTION PARTICLE: The particle ung is used to question the word, phrase, or sentence it follows, e.g. no:kine:yo:t ung is it a dog?, chitsa:n ung did he see it? (Practical Grammar, Section 2.4). QUOTATIVE: A quotative is a word used at the end of a direct quotation, indicating that what precedes is to be understood as quoted words. Only one quotative particle is in regular use: chin they say. Much more common is the use of a fully inected quotative verb (chide:ne he said, etc.) at the end of a quotation.

STEM: The stem expresses the basic meaning of a complex word. It is usually the last element in the word, although there is a small number of sufxes that can follow stems. (Practical Grammar, Section 4.11). SUFFIX: A sufx is any meaningful part of a word that follows the stem. Sufxes are rare in Hupa, and most are actually particles or other semi-independent words, such as the tense markers -te and -nein, the evidential particle -tseh, or the imperative marker -ne. TENSE: Past and future tense are marked in Hupa by the dependent words nein and te following a word (Practical Grammar, Section 4.22). Usually this word is a verb (nonintun-te he will put (a stick-like object) down), but it may be a noun or another type of word (whaut-te my future wife). These markers are optional; tense does not have to be indicated in a Hupa verb. See also CONDITIONAL.

The Hupa Alphabet

Consonants
b sounds like b in English bear, but more lightly pronounced, almost like the p of pear: bo:se cat, ijibeh its scary! The b is a rare sound in Hupa. sounds like the ch of English rich. It is found only at the ends of words: mindich wildcat, kile: xich boy. d sounds like d in English den, but more lightly pronounced, almost like the t of ten: dinday arrow, bullet, medil canoe. sounds like the dz in English adze, but more lightly pronounced, almost like the ts of cats: didzit it is short. The dz is a rare sound in Hupa. sounds like the g in English geese, but more lightly pronounced, almost like the k of key: ne:whgit I am afraid, ige:y pine squirrel. is the pronunciation of g when it comes before a, o, or u. It is the same as g , but with a ylike sound before the vowel: kinga:gya:n tobacco pipe, digyung here. sounds like g in English guy, intermediate between Hupa g (or gy) and q. It is found only in words with diminutive meaning: misGegits they (things, children) are little.

dz

ch

chw is like English ch followed w as in inchworm. Although this is a rare combination in English, it is common in Hupa: chwich rewood, whichwo my grandmother. ch is the same as ch except that it is pronounced with a catch (technically known as glottal-ization): chahl frog, whichich my elbow.

gy

chw is chw with a catch. It is a variant of chw in a few words: chwahl frog (variant pronunciation).

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INTRODUCTION

sounds like h in English hen: hun river. It is very rare as the rst sound in a word, but is very common in the middle or at the end of a word. In these positions it is fully pronounced, unlike the English silent h of words like oh! or Rohnerville: xontah house, tehla:n whale. sounds like j in English Jim, but more lightly pronounced, almost like the ch of chin: je:nis day, mijee:din baby. sounds like the k in English keep: king stick, ditsik unshelled acorns. is the same as k execpt that it is pronounced with a catch: kina Yurok, dink four. is the pronunciation of k when it comes before a, o, or u. It is the same as k, but with a ylike sound before the vowel: kya skirt, qawh-kyoh redwood. s the same as ky execpt that it is pronounced with a catch: kyoh procupine. sounds like k in English Kahn, intermediate between Hupa k (or ky) and a forceful pronunciation of q. It is found only in words with diminutive meaning: xodzi-Koh carefully, thoroughly. s the same as K execpt that it is pronounced with a catch: Kiwa-mi white man. sounds like l in English let: lah seaweed, medil canoe.

ng

sounds like ng in English sing. Just as in English, it is never found at the beginning of a word. The g is silent: whing song, ningxa-chinehwa:n he is handsome. is a sound foreign to English. It is a guttural version of g, pronounced far back in the mouth: qehs king salmon, yinuq upstream. is the same as q except that it is pronounced with a catch: qut already, ta:q three. sounds like s in English sun: saxa:wh acorn soup, mis riverbank. sounds like sh in English shoe. It is rare in Hupa, and usually is found only in exclamations or in words taken from other languages: ulush its dirty!, bahshe:l holly. sounds like t in English tea: to water, it smoke. is the same as t except that it is pronounced with a catch: te blanket, nimit your belly. is a compound sound, made up of t followed by the whispered-l sound, and pronounced with a catch. It somewhat resembles the kl of English Klamath: toh grass, xute night. sounds like the ts of English cats. Unlike English, Hupa ts is frequently found at the beginning of a word: tse stone, kiwidits string, twine. is the same as ts except that it is pronounced with a catch: tsiting rie, bow, tits cane. sounds like w in English went or how. Hupa w is always pronounced, even at the end of a word: witwa:t acorn our, kima:w medicine. sounds like wh in the English pronunciation of when and what if these are pronounced differently from wen and watt (only a minority of Americans make this distinction): wha:t my older sister, kiwe:whe egg.

q s sh

k k ky

t t t

ky K

K l

ts

ts is a sound that is foreign to English. Basically, Hupa is a whispered version of l. It can be approximated by pronouncing sl of English slip very rapidly: aone, mi with, kiixun deer, venison. sounds like m in English mill: minq lake, tismil eagle. sounds like n in English net: ne:s long, tin trail, road. w

m n

wh

INTRODUCTION

ix.

is a sound foreign to English. It is a roughsounding kind of h-sound, like ch in German Achtung!: xong re, whixe my foot. is the combination of x and w. It sounds like wh, but is more roughly pronounced. Compare xwa:t his older sister with wha:t my older sister. sounds like y in English yes or day. Hupa y is always pronounced, even at the end of a word: ya louse, misa:y seeds.

xw

is the symbol for the catch. When it follows a consonant, the consonant is pronounced abruptly, with a slight pop (see k, K, q, t, t and ts). When it is at the beginning of a word, the following vowel begins abruptly (ehs sh dam). When it follows a vowel, the vowel is cut off abruptly: whaut my wife, a one.

Vowels
The Hupa Alphabet uses ve vowel letters: a, e, i, o, and u. Their basic values are as follows: a e i has the sound of English a in father: wha sun, a one, ah cloud. has the sound of English e in met: tse stone, medil canoe, jeh pitch. basically has the sound of English i in sit: mis riverbank, ing pet, dog. Notice, however, that the combination iw often sounds like English ew in dew: whijiw my ear, miwa its fur. has the sound of English o in go: to water (lake, river), je:lo storage basket, whiqos my neck. has the sound of English u in fun: nundil snow, yiduq uphill. The colon (:) is used to mark length mark with three vowels: a:, e:, and o:. Each long vowel has the same basic sound as the short vowel, but is drawn out. a: e: o: is a drawn-out a as in fa-a-ther: sa:ts bear, whina: my eye. is a drawn-out e as in ye-e-s: ne:s long, whitse: my daughter (man speaking). is a drawn-out o as in no-o: o:q salmon, isqo:ts berries.

When a word ends in a vowel, the vowel sound is slightly longer than in a short vowel, but not distinctly long. If a word ending in a vowel is attached to another word, the vowel becomes long: to water, to:-nehwa:n obsidian (water-it resembles).

Accent
An accent mark is sometimes written above a vowel (, , etc.). This indicates that the syllable is pronounced with a distinct high pitch. Syllables with high pitch are consistently found only in a few exclamations and particles: chiyo:xw-dinh my goodness!, tsisehwe:n-d:ng he killed it for sure, without a doubt.

x.

INTRODUCTION

References
The following references are cited in the Dictionary with the abbreviations shown. Baumhoff Baumhoff, Martin. 1958. California Athabascan Groups. University of California Anthropological Records, volume 16, number 5. [Chiey concerned with traditional tribal boundaries and village sites.] Curtis Curtis, Edward S. 1924. The North American Indian. Volume 13. [The Hupa, pp. 3-36; magnicent photographs, also a good vocabulary.] Goddard L&C Goddard, Pliny Earle. 1903. Life and Culture of the Hupa. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, volume 1, number 1. [The classic anthropological study of Hupa traditional life.] Kroeber & Barrett Kroeber, A. L. and S. A. Barrett. 1960. Fishing Among the Indians of Northwestern California. University of California Anthropological Records, volume 22, number 1. [Detailed descriptions of weirs, nets, harpoons, and other shing technology.] Merriams notes C. Hart Merriam. Vocabularies of Hupa and Redwood Creek Dialects. C. Hart Merriam Collection, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. [Nine vocabularies, collected between 1910 and 1934. Also materials on placenames and ethnography; photographs. The only full attestation of the dialect differences in Hupa, including Redwood Creek, South Fork, and Mad River dialects.] Practical Grammar Golla, Victor. 1985. A Short Practical Grammar of Hupa. Hoopa Valley Tribe Sapirs notes Edward Sapir. Hupa texts and le slips. APS manuscript 30(Na.20a.4). Franz Boas Collection, Library of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. [All of the original materials that Sapir collected at Hoopa during his 1927 visit. Eleven notebooks; about 5,000 slips.]

A
A-frame net: kixa:q A-frame lifting net, trigger
net ( See Goddard L&C, P. 23-4.) mi-dahsiday [=with it-one sits on top] A-frame lifting net, equivalent to kixa:q kixaking [= from kixa:q-king A-frame net-sticks] poles that the A-frame net sits in mi-dahchiwiyo:sil [=with it-one keeps pulling it up] trigger string attached to the A-frame net yehkiqot put the net on to the frame!; yehke:lqot I put the net on to the frame abalone: xosa:k abalone (Haliotis), a rock-clinging gastropod; mollusks that have a attened shell, slightly spiral in form and lined with mother-of-pearl diwidwa:s [=cut up into strips] strips of abalone shell sewn onto a womans dance skirt abalone-shell dress: xoji-kya [=true dress] ceremonial abalone-shell dress worn by women at the Jump Dance and on other special occasions ke:lkya [=the specic thing that is worn as a skirt] another term for abalone-shell dress abdomen: whikya:ne (or whikya:n, whikyung) my abdomen, belly, insides (also used abstractly for mind, attention); the part of the body between the thorax and the pelvis abortion: mijee:din-tsiswe:n [=baby-one kills it] abort a fetus, kill an unborn child about: wung concerning it, about it (in phrases): daydi-wung [=what?-concerning it] why? for what reason?; whiwung-a:dixudya:n [=concerning me-he is ashamed] my enemy; wung-xowidilik [=concerning it-what has been told] a story about something, an account of something above: je:nah up above, high up, upstairs; je:nah-ching [=above-toward] in an upward direction, up in the air mita:w above it, on the uphill side of it; whita:w up above me, on the upper side of me, uphill from me absence: whita:n in my absence, missing me; xota:n in his absence, missing him (e.g., whita:nchiningyay missing me-he arrived he arrived after I had left, he missed me) abuse: daxo:qi-adilaw [=in some way-one acts] abuse, misuse, do something improper (such as joking or blaspheming during a religious dance) abuse ones wife: kisan he beats his wife up, abuses his wife, hes a wife-beater; kiwinsan he

accent, speak with: misah-kitidlut [=its mouthmakes a ripping sound] foreigner, someone who cant speak well accomplish: menixe he nished it, accomplished (the task); me:lxe it is nished, accomplished account: See STORY account of, on: ma:n on account of..., for (that) reason (e.g., hayi-ma:n for that reason; daxwe:di-ma:n for what reason? why?; do:niwho:ni-ma:n on account of its being bad) ace: xung marked stick in Indian gambling (kin-na:way), ace in modern playing cards ache: dincha:t it aches, hurts, is sore (e.g., whiladincha:t my hand is sore); diwhchah Im aching, I am sick; diwincha:t it got sore; chidiwincha:t he got sick acorn: kiwinyan [=what someone eats] acorn (general term) ditsik unshelled acorns tsiwahsilay [=the ones which are (cracked) apart] (also jiwahsilay or dziwahslay) shelled acorns, acorn meat ditsik kiwitsit pounded acorns kiwinyan-wuna:yadi-ding [=acorns-they go after them-time] acorn-gathering time acorn bread: kitust-de:diwiiq [=acorn doughbaked] acorn bread acorn camp: tunq-tsisday [=in the fall-she stays there] acorn camp tunq-no:ondil [=in the fall-(where) they sit] acorngathering claim no:kindi-ding [=(where) someone sits-place] acorn picking lot whina:ndiw my acorn picking lot ( Archaic term (?) attested only in Sapirs notes.) Acorn Feast: nokingxa:n [=one puts the container down] feast, picnic, in particular the Acorn Feast; to can apples, berries, etc. (modern) nokingxun-ding the Acorn Feast ground (at Takimiding) sakixawh-ding [=one eats acorn soup-place] eating place during Acorn Feast, Acorn Feast ground ma:-kitsit [=leading-she pounds] woman who leads the pounders in the Acorn Feast acorn our: kitust leached acorn our, before cooking ( See Goddard L&C p. 28.)

beat up his wife

ACORN FLOUR/AFTER
widwa:t sifted acorn our; modern our ke:sde lumps of acorn meal that are left over after pounding Acorn Provider: yinuqi-tsisday [=upstream-he stays there] Acorn Provider, an old spirit who is the boss of all food yinuqitsisday-tsislen [=Acorn Provider-he becomes] the person who impersonates the Acorn Provider during the Acorn Feast acorn soup: saxa:wh [=what someone puts into his mouth (in a container)] acorn mush, acorn soup; sakixa: wh [=he puts (a specic lled container) into his mouth] he eats acorn soup saxa:wh-mito [=acorn saxa:wh soup-its juice] acorn soup juice, a beverage of watery acorn soup takimil [=they throw things into water] they are cooking acorn soup; takiwime:t they have cooked acorn soup tse:lna:t [=from tse:-wilna:t (?)rocks-that are licked] rocks used to cook acorn soup ( See Goddard L&C, p. 29.) acorn worm: qo:-ne:s [=worm-long] Acorn worm qo:-dziwolts [=worm-round (diminutive)] a small white worm that is found in acorns kiwinyan-ma:a [=acorn-its lice] maggots that feed on acorn acorns drop: na:ykindeh acorns drop to the ground; na:kiwindiw acorns have dropped to the ground ina:wh [=it goes] they (nuts, acorns) are dropping; inyay they dropped acorns, crack: kiwhdik Im cracking acorns, Im pecking at something; kidik crack acorns!; kisehdik I cracked acorns; mi-kidik [=with itshe cracks acorns] darkish rock, about 8 inches long, used to crack acorns jiwa:kiwhliwh Im cracking acorns open; jiwa:ke: lay I have cracked them open acorns, gather: kya:dawhne Im gathering, picking up (acorns, apples, round objects); kya:dayne gather (acorns)!; kya:dane she is gathering (acorns); kya: da:ne:-xosin acorn-gathering is happening; kya: da:yne I gathered (acorns); kya:dawe:ne she gathered acorns acorns, leach: kitawhtsit Im leaching acorns, soaking acorns to remove tannic acid; kitatsit leach acorns!; kituwitsit she leached acorns; kita:ltsit shallow pit in riverbank sand used for leaching acorns, dirt pan acorns, pound: kiwhtsit Im pounding acorns; kintsit pound acorns!; kiwintsit she pounded acorns acorns, rotten: togit [= from to:-nigit water-rotten] black acorns, Indian cheese, acorns buried in a

2
swampy place and left to rot; eaten in the winter, when the supply of acorns gets low kiiwhin [=something black] black acorn meat wanto:t rotten-acorn stew, made from mouldy acorns left to soak in water for a week or more ( See Goddard L&C, p. 29.) acquainted with: kyowhtsit I know about something, Im acquainted with it; kyowitsit he got acquainted with it acquire: na:ya [=I came to have (round object), came to be carrying it around] I acquired it, got it, bought it (stone); nawinga he acquired it (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) weha [=I came to have (round object) lying motionless] I got it, kept it, came into possession of it (e.g., stone); chiwia he got it; ia get it! (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) across: yima:n across, across the stream yaunching coming in this direction from across whima:n-ching [=across from me-toward] across from me, opposite me; xoma:n-ching across from him; ima:n-ching across from each other, facing each other, on opposite sides of something whiman across from me, opposite me (equivalent to whima:n-ching); iman across from each other yima:nching [= from yima:n-e:n-ching acrossside-toward] on the other side (of the stream), on the opposite side adultery: kyoniwinga:n [= from kyoniwingwa:n] he committed adultery with someone; chixo:niwinga:n he committed adultery with her; do:-kyoniwa:n one should not commit adultery advance, in: See BEFOREHAND advise: no:kiniwhyoh Im telling, advising someone to stop (doing something), Im warning them; no:xoningyoh advise him to stop!; noxone:yo:t he advises him to stop; no:kine:yo:t it (dog) tells someone to stop (by barking); no:xone:ne:yo:t I have advised him to stop afar, from: nisah-mi [=far-(starting) from] from afar (e.g., nisahmi-chxotsa:n from afar-he saw her) afraid, to be: niwhgit Im afraid, I fear, Im a coward; chinilgit he is afraid; chine:lgit he became afraid; me:niwhgit Im afraid of it, I fear it; whenilgit he is afraid of me; me:ne:sgit I became afraid of it; do:-xwe:niwilgidi-heh dont be afraid of him! ijibeh Im scared! Im afraid! Its scary! (exclamation; said to children) after: whixa after me (to fetch me), in pursuit of me; mixa after it, in pursuit of it (e.g., mixa:-chitehsyay he went after (the deer); whixa:-chixe:ne:wh she called out for me; mixa:-yehke:lay I reached in for it) whiqeh (following) after me; miqeh (following) along it, after it, according to it; tini-qeh (following) along the road (e.g., miqeh-chiqa:l he goes along after it, follows it)

3
mi [=with (after a phrase)] when..., after... (e.g., nahding-yisxa:ni-mi [=two times-it dawnedwhen] after two days had passed; minyay-mi when the time for it came) after a while: qa:de after a while afterbirth: whichut my afterbirth, placenta afternoon: yitsinni-wingah [=downhill-(round object) has come to lie there, takes up position there] the sun has moved to the western side of the sky, it is afternoon yitsinni-waa:l [=downhill-(round object) comes to lie in one place after another] the sun gets lower and lower in the sky, moves progressively westward afterwards: digyun-hit [=here-recently-at that time] a short time afterwards, later on mine:jixomi [=from mine:jit-xw-mi the middle of it-at-from, after] (connective particle) afterwards, then (after a while) again: kiye again age: iwhdiyan Im growing old, aging; do:-chidyan he doesnt age kiwungxoya:n old man, aged man do:kiwile [= someone who is poor, weak] old woman, aged woman kinehsya:n older people, adults, people who have aged agitate: xiwhnay I move it back and forth, stir it, agitate it; xina move it back and forth!; chixinay he moves it back and forth; xe:yna I have moved it back and forth ago: tungxwodun a while ago, already (e.g., haydani-no:ne:xa:n [=the (one which)-a while agoI put (container) down, i.e., the (basket lled with something) that I put down a while ago] na:sdaundeh a few days ago saa:-dung [=long time-in the past] a long time ago agree with: whiqeh-dinung [= (following) after me-sloping, inclined] facing me, agreeing with me; niqeh-wiwhdinung [=after you-I came to be sloped, inclined] I agree with you; whiqeh-chiwinan (or -chiwidnan) he agrees with me; whiqeh-indinung agree with me! ahead of: na:tse ahead, rst, preceding (e.g., na:tse: ding-chichwe [=in the rst place, ahead of the othershe makes it]; na:tse:-xay-dung [=preceding-winterpast], i.e., the winter before last); whina:tse ahead of me, before me, preceding me; mina:tse ahead of it wha:ming ahead of me, out in front of me (as in a race); na:ming ahead of you; ma:ming ahead of it (e.g., na:ming-dahdiwhah ahead of you-I run) minah ahead of time, beforehand, in advance (e.g., minah-a:chilaw beforehand-it is done) aim: wun-noqeh [=shove (a stick) down there towards it] aim at it!; xowun-noniqe:t he aimed at him

AFTER/ALONGSIDE OF
alas: e:wa:k alas! poor thing! (exclamation of pity) alcohol: xon-tana:n [=re-water] whiskey, any
distilled spirit miwowh-tina:wh [=its foam-moves along] beer dahto:l-mito [=grape-its juice] grape juice, wine de:nohqit-xotse:lin [=Heaven, God-his blood] (Christian) sacramental wine alder: qiwh alder (Alnus sp.) alive, be: whixinay [=my survival, escape] qiwh Im alive, Im surviving, Im safe; xoxinay he is alive; xa:ti-whixinay I am still alive all: ahting all (of them), every one; ahtin-ding [=allplaces] all places, everwhere; ahtin-ching [=alltoward] in all directions, (to) everywhere; ahting-q [=all-ways] in every way; ahting-qa-unte [=allways-it is] all kinds of things, everything, every which thing, any old thing all day: a-je:nis [=one-day] all of one day, all day, all day long all over: ukyo:we all over all right: xa all right! okay!; quickly (e.g., xa-kinyung okay, eat!; xa-naway [=quickly-he goes] hes a fast walker) allergic: do:-whiniwho it doesnt suit me, agree with me; Im allergic to it alligator: See WATER MONSTER alone: iwuning [= from iwun-ding one person-being there] alone, all by oneself (e.g., tsamehsto:niwuning-chiwinda the woman-all alone-she stayed there) na:sdongxw alone, by oneself (e.g., na:sdongxwokya:n alone-she eats, euphemism for she is menstruating) along: miqeh (following) along it, after it, according to it; tini-qeh (following) along the road; whiqeh (following) after me (e.g., miqeh-chiqa:l he goes along after it, follows it) along with: miching-na:saa:n [=toward it-it lies again] along with something (e.g., xowatiliwh wiloy, miching-na:saa:n hay me:wina:sita:n he gives them grass bundles, along with the headdresses) alongside of: whinehs [=it is as long as me, its my length] alongside of me, on my side, along the length of me; xonehs alongside of him whe:dinung-ding alongside of me, next to me whino:ngayding [= from whino:ngay-ding my extending to there-place] alongside of me, near to where I am, next to me whixehsta:n-ding close beside me, within my reach

ALREADY/ANTISOCIAL
already: dan a while ago, already (e.g., hay-dani-no:

4
angel: See IMMORTALS angelica: mixa:che-xole:n [=its roots-there are
plenty] angelica, sweet anise, incense root (Angelica sylvestris) ( This root gives off a pungent, pleasantsmelling smoke when burned, and is used in many Hupa religious ceremonies.) ma:-de:diwhawh [=for it-I put (round object) into the re] I burn incense root (angelica) in the re and pray (at a ceremony); ma:-de:dingawh you burn incense root and pray!; ma:-dediwinga:n he burned incense root and prayed angry, get: whikyulah-a:kidyawh [= from whikyunlah-a:kidyah my insides-opposite to, contrary to-it happened] I am angry, I got angry, mad; xokyulah-a: kidyaw he got angry anguish: na:kiqot [=something pokes around] pain, distress, anguish; a stab of pain (e.g., xokyunsaa:nme-na:kiqot [=his heart-in-pain stabs] he has a

ne:xa:n [=the (one which)-a while ago-I put (container) down, i.e., the (basket lled with something) that I put down a while ago] qut now, already, still (e.g., qut-chiwiltongil already-he was dancing; qud-ng-na:whay [=still-it is-I go around] Im still alive) also: qina also, again, too alternate: nidiwa alternating, moving from one to the other (e.g., nidiwa:-silen [=moving from one to the other-it became] they traded, exchanged things) always: winte it always happens, it is always so (e.g., na:wha:-winte [=I go around-it is always so] I always go around (day after day)) ambitious: me:sowhsin I want to do it; ke:sowhsin I want to do things (in general), Im ambitious, Im a willing worker kitise (or kitise:-xw) [=(moving) over things] smart, ambitious, capable, superior (e.g., kitise:xwoa:whte I am smart) among: nohtah among, around (a place) (also: -taw the one that is among) (postposition) (e.g., mitah among them, around where they are; nohtah among us; kiwinyanya:n-tah among people; xonteh-taw [=the one that is around the ats, clearings coyote]; yo:-chin-tah [=there-towards-around] here and there, in different places) -tah [=among, used metaphorically] possibly, among the others, at times, either...or... (e.g., whe:-tah maybe me; dangwho-tah someone or another; te:se:ya:-te:-tah I will probably go too; nahdintah ta:qidin-tah two times-or three times-or either two times or three times) mitiwa among them (things), amongst it, in the midst of it; xotiwa among them (people) (archaic) amongst: -tah-xw [=among, around-at] amongst, amidst (a group of people, an area) (postposition) (e.g., mitahxw amongst them, (among plants) in the garden; kitahxw amongst something in the brush, up in the brush; kina-tahxw amongst the Yurok; kinusni-mitahxw amongst the Karuk) amount: dunungwho some number of, some amount of, several; dunungwho-ding several times, a number of times; dunungwhon several people o:ltaq what has been counted, an amount ancestor: do:-xoosday [=not-a man] dead person (polite term) a:yawine:l someone who has passed away (polite term) ancestry: See FAMILY ancient: chixolchwe:-dung [=(world) being madewhen (in the past)] in ancient times; at the time the world was being prepared for human beings and: hijit and, and then (connective particle, joining clauses) (e.g., noninta:n hijit tsisqit she put it down and then she began to saw it). See also THEN; TOO; WITH

pain in his heart) animal: ing (domesticated) animal, dog, horse

(whilinke my animal) inche mare, bitch mitsumesto:n [=its woman] a female animal xina:y (hunted) animal, fresh meat tohna:y sh, eel, any edible water creature animals move: tiawh (several animals) move off, set off walking; teha:ch they have moved off; yehiah they move into (an enclosure); yehwia:ch they moved into it; nahawh they move around, browse, roam; nahsa:ch they have moved around animal spirits: ta:n forest spirits who look after game ankle: whiqe:-jiwol [=my leg-ball] my ankle announce: xongwhe give him a name! announce his name!; cho:whe he names it, announces its name; chixo:ngwhe he named him, announces his name annoy: See MAKE FUN OF; TEASE annual: a-me:nundiyay [=one-it comes back] (when) a year has passed, annually another: na:-a [=again-one] another, repeated, again (used for counting) midiwa different from it, moving on to another from it; xodiwa different from him, moving on past him (e.g., midiwa:-a:de:ne [=different from it-she said something] she mentioned something else, she went on to talk about another thing; whidiwa:-cheningyay [=moving on past me-he came out] he passed me on his way out) answer: xoda-me-xiningyehwh [=his mouth-intospeak!] answer him!; whida-me-chixe:ne:wh he answered me ant: a:disch ant antisocial: xojesaa:n [= xoje:y-saa:n (in) his mind(something) lies] he or she is cranky, mean, antisocial dime:n-naay [=sharp(ness)-he carries it around, has it] he is cranky, quarrelsome

5
antlers: mide (animals) horn, antlers;

ANTLERS/ARROW, FEATHER AN
tsung-wito:n [=apron-woven] braided apron kimina:tul [=tied in a braid] braid used for apron fringes of apron (tsung) aralia: kimuq-kyoh [=a popping sound-big] swamp weed, aralia (Aralia californica) archery: xoji-tsiting [=true-weapon] traditional (sinew-backed) bow ( Goddard L&C pp. 32-3, and Plate 11, gures 1-3.) chidiwinchwit he shot off (an arrow), let go (the arrow release) miqit-dahnadiwia [=on it-he stuck it atop!] he shot, hit it (with an arrow) argue: chiidzehsdila they quarrelled, argued with each other, hated each other do:-xoh-whitsis [=not-in vain-you see me] you always quarrel, argue with me dime:n-naay [=sharp(ness)-he carries it around, has it] he is quarrelsome, argumentative arm: whikya:ngay [=it extends away from me] my arm whitse:l my forearm arm around, put: xona:siwnik Im putting my arm around him; whina:se:nik put your arm around me!; whinasinik hes putting his arm around me; ninasiwe:nik he has put his arm around you arm in arm: dah chi iwidle:l they stand arm in arm; dahiwe:dile:l we stand arm in arm; dahchiwidle:l he holds his arm armor: kiwidwol [=scraped (hide)] shield of elk-skin; war-jacket, armor made of arrowwood strips (kintits) woven together armpit: whiqehjiwa my armpit, armpit hair aroma: See ODOR around: whina:t around me, all around me (in a circle); mina:t around it; nina:t around each other (e.g., xong-mina:t chitehsyay he went around the re) wiwina around me, (passing) around me, half-way around me (passing me by); miwina around it (passing it by) (e.g., xowina:-xeinyahwh go around him! pass him by!; kiwina:-xee:na:t (dog) ran around the corner) around here: de:di-xw [=this here-at] around here, in this area arrive: chinehsyay he came, arrived, ninyahwh come!; chininde:t they arrived, nohdi come (you all)! arrogant: diwa:unchwen he is selsh, arrogant arrow: na:tse:s arrow ( See Goddard, L&C p. 34-5, and Plate 11, gures 4-6.) dahchiwile:l [=he holds them up] arrows qa:xis mock orange (wood), arrow shaft; qa:xisxowa:ningxits [=arrow shaft-ew through him] the arrow (shaft) went through him, passed through his body arrow, feather an: mekisloy [=he tied something to it] he feathered an arrow; me:kiwiloy-ding

kide a set of antlers (detached from the animal). See also POINTS mide anus: whichwe:xing (or whichwe:xino) my anus; the posterior opening of the alimentary canal whita-qeh [=up along my bottom] my anus anybody: dungwho someone, somebody, anybody anyhow: daxo: somehow, anyhow; daxo:-q in some way anything: diywho something, anything anytime: daxungwho sometime, anytime anyway: hayi-heh despite it, anyway, even so (e.g., hayiheh-awhdiyaw I did it anyway, even so) anywhere: da:ywho somewhere, anywhere apart: jiqiwh pull it apart!; jewiqiwh he pulled it apart where it was forked daa:chilaw he took it apart; daa:naulaw he undid it, untied it, rubbed it off na:asxut he took it all apart, he tore (the house) down whiwah apart from me, separated from me, at a distance from me; iwah (or niwah) apart from each other, separated mitah (standing) apart from it, (getting) away from it, escaping from it; itah (or nitah) apart from each other apology: xola-chaawh [=(in) his hand-he puts (a round object)] he pays him, settles up with him, apologizes, ends a dispute; whila-ingawh pay me!; kila-chiwinga:n he paid someone, he paid up; xola-wida:n he has been paid xowa:na:na:lwe:n [=it melts away from him] medicine to remove hard feelings, for forgiveness ( This is medicine for one who wants his enemy, one hes had a quarrel with, to forgive him. If you kill a person this medicine makes a persons relatives not have hard-feeling. You burn mixa:che-xole:n and sing a certain kind of song all night.) a p p e a r : me:xote:n it looks like it, it has its appearance nehwa:n it resembles, looks like, appears to be (something); chinehwa:n he or she resembles (something, someone) appetite: me:diwhchwing Im hungry for it, have an appetite for it (e.g., o:qi-me:diwhchwing I have an appetite for sh); mediwinchwen he got hungry for it applaud: See CLAP apple: e:bilos apples (from English apples) apron: tsung apron, made of fringed deerhide and worn in front of the skirt (kya) by women ( See Goddard L&C, p. 19-20 and plate 3, gure 2; also Curtis, p. 9, and illustration between pp. 22-3.) tsung

ARROW, FEATHER AN/AWAY, RUN

[=something tied to it-place] shaft of an arrow (where it is feathered) ( Three rounds of feathers are attached to a normal arrow, only two rounds to a childs (practice) arrow.) arrow, hit with: miqit-dahna:dia [=on itstick it atop!] shoot it, hit it (with an arrow)!; whiqit-dahnadiwia he shot me, hit me arrowhead: xoji-dinday [=real bullet] obsidian arrowhead ( See Goddard, L&C, p. 34, describes arrow points and the technique of aking; see also Plate 12.) dahkisa:n [=(a specic xoji-dinday round object) lies on top] or dahkislay [=(several specic ojects) lie on top] arrowhead(s), obsidian point(s) arrowwood: kingtits from king-nitits [=stickwhich is hard] a type of shrub with hard wood (Holodiscus discolor) as if: ahxw...silen [= just...it becomes] just as if, as though (e.g., ahxw-xontah-chiwinga:s-silen [=just-house-it scratched-it became] just as if something had scratched the house) as soon as: qut...mi [=now...when] as soon as..., just when... (e.g., qat-hay-chitehsyay-mi as soon as he started out) ash (tree): chah-chile:n [=chah-people treat it like; chah is a word for hat] ash (Fraxinas oregona) ashamed: a:dixa:whdiya:n Im ashamed; a:dixa: ndiya:n you are ashamed; a:dixudya:n he is ashamed; a:dixa:niwhdiyun-tseh I felt ashamed; a:dixaniwidyan he became ashamed. See also SHAME; ENEMY ashes: xong-din ashes ask: xo:diwhxit I ask him (a question); xo:dixit ask him!; chiwho:diwixit he asked me; no: de:xit I asked you xowhay I ask him (to do something); xoa ask him!; chiwhiay he asks me; chiwhiwia he asked me See BEG; INVITE asleep: whikiwung I am asleep; whikiwingan [= from whikiwingwan] I slept, went to sleep; xokiwung he is asleep assemble: e:kiwhlaw [=I nger things together] I gather (rewood), collect (things), assemble (people) together; ekixolaw he gathers (people) together, collects a crowd astray: tingiwha:wh Im getting lost, going astray; tinginyahwh get lost! go astray!; tingwe:yay I got lost; tiwwinyay he got lost, went astray at: -ding at that place, at that time (locative) (e.g., xontah-ding [=house-at (place)] at the house, at home; hay-mede:din-ding [=the-she wants it-at]

6
the place where she wants to go; xoda:nya:-ding [=(sun) went down-at] when the sun has gone down, after the sun has set); whe:-ding [=me-at] at my place, where I am; danandi-ding [=how many-at] how many times?) xw at, around, in that direction (locative, mainly used in fossilized compounds) (e.g., da:ydi-xw [=where?at] at what place?; to:-xw [=water-at] at the river; whije:y-xw my heart-at in front of me, the front part of my body; na:tini-xw [=trails (leading) back-at] Hoopa Valley, i.e., where the trails lead back) at that time: hayah-de [=there-when] at that time (in the future); hayah-dung at that time (in the past) attack: xwe:diwliw theyre attacking them, coming to challenge them to a ght; xwe:dohleh attack them (you warriors)!; nehediwiliw they attacked us. See also FIGHT; KILL attention, pay: miqeh-nawhay [=after it-I carry it around] I mind it, heed it, pay attention to it; miqehnunga mind it!; miqeh-na:asa he minded it; whida-qeh-na:asa [=my mouth (i.e., words)-he minded] he minded me, paid attention to me; xodaqeh-nunga mind him! hayixwo-niwhsin [=in that way-I think!] I pay attention; hayixwo-ninsing pay attention!; do:hayixwo-cho:ne he doesnt pay attention; hayixwochondehsne he paid attention audible: naytsung there is a sound (noise; sound of animal; echo) is heard (in the distance); naywintsan there was a sound, something was heard a:kine-tsiw people are heard audience: yatehsen they are looking on, watching, being spectators; yate:ngen they looked on aunt: whinqay my maternal aunt, mothers sister wha:dichwing my paternal aunt, fathers sister authentic: xoch (or xoji-) true, authentic, genuine (e.g., xoji-kya [=authentic-dress] traditional Indian dress) automobile: a:da:-nahits [=by itself-it runs around] automobile, train avoid: whiwung-a:dixudya:n [=concerning me-he is ashamed] he is ashamed around me, avoids me, is on bad terms with me awake: See WAKE UP aware: chixoniwh he is awake, aware, conscious, has feeling (in his body); xowhniwh I am awake; xwe:niwh-ung are you awake?; chixowe:niwh he became awake kixoniwh awareness, feeling (in the body); whikixoniwhe the feeling in my body, my awareness of things. See HAPPY away, run: tingilah (or tinginah) run away! run off and get lost!; xowun-tiwiwha:t I ran away from him; tingwila:t (or tingwina:t, tiwwina:t) he ran away

7
away from: whikya:-ching [=away from metowards] away from me; mikya:-ching away from it whe:nisah far away from me; me:nisah far away from it; e:nisah far away from each other (e.g., xontah-me: nisah house-far away from it) whiwah apart from me, separated from me, at a

AWAY FROM/AXE
distance from me; iwah (or niwah) apart from each other, separate mitah (getting) away from it, escaping from it, (standing) apart from it; itah (or nitah) separated from each other, apart See also DISTANT axe: mi-chohwul [=with it-one chops] axe

B
babble: chidilwa:wh they are talking, conversing,
chewing the fat; chidiwilwa:wh they talked, entered into conversation; wundilwa:wh they are talking, conversing about it. See also TOLOWA baby: qun-isla:n [=recently-it was born] newborn infant mijee:din probably from mije:y-e:din its mind-is lacking baby, child xixiy baby (boy) whiwhxiy my baby boy, son baby basket: xe:qay cradle, baby-basket ( See Goddard, L&C p. 52 & Plate 21, gure 1.) miche:kexw-na:nintik [=around its belly-it stretches across] the string which loops back and forth on a babys belly in the baby-basket baby blanket: See BLANKET baby, have a: mijee:din-xwa:-na:aste [=baby-for him-she carried it around] she had a baby for him bachelor: See UNMARRIED back: whe:neq my back; in back of me whije:-miching [=opposite my breast] my back, at the middle of my back whingkine or whingkin the small of my back whitse:king [=my head-base] back of my head See also BACKBONE back and forth, move: xina move it back and forth!; chixinay he moved it back and forth back, go: See RETURN back of house: xontah-me:neq (or ming-kine:xw) [=ming-at the base] at the back of a house ( Ming, or min- is an archaic word for house used only in compounds. See also DOOR; ENTRANCE; EXIT; MENSTRUAL HUT; POLE; SMOKEHOLE.) back, to the: mita-ching [=its buttocks-towards] the back, rear, tail-end of something; stern of a boat backbone: whe:ntsing whe:ne tsing [=my spine bone] my back, spine ma:ningay it reaches for it (or me:ningay [=it extends along against it, leans against it] backbone of salmon with meat attached backstrap: miyehcho its (sturgeons or eels) backstrap or string kiixun-me:ne:q-nintik [=deer-behind it-what stretches down] deers backstrap backwards: na:ta backward bad: do:-niwho:n [=not-good] bad, unlucky, no good nichwen it is bad, bad-looking, ugly, dirty; chinchwen he or she is bad, ugly; niwinchwen it got bad, spoiled; chiniwinchwen he or she became ugly; nichwin-ching [=bad, ugly-side] on the left to:-nichwen [=water-bad looking] rough water; bad luck e:wa:k too bad badly: nichwing-xw (or do:-niwhong-xw) badly, in a bad way (e.g., nichwingxw-a:whte Im unwell, not feeling good) bag: See SACK bake: de:diiw [=he puts (dough-like object) into the re] he bakes (bread, cake, etc.); dediwiniq he baked it; de:diwiiq [=(dough-like object) that has been put into the re bread, baked goods ] baking powder: mitah-a:ie:n [=amongst it-someone scatters it] a powder used as a leavening agent in making baked goods (such as quick breads) that consists of a carbonate, an acid substance, and starch bald: xwe:daay-nije:n [=his head-shines] he is bald Bald eagle: o:q-ya:n [=fish-eater] Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) ball: jiwol ball, round object kijiwolch (or gijiwolch) [=little round thing] ball; round object bang: na:nitsong hit, bang against it!; na:ne:ytson I banged against it bank (of river); mis cliff, bluff, riverbank nuqit (or naqit) (coming) by land, (travelling) along the bank of the river (as opposed to travelling by boat) to:-xw (or to:-ding) [=water-at] at the river bankrupt: do:wile [= from do:-wile not-it is enough] (he) is poor, weak; do:we:se:le I came not to have enough (money), went bankrupt; do:wehsle he went bankrupt bar: na:qit gravel, river bar na:qi(t)-ta:nga:ding [=gravel-extending into the water] gravel bar in river bar, to tend: xontana:n-mi-wakitiwh [=liquorwith-it is served out] (tending) bar barbecue: inyeh-kyaawh [=in the ground-he puts (some round object)] he barbecues something by burying it and building a re over it; inyeh-kingawh barbecue it!; inyeh-kiwinga:n (or inyeh-kinga: n) he barbecued it xong-ching-kiniwhnoy [=re-toward-I stick things up] I barbecue (sh, meat) by roasting it on spits around a re; xong-ching-kinino barbecue on spits!; xong-ching-kine:no he barbecued on spits

9
barber: nakide:s [=he cuts someones hair] barber

BARBER/BEAST
basket, handle a: wiwhtil [=Im carrying (a long
object) along] Im carrying (an empty basket) along; yuntiwh pick up (an empty basket)!; yawinta:n he picked it up; nawhtin Im carrying (an empty basket) around; na:asten I carried it around (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) basket, weave a: kiwhtoy Im weaving (a basket); yakitoy they are weaving baskets; kise:ton I wove a basket; yakiston they wove baskets basketball: jiwolch-nakitsil [=ball-he throws it around] basketball basketful: a-xe:l a basketful, one basketload basketmaker: hay keito [=the one who weaves (habitually)] a woman who weaves baskets basketry roots: See ROOT bastard: tintah-tsisla:n [=in the woods-he was born] illegitimate child, bastard bat: xute-na:mat [=at night-it aps around] bat bathe: nawhme Im swimming, bathing; na:yme I swam; nawime he swam na:xome bathe him! give him a bath!; nawhiwime he bathed me bathroom: me-chena:wh [=in it-one goes outside] outhouse, (inside) bathroom che:wha:wh [=Im going outside] Im going to the bathroom, Im going to the toilet; cheninyay he went to the bathroom bathtub: me-tehna:nakidiw [=in it-one washes up] (modern) place for washing; bathtub, washroom bay tree: See LAUREL be: a:whte I am (such and such) (e.g., niwhongxwa:whte I am well; kite:taw-a:whte I am a doctor); a:ninte (or a:nte) you are; a:unte he is; unte it is; aniwehste he came to be, became (such and such) beach: to:-no:nga:-ding [=water-where it extends to-place] beach, shore to:-ding water-place beach, shore beads: nakidilyay [=something made to go around (neck)] necklace of shells or beads kiwidchwiq beads (etc.) that have been strung on a line. See also SHELLS beam: See POLE beans: na:det-nehwa:n [=pine nuts-they resemble] beans (modern) bear: sa:ts common (black) bear (Ursus americanus) mikyow (or mikyowe) grizzly (Ursus horribilis) bear grass: toh-teh [=grass-wide] bear grass (Xerophyllum tenax) bears paw design: mikyowe-mila [=grizzly bear-its paw] basket design equivalent to the Yurok and Karok striped design See also BASKET DESIGN beard: See WHISKERS beast: See ANIMAL

xa:nakiditsit [=he cuts someones hair] barber bare: See NUDE barefoot: yehchitul-e:din [=shoes-lacking] barefoot, in stocking feet bark (dog): no:kine:yoh it (dog) tells someone to stop (by barking), it barks at something; no:whine:nyo:t it barked at me yikiqung it (dog) barks in deer-hunting ( The peculiar, high, staccato sound made by a dog when he is on the track of a deer.) yikiwingqa:n it barked, started to bark bark (tree): kila:dosche heavy bark of conifers sike:ts thin bark of deciduous trees, e.g., oak; shell (of a nut) bark, peel off: wundichut peel off bark (from a tree or bush whose bark comes off easily); wundiwichut he peeled it off base: mikin at the base of it; mikin-ding (or mikineding) [=its base-place] at the foot of something, at the base of it baseball: jiwolch-nakiwul [=ball-he hits it around] baseball mi-nakiwul [=with it-he hits it around] baseball bat kititsil [=he throws (a rock, ball)] baseball pitcher bashful: a:dicho:whte [=I overpower myself] I am bashful; a:dichowite he became bashful basin: me-kisinto-chichwe [=in it-grease-he gathers] stone basin for catching grease from roasting salmon, eels. See also MORTAR basket: kitoy [=(she is) weaving] weaving; basketry; kiwito:n [=what has been woven] woven (basket), weaving See also terms for specic types of basket: BABY BASKET (xe:qay); BOWL (xaytsa); BUCKET (mito:y); BURDEN BASKET (qaytimi); DIPPER (xunis-chile:n); HOPPER (qaykist); JUMP DANCE BASKET (nawehch); PAN (qaytel); PAN (kiwa:t); PLATE (qayte); SEED-BEATING BASKET (me-kiwul); SIFTING BASKET (mi-kitiwa:t); STORAGE BASKET (je:lo); TREASURE BASKET (je:loch) basket cap: xoji-qosta:n true-hat traditional hat, basketry cap ( Usually worn by women; see Goddard, L&C, p. 20.) basket design: a:kie:n [=marking] basket design (general term). See also terms for specic designs: BEARS PAW DESIGN (mikyowe-mila); ELK DESIGN (e: na:to:n); FLINT DESIGN (niqit-dahsaa:n); FROGS HAND DESIGN ( chahli-mila); SHARP - TOOTH DESIGN ( chahche:nge:t); SLANTING DESIGN (kinilyiw); SNAKE-NOSE DESIGN mik-yowe-mila (tiwh-minchwiwh); STANDING-UP DESIGN (kinehsnoy); STURGEON BACK DESIGN (okyohmiqojine); SWALLOW TAIL DESIGN ( tesjehji-mike ); ZIGZAG ch ah-che:nge:t DESIGN (na:kixolqits)

BEAT/BELOVED
beat: yawhwul Im chopping it, beating it (with an axe,
club, etc.); ya:xosehwa:t I beat him, clubbed him miwu beat against it, drum!; mewiwa:t he beat against it, drummed beat ones wife: kisan he beats his wife up, abuses his wife, hes a wife-beater; kiwinsan he beat up his wife beat time: iwah beat time! rattle sticks! (esp. in the Flower Dance); chiwa:l they are beating time; a Flower Dance is being held; tsiswa:l he started to beat time beat up: chixowiwe he fought him, beat him up; idilwe we are ghting each other, beating each other up beautiful: ningxa-chinehwa:n [=ningxa-he/she resembles] he or she is good-looking, handsome, beautiful beaver: chwa beaver (Castor) chwaay beaver ( Occurs only in the placename chwaay-me [=beaversin], an old village site downstream from xonsah-ding.) because: miching-ding chwa [=towards it-place] because of it, resulting from it; daydimiching [=what?-towards it] why? because of what? become: silen it became; tsislen he became (e.g., whaut-tsislen she became my wife); se:len I became (e.g., kite:taw-se:len I became a doctor); ileh-ne you must become, turn into (something)!; eiliw it always becomes (something) bed: kiste:n bed kiteh spread out a mat, blanket! prepare a bed!; kisehte:l I spread it; kiwilte:l [=what is spread out] mat, traditional Indian bed; na:kiteh spread (the blanket) again! make the bed!; na:kisehte:l I made the bed bed, go to: na:ntiwh lie down again! go to bed!; nanehste:n he went to bed; na:ne:se:te:n I went to bed; na:whte I want to go to bed (back to bed) bee: tsisnah bee (general term) xontah-yayliwh [=house-they watch it, keep an eye on it] bumblebee beef: midexole:n-mitsing [=cow, cattle-its meat] beef beer: miwowh-tina:wh [=its foam-moves along] beer beet: kiqade-tse:lnehwa:n [=willow root-red] beet beetle: chwun-kitima:s [=excrement-it rolls it along] dung beetle tehjung small black water beetle, said to be poisonous xochin-tse:t [=toward him-farting] a small black beetle ichin-tse:t [=towards each other-farting] alternative name for xochin-tse:t to:me:qonje large river beetle

10
befall: niltsit [=it falls (hither)] it comes to someone before: dongqa before (e.g., dongqa-yixa before-it
dawns;dongqa-kiwinyanya:n-na:na:ndet-dung [=before-people-came down to earth-in the past] before the time people came to live on the earth) do:-...-dung [=not (yet) in the past] before..., until... (e.g., do:-owhtsid-dung before I understood it) meeh turning away from it, turning back before reaching it before eyes: whina: before my eyes, in my presence, in my sight; xona: before his eyes beforehand: minah beforehand, ahead of time, in advance (e.g., minah-a:chilaw beforehand-it is done, prepare) beg: kyodidxit he is begging for something. See ASK kyungxowhtiw Im begging for food, Im bumming; kyungxotiw he begs for food, he is a beggar, bummer; do:-kyungxowiltiw-heh dont beg for food! beggar: kyungxotiw he is a beggar, bummer begin: chidung at rst, to begin with; chidun-ding in the rst place, at the beginning behave: chiniwho:n he is good, kind, well-behaved chiniqiw he behaves well, is nice (old-fashioned term) behind: whe:ne:q behind me, at my back; me:ne:q behind it; e:ne:q behind each other, lined up (each facing the back of the one in front) mino (hidden) behind it, out of sight; whino (hidden) behind me; kino (hidden) behind something, in hiding belch: xa:na:kiwhdigit Im belching up; xa:nakidgit he belches up; xa:na:kiwiwhdigit I belched up believe: wun-nowhtaw I believe it; wun-nontah believe it!; wun-chino:taw he believes it; do:-chino:taw he doesnt believe it; do:-no:ytaw I didnt believe it; noshtah I dont believe it! its a lie!; xowiche:t a lie. See LIE, TELL kyodila:n he doesnt believe it; kyondilung dont believe it!; kyowidlan he didnt believe it bell: kidil [=something that rings] bell belligerent: mehsla:-xosin he is mean, quarrelsome, belligerent belly: whimit my belly, stomach kimide the belly part (in cutting sh), deer tripe xomit-che:nte:t his belly bulges out, he has a pot-belly See also INSIDES belly button: whitse:q my navel, belly button belly-down: yiwi-dimit [=under-bellied] (animal, person) with its belly down, (glass, etc.) with its open end down, (hand) with palm down belly-up: yiduqa-dimit [=uphill-bellied] (animal, person) with its belly up, (glass, etc.) with its open end up, (hand) with palm up belongings: See POSSESSIONS beloved: wiilyo my boyfriend, girlfriend, sweetheart, beloved (as a gift, blessing), it befalls someone

11
belt: mi-xowiloy [=with it-he is tied up] belt bend: titsoh bend it over (limber tree, stick, as for a
snare)!; te:sehtsow I bent it over; tidtsow it bends, is easily bent; chite:ditsow he bent over naqot bend it (e.g., stick, rod)!; na:asqot he bent it. See SNARE bent: nahsqot it is bent over, crooked bequeath: wha:-tahnakislay [=for me-he took them back out] he left them to me, he bequeathed them to me; xwa:-tahna:kiliwh leave them to him! berate: See SCOLD berries, eat: iwhdi Im eating small objects (such as berries) one by one (as I pick them); childil hes eating them one by one; chiwilde:the ate them one by one berry: isqo:ts berries (general term); blackberries (Rubus vitifolius) See also other terms for specific berries: ELDERBERRY (chiwhowh); GOOSEBERRY (kiqos and dahchwing); JUNIPER BERRY (xehjuq); PIGEON BERRY (kingonqots); RASPBERRY (qukyoht); SALAL BERRY (kinadiday); SALMONBERRY (daxa:te); SERVICEBERRY (miqikildil); THIMBLEBERRY (wundaawh) beside: mingwah (or mingah, miwah) at the edge of it, bordering it, beside it, (lying) next to it (e.g., xonteh-mingwah at the edge of the at, clearing (placename); xohke:diminung-miwah-na:-xohkit [=seventy-beside it-again-seven] seventy-seven (and in all similar numeral formations)). See APART whingxits beside me, close to me, near me; mingxits beside it; kingxits beside a girl, woman, sweetheart See also ALONGSIDE bet: iy bet, stakes, prize (e.g., miiy-kiwilchwe:n the bet-has been made, set) bet, call a: xwe:kiliwh [=move your hand against him] call his bet!; whekiliwh he calls my bet; me: kine:ylay I called the bet between: mituq between (e.g., kide-tuq between the horns); mituq between them (things); xotuq between them (people); nohtuq between us; kituq between some things, in a narrow place between, to dance: xotuq-cheninyay [=between them-she goes out] for a woman to dance between two male partners; a feature of the Brush Dance beyond: mitis (moving) over it, beyond it (e.g., ninisa: n-mitis-wa:nandiwinde:t they went over the mountain, beyond the mountain) miwina (passing) around it, beyond it (e.g., miwina:-xee:na:t (dog) ran off beyond it) bicycle: a:di-na:kitul [=by oneself-one kicks around] bicycle big: nikya:w it is big, large; niwhkya:w Im big; chingkya:w he is big; wingkyah it is getting big nitsa:s it is big around, thick (like a stick); niwhtsa:s Im big around the waist

BELT/BLANKET
-kyoh big... (sufx) (e.g., qawh-kyoh [=yew-big] redwood) big, be so: ukyow it is so big, as big as (something) (e.g., ting-ukyow it is very big) big house: xontah-nikya:w [=house-big] the Sacred House, church, at Takimiding (Hostler Ranch) ( The Jump Dance both begins and ends at the stone terrace (minday) in front of the Sacred House at Takimiding, where a re is tended by the dance leader.) bigfoot: tintah-kiwungxoya:n [=out in the woodsold man] Bigfoot, forest giant in local folklore bird: kiya:wh [=small one] bird (general term) kiyach [= diminutive form of kiya:wh] small bird birds mythical: titaw-iqay [=it oats in the airwhite] mythical bird ( Its wings are said to scatter Indian money.) yiniw-na:lton [=in the ground-it jumps] a mythical bird with spikey wings

birds, unidentied:

xahtiwhge bird of some kind na:xoltsa [=it soaks down into the ground] a variety of small bird, towhee birth, give: kichwe [=she makes something] she gives birth; kischwen she gave birth; yikischwen it (animal) give birth, had a litter, whelped xo-xitinaw [=with her-it moves] the unborn child moves in her, she starts feeling she is going to give birth; xo-xitehsnan (or xo-xitehsdinan) the unborn child has moved in her bitch: inche bitch, female dog. See FEMALE bite: diwhxuts Im biting something; xodilxuts bite him!; chidiwilxuts he bit something; yehwhidiwilxuts it (e.g., insect) bit into me diwhqos I bite off (something brittle, crunchy); de:qots I bit it off bitter: chilxun it is bitter, sour; chilxun-tseh it tastes bitter; michilxune its bitterness black: iwhin something is black; widwhen it turned black dilwhin blackish, dark-colored; diwilwhen it turned blackish: See also DARK black (person): mining-iwhin [=its face-is black] (or kining-iwhin [=the face-is black]) black person, Negro black oak: See OAK blackberry: isqo:ts wild blackberry (Rubus vitifolius), berries in general blackbird: mikiqotse-ma:a [=elk-its lice] blackbird (Brewers blackbird) bladder: whilije-me-saxa:n [=my urine-in it-it lies contained] my bladder blanket: te blanket (general term for both traditional and modern blankets)

BLANKET/BODY
xoji-te [=true-blanket] traditional deerhide blanket, tanned with the fur left on sahbiley-te [=sahbiley-blanket] baby blanket made from cottontail rabbit skins ( The word sahbiley is apparently from Yurok copeley rabbit skin blanket, in turn probably borrowed from California Athabaskan (some language other than Hupa) chah-bile cryingcover, i.e., baby blanket.) nahxa-le:n [=two-le:n] large (and valuable) blanket made from two (deer)hides sewn together; a double blanket blanket, throw a: iwhut Im throwing, shaking, opping (a cloth, blanket); sa:ut I threw it; nowhut Im throwing (a cloth, blanket) down (spread out); nongut throw it down! drop it!; noningut he threw it down; nawhut Im waving, opping (a cloth, blanket) around; na:asut he waved it around; sidut (cloth, blanket) has been thrown at blasphemy: tingxine:wh [=speaking out of place] blasphemy; words or actions that are against the rules, particularly during religious dances blaze: kidnot it (re) blazes; kite:dinot it started to blaze; ya:kidnot it blazes up (in the air), ames up, ashes bleed: tse:wiling it is bleeding; tse:wehslen it bled blind, hunters: ke:w-wung-wilmen (?) [=hidden-forit is built] blind for hunting ( Only in Merriams notes.) blind: xona:e:din [=from xona:-e:din his eyes-are lacking] he is blind, a blind person; whina:e:nden [= from whina:-e:nden my eyes-they became lacking] I became blind; xona:iding [= from xona:-iding his eyes-make them be lacking!] blind him! blind: See HEADDRESS blink: iwhtan I inch, jerk away, duck, blink; intung duck!; chiwintan he inched, ducked blister: mekitimowh a blister is forming; mekite: mo:wh blister, a blister (which) has formed blood: tse:lin blood; tse:wiling it is bleeding; tse: wehslen it bled bloom: kida:y it blooms, it is in ower, a ower; kiwinda:y it bloomed blossom: See FLOWER blow: iwhyo:l Im blowing; iyoh blow!; sehyo:l I blew; na:xoniyoh Im blowing at him; na:ne:yyo: l I blew at it (candle, to extinguish it); xee:wiyo:l he blew it away. See SWEAR blowy: See FLY blue: itsow something is blue, green; widtsow it turned blue, green ( The traditional Hupa did not distinguish between blue and green.) bluebird: kiyach-itsow [=small bird-blue/green] bluebird (Western Bluebird) bluejay: kistay-chwing [=kistay-sort] jay, bluejay (Cyanocitta) specically Scrub jay

12
yiduq-dahwina [=it keeps alighting and ying up] jay, specically Stellars jay tse:y-mitahxw-na:daa kistay-chwing [=brush-amongst it-it sticks its head (tail-up)] jay, specically California jay bluff: mis cliff; bank tse:-sigya:s [=rock-(which is) broken] the bluff upstream from Willow Creek blunt: dichwil its dull, blunted (knife); ke-chwil [=tail-blunted] bobbed tail. See TAN HIDE board: isch board, plank ( Rough-hewn with a stone adze, usually from a cedar, although redwood was sometimes used. Planks were used primarily in the construction of houses.) boast: meniwitil he is proud of it, he talks proudly about it, boasts; me:ninti be proud of it! boast! kinahsni passing in front of someone ( Refers to warriors in the War Dance boastfully dancing in front of the line of enemy dancers; (e.g., kinahsni-naqot in front of someone-they move around with poles, poke poles around, i.e., they dance opposite the enemy with trophies on sticks.) boat: medil [= from me-nadil in it-they travel] (traditional) canoe, (modern) boat wiwhqe:l [=I shove (a stick) along] Im paddling a canoe, going along in a boat; nuqeh [=shove (a stick) around] paddle a canoe around! go around in a boat!; na:asqe:t he paddled it around See also SHOVE OFF; LAND Boat Dance: ta:atul [=they kick it in the water] the Boat Dance, a segment of the White Deerskin Dance which is performed on canoes in the river; tawita:t they started the Boat Dance hun-qeh-chidilye [=river-along-religious dance] White Deerskin Dance, specically the Boat Dance boat, get out of: tahna:asdiyay [=he came back out of the water] he got out of a boat, disembarked bobbed tail: ke-chwil [=tail-blunted] bobbed tail bobcat: mindich bobcat, lynx mimina:tul-jiwol or mimina: tul-jiwol-ch [=its paw, foot(print)-round-(diminutive)] a second name for the bobcat body: whiniste my body (material substance, as opposed to whina: mindich taw my spirit, immaterial substance) ( Whiniste is the part of me that will go to Heaven or Hell after my death; whina:taw is the part of me that will stay behind to haunt people.) whixa:qe the frame of my body, my skeleton xo:a:adyaw (dead) body, corpse

13
body odor: whikyo:n my odor, body odor boil: kidmut (water) is boiling; kiwidmut it came to a

BODY ODOR/BREAK THE RULES

boxer: kyo:ohkis [=he hits at something] boxer boy: kile:xich boy before puberty. See BROTHER (YOUNGER)

boil; xa:kindimut it boiled up out of something kimehch boil it! cook it by boiling!; kisehme:ch I boiled it; kiwilme:ch boiled (meat) boil (on skin): wichich (someone has) a boil; wehchich I have a boil xa:kiwinyay [=what has erupted] boil, skin eruption, something pufng up iwhoh I have boils; chiioh he has boils; we:ow I got boils. See SCAB bone: whitsin (or whitsing) my bone, leg kiwiltsots [=what is sucked] sh bone book: a:kiwilaw [=it is marked, written] writing, book border: mingwah (or mingah, miwah) at the edge of it, bordering it, (lying) next to it (e.g., xonteh-mingwah at the edge of the at, clearing) born: isla:n (the baby) was born, (animal) was born; tsisla:n he was born; se:la:n I was born; qun-isla: n [=recently-it was born] newborn infant; na:asla: n he was born again boss: ningxate:n leader, boss, rich and important person; miningxate:n the boss (of some organization), the leader (of some group) both: nahnine both (persons) (e.g., ya:xosehwe: n-nahnine they killed-both of them); nahxe both things, (in) both ways (e.g., nahxe:-xaa:chilaw in both places-he did so; nahxe:-xoxe both-his feet); nah-xoh in two places, at both places; nah-xowe:-ding located at both places, on both sides. See TWO bother: chwing-xo:whle:l I am bothering him, disturbing him, messing with him; chwing-o:le:l you are bothering it; do:-chwing-cho:wile:l he doesnt bother it bottom: whita my buttocks, rear-end mi-ta the bottom of something whita-ching [=his buttocks-towards] the lower part of my body, my bottom; mita-ching its (animals) hind-quarters, the bottom end of something bough: i limb, bough of a conifer (meile or me:l its (trees) limb, bough) xoji-tsiting bow: tsiting rie, weapon xoji-tsiting [=true-weapon] traditional (sinew-backed) bow bow string: tsitin-toh [=bowstrap] bowstring, made of twisted deer-sinew bowl: xaytsa (modern) dish, bowl; (traditional) mush basket (Goddard, L&C, p. 29, and Plate 25, gure 3.) me-sakixawh [=(from) in it-one spoons into ones mouth] eating bowl, basket me-chiwa:t [=in it-one shakes] small bucket or bowl for acorn our See also DISHES box: kinche box xoji-kinche [=true-box] an elkhorn box or purse for keeping valuables

me:daay-wilchwil [=its hair-is growing] boy at puberty qun-chiwilchwil [=newly, recently-he is growing] adolescent boy, male teenager boyfriend: See SWEETHEART bracken: me:me:hch or me:me: [= from me:me:-ch fern-small] bracken (fern) braid: tsehchito:wh she braids (her hair); tsehintohwh braid it!; tsehse:to:n I braided it; tsehtsisto:n she braided it; xwe:daay-tsehna: wito:n [=her head, hair-braided again] (or xotsehsto:n) her braided hair (wrapped back of ear with a buckskin tie) kimina:tul [=somethings paw, footprint] braid used for fringes of apron (tsung) See also HAIR brain: whitse:iqe [=my head dough] my brain branch: mikya:ngay [=its arm] limb, branch (of any tree) i limb, bough of a conifer brave: xoje:-tilte [=his mind-is strong] he is brave, a brave person bread: de:diwiiq [=(dough-like object) that has been put into the re] bread, baked goods ( Originally made from acorn mush. Goddard L&C p. 29; Curtis p. 13.) de:diwiiq-ixun baked goods-sweet cake, cookies, pastries kitust-de:diwiiq acorn bread sisil what is hot fry bread break: igyahs it (stick, tree limb, object) is breaking, breaking off; sigya:s it broke, it has broken; igyahs break it! (tree limb, stick, object) break it off!; sehgya: s I broke it; tsisgya:s he broke it break apart: na:kixa:ch it (e.g., hair) hangs loose, something is broken apart, disarticulated (e.g., a broken sh); ixahch break it apart!; chisxa:ch he broke it apart break into pieces: yungwung break it to pieces!; ya:se:wa:n I broke it to pieces; ya:aswa:n he broke it to pieces break off: imich break it off, pull it off (string, grass); we:mich I broke it off diwhqiwh I break (e.g., a tree limb) off at the fork; chidiwiqiwh he broke it off at the fork idus break it off (branch, leaf, string, tip of plant)!; tsisda:ts he broke it off break the rules: ninisa:n-chwinda:atiwh [=world-he spoils it (living being)] he spoils the world, breaks the rules, does something sacrilegious; ninisa: n-chwindawite:n he spoiled the world milah opposite to it, in a contrary way; na:-milah [=again-opposite to it] opposite to it (e.g., na:milaha:chidyaw [=opposite to it-he does it so] he does things in a contrary way, breaks rules)

BREAK WIND/BUCKEYE
break wind: iwhtseh Im breaking wind, farting;
chiwintse:t he broke wind; do:-chitse:t dont break wind, no farting! breast: whije:xw at my breast, in front of me whitso: my (womans) breasts, milk whitahdiye my chest, breast breastbone: whije:ginje my breastbone (the cartilage above the pit of the stomach) whije:xw breath: whe:ch (or whe:che, whiyech) my breath, breathing breathe: na:tiwhdiye:wh Im breathing; na:tindiyehwh breathe!; natidye:wh he breathes; na:te:sdiye: wh (or na:te:sdiye:ch) I breathed, took a breath; na: natehsdiye:wh (or na:natehsdiye:ch) he took a breath again, he got his breath back brick: tse:-e:diwh [=rocks-put together] bricks bride: no:na:whte:se:yay [=to settle (elsewhere)-going off] bride bridge: na:kiniwilte:l (or na:kine:lte:l) [=(long object) that is laid across] bridge na:ningay it extends across bridge, anything extending across a gap tse:lishche-na:kine:lte:l [=metal-bridge] steel bridge bridle: misah-me:q-silay [=in (horses) mouth-inside it-it (rope) lies] bridle bright: nije:n it is bright, shining; wijen it got bright, shiny; xowijen (the weather) brightened up bring: niwhawh Im bringing it (e.g., stone); ningawh bring it!; chininga:n he brought it; na:ndaawh bring it back!; nanida:n he brought it back (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) brisket: kijiwe:xo-sita:n [=at somethings breast-it lies there] brisket (of deer) ( Forbidden for women to eat.) brittle: ongqots it is brittle kiqots it is brittle, crunchy, crackling; kiwingqots it snapped off, made a crackling sound See also ELK broad: nite:l it is wide, broad, spread at; niwhte:l I am broad (across the chest, hips); chiwinteh he became broad broken: sigya:s it (stick, tree limb, object) is broken, broken off na:kixa:ch something is broken apart broom: mi-choxotichwo:k [=with it-one sweeps] broom mina:xodisow with it- one scrapes, brushes broom. See BRUSH (FOR SWEEPING) brother: whikil my younger brother whingwoch (or whingoch) my older brother xotishche her brother, his sister (i.e., his/her sibling of the opposite-sex) xoing his/her companion, brother, cousin iing brothers (cousins) to one another brother-in-law: whiqe:y my brother-in-law whichichinay my (womans) sisters husband,

14
after the death of my sister; my husbands brother, after the death of my husband ( There was an expectation that an unmarried woman would be married by her xochichinay, although it was not a rule.) brow: whina:do:se my eyebrows brown: jung-nehwa:n [=muddy water-it resembles] it is brown diltsow orange-colored, brown, the color of summer deerhide brush (for sweeping): mi-e:na:tsow [=with itthey are swept together] brush for sweeping up (acorn) our ( Cf. Goddard L&C, p28: She (i.e., woman at grinding) has a brush at hand to sweep up scattered meal and to brush it from the mill when she has nished. This brush is made of bres taken from the sheath of the bulb of soap-root, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, bound with buckskin. About 6" long with reddish bristles.) me:chwilchwo:k brush used to sweep acorn our (older term) brush, bush: tse:y brush, bush xodita:n [=(place) which is thick] brushy place xonchwen [=(place) is bad, ugly] there is lots of brush, its a brushy place kitahxw [=amongst something] in the brush, up in the brush brush dance: xon-nawe [=re-he carries it around, waves it around] Brush Dance (general term); rewaving medicine xonnawe:-whing [=Brush Dances song] Brush Dance songs mi-yehkitul [=with it-they kick it in] or miyehchina:wh [=with it-they enter] a heavy or slow song at the Brush Dance miqeh-me:na:kiwiltiw [=following it-they sing] a light or fast song at the Brush Dance kima:w-chichwe [=medicine-she makes] medicine-maker or formulist at the Brush Dance xoqeh-naway [=following her-she goes] the girl who accompanies the medicine maker (kima: w-chichwe) at the Brush Dance buck: mixoosday [=its man] male (of any species) mide-xole:n [=its horns-there are plenty] buck deer or elk ( Archaic usage; now ordinarily used for cow, cattle.) bucket: mito:y any basket large enough to cook in; (modern) pot, bucket ( Goddard, L&C, pp.28, 41:2, and Plate 15.) me-chiwa:t [=in it-someone shakes] small bucket or bowl for acorn our buckeye: la:whe buckeye (Aesculus califonica) ( Found only in the mountains to the south of Hupa territory, at the head of Redwood Creek and on the Trinity above Salyer. The large nuts were pounded and leached like acorns. Believed to be a food of the pre-human immortals (kixinay).)

15
buckskin, tanned: dichwil tanned deerhide, leather,
buckskin bug: See INSECT build: iwhmen Im building (a house, fence, etc.); iming build it!; sehmen I have built it; tsismen he built it build a re: e:nawhliwh [=I am putting (several things) together] Im building a re; e:nanilay he built a re; e:nawilay re that has been built iqung build a re!; sehqan I built a re. See ROAST bulb (of plant): qus bulb, root bulge out: che:nte:t (soft abby material) bulges out, ops out (as when squeezed) (e.g., xomit-che: nte:t his belly-is bulging out) bulge up: kyo:mo:t it bulges up (lump or knob on ones body, hill, mound, etc.); kyo:wimo:t it has bulged up bull: michwoq-xole:n [=its testicles-there are plenty] bull bull pine: na:det pine nuts; digger pine, bull pine (Pinus sabiniana) bullet: dinday bullet. See ARROWHEAD bullhead: sintil sucker; bullhead bullsnake: yiniw-na:way [=in the ground-it goes around] bullsnake, gopher snake (Pituophis melanoleucus) bumblebee: See BEE bump: kyo:mo:t [=what mounds up] bump or knobby place on the esh kiqojin (or kijiqon, kiqonjin) bumps, unevenness (on the skin) bun (hair in a): wiloy-wa:kyaa:n hair dressed in a doughnut shape bunch grass: tohch [=grass (diminutive)] bunch grass; lawn grass toh-qa [=grass-qa] type of bunch grass toh-mach [=grass-mach] type of bunch grass burden basket: qaytimi burden basket ( Goddard, L&C, p.27; Plate 22, gure 1.) chwich menawe or me-chwich-chichwe [=in it-rewood-someone gathers] large burden basket, used for carrying rewood ( Goddard, L&C, p.41; Plate 22, gure 1.) na:amohwhich small burden basket with a handle, like a purse or suitcase diltsow-mekiwul [=summer deerhide-seed beating basket] summer deerhide seed-beating burden basket ( Seed-beating baskets were not made of hide, but of basketry. Hide baskets are only used in stories. If you go to places where there is an old camping ground, youll run across a man-eater called tohkya-te:n [=someone who wears a grass dress]. She has a leather seed-beating basket.) burn: wilil (re) is burning; te:lit it burned, started to burn; na:wilit it burned up, got burned

BUCKSKIN, TANNED/BY ITSELF, ONESELF

kitinit start a re! start it burning!; kite:sehit I started a re; nunit burn it!; nawinit he burned it Burnt Ranch: tse:nin-ding (or tse:n-ding) [=rock mountain-side place] Burnt Ranch, principal village of the Tsnungxwe and Chimariko ( The name refers to Ironside Mountain (tse:ning) across the Trinity River from the village.) burn incense root: ma:-de:diwhawh [=for it-I put (round object) into the re] I burn incense root (angelica) in the re and pray (at a ceremony); ma:de:dingawh you burn incense root and pray!; ma:dediwinga:n he burned incense root and prayed burst: kimut something bursts, a gun goes off; kiwidmut it burst, water boils kimut burst it! bust it up! (with your hands)!; kisehmut I have burst it bury: iwhchway I bury it, cover it with dirt; xonchwa bury him!; chiwinchway he buried it; yaxowinchway they buried him; kichwa [=something that is buried, covered with dirt] grave noxoschwen [=they made him out of sight] they buried the corpse

bush (types of):

kintits a type of bush, with fuzzy owers tohxotawe willow bushes growing along the river bushtit: See CHICKADEE business: wun-xole:n [=concerning (things)-there is plenty] business, affairs busy with: wun-naway [=for that purpose-he goes around] he is busy with it, works on it, is occupied with it; wun-na:asyahe was busy with it; wun-nadil they are busy with it, are occupied with it butcher: nasiwe he butchers (one animal); nasehwe: n he butchered it; nasiwa:-a:unte (or nasiwe:a:unte) he is a butcher nawa:n he butchers (several animals); nawinga:n [= from nawingwa:n] he butchered them. See KILL See also DRESS MEAT butter: miqit-kiwiiw [=on top (e.g., of bread)-it is smeared] butter buttery: kidiwische [=something that blows on the wind] buttery buttocks: whita my buttocks buy: owhxe:t Ill buy it, Im buying it; kyongxeh buy things! shop!; o:yxe:t I bought it; cho:wingxeh-te he will buy it; o:dxe:t it has been bought nawhay [=I carry (round object) around] I have it (e.g., stone), own it; naay he has it; na:ya I came to have it, acquired it, got it, bought it; nawinga he came to have it; na:nawinga he came to have it again, bought it back (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) by itself, oneself: a:da for ones own benet, by oneself, by itself (e.g.,a:da:-na:aston by herself-she danced; a:da:-natits [=by itself-it runs around] automobile, train)

C
cache: xayching-mina:kiwilchwe:n [=wintertime-things that are put away] things put away for winter use cake: de:diwiiq-ixun [=bread-sweet] cake, cookies, pastries kiiwh small round cake made from ground grass seeds (archaic term) California jay: tse:y-mitahxw-na:daa [=brushamongst it-it sticks its head (tail-up)] California jay; tse:y-dahna:daay [=brush-it upends (in it)] another term for California jay. See BLUEJAY calf: midexole:n-misxiy [=cow-its young (diminuative)] calf whilo:qe [=my calf] the calf of my leg call: xongwhe give him a name! call him by name!; cho: whe he names it, has a name for it; chixo:ngwhe he named him, called him by name; dixwe:di-cho:ya: whe [=how-they name it] what do they call it? what is it called call (animal): a:diwung-na:niwhdaay Im calling it (e.g., dog) back; a:diwung-na:nidaa call it back!; a:diwung-na:adaa he called it back. See INVITE call (a bet): xwe:kiliwh [=move your hand against him] call his bet!; whekiliwh he calls my bet; me: kine:ylay I called the bet called, to be: ulye it is called (such and such); daxwe: di-a:nolye [=how-you are called] what is your name?; John a:wholye my name is John, I am called John calm: na:sixun-ding place where the water is still camas: qos camus (Camassia esculenta) camp: dun-tsisday [=(in) springtime-he stays there] shing camp kixahs-wun-tsisday [=snaring, hunting-for-he stays there] hunting camp e:na:wilay [=res are built] the camps or res where food is served and people stay overnight during the White Deerskin Dance camp, move: nawhying Im moving (camp, residence) around; na:se:ye:n I moved around; ninyiwh move here!; chininye:n he moved here; na:ndiyiwh move back here!; na:undiye:n he moved back here; na:ninyiwh move across (the river)!; na:yaninye:n they moved across; tinyiwh move off, away!; te:se:ye: n I moved off can (apples, berries, etc.): no:kingxa:wh [=one puts it down in a container] candy: See CAKE

cane: tits cane, walking stick, staff

kitsa:y-xotitse [=red-tailed hawk-his cane] a cane used to keep rattlesnakes away ( A stick which has had a medicine formula said over it. The red-tailed hawk is considered to be the rattlesnakes enemy, having taken all the rattlesnakes inland from the coast.) cane, walk with a: kitiwhtits Im walking with a cane; kite:sehtits I walked with a cane cannibal: xoniste-ya:n body-eater cannibal, killer canoe: See BOAT cant: do:-xoling [= adverbial use of do:-xole:n there is none] it isnt possible, one cant, one shouldnt (e.g., do:xolin-na:whda:wh I cant come back; do:xolingidichit its impossible for us to die; do:xolin-te: siwhen I couldnt look) daw-sho its impossible! (slang exclamation); daw-sho-tseh I cant do it! (I feel that) its too hard for me ( These words are said to be of the people who lived at tseeh-chiqot, a place to the east of the mouth of Mill Creek.) cantalope: diqa:n-me:ninge:t [=ridges-are stretched along it] cantalope, muskmelon canyon: tse:-me:q [=rocks-inside (of them)] canyon xayah-me [=shing claim-in it] canyon near Sugar Bowl ( The canyon between Sugar Bowl and the Willow Creek valley. The First Salmon Ceremony was performed here in the spring by the people of xahslinding.) cap: qosta:n (modern) hat, cap xoji-qosta:n [=true-hat] traditional hat, basket cap ( Usually worn by women; see Goddard L&C, p. 20.) xoji-qosta:n mininding-dahdiwingay [=at the face-it extends above] or mininding-che:ngay [=at the face-it sticks out] (modern) cap, with bill, baseball cap captive: kina:kil [= perhaps from kina:-kil capturedboy] slave, debt-slave; kina:kil xosehchwen I made him a slave capture: kixowhnay I capture him, he is my captive; kixona capture him!; kiwhinay he captures me car: See AUTOMOBILE cards: xoji-king [=true-sticks] traditional gambling sticks, Indian cards yima:ndil-mikine [=white people-their sticks] modern playing cards See also SUITS; ACE

17
care for: See LOOK AFTER carefully: xodzi-kyoh [=well-big (diminutive)] carefully, thoroughly (e.g., chixosehwe:n-xodzikyoh he beat her up-thoroughly, he killed her/him) carrot: kiqude-nehwa:n [=a willow root-it resembles] carrot, or kiqude-xong-nehwa:n [=rootcolored like re] carry along: tiwhawh Ill carry it (e.g., stone) along; chite:sa:n he or she carried it along (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) carry along: nawhay Ill carry it (e.g., stone) around; na:asa he carried it around (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) cartilage: whije:-ginje my breastbone (the cartilage above the pit of the stomach) mining-ginje the cartilage in (a shs) head cask: kin-na:lma:ts [=wood-encircled] storage cask ( Made out of split mock-orange sticks.) cat: bo:se common house cat (from English pussy) catch: ikit catch it (in your bo:se hands)! grab it!; yikit it (animal) catches it (with its claws); kikit he catches something sheriff, policeman; chixokit he caught hold of him yitse:k it (animal, bird) catches, grabs something (in its claws); yiwintse:k it caught it catch fish: iwhxawh Ill catch fish (in a net); chiwingxa:n he caught sh (in a net) chiwingwha:l he caught sh (with a hook and line), he hooked sh catch, to play: yititsil baseball; play catch catch up: xwe:naxeh catch up with him! overtake him (on trail, road)!; xwe:na:nehxe I caught up with him, overtook him; kisdiya:n-me:nanixe [=old person-he caught up with] he went ahead of an old person (on a trail) cattail: tohtse cattail, tule, at tule (Typha latifolia) cave: yehkyaa:n [=hole into something, penetrating through something] den, animals cave, hole tse:-yeh [=rocks-under] cave, hole dug along the river for catching and holding sh tse:-me-yehkyaa:n [=rocks-in-hole into] cave cedar: ixun-nichwin sweet-it smells Incense cedar xodisto:n() White cedar, Coast cedar, Port Orford cedar ile-te:l [=(its) boughs-are wide] red cedar celery: sulkyoh (or sukyoh) wild celery ( Resembles a sunower; grows on Trinity Summit.) me:niwinche Indian celery ( Different from sulkyoh; about 6 inches high, with yellow owers.) center: mine:jit in the center, in the middle of it ninisa:n-ne:jit world-middle in the center of the world ta:ne:jit in the middle of the river

CARE FOR/CHEWING GUM

center man: nakyaaw or mine:jit nakyaaw [=the
singer] the center man in the line of Jump Dancers ( This is the leader of the dance. Despite the name, the nakaaw does not himself sing; the two dancers on either side of him do the actual singing. The nakaaw leads the singing and dancing with verbal commands and movements of his nawehch (ceremonial basket).) mine:jit-tsisye:n [=in the center of it-he stands] nontechnical term for the center man in the Jump Dance ceremony: See RELIGIOUS DANCE certain: do:-un:ng [=not-it is not] (e.g., not negligible) it is certain, it isnt questionable; do:an:ng na:wiltsit he did (indeed) fall down chair: miqiesday [= from miqit-tsisday on it-he stays there (originally he sits)] (traditional) stump-like stool for men; (modern) chair me-naadiwich [=in it-one wiggles oneself back and forth] rocking chair chairman: miningxate:n [=its headman, boss] the chairman, chief, leader (of a council, organization) charcoal: tewh charcoal; coals chase: mingwiwhyo:l or miwhyo:l Im chasing along, driving (animals, e.g., horses, cattle); chimiwingyo: l he is chasing them along; chiwhiwingyo:l he is following me, stalking me; mintingyoh chase them! follow it!; chiwhintiyo:t hes following me; chiwhintehsyo:t he followed me; kintiyo:t it chases, stalks (deer); kinte:se:yo:t I chased the (deer); na:xoniwhyo:t Im chasing him around; na:whiningyoh chase me!; na:xone:se:yo:t I chased him; nawhintehsyo:t he drove me away chat: o:q-chwo [=salmons grandmother] mockingbird or nightingale,chat (Yellow-breasted Chat) ( Comes up the river in May along with the rst spring run of king salmon.) chatter, converse: chidilwa:wh they are talking, conversing, chewing the fat; chidiwilwa:wh they talked, entered into conversation; dilwa:wh (animal) makes a noise, talks (e.g., chahl dilwa:wh the frogs croak) cheap: mine:gits [=a little bit] its cheap cheek: whise:tol (or whise:tot) my cheeks cherry: ningxosge cherry, chokecherry (Prunus sp.); ningxosge-nehwan [=cherry-it resembles] cherry plum chest: whitahdiye or whije:xw my chest, breast chew: iwhul Im chewing it; ingu chew it!; chaul hes chewing it; chiwinga:t he chewed it chewing gum: chaul [=one chews it] chewing gum (modern); xoji-chaul [=true-chewing gum] traditional chewing gum, made from dandelions (also called chaul) or milkweed (dina) cooked with sugarpine pitch

CHICKADEE/CLEAR
chickadee: tintah-xixe:x [=in the woods-kids]
chickadee, bushtit (Parus gambeli, Mountain chickadee; P. rufescens, Chestnut-backed chickadee; and Psaltriparus minimus, bushtit) chicken: jikin chicken (from English) chicken hawk: See HAWK chief: miningxate:n [=its headman, boss] the chairman, chief, leader (of a council, organization) child: chiwhxiy young person, child xixe:x children, kids kitse:y (or tsitse:y) the youngest child in a family chimisqiyits small baby ya:misqiyets little ones, ya:misqiyets children. See BABY Chimariko: yinahchin [=coming from upriver] Chimariko, Upper Trinity River or South Fork people, also Tsenungxwe and Wintu qultsahsn Indians from Weaverville, i.e., Wintu (Archaic term) chin: whiwe:da [= from whiwe:-da my we:-mouth; and whiwe:tse my jaw, -we:- is an old term for jaw, now used only in compounds] my chin. See JAW Chinese: me:daay-ne:s [=its head (i.e., hair)-is long] Chinese person xotse:tiwa-ne:s [=his hair bunched up at back of head-is long] Chinese person chinook salmon: chwulo:qe Chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha) ( Large king salmon that follow the silverside salmon (xulo:qe) in the spring run.) chinquapin: kila:jonde-ch [=hazel nuts (diminuative)] chinquapin nuts, chestnuts chipmunk: sulxose:ge chipmunk (Eutamias) chisel: iwhtiwh Im chiseling something; sehtiwh I chiseled it; kiwhtiwh Im mauling off a plank, driving it, splitting (slabs, shingles, etc.) with a wedge or chisel; kisehtiwh I mauled it off; mi-kitiwh [=with it-he mauls off] chisel choke: kiniwhniw Im choking on something; kinilneh choke on it!; kine:sniq I choked on something; yakinehniq they choked on something xoqoskinding-nowhchwit [=at the base of his throat-I lay my arm] I choke him; xoqoskindingnonchwit choke him!; whiqoskinding-noninchwit someone choked me chop: yawhwul Im chopping it, beating it (with an axe, club, etc.); ya:aswa:t he chopped it; ya:xosehwa: I beat him (with a stick, club, etc.); ke:kiwu chop it down! chop it off!; ke:ke:ywa:t I chopped it down church: je:nahching-me-yaxine:wh [=upward-in it-they speak (pray)] church (Christian)

18
church, Indian: See BIG HOUSE cigarette: te:lma:s [=rolled up] cigarette
whiwa:kintiwh [=move (a specic stick-like object) toward me!] give me a smoke! (cigarette, pipe, cigar); xowakinta:n he gave him a smoke. See TOBACCO cinch: miche:ke-xwo-silay [=its (horses) gut-at-it (rope) lies] cinch (on a horse) intiloy he cinches it up, tightens the cinch on a saddle; intiloy cinch it up!; inte:se:loy I cinched it up circle: nahsma:ts it is round, circular, looped around. na:mus-xw (or na:mis-xw) in a circle, around (e.g., kiwidits na:masxw no:nawhliwh [=rope- in a circle - I lay (rope) back down] Im coiling a rope) kitimats put them in a circle! circle them around something!; kite:sehma:ts I have put them in a circle; tse:-kite:lmats-ding [=rock-put in a circleplace] a circle of rocks on top of a mountain; a place where Indian Doctors train mina:kiwiltik (string) is stretched around it, encircles it; mina:kisehma:ts I made a circle around it circular: na:sma:ts round, circular, hoop-shaped civet cat: xolje:-xich [=skunk-spotted] (or xoljeh-ch) civet cat; small spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis) civet: See RING TAIL clam: tehnehsnoy [=they stick out xolje:-xich (in peaks) in the water] clams, mussels clamshell: xositsmil mussel, clam, or abalone shell (used as spoon by women) clap: nila-e:kimat [=your hands-slap them together] clap your hands!; xola-ekiwimut he clapped his hands. See SLAP claw: milakets its (front) claws. See FINGERNAIL claws, catch in: yitse:k it (animal, bird) catches, grabs something (in its claws); yiwintse:k it caught it claws, scratch with: yititse:k it (animal, bird) scratches, claws something; xotintsek scratch him (with your nails, leaving a mark)!; xote:se:tse:k I scratched him clay: ehch-ma clay, grey-blue colored dirt. See GREY clean: a:dinin-na:kideh wash your face!; tehna:nakiwidiw he has washed it, cleaned it (with water) na:kiwhla:wh I clean (dirt, sand) off of it; na: kilahwh clean it off!; na:ke:la:wh I cleaned it off; na:kiwidla:wh it has been cleaned off clear: xonwho:n [=(place) is good] it (area, space) is clear; there is a clearing yo:-niwitson it (sky, weather) cleared up

19
cliff: mis cliff; bank
mida:-qit [=its lip-on] on the edge of (the river); riverbank climb: me:siwha:wh Im going up, climbing (a hill); me: se:yay I started up, climbed (a hill); kesina:wh hes climbing up along something, climbing a ladder, going upstairs; ke:isyay he climbed something; kesindil they climb something clip (bullets): me-na:kiwilwe:l [=in it-one stores things] clip, magazine (with bullets) clock: me-widwa:l [=in it-it beats time] clock; meno:nundiwa:t [=in it-it strikes (the hour)] clock strikes the hour (e.g., a-me-no:nundiwa:t its one oclock) naykisdi [=it rings again, rings repeatedly] clock close: xunding it is close, near by; xa:nden it got close; xawinden he got close; de:di-xunding close to here; whe:xunding close to me; me:xunding close to it (e.g., xontah-me:xunding close to the house) whixehsta:n-ding close beside me, within my reach whiwa:n close to me (archaic term); whiwa: n-ch [=close to me-(diminuative)] closer to me (archaic term) close: See SHUT cloth-like object lies: sikyo:s it lies there (e.g., a blanket, cloth, thin fabric) cloth-like object, handle a: chiwikyo:sil he carries it along (e.g., a blanket, cloth, thin fabric); yakyohs pick up (the blanket)!; yawikyo:s he picked it up; nawhkyo:s Im carrying (a blanket) around; na:askyo:s he carried it around (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) clothes basket: me-no:namil [=in it-one throws things back down] clothes basket cloud: ah cloud yiwiki (cloud, fog, smoke) moves along; yehyiwiki (cloud, fog, smoke) rolls in clover: toliwh type of clover saliwh wild clover, watercress, edible greens of any sort na:xosche type of clover dingqoch sour clover club: ya:xowu beat him (with an axe, club, etc.)! club him!; ya:xosehwa:t I clubbed him ( Kroeber and Barrett 1960:30.) ke:daay-mi-chiwe [=a shhead-with it-he beats it up] shing club clubs: isqa:q [=clubbed, clumped] clubs (suit in playing cards) bo:se:-mixe [=cat-its paw] another term for clubs clump: mino:kischwan it (plant) is growing in a clump or bunch coal: tewh-iwhin charcoal-black coal coast: to:-no:nga:-ding [=water-reaches to thereplace] the edge of the ocean, beach, coast

CLIFF/COME IN
coat: miqit-chichiwch on top of it-he puts it on coat, put on: inchiwh put it on (coat, dress)!; we:
chiwh I put it on; nawinchiwh he put it on again; nunchiwh wear it (coat, dress)!; na:se:chiwh I wore it cockeyed: xona:-dehslin his eyes-ow out he is cockeyed coffee: tana:n-iwhin [=water-black] coffee nakilqich [=parched] old term for coffee (refers to roasting of beans) ka:whe coffee (from English) coil: numats coil it! put it in a circle!; na:sehma:ts I have coiled it; na:lma:ts something coiled up, a hoop cold: siquts it is cold ; siwhquts I am cold ; winqats it (thing) became cold, is becoming cold xosquts it (weather) is cold; xowingquts it (weather) got cold tosquts [= from to:-siquts water-(which is) cold] spring (of cold water), cold water kisiwhdile:y Im freezing, chilled to the bone; kisdile:y hes freezing; whila-kisdile:y my hand is frozen; kisiwhdile:-tseh I feel cold, freezing asyah (or isyah) its cold! (exclamation) cold (in the head): See COUCH collapse: kixut it collapses, drops (e.g., deadfall, house); kingxut it collapsed collarbone: whinakidilyay [=my necklace] my collarbone collect: e:kiwhlaw [=I nger things together] I gather (firewood), collect (things), bring (people) together; e:kilah gather them!; ekilaw he gathers them; ekixolaw he gathers (people) together, collects a crowd; ekiwilaw he has gathered them; e: nakiwilaw he gathered them up again (after they had been thrown away) coltsfoot: tso:-mi-chiye:wh [=(on the) breast-with it-one rubs] coltsfoot (medicinal herb) ( Women rub this ower on their breasts while nursing to insure a steady ow of milk.) columbine: wiqis-kiyiq [=on one side-a hollow tree] wild columbine (Aqurlegsa truucata) ( A small yellow or orange ower.) comb: mi-chaadimil [=with it-someone combs, brushes] long-toothed Indian comb of elk-horn comb, brush: chaa:nadimi she is combing her hair [=she throws herself back out; she cleans herself by throwing (e.g., lice) out] based on che:-na-mil [=she throws things back out]; chaa:na:dine:me: t I combed my hair come: chinehsyay he came, arrived, ninyahwh come!; chininde:tdo:t they arrived, nohdi come (you all) come in: yeinyawh come in!; yehchiwinyay he came in, entered xa-xontah [=okay!-house] come in coat, jacket

COME TO/CORPSE PURIFICATION MEDICINE

come to: niltsit [=it falls (hither)] it comes to someone
(as a gift, blessing), it befalls someone come to nd out: de:di-d [=this here-(surprise)!] come to nd out..., it turned out that... command: -ne (you) must... (hortatory particle, command) (e.g., kinyun-ne you must eat; digyung sinda:-ne here you must stay) common, ordinary: ah-xw [=once-at] merely, just, only, (in an) ordinary (way) tehqit-yadilye [=on the ground-religious dancers] ordinary dancers in the Jump Dance ( They are called tehqit [=on the ground] because when the dancers sit down between sets only the three center men have stone seats; all the other dancers must sit on the ground.) companion: whi-na:dil [=with me-they go around] my companion whiing my companion, buddy, cousin compensate: See PAY; BUY computer: See TYPEWRITER concerning: wung concerning it, about it (in phrases): daydi-wung [=what?-concerning it] why? for what reason?; whiwung-a:dixudya:n [=concerning me-he is ashamed] my enemy; wung-xowidilik [=concerning it-what has been told] a story about something, an account of something conuence: e:l-ding reduced from e:wilin-ding [=they (streams) ow together-place] conuence, where two streams come together (specically, where the Trinity and the South Fork join, near Salyer) conifer: chime:-chwing [=chime:-kind] pine, conifer (general term for cedar, pine, r) chime:-ya:wh [=chime:-young] sapling of a conifer chimehch [=small chime ] small conifer nisking (or isking) tall, straight conifer (esp. one without low chime:-chwing branches, such as Douglas fir, Yellow pine) conscious: chixoniwh he is awake, aware, conscious, has feeling (in his body); xowhniwh I am awake; xwe:niwh-ung are you awake?; chixowe:niwh he became awake kixoniwh awareness, feeling (in the body); whikixoniwhe the feeling in my body, my awareness of things; whikixoniwhe-do:xole:n [=my feeling-is not] I am numb, have no feeling in my body; whikixoniwhe-do:xohsle I went numb. See HAPPY consider: xowhte I consider him, nd him to be (such); xo:yte I have considered him (such). See FIND constellation: See PLEIADES container lies: sixa:n (or saxa:n) a lled container lies somewhere (e.g., a bucket of water, cup of coffee, lake) (CLASSIFICATORY VERB)

20
container, handle a: chiwixa:l he carries it along
(e.g., a lled container, such as a bucket of water); yungxawh pick up (the bucket)!; yawingxa:n he picked it up; nawhxay Im carrying (a lled container) around; na:usxa he carried it around (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) content: iwhdin Im content, I like it where I am; chiwiden he became content; do:-chidin [=not-he is content] he is lonesome conversation: diywho-wung-xiniwidyewh [=something-about-talking] conversation chidilwa:wh they are talking, conversing, chewing the fat; chidiwilwa:wh they talked, entered into conversation; wundilwa:wh they are talking, conversing about it cook: kiwhnay I cook something, prepare it for eating; kina cook something!; kewina she cooked something; mewina she cooked it (particular thing); ke:lna cooking takimil [=they throw things into water] they are cooking acorn soup; takiwime:t they have cooked acorn soup cook in ground: inyeh-kyaawh [=in the ground-he puts (some round object)] he barbecues something by burying it and building a re over it; inyeh-kingawh barbecue it!; inyeh-kiwinga:n (or inyeh-kinga: n) he barbecued it cooked: kiwinte (or winte) it is fully cooked, ripe, ready to eat; kite its getting cooked, ripe cooking basket: mito:y any basket large enough to cook in; (modern) pot, bucket cooking utensils: chide:-chwing (chide-sort) cooking utensils (baskets, paddles, other implements used in cooking traditional foods) copulate: xowhqeh Im going to copulate with her; xose:qe:t I copulated with her chisixung (or tsisixung) [=she lies there (as a lled container)] she lies back ready to have intercourse cork: yehwiltow [=what is slipped in, put in where it ts] it is corked; jenitow [=he slipped it out] he pulled the cork out corn: ka:n corn (from English) corner: yiduq-e:daa:-ding [=up (where)-it joins together-place] at the corner of the house cornet: See TRUMPET corpse: chindin (or chint) corpse, dead person xo:a:udyaw corpse (polite term) no:na:yaxoawh [=they put him (a round object, like a stone) back down] they lay out a corpse corpse purication medicine: a:dima:nchingnaxine:wh [=opposite himself-he speaks again] the medicine man in a corpse purication ritual ( The medicine man goes about visiting in search of medicine; he talks for the one he visits, repeating his words.)

21
correct: niwhongxwo-owhtsit [=in a good way, well-I
know it] Im right, correct xoch (or xoji-, when before another word) in a moderate, correct way; true, real (thing) cottontail: toh-me:we [=grass-what is underneath it] cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus) cottonwood: tun-na:kidil cottonwood (Populus sp.) cough: xos cough, cold in the head; xos-whiwiwe [=cough-beat me up, fought me] I have a cold chitixos he is coughing; te:sehxos I coughed xunwheh cough it up count: otuq count it!; chotuq he is counting it; cho:tuq he counted it; kyowituq he counted; o: ltuq it is counted; o:nutuq count it again country: de:xwo-tah [=this place-around, among] hereabouts, in this country; kina-tahxw amongst the Yurok, in Yurok country. See EARTH cousin: whiing my buddy, cousin, relative cover: me:kingxut it is covered up, it has a cover on it; me:kixut cover it up! hide it by covering!; me: ke:xut I covered it up; wa:nungkidixut uncover it! take the cover back off it!; wa:nunkidiwixut he uncovered it cow: mide-xole:n [=its horns-there are plenty] cow, cattle mitso:-chitik [=its udder-he pinches] milk cow coward: See AFRAID coyote: xonteh-taw [=the flats-the one that is around, among] coyote (Canis latrans) to:q-nahawh [=they go around in prairies] another name for coyote (not common) crab: tehxa:che (or tixa:che) freshwater crab, crawsh xonteh-taw crack acorns: kiwhdik Im cracking acorns, Im pecking at something; kidik crack acorns!; kisehdik I cracked acorns; mi-kidik [=with it-she cracks acorns] darkish rock, about 8 inches long, used to crack acorns jiwa:kiwhliwh Im cracking acorns open; jiwa:ke: lay I have cracked them open crack: kiqits he cracks it, makes it make a cracking noise; kixolqits it is cracked back and forth; jiqits he cracks it open; je:yqits I cracked it open; je:lqits it is cracked open crackle: kiqits it cracks, pops, snaps, crackles kiqo:n there is the sound of dry hide crackling kigich it makes a crackling sound on being eaten (e.g., carrots or gristle) kiqots it is brittle, crunchy, crackling cradle: See BABY BASKET crane: See HERON cranky: xojesaa:n xoje:y-saa:n [=(in) his mind(something) lies] he or she is cranky, mean

CORRECT/CROSSWISE
dime:n-naay [=sharp(ness)-he carries it around, has it] he is cranky, quarrelsome crash: kidol there is a loud, crashing sound (as of a log falling); kiwindol it crashed; kidol he makes it crash, makes a crashing sound crave: See RELISH; WANT crawsh: See CRAB crawl: naqo crawl around!; na:asqol he crawled around chiwilqol he is crawling along; wilqol it (baby, bug, worm) crawls along; tilqo crawl off! creep off!; te:sqol I crawled off crazy: kidiqits he is crazy, a crazy person; kidisqits he went crazy do:-xwe:xolya:n [=not-he has sense, understanding] he is crazy; do:-whe:xowilyan I got crazy kijil he is crazy, in a daze, out of his mind (archaic term) creak: kike:t there is a creaking, squeaking sound (e.g., a squeaky door); kiwinke:t it squeaked create: sehchwen I made it, created it; chischwen he made it; wilchwe:n it has been made xochwe she gives birth to him, creates him chixolchwe create (the present world), transform the world to its present shape credit: a:-saa:n [=with itself-it lies] it is on credit; adinaawh [=he puts it with himself] he puts it on credit creek: nilin [=(where) it (water) ows] creek, stream; nilini-qeh along the stream, where the stream ows creep: See CRAWL cricket: jeh-ya:n [=pitch-eater] a large greyishbrown cricket, found in the mountains among the acorn groves sikilawh a type of cricket, tiny tree cricket tiwhxa:n-maa:disch [=eel-its ant] a type of cricket xonintse:k (or xoni(n)ke:ts) cricket chirps, chirping cricket, cicada crippled: niwhyiw Im crippled, bent over; chinilyiw he is crippled; kinilyiw [=something crippled] crosshatched basket design crooked: niqits it (road, stick) is crooked, twisted; ningqits you are crooked, twisted nahsqot it (stick, etc.) is bent, crooked crosswise: na:kiningay [=some one thing extends back along] something extends across, lies crosswise; na:kiniwhay I lay it across (arm, leg, stick, board); nakiniwia he laid it across ninge:t [=several things extend along] they lie horizontal, crosswise; niwhe:t I extend them along, lay them horizontally, crosswise (e.g., sticks, poles); chiniwie:t he extended them along, laid them crosswise

CROUCHED DANCE/CUT UP
Crouched Dance: no:yaultsil to dance about
crouched down, the type of dancing performed by the hook dancers (kiwo-me) in the White Deerskin Dance crow: kiwidauchwin perhaps from kiwidau-chwing [=it carries (living things) along-sort] crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos, common crow) kistay-kyoh (kistay-big; kiwidauchwin See JAY) Clark crow (Nucifraga columbiana, Clarks nutcracker) See also RAVEN crow: dine it (chicken) crows; it squeals, buzzes, makes a sound; diwineit crowed; it made a sound crowd in: yehijeh crowd them in!; yehchiwije:w he crowded them in yehidjeh they are crowding themselves in, ocking in; yehwidje:w they crowded in See also PILE UP crowd runs: te:digit it (ock, crowd, herd of animals) ran off; tohdigit (you all) run off!; na:nohdigit (you all) come running back!; na:yundigit we came running back; widgil they are running about crown of head: whitsida the top of my head, my crown crown: See HOOKS crumble: ta:se:ye:wh I crumbled it into powder crunch: chiqos he is cracking (something crunchy) in his mouth; crunching it; tsisqots he cracked it, crunched it kiwot there is a crunching sound (esp. of rocks) crush: iwhye:wh Im rubbing it in my hand (crushing it), Im threshing seeds; inyehwh rub it in your hand!; whinyehwh rub me!; we:ye:wh I rubbed it; tawhye: wh I rub it into a ne powder, crush it up ne; ta:se: ye:wh I rubbed it into powder crutches: mi-na:udiqot [=with them-he pokes himself] crutches cry: chichwiw he (adult) is crying; yichwiw (or chwiw) it (baby, puppy) is crying (e.g., mijee:din yichwiw or mijee:din chwiw a baby cries); inchweh cry!; chiwinchwiw he cried kyatehchwiw he screamed, cried out; kya:tilchweh cry out crying: chweh crying, weeping chweh-xotile [=crying-he relishes] cry-baby

22
cup: See DISHES cupboard: xaytsa-me-silay [=dishes-in it-they lie] cure: xoxiwhnay I saved him, cured him; whixina
save me!; chixoxinay he saved me; naxoxenay she (Indian doctor) cured him, saved him again currant: dahchwing wild currants; scraggly gooseberries (Ribes diverlatum) curse: kido:niwh curse; hereditary disease; kido: niwh na:xosxit [=curse-has touched him] he is affected by a hereditary disease ( The result of an unacknowledged sin in a familys history. It can be cured by an Indian doctor.) See SWEAR curtain: maa:nchitehsin-ding-na:nge:t [=windows-at-they hang] curtains custom: mi-na:saa:n [=with it-it stays] there is a tradition, custom (e.g., diningxine:wh-mi-na:saa:n [=Hupa people-with them-it stays] there is a Hupa tradition) cut: iwhtus Im cutting it; se:tats I cut it; kiwhtus Im cutting, sawing, slicing (with a knife); yuntus cut it up!; ya:se:ta:ts I cut it up; dahkitus he cuts it in two, cuts (e.g., nger) off; dahkinta:ts he cut it in two, cut it off chididow hes cutting pieces (off of meat), hes making a cut in it; nadehdow he cut something; na:xodehdow he cut him iwhqit Im cutting, sawing it (log, stick, meat); se: qit I cut it cut hair: na:xowhde:s Im cutting off his hair; na: whindehs cut my hair!; na:xwe:yde:s I cut his hair; nakide:s someone who cuts hair, barber nitiwhtsit let me cut off your hair!; a:dititsit cut off your hair!; a:dite:sehtsit I cut off my hair; xa: na:kiditsit cut someones hair!; xa:nakiditsit he cuts off someones hair, he barbers cut up: (meat, sh): kinitus cut it up (e.g., venison, salmon) for drying!; kine:sehta:ts I cut it up for drying; kinilta:ts cut-up and dried venison ningkiwhul I am dressing meat, butchering (animal), cutting up (sh); ningkiu dress it!; ningkiul he is dressing it; ningkiwia:t he has dressed it ta:kiwha:l Im cutting (sh) up into pieces (for cooking)!; ta:kiah cut it up; ta:kiseha:t I cut it up cupboard

D
daddy longlegs: tso:kine daddy longlegs dam: noleh [=it (sh) swims to that point] falls, damp: nita:n it is soft, damp; witan it got soft; xota: dance step, types of:
n it (ground) is damp, soggy. See WET waterfall, dam or obstruction in a stream. See FISH DAM naatul [=they stamp about] stamp-dancing, the basic dance step ninsindil a dance step featuring dancing up and down in place; also, modern dance me-nadil [=inside-they go] perform (a dance step) inside a circle of dancers (a feature of the Brush Dance) na:aton [=he makes it jump around] he dances jumping up and down (a general term for the frenzied dancing, as in doctor-training dances) dance: naatul [=they stamp about] they are stompdancing (the basic dance step); ya:atul they are stamping in an Indian dance. See SPECIFIC DANCES dance camp: e:na:wilay [=they are laid together] the open-air camps (where food is served and people stay overnight) during the White Deerskin Dance no:ya:ulxit [=they were swallowed up] they moved their dance camp dance, enter the: yehkitul [=they kick it in] they le into the dance (Brush Dance, Flower Dance) dance, leave the: tahchina:wh [=one comes out of the water, re] (the dancers) come out of the dance, quit dancing; tahtsisyay (dancers) came out of the dance the Jump Dance provides the background for the melodies sung by the two singers in the center of the line.) no:yaultsil to dance about crouched down, the type of dancing performed by the hook dancers (kiwo-me) in the White Deerskin Dance chitul [=one kicks it] the way of dancing at a Kick Dance xotuq-cheninyay [=between them-she goes out] for a woman to dance between two partners; a feature of the Brush Dance niching-ya:ulton [=towards each other-they jump up] to dance towards and past another dancer; a feature of the Brush Dance kinasni-nadil [=in front of it-they go] to dance in front of a line of dancers; a feature of the War Dance mino:awhding practice religious dance, performed to the side of dance area xonnawe:-miwhine Brush Dance songs mi-yehkitul [=with it-they kick it in] (or miyehchina:wh [=with it-they enter]) a heavy or slow song at the Brush Dance miqeh-me:na:kiwiltiw [=following it-they sing] a light or fast song at the Brush Dance xonsi chidilye:-miwhine [=White Deerskin Dances-song] White Deerskin Dance song ( These are sung by a trio of singers, ta:qin-yakita:aaw three men-(who) sing, consisting of a center man who kicks the ground and two helpers, kicho:yane they help, one at each side. Others accompany with hehe and yells of qeh qe:w! Time is kept by stamping. The songs have no words.) xay chidilye:miwhine [=winter dance song] (or ya:xo:awh-miwhine [=jumping-its song]) Jump Dance songs ( Sung by one singer at a time. No words. Time is kept by stamping and raising of Jump Dance Basket.) chitul-miwhine [=kick dance-song] Kick Dance songs xowah-nakitaaw [=alongside them-he sings along] a light or fast song at the Kick Dance mi-no:ondil [=with it-they sit down] a heavy or slow song at the Kick dance kitse:-miwhine [=war dance-song] War Dance songs ( Sung in chorus. A man who has killed a person starts the song, and others join in. They stamp the ground for beating time. Most of these songs are medicine songs.)

dance songs, types of:

dance, types of:

nautul [=they stamp about] ordinary dancing, the basic dance step yadilye [=they do a religious dance] to participate in a religious dance (chidilye) ya:xo:awh [=they leap up] the Jump Dance style of dancing ( The dancers raise their ceremonial baskets (nawehch) in their right hands at the same time as they raise one of their feet (either right or left, sometimes alternately). When the foot is raised almost level with the other knee, the dancer brings it down forcefully. This is done by the line of dancers in unison and in time to the singing.) na:uton [=they jump about] a Jump Dance step ditsik-e:na:yaasow [=unshelled acorns-they scrape together] a dance performed with the ceremonial basket-quiver (nawehch) during the Jump dance ( The low rythmic sound made by the ordinary dancers in

DANCEGROUP PREPARER/DEER
dancegroup preparer: ma:-deidaawh [=for
them-he puts it in the re] man in White Deerskin Dance and Jump Dance who clears the danceground ( He throws incense root into the re and prays for the people.) See PRIEST dancegrounds: chidilye:-ding [=religious danceplace] any danceground at which a religious dance is held nokiwilta:t-ding any danceground at which the White Deerskin Dance is performed tse:-mitah [=rock-its pocket] a dance ground and camping place during the White Deerskin Dance; where the Boat Dance takes place che:indiqotding-mima:nching [=che:indiqot ding-opposite it] White Deerskin danceground across the Trinity from che:indiqot-ding ( A resting camp, not a regular danceground: the two dance divisions camped on opposite sides of the river here, Hostler Ranch people on the west side, Matilton people on the east side during the White Deerskin Dance.) tse:-kiwot-ding [=stones-crunch-place] a danceground on the river bar just to the west of tsilunding, opposite the mouth of Beaver Creek; one of the main dancegrounds for the White Deerskin Dance meisdil-ding [=they always go up-place] a trail to Bald Hill nituq-lay [=black oak-point, hilltop] a place halfway up Bald Hill, where the concluding dances of the White Deerskin Dance are held dancer: tehqit-yadilye [=on the ground-religious dancers] ordinary dancers in the Jump Dance ( They are called tehqit [=on the ground] because when the dancers sit down between sets only the three center men have stone seats; all the other dancers must sit on the ground.) dandelion: chaul [=something that one chews] dandelion; chewing gum ( Dandelions used to be used for chewing gum. They were mixed with sugar pine pitch and put in the re in a pan.) dangerous: niwilgit [=what is feared] it is dangerous kiyo:y anything strange, dangerous, poisonous mushroom dark: chwa:xowil its dark, getting dark; chwa:xowe: t the dark of night; it has gotten dark dilwhin it is blackish, dark; xolwhin (or xoiwhin) it (area, room, outside) is dark, there is darkness, blackness xi dark, murky color See also NIGHT FALLS dart: nadow it (animal) is darting along the road dart: me:chine:s (or me:chinne:s) dart; a type of lizard (Gerrhonotus, alligator lizard) daughter: whiya:che my (womans) daughter whitse: my (mans) daughter daughter-in-law: whiyawhut my daughter-in-law

24
dawn maiden: xoiqaytina:wh-kehtsa:n [=rst dawn: yixa (or yixay) it is dawning, day is breaking
yisxa:n it has dawned, the day has arrived xohiqay-tehsyay [=whiteness-goes along] the rst light of dawn showing in the sky day: je:nis day; a-je:nis [=one-day] all of one day, all day, all day long jingkyoh-ding daytime; jingkyo:wit during the day yisxa:n it has dawned, the day has arrived; nahdiysxa:n [= nahding-yisxa:n twice-it has dawned] (it lasted) two days, two days passed de:di-ding [=this here-place, time] nowadays, these days, today daybreak: See DAWN dead: do:-xoosday [=not-a man] dead person (polite term) a:yawine:l he has passed away (polite term) site:n it (animal) lies there dead; tsisite:n he lies there stunned, dead (like an animal); chiwite he fell over dead chiwehswa:t he lies there (like a log that has been thrown down), dead or unconscious See also CORPSE; DIE; KILLED deadfall: miqit-kixut [=on it-it drops, collapses] deadfall trap (for sher); also bird trap (popularly called gure 4) death: ungxo-a:kiting [=in many ways-it happens] death takes place (polite term) do:-niwhongxw-a:kite:n not-a good way-what happened death (polite term) See also DIE death, wish someones: xonoxine:wh he overpowers him (with words), talks bad luck into him, wishes him to death; whino:xiniwinye:wh you have overpowered me; do:xoling-xono:xine:wh it isnt possible to overpower him decay: See ROT; SPOIL deceased: nein used to be, former, deceased (e.g., whima:lyo-nein my former friends; whichwo:-nein my late grandmother) deep: xonsa:t [=it is far in the ground] it (water) is deep; xonsah-ding [=water is deep-place] where the water is deep (old village site in Hoopa Valley); xowinsa:t it got to be deep deer: kiixun [=something that tastes good] deer (general term), specically blacktail deer (Odocoileus hemionus); venison dilqiwh-kyoh [=forked-big] big forked-horned (deer) a-kitiyawh [=one-herd moves along eating] a herd of deer
dilqiwh-kyoh

light (of dawn) shows-girl] Dawn Maiden

25
deerhide robe: te [=blanket] (or xoji-te [=trueblanket]) traditional deerhide blanket or robe, tanned with the fur left on ( Worn loose around the waist by dancers in the Jump Dance. It is not tied on, but its ends are grasped in the left hand.) deerhide stretching frame: miqit-kixa:l [=on it-someone stretches it deerskin stretching frame]

DEERHIDE ROBE/DIFFICULT
dentures: chindin-miwo [=corpse, skeleton-its teeth] depart: See LEAVE descend: xohchiwinyay he came down off a ridge;
he went down the bank (to the river); xohnahdi come back down, you guys! design: See BASKET DESIGNS, TATTOO DESIGNS desire (sexual lust): diwhdiniwh I have sexual desire, I lust for women, have an erection; chidehniwh he has sexual desire; chide:winiwh he has gotten sexual desire. See WANT demand: See ASK despite: -heh despite, even if (e.g., hayi-heh despite it, anyway, even so; kehniwh-heh even if it thunders, despite the thunder; chiwikidi-heh even though they got hold of me) dessicated: witsa:y something (e.g., plant) that has dried up, desiccated destroy, spoil: chwinda:atiwh he spoils, destroys, befouls it; chwindawite:n he spoiled it devil: See INDIAN DEVIL devour: niyeh eat it up!; chinehya:n he ate it up, devoured it; ne:lya:n its been eaten up dew: dahto: dew, there is a dew; dahwinto: dew has fallen diagnose: xoqit-chite:ngen an Indian doctor is tracing on someone, acting as diagnosing doctor diamond: to: nehwa:n-kiqits [=obsidian-sparkling] diamond diamonds: dime:n [=sharp] diamonds (suit in playing cards) diaphragm: whichingah-na:lma:l [=in front of me-it is stretched(?)] my diaphragm diarrhea: itsow-whiniste-yehkinyo:xw [=something blue/green-my body-it pours into] diarrhea dice: tseimut from [= tse-kimut, stone-slapping] womens dice game ( One player slaps her hands together with shells between them, then drops them.) die: dahxo:a:chidiyaw [=in some way-he did it] he died (commonest euphemism) chiwinje:w he died, passed away (polite term) chichit he died (direct term; very impolite). See DEATH different: midiwa different from it, moving on to another from it; xodiwa different from him, moving on past him (e.g., midiwa:-a:de:ne [=different from it-she said something] she mentioned something else, she went on to talk about another thing; whidiwa:cheningyay [=moving on past me-he came out] he passed me on his way out) yo:-chin-tah [=there-towards-among] here and there, in different places difcult: me:tsah-chixosin he is a difcult person to get along with, rebellious, wont take advice; ke: tsah-xowhsin Im difcult, rebellious false teeth

deerhide, types of:

kixa:l [=what someone stretches] freshly skinned (deer) hide diwa:n untanned deerhide (dried and ready for tanning) dichwil tanned deerhide, leather, buckskin diltsow [=orange-brown] summer deerhide ( Summer deerhide is thinner and easier to cut up, and is thus more highly prized.) te (or xoji-te) deerhide robe or blanket, tanned with the fur left on ( A deerhide robe is worn loose around the waist by dancers in the Jump Dance. It is not tied on, but its ends are grasped in the left hand.) deerhoof: kixulo a (deers) hoof, deer-hoof rattle used by doctors (dried deer hooves, tied around a stick or bone) deer lick: kinunq deer lick

deerskin:

kiixun-iqay [=deer(skin)-white] (or dilxich-iqay [=spotted skin-white]) white deerskin ( Ornamented and displayed on a pole during the White Deerskin Dance.) dilxich-dilma:y spotted skin-grey type of deerskin (grey deer) deer snare: kixas deer snare (set to catch deer) (archaic term) defecate: iwhchwing to discharge feces from the bowels; Im going to defecate, chiwinchwen he defecated delicious: ixun-tseh it tastes good demand: See ASK den: yehkyaa:n [=hole into something] den, animals cave, hole dentalia, Indian money: xoji-nahdiyaw [=truemoney] or xoji-mikyo:xe:t [=true-money] dentalia, Indian money ( The traditional term was nahdiyaw, now generally used for modern money.In order to be valuable, dentalia shells had to be long enough to reach from the base of the nger to the last joint, one and a half inches or longer. They were usually incised, strung on necklaces, and kept in special elkhorn purses.) xoji-nahdiyaw midach small dentalia shells, too small for money, used for decorative necklaces o:wita:ts [=cut into, incised] midach that has been incised (like nahdiyaw) but not used as money iqay-winte [=white-always] plain white dentalia

DIG/DO
dig: xakiwhe he is digging a hole (e.g., well, post hole);
xakiwingwhe he dug a hole; xa:kiwidwhe-ding [=hole has been dug-place] the area around Norton Field where there was extensive gold-mining activity xa:nawinchway he dug it up xawinsow he dug it up; scooped it out digger pine: na:det pine nuts; Digger pine, Bull pine (Pinus sabiniana) dime: tsitungyehts [=the little thin one dime] diminuative: -ch (or -ji) little, tiny, dear, in a small or gentle way (diminutive sufx, sometimes changed to ts, -dzi) (e.g., diniwh-ch small manzanita; qaytimich small burden basket; me:daay-wilchwili-ch [=its hair-grows-(diminutive)] boy just beginning puberty; me:daay-wiltsili-ts small boy just beginning puberty; iwunin-ts [=alone-(diminutive)] all alone, all by oneself) dip: yawingxa:n [=he raised up (a lled container)] he dipped up water (in a glass, dipper) yehkimil she is dipping out (water) into (containers) See also DIP NET dip net: kixa:qich [=A-frame net (diminutive)] small dip net ( See Goddard L&C, p. 25; Curtis, p.15, and illustration between pp. 46-47.) mi-no:owul [=with itkixa:qich one throws (a net) down] dip net, plunge net ( Probably equivalent to kixa:qich.) nowhwul [=I throw it down] Im throwing a dip-net; noniwa:t he threw a dip net iwhxa:wh [=I handle it (a lled container)] I catch (sh) with a dip net; chiwingxa:n he caught it; kiwhxa:wh [=I handle something (a certain lled container)] Im pulling a dip net to shore; kiwingxa: n he pulled a dip net to shore dipper: xunis-chile:n [=xunis-people treat it like (xunis is an archaic word originally meaning canoe)] dipper basket ( Goddard, L&C, Plate 15, g 1, and Plate 25, gure 2.) qayte:l-miking-xole:n [=plate-handle-there is plenty] open work basket with a handle, used to dip rocks out of the re for cooking dirt: nin dirt, earth, ground chwing lth, dirt nin-tse:lnehwa:n [=earth-red] red dirt ichiwh sand, sandy dirt dirty: nichwen it is bad, ugly, dirty; chinichwing he is making it dirty chwin-chiliw he is dirty, gets dirty; chwin-se:len I got dirty; chwin-siling-xolung its all dirty! ulush (or ilush) its dirty! its nasty! (exclamation of disgust)

26
disappear: idah it (e.g., ice, fog) is melting away,
dissipating, disappearing; isdaw it melted, disappeared; kisdaw (or na:kisdaw) they (fish, eels) vanished, stopped being caught; kyo:dah let the sh stop coming do:-xoliw [=not-it becomes plenty] it is disappearing; do:-xohsle it disappeared, it has gone, it got used up; do:-xohsle-te it will disappear, it will be gone disbelieve: kyondilung dont believe it!; kyowidilan he did not believe it discharge: xis pus, discharge, infection whina:-tse:te [=my eye-glue] discharge from my eyes disease: kichint disease, sickness kichint-tehsyay a disease, epidemic is going around See also CURSE disgust: ulush (or ilush) its dirty! its nasty! (exclamation of disgust) dish: kisinto-kiwa:t [=grease-pan] wooden dish on which meat was served ( Goddard L&C, Plate 16, gure 1.) me-kisinto-chichwe [=into it-grease-someone makes, puts] stone dish for catching oil of cooking eels or sh dishes: me-kya:n [=in it-one eats] plates, cups and other things one eats from xaytsa (modern) dishes; bowl; (traditional) mush basket me-sakixawh [=(from) in it-one spoons into ones mouth] eating bowl, basket dismount: nadiwidyay he got back off (horse), dismounted disperse: tahsyay the group went off, dispersed (each to his or her own place) (e.g., hay kixinay tahsyay the immortals went off, each to his own place) dispute: kituq-naway [=between-he goes] gobetween, mediator, one who settles a dispute distant: See FAR distribute: xowtiliwh he distributes them (e.g., regalia) to them dive: tehiliw [=It swims off (underwater like a sh)] It dives into the water; tehileh dive into the water!; tehwe:liw It dived in; tehchiwiliw he dived in; tehwidliw diving divide: mine:jit-dahna:ke:ta:ts I cut it in half jiwhkil Im splitting it, tearing it in two divorce: whaut-no:na:xonehte:n [=my wife-I put her back down, I put her back where I found her] I left my wife, divorced my wife; no:naxonite:n he divorced her, she divorced him dizzy: niwil dizziness, drunkenness; xoniwil-na:way [=his dizziness-moves around] he is dizzy, half drunk do: awhniw I am doing it, acting thus; ayneh do it!; ate:n he is doing it; a:te:n it is doing it; a:ting

27
(somebody) doing things (e.g., a:ting-xosehchwen I made him do things); a:diniw we do it; ahneh do it (you all)!; a:yate:n they do it; awhdiyaw I did it; undiyah-te you are going to do it; a:udyaw he did it; ahdiyaw it did it; a:ydiyaw we did it; ahdiyaw you all did it; a:kidyaw what has happened; awhne:l Im doing so (right along); awine:l he does so (right along) a:winiw the doing of it, how it is done (e.g., kiwinyanya:n-mia:winiw people, Indians-their way of doing it, i.e., the Indian way of doing things) awhe:n I do it, make it, accomplish it; a:ue: n he does it; awhlaw I did it; ullaw you did it; a: chilaw he did it; awhleh let me do it!; ulleh do it!; a:cho:leh let him do it!; a:wilaw it is done, made, accomplished. See WRITE, MARK a:xowhe:n I do it to him, treat him thus; awhie:n he does it to me; a:xowhlaw I did it to him; a:niwhleh let me do it to you!; a:whiwilaw what is done to me, my way of being treated daa:nawhe:n Im undoing, untying, erasing it; daa: na:chilaw he undid it; daa:nulleh undo it! doctor: kima:w-chichwe [=medicine-he makes] an herbal doctor, modern medical doctor; the person who recites the formula and prepares the medicine in the Brush Dance kite:taw Indian doctor (general term); sucking doctor See SUCKING DOCTOR, TRACING DOCTOR, TA:N DOCTOR doctor (in training): te:wing [= from te:wi-n uncooked, raw-person] a novice Indian doctor, one who has not yet been fully cooked by the Kick Dance. See KICK DANCE Doctor Dance: xo-chidyen [=with him- ?] the dance that an Indian doctor performs before sucking out a pain ( The doctor stands in one place and dances in an easy fashion, not lifting her feet but exing her knees and sweeping her right hand scoop-wise, palm up, sometimes with a pipe.) Doctor Dance, Dance: xo-indiying dance the doctordance!; xo-wiwhdiyen I danced the doctor-dance doctoring songs: kite:taw-whing [=sucking doctors-song] sucking doctors training song ( These are given to a doctor by the kixinay in dreams. Accompanied by slow stamping. Some of the songs have words.) kite:taw whing mi ke:diwiday sucking doctors doctoring song ( These have no words. The doctor sings while the patients people help with stamping.) dodge: nawhdow Im dodging something, I jump back out of sight sneakily; nudoh dodge it!; whina:udow he dodges me, acts furtively so as to escape from me na:uwis he is dodging around; na:uswis he dodged around See also LURCH

DO/DOUGH-LIKE OBJECT LIES

doe: miwhxex-xole:n [=its children- there are plenty] doe
mitsumesto:n [=its woman] female (of any species)

dog: no:kine:yo:t [=what

tells someone to stop (by barking)] dog ing dog, pet animal, horse o:q-ma:a [=salmonits lice] special term of dog that must be used during no:kine:yo:t White Deerskin and Jump Dances dog salmon: da:jahl Dog salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) ( Small salmon that runs in the late fall.) dogwood: dahma: dogwood (Cornus nuttalli) doll: na:ne:l-ch [=(what) there is playing (with)(diminutive)] doll dollar: a-nite:l [=one-it is at, wide] one dollar (refers to silver dollar coin); da:la dollar (from English) dont: do- ...heh (with verbal noun) no ...-ing (ever)! dont ever ...! (e.g., do:-kiwidyani-heh no eating! dont ever eat!; do:ta:dnani-heh no drinking!) door: no:na:witse [=what is shoved back] door (modern door, or sliding door of traditional living house), gate ( The door of the traditional living house was a small plank that slid up and down on the inside of the circular entrance hole. Goddard L&C, p.13 and Plate 2.) min-sowo [=min-throat] the round exit door of a sweathouse ( A round or oval opening located near the oor in the back of the sweathouse. Goddard L&C, p. 16-17; Curtis p. 12): For min- see BACK (OF HOUSE) door, close: no:nuntse close the door!; no:nanintse he closed the door door, come to: midaninyay [=he came to its mouth] he came to the door (but didnt go in) (old word); mida: na:undiyay he came back to the door door, open: na:tintse open the door!; nate:tse he opened the door; na:te:witse it (door) is open dotted: xa:lde:t it is dotted up (as in face-painting) double: nahding twice, double nahxa-le:n [=two-le:n] large (and valuable) blanket made from two (deer)hides sewn together; a double blanket doubt: wung-kilah-xokyun-na:way [=concerning it-doubt-inside him-moves] he or she is doubtful, suspicious do:-chino:untaw he didnt believe it; do:-no:ytaw I dont believe it kyowhdilung I dont believe it; kyowidlan he doubted it, scoffed at it; xowung-kyondilung dont believe him! See also SUSPICIOUS; WILD dough-like object lies: siiq a dough-like, mud-like object lies somewhere (CLASSIFICATORY VERB)

DOUGH-LIKE OJBECT, HANDLE A/DRESS, WEAR A

dough-like object, handle a: wiwhe:l Im carrying a dough-like object along (e.g., a lump of dough, a piece of mud, a rotten apple); yuneh pick up (a doughlike object)!; yawiniq he picked it up; dedieh he puts (dough) into the re (to bake); dediwiniq he put (dough) into the re; de:diwiiq [=(dough-like object) that has been put into the re] bread, baked goods (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) dove: ma:yo mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) xonsi-chwiw [=(in) summer-it cries] another name for the mourning dove (Dove was a great gambler. He used to gamble all winter. Once while gambling, someone told him his grandmother was dead. He said there would be plenty of time to cry next summer, and kept on playing. When summer came he cried for his grandmother, and we hear him crying e:wa:k whichwo alas! my grandmother! every summer.) down: ninching down to the ground (e.g., ninchingkyo:ychwit I pointed downward) yitsen downhill, down towards the stream down (of bird): miwa its (animals) fur, (birds) down mitsisge: its (e.g., ducks) ne feathers, down down (slope of the river): xoda:- down the slope, down to the river (verb prex): xoda:una:wh he is going down (to the river); xoda:nawidyay he went back down down: no:- down to a position of rest, to a limit (verb prex): nongawh put it (e.g., stone) down (in a resting position)!; noninga:n he put it down; no:ninyahwh quit going! go to there and stop! thats as far as you go!; no:ne:yay I quit going; noningyay he quit going; no:wilin it (water) ows to there (i.e., the head of a stream) downhill: yitsen downhill, down towards the stream yisinching coming from downhill, coming up from the stream, coming from the west; yisinchin [= from yisinching-ni coming from the west people] Blue Lake Indians yise:nching [= from yitsen-e:n-ching downhill-side-toward] on the downhill side, towards the stream, towards the west xo-da:- downhill (verb prex): xodana:wh they go down the hill; xodawinyay he went down the hill; xoda:nawidyay he went back down the hill (after having gone up); xodawinde:t they went down the hill downstream: yide downstream yida:ching coming from downstream; yida:chin [= from yida:ching-ni coming from downstreamperson] Yurok na:yide (or na:yde) back downstream yidee:nching [= from yide-e:n-ching downstream-side-toward] on the downstream side; whiyidee:nching on the downstream side of me xoda:nawhqeh [=I shove (a stick) back downslope]

28

Im going downstream in a boat; xoda:na:yqe:t I have gone downstream in a boat; xoda:na:dqe:t [=(a stick) was shoved back downslope] the boat moved downstream downward: ninching from nin-ching [=groundtowards] (moving) downward, down towards the ground; ninching-xw (lying) low, on the ground doze off: chinehswil he dozed off, with his head falling over; niwhwil Im dozing off drag: nawhlo:s Im dragging it around; na:uslo:s he dragged it around; na:whilohs [=drag me around!] lead me by the hand!; na:xose:lo:s I led him by the hand; tilohs drag it away! (e.g., wood, brush), lead it (e.g., horse) with a rope!; te:se:lo:s I dragged it away; chiwhite:lo:s he dragged me away dragony: kiwe:-mititse [=evil spirit-its walking stick] dragony meist-na:kiditin [=mortar-it carries around] type of dragony, bigger than kiwe:mititse draw: na:nade:iw he drew a line across it; diwheh I make a line running off draw (in ght): e:lya [=it came to stand together, it became equal] there is a draw, tie (in a ght, game); e: yawilya they came to a draw, tied. See REVENGE dream: sleep, drowsiness, dream; whimile-tehsyay [=my sleep-went off] I dreamed kinawhla:l Im dreaming (about something); kinala:l he is dreaming; whinullah dream about me!; kina:se:la:l I dreamed; kina:asla:l he dreamed; mina:se:la:l I dreamed about it; kina:dla:l dreaming, a dream dress: See SKIRT dress (for dance): xoji kya [=true-dress] ceremonial abalone-shell dress worn by women at the Jump Dance and on other special occasions ke:lkya [=the specic thing that is worn as a skirt] another term for abalone-shell dress toh-kya [=grass-dress] ceremonial dress made of maple bark ripped into fringes, worn by the kinahdang girl during the Flower Dance dress meat: ningkiwhul I am dressing meat, butchering (animal), cutting up (sh); ningkiu dress it!; ningkiul he is dressing it; ningkiwia:t he has dressed it dress, wear a: miwhkya Im wearing a dress; kiwhkya [=Im wearing a certain dress] Im wearing an abalone-shell dress; mewikya she wore a dress; na:wikya she put a dress on; yehnaxokya he put a dress on her; ma:-me:lkya [=ahead, rstwhat is worn as a skirt] slip, underskirt; ke:lkya [=the specic thing that is worn as a skirt] abaloneshell dress a:whwilaw [=it is done to me in such a way] the way in which I am dressed See also WEAR

29
dress up: a:die:n I x myself up, get dressed up (for
a ceremony); adilaw he xed himself up; a:dileh x yourself up! xong-naa:diwhe:n Im dressing up, putting on my best clothes, regalia; xong-naa:de:law I dressed up; xongnaa:dileh dress up!; xong-na:xoing dressing him up!; xong-na:xowilaw someone dressed up. See PAINT dried: kitsay it is seasoned, dried; na:tsa:y they are dried (e.g., clothes hung on line) kinilta:ts cut-up and dried (venison, salmon) driftwood: dahyikije:w driftwood (has piled up) drill: iwhwis Im drilling a hole; kiwis he drilled a hole; yehke:wis-te Im going to drill a hole in it kidiwis he drills for re; kide:ywis I drilled for re drink: tawhdina:n Im drinking; tundinung drink!; tadina:n hes drinking; taydina:n (animal) drinks; ta: whdinan I drank; ta:ndinan you drank; tawinan he drank; ta:awhdinan I drink habitually, Im a drinker; ta:unan he is a drinker; ta:dinung drinking. See WATER drinking: ta:winan drinking; do:-ta:dnani-heh no drinking! drip: nuliwh its dripping down, water comes down drop by drop; na:liwh it dripped down milich it drips, leaks; miwilich it started dripping, leaking drive (animal, person): See CHASE drive (car): kite:sida:wh [=you make it run] you are driving a car, spinning a top whi-na:tehdida:wh [=with me-it runs back] Im going home by car drive (stakes): kiwhqa:s I am driving stakes (with a rock); kisqa:s he drove stakes drop: na:ltsit it drops, falls; na:na:lditsit it dropped back down ixut (several objects) drop, fall; ingxut they dropped (e.g., kiloy ingxut hail fell); kixut it collapses, drops (e.g., deadfall, house); kingxut it collapsed na:na:ditah it (feather, leaf) falls, drops, oats downward drowsy: xoniste-ta:kidehsne:ge his body feels sore, dull; he is drowsy from lack of exercise drum: miwhwul Im drumming; mewiwat-teh he is going to drum; me:nawiwa:t he resumed drumming tsiswa:l he beat time (for a Flower Dance) (e.g., xoqit-tsiswa:l over her-they beat time; they had a Flower Dance) drum: miqit-me:iwul [=on it-he drums] drum; miwu beat against it, drum!; mewiwa:t he drummed miqit-king-ke:iwul [=on itmiqit-me:iwul stick-someone hits] drum used in stick game drunk: xoniwil [=it (drink) causes him/her to pass out] he is drunk; whiniwil Im drunk; xonehwil he got drunk

DRESS UP/DYE
chisilwa:t [=he lies there (like a log that has been thrown down)] he lies there drunk, unconscious, dead; chiwehswa:t he came to lie there drunk dry: nitsa:y it is dry, dried up; xotsa:y dry ground nundil-nitsa:y dry snow (i.e., small akes which pack into powder; does not melt quickly) witsa:y plant that has dried up, desiccated; kiwitsa: y dried, seasoned (hide, acorns) kiqo:n there is the sound of dry hide crackling; kiwingqo:n there was a dry-hide crackling sound dry (something): kiwhtsay Im drying (deerhide, salmon), seasoning (acorns, wood); kisehtsay I dried it; na:kitsaydry it!; na:kisehtsay Ive dried it; kiwiltsaythey (acorns) are getting dried (over a re) kixa:l he is stretching a freshly skinned (deer)hide to dry on a drying frame; kisehxa:l I stretched a hide to dry drying frame: miqit-kixa:l [=on it-he stretches hide to dry] frame on which deerhides are stretched to dry before tanning kixahle archaic term for miqit-kixa:l miqit-na:kitsay [=on it-one dries it out] drying frame for gill net duck: mida-nite:l [=its mouth-is wide] duck (general term) na:tawe (or na:tiway) duck (older term, now archaic) na:tawe:-sowolts [=duck-(with) diminutive neck] ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis, North American Ruddy duck) na:tawe:-iqay [=duck-white] diving duck (Mergus (sp.), Merganser) miqos-itsow [=its neck-is blue, green] mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) oya:wh-yiditile [=trout-it relishes] duck (sp.) iwhin-midanite:l [=black-duck] mud hen, black duck tehchiliw [=it dives under water] diving duck duck from something: iwhtan I inch, jerk away, duck, blink; intung duck!; chiwintan he inched, ducked dull: dichwil its dull, blunted (e.g., knife) dumplings: tehkiwilkyo:ts [=deer (meat)-stretched into the water] Indian dumplings (boiled deer meat mixed with dough); tehkikyots put dumplings into water! dung beetle: See BEETLE during: hit at the time that..., while..., when..., during... (e.g., yawehsa-hit while he was sitting there; xayhit during the winter, in winter) dust: ichiwh dust miwidwa:de [=its (sifted) acorn our] powder; the dust of something michiwheta:wh bluish dust on acorns (due to mold) dye: qiwh-misits-mito [=alder-bark-its juice] dye made from alder bark

E
eagle: tismil large (black or golden) eagle
o:q-ya:n [=sh-eater] Bald eagle da:chaht-xa:yitiwh [=suckersh-it picks up] eagle (probably second name for o:q-ya:n) ear: whijiw (or whijiwe) my ear earplug: xwe:det-saa:n [=on his earlobe-(round object) lies] ear plug ( A piece of wood or bone worn in the earlobe to keep it open, so that an earring or other ear ornament could be put in when wanted. Little plug about 1/2 inch in length.) earring: xojiwe-na:nge:t [=his ears-they hang from] earrings earth: ninisa:n [= possibly from nin-saa:n groundwhich lies] country, land, world, earth nin dirt, earth, ground earthquake: ninisa:n-mea:dinichwit [=earthpushes itself] (or nin-mea:dinichwit [=groundpushes itself]) earthquake ninisa:n-ildit the earth shakes, quakes; ninisa: n-wildit the earth shook east: de:-noho-yinuq-yiduq [=here-with us-upstream(and) uphill] east, in an eastward direction from the center of Hoopa Valley yiduqa-to:-me [=uphill-water-in it] (or yiduqato:-no:nga:-ding [=uphill-water-it extends to thereplace]) the ocean to the east of the world yon-yinuq [= beyond the fire-upstream] the east wall of a house Easter lily: kiwo-dahyiwilxa:l [=tooth, tusk-is held up] Easter lily easy: do:-na:lte [=not-work] its easy, no sweat eat: kiwha:n Im eating; kinyung eat!; kya:n he is eating; yikya:n it (animal) is eating; kidiya:n we are eating; kyohyung eat (you all)!; yakya:n they are eating; ke:yan I have eaten; ke:yun-te I will eat; kiwinyun-ung have you eaten?; kiwinyan he has eaten; kiwhung I want to eat; kyo:yung let him eat!; kiwiyul what one eats (in general), food niyeh eat it up!; chinehya:n he ate it up; ne:lya:n its been eaten up no:kinyawh nish eating!; no:kine:yan I nished eating; no:yakiningyan they nished eating chita:n he is eating (by himself); yita:n (animal) is eating, feeding nadilchwan they are eating together, having a feast; nadiwilchwan they ate together iwhdi Im eating small objects (such as berries) one by one (as I pick them); childil hes eating them one by one; chiwilde:the ate them one by one sawhjich [=I put (particles) into my mouth] Im eating seeds by the handful saxa:wh [=he puts (lled container) into his mouth] he eats from a bowl, he eats with a spoon; sungxahwh eat from a bowl, spoon!; sawingxa:n he ate from a bowl, spoon; sakixa:wh [=he puts something (a specic lled container) into his mouth] he eats acorn mush xola:n-kya:n [=helping him-he eats] he helps him to eat, he eats with him eating medicine: mi-nikyahxwo-kya:n [=with it-in a big way-he eats] medicine to stretch your stomach so that you will be able to eat a lot at a feast ( During the White Deerskin and Jump Dances, Yurok people used to give lots of acorns to Hupa people, and vice-versa. To show that you were a good man youd have to eat it all. You would use this medicine to stretch your stomach.) eating utensils: me-kya:n [=in them-he eats] plates, cups, eating utensils generally eclipse: no:xonyawh [=leave (the place) uneaten! stop eating it!] stop the eclipse! ( What used to be shouted during an eclipse of the sun. It was believed that an eclipse is caused by the moons dogs, which attack and start to eat the sun. People would pound boards and shout no:xonyawh to stop them.) eddy: nahmil eddy in a stream tana:n-na:naydits-ding [=water-where it swirls around-place] eddy edge: mima:tse rim, edge of something (e.g. basket) mida:-qit [=its lip-on] at the edge of a stream, on the riverbank mingwah (or mingah, miwah) at the edge of it, bordering it, beside it, (lying) next to it (e.g., xonteh-mingwah at the edge of the at, clearing (placename)) eel: tiwhxa:n [= possibly from tiwh-sixa:n snake-that lies (caught) in a container] eel, lamprey tohna:y sh, eels, general term for all edible water creatures tsakya:w (or tsekya:w ) small blackish eel ( Found in creeks; not eaten.) kida:ma:tse head, mouth part of an eel kituqe [=something that is between] the middle part of an eel, when cut up for eating tiwhxa:n

31
me:q-xi-silen [=inside-dark-it becomes] a part of an eel, eaten when half-dry miyehcho eels backstrap or string kiqaylosche eels liver eel, prepare: kitehkil he prepared eels to dry (attened them out) eel string: See BACKSTRAP eel trap: tiwhxa:n-mije:lo [=eels-their storage basket] small circular basketry trap for catching eels egg: miwe:whe its (birds, chickens) egg qong sh eggs, roe egg sucker: kiwina:liw [=it swims after] male salmon; egg sucker eight: ke:nim (or ke:num) eight, eight people; ke:nimding (or ke:nin-ding) eight times eighty: ke:nimdiminung [= ke:nimding-minung eight times-ten] eighty ejaculation: iwhxung [=I am sweet] I ejaculate; whilxung [=my sweetness]my semen, ejaculation; whixune tesya:-tseh I am about to ejaculate elbow: whichich my elbow elder bush, elderberr y: chiwhowh (or chiwhiwh)elderberry (bush), elder sticks (Sambucus) elders: kisdiya:n someone who is old, old person, elder; kisdiyun old people, elders (collectively) eleven: minung-na:a [=ten-again one] (or minung-miwah-na:a [=ten-alongside it-again one]) eleven elk: mikiqotse [=its brittle, cracking sound], i.e., there is the sound of brush cracking when it moves through the woods, elk (Cervus canadensis, Roosevelt elk) gehs-kyoh [=gehs-big] elk (Redwood dialect or archaic mikiqotse term) chwe:y yearling of elk; spotted hide of yearling elk (archaic term) elk design: e:na:to:n (or ena:kiwito:n) [=woven together] basket design, equivalent to the Yurok elk design See also BASKET DESIGN embrace: whinasiwe:nik he put his arms around me empty: sonsol empty, hollow ming-wha:ne (or minch-wha:ne) [=min(ch)-only] empty. See FULL end: no:nga:-ding [=as far as it extends-place] the farthest extent of something hayah-no:ntik [=there-it stretches to] thats the end of it (concluding formula for a traditional story) enemy: whiwung-a:dixudya:n [=concerning me-he is ashamed] my enemy (i.e., he has shame for me, avoids me); xowung-a:dixa:niwhdiyan [=concerning him-I become ashamed] I make him my enemy

EEL/EVEN IF
e:yadzidilay they hate each other, they are enemies enough: qut enough! (exclamation) minung it is sufcient, enough for it. (see also TEN); me:winan it has become enough wha:-wile [=for me-it is enough, lled] I am satiated, my belly is full, I got enough to eat; xwa:-wehsle he got satiated, he got enough to eat; na:-wehsle-ung did you get satiated? did you get enough to eat?; do:wile [= from do:-wile not-it is enough] being poor, weak whe:kine I have a (small) share, just enough to get by; xwe:kine they have a share, just enough; do:-me:kine there isnt enough to go around; a: kine there is no more food (archaic term) enter: yeinyawh come in!; yehchiwinyay he came in, entered entrance: min-tah [=ming-pocket] the entrance passage into a living house ( Goddard L&C, p. 14. For min, see BACK (OF HOUSE).) minin-xunding [=its face-close to where it is] roofentry or smokehole of a sweathouse ( A rectangular opening on the side of the roof facing the river, covered by a plank. Goddard L&C, p. 16.) e nv y : xowung-kya:xawhkyow Im envious of him; kyaxa:wehskyoh he gets envious (of someone) whiwung-kyaxa:wehskyow he got envious of me epidemic: kichint-tehsyay a disease, epidemic is going around epiphyte: dahkischwan plant growing on a tree, epiphyte (e.g., mistletoe) erect: See BUILD erection, to get an: kitehniw he got an erection [=I made something go that way]; kite:sehniw I got an erection xo-ya:tsa:s [=with him-it grows bigger around] he has an erection diwhdiniwh I have sexual desire, have an erection; chidehniwh he has sexual desire; chide:winiwh he has gotten sexual desire escape: xiwhnay I escape, reach safety, am safe; chixinay he escapes, is safe; xinay it escapes, it is safe, there is safety. See IMMORTALS mitah (getting) away from it, escaping from it, (standing) apart from it; itah (or nitah) separated from each other, apart esophagus: whiyehkilxit-qeh [=my swalloweralong it] my esophagus, throat even if: -heh despite, even if (e.g., hayi-heh despite it, anyway, even so; kehniwh-heh even if it thunders, despite the thunder; chiwikidi-heh even though they got hold of me) xoh...-heh even if, no matter how (e.g., xoh-xonistexoniwh-heh even if he is happy, no matter how happy he is; xoh-a-heh even if only one)

EVEN UP/EYELASH
even up: See REVENGE evening: wilwi-ding [=it gets dark-at (time)] evening
eilwil-mi [=it gets dark-when] every evening, whenever night comes event: kiniwh news, events that are talked about every so often: da:ywho-ding-mi [=somewhereat-from] every so often, at intervals everything: ahting-qa-unte [=all-like-it is] all kinds of things, everything, every which thing everywhere: ahtin-ding [=all-places] all places, everwhere; ahtin-ching [=all-toward] in all directions, (to) everywhere unung-xwe:-ding [=that many-at-places] everywhere evidently: xola:n it is evident, there are signs that... (e.g., se:sehwing-xola:n I had killed it-it was evident; me:nileh-xola:n it (a sh) has gotten caught (in the net)-evidently) evil spirit: kiwe [=they ght things, beat things up] evil spirits, little beings that live in the water and cause sickness excellent: ting-niwho:n [=very-good] very good, excellent exchange: nidiwa different from each other, moving from one to the other (e.g., nidiwa:-silen [=moving from one to the other-it became] they traded, exchanged) excrement: chwung excrement whichwa:n my feces exhausted, get: sisil-whe:na:wh [=sisil-moves against me; sisil is probably from sise:l (there is) heat] Im getting exhausted, giving out from fatigue; sisil-whingyay I got exhausted; sisil- xwingyay he got exhausted

32
exit: See DOOR explain: kide:tseh-nakichwe [=understanding-he
makes someone again] he explains it, interprets it, is an interpreter; kide:tseh-yaxochwe [=understandinghe makes them] he translates for them, explains it to them explode: kiwimut there was a bursting sound; a gun went off extend (one thing): ningay it extends along (e.g., tin ningay a trail runs, extends somewhere); na:ngay it extends down, hangs; na:kiningay something extends across, lies crosswise; ta:ngay it extends into the water (e.g., a pole sticking out from the bank, a point of land); me:ningay it extends along against it, leans against it extend (several things): ninge:t (or niwinge:t) several things extend along (e.g., tin ninge:t several trails run, extend somewhere); na: nge:t they extend down, hang (e.g., fruit on a tree, curtains); che:nge:t they extend out (of an enclosure) extent: no:nga:-ding [=it extends to there-place] the farthest extent of something, as far as it reaches, the edge (of a river, the ocean) excellent: ting-niwho:n [= very-good]very good, excellent extinguish: See PUT OUT FIRE eye: whina: my eye whina:-e:tan [=my eyes-I stuck them together] I closed my eyes eyebrow: whina:to:nse my eyebrows eyelash: whina:-tung [=my eye leaves] my eyelashes

F
face: whining my face facing: -dinung facing... (in various phrases):
whiching-dinung facing toward me; yide-dinung facing downstream; whiqeh-dinung [=(following) after me-sloping, inclined] facing behind me, lined up behind me, agreeing with me; niqeh-dinung facing behind each other, lined up in one direction faint: whije:e:nden [= from whije:y-e:nden my mind-became lacking, disappeared] I fainted fall: nawhtsit Im falling (from a height), dropping; na: ltsit it fell; na:whtsit I fell; nawiltsit he fell kingxits fall! fall over!; kewingxits he fell; chidiwingxits he fell, dropped (off of something) ixut (several objects) drop, fall; ingxut they dropped (e.g., kiloy ingxut hail fell); kixut it collapses, drops (e.g., deadfall, house); kingxut it collapsed fall (of year): tunq (or tunqit) fall (season) falls: noleh(-ding) [=(sh) swims to that point and stops(-place)] waterfall, dam, obstruction in a stream false Solomons seal: miqis-nintik [=(along) half of it-it stretches along] false Solomons seal (Smilacina sessilfolia) ( Medicinal herb. The bulb is boiled and crushed for a poultice to be placed on sores.) falsehood: See LIE familiar with: no:whiditan I am used to it, Im familiar with it, [= it holds on to me]; nondinitan youre used to it; no:whidinitun-te Im going to be used to it family: e:na:wh people living together, cohabitants, family, villagers whima:lyo my relative, kinsman, family member whiing my buddy, cousin, relative ing-xole:n [= cousin-people treat him like] he is treated like family, called by a kinship term; ingwhiling treat me like family! call me cousin! family, kill someones: chewhinehya:n [=he ate me out] he (or they) slaughtered my family, did away with my people; che:whiniya:n you ate up my family, you cleaned me out famine: tima there is a famine; tiwima a famine came, there was a famine e:jin-silen there is a famine a:kine there is no more food (archaic term) far: nisah a long way, far; nisah-ding a distant place; nisa:-ching to a long distance; a:nisah (or a: nisa:t) my! its such a long ways!; utsa:ching far away, distant; xoji-mitsahch (or xoji-mitsahts) just so far, a middling distance, not too far. See DEEP farewell: xagyane goodbye, farewell (old, formal expression, avoided by some people because it sounds too sad and nalits what you would say to a dying person) fart: tseh gas, atulence, fart kiwitmut [=it came to a boil] or kitimut [=it boils out] a short, barely audible fart, gasser (pops like acorns) See also BREAK WIND fashion: whe:-qeh [=me-following after] in my way, after my fashion; yima:ndil-miqeh [=whitemen-following after them] in the white-mens way fast: xolisch (or xolisji-) quickly, fast; hurry up! fat: whiqah my fat (on my body) iqa:w it is fat, hog; chiiqa:w he is fat; chiwilqa:l he is growing fatter and fatter father: whita my father whichindine my deceased father father-in-law: whiwhunche my father-in-law faucet: tana:n-me-che:wilin [=water-(from) in it-it ows whita out] faucet fawn: dilxich [=spotted] fawn, yearling; hide of a young deer fear: niwhgit Im afraid, I fear it, Im a coward; chinilgit he is afraid; chine:lgit he became afraid; me:niwhgit Im afraid of it, I fear it; me:ne:sgit I became afraid of it chiyo oh my! (exclamation indicating surprise, (mild) fear) feast: nokingxa:n [=he puts the (lled container) down] feast, picnic; specically the Acorn Feast; noyakingxa:n [=they put the (lled container) down] feast, dinner, held for someone who has recovered from an illness or injury, or for someone going away or coming back nadilchwan they are eating together, having a feast; nadiwilchwan they feasted See also ACORN FEAST feather: kichil (or kichile) feathers; michil (or nadiwichwen) its (birds) feathers mitsisge: its (e.g., ducks) ne feathers, down

FEATHER, CEREMONIAL/FIND
feather, ceremonial: yehna:lqe:t [=stuck in]
eagle feathers stuck into headbands kiwiloy doctors condor-feather and pipe (in combination) feather an arrow: mekisloy [=he tied something to it] he feathered an arrow feather drops: na:na:ditaw it (feather, leaf) falls, drops, wafts downward

34
(diminutive)] Bracken (fern) da:chwingqa (or da:chwingqay) a type of fern (Pleridium aquiliunum) ( Used to keep sh and eels fresh after they are caught.) ferry: yima:n-yehwhixiwh [=across the streamhaul me in] ferry me across the river!; yima:nyehchiwhixe:n he ferried me across the river; na: xoxe [=haul him around!] ferry him around (from place to place)!; yima:n-naxohsxe [=across the river-he hauled him around] he ferried him back and forth, hauled him around fetch: o:nchwit reach for it! fetch it!; cho:nchwit he reached for it, fetched it; o:ne:chwit I reached for it, went and got it whixa (come) after me (to fetch me), in pursuit of me; mixa (go) after it, in pursuit of it (e.g., mixa:chitehsyay he went after (the deer); whixa:-chixe: ne:wh she called out for me fever: chise:l he is hot, has a fever; siwhseh-tseh I feel hot; chiwinse:l he got hot kiwe:-whiwiwe [=evil spirit-fought me, beat me up] I have a fever, I am sick with a disease that causes a high fever (e.g., pneumonia, typhoid) few: do:-a:n-ts [=not-many-(diminutive)] a few, not many, not much, just a little fty: chwoladiminung [=chwolading-minang ve times-ten] fty ght: kichixawhawh Im ghting; kichixaawh hes fighting; kichixawinga:n he fought; kichixa:nyay they are ghting, there is a ght going on xwediliw they ght, attack (in a group) nehediwiliw they attacked us; ediiw they are ghting (each other) chixowiwe he fought him, beat him up le: ingqa le, grind it (e.g., a knife)!; chiwingqay he led it, ground it ll: de:wiming it has lled up diming ll it up!; yade:me:n they have lled it up lth: chwing lth, dirt n: mijiwultung its ns kije:ding-xa:ngay [=at the front-what sticks out] belly n (of salmon) kidadi(ng)-nehsnoy [=at the mouth-what stands up] the two ns close to the mouth of a salmon (at its neck) kiwhxex [=somethings sons] navel ns (of a salmon) nally: yiwiding-hit (or yiwidingit) nally, after some time; yiwidin-de nally nch: isqo:ts-yiditile [=blackberries-it relishes] nch (Carpodacus purpureus, Purple Finch) nd: na:utsa:n he got sight of it again, he found it; na:xowhtsa:n I found him owhte I nd it (easily); chohte he nds it; o: yte I found it; xowhte I nd him to be (such); no: yte I found you to be (such)

feces: See EXCREMENT feeble: do:-wile [=not-it is enough] to be poor; do:wile:-xw feebleness, poverty. See OLD WOMAN

feed: wha:kikit [=catch something for me] feed

me!give me food!; xwakikit she feeds him; ma: kiwhkit I feed it misungxawh [=put (a lled container) into its mouth] feed it (baby, animal) with a spoon!; misawingxa:n he fed it: See POISON feel: nuxit feel it!; touch it!; na:usxit he touched it, felt it; nawhisxit he touched me; do:-na:axit dont be touching anything! feel (so): -tseh feel, taste, be perceived (so) (e.g., ixuntseh it tastes good, sweet; kisiwhdile:-tseh I feel cold, freezing; chiskis-tseh [=he knocked-it was perceived] someone was heard knocking (at the door)) feel good: me-kidilxuts he feels good (after drinking), hes high feeling: kixoniwh it (e.g., body, body-part) has feeling, sensitivity (e.g., whila-do:-kixoniwh [=my hand-not-it has feeling] my hand is numb); kixowe:niwh it came to have feeling, it was felt there; whikixoniwhe the feeling in my body, my awareness of things (e.g., whikixoniwhe-do:xohsle [=the feeling in my body-it became none] I went numb) whikyun-tina:wh [=my mind-moves along] my feelings about something feels, it: xoliwh it feels, it seems like (e.g., a:kine:xoliwh there was a sound-it seemed) female animal: inche mare, bitch mitsumesto:n [=its woman] a female of any species fence: kite:witse fence kite:lwe:l pickets in a sh-dam fence, build a: kitintse build a fence!; kite:se:tse I built a fence fern: me:me tall fern (Woodwardia) ( Grow to be 5 or 6 feet high; their sinews, dyed by boiling with alder bark, are used for the reddish designs in baskets.) miqe:king-xinehwa: n [=its ankle-is dark colored] Maidenhair fern (Adiantum) miqe:king-xinehwa:n me:mehch [= from me: me:-ch Woodwardia fern-

35
nd out: gya nding out, being revealed to be, lo!
(sufxed particle) (e.g., de:-gya as I see, as I come to nd out; xwe:di-gya how...it looks!) nger: whila my hand, nger whila-minikya:w [=my hand-its big part] my thumb w h i l a m i n i k y a : w miching-na:daay [=my thumb-towards it-what extends] my index nger whila-tuq [=my hand whila (fingers)-between] between my ngers whila-mimisGegitse [=my hand-its little things] my ngers whila-mimisGiyets(-ding) [=my hand-its little thing (-place)] my little nger fingernail: whila-kets [=my hand-nail] my ngernail, claw nish: mixeh nish it!; menixe he nished it; me: lxe it is nished, ready r: nisking (or isking) tall, straight conifer (especially one without low branches, such as Douglas r, yellow pine). See CONIFER re: xong re (also slang for veneral disease xong-wilil re is burning; xong-te:lit re started to burn kitinit burn it! start a re!; kite:se:it I started a re kidnot it (re) blazes; kite:dinot it started to blaze; ya:kidnot it blazes up (in the air), ames up, ashes re, build: e:nawhliwh [=I am putting (several things) together] Im building a re; e:nanilay he built a re; e:nawilay re that has been built re goes out: kinitsis the re is going out; kinehtsis the re went out kinitsis put out the re! blow it out!; kine:sehtsis I put out the re; nakinitsis he puts out the re that had previously been lit re lies: xong-siwe:n [=re-it lies there as a pack, load] the re lies there re, light: xon-wun-nongwiwh [=re-to it-move (pack) down to there!] light the re!; xon-wunnoninwe:n he lit the re re, put into: de:-di- into the re; (verb prex): de:dingahwh put it (e.g., stone) into the fire!; dediwinga:n he put it into the re re, take out of: tah- out of the re, out of the water (verb prex); tahingawh take it (e.g., stone) out of the water! take it out of the re!; tahtsisa:n he took it out of the water; tahna:usa:n he took it back out of the water; tahchina:wh he comes out of the water, re; (the dancers) come out of the dance; tahtsisyay he came out of the water; (dancers) came out of the dance

FIND OUT/FISH TRAP

re drill: mi-kidiwis [=with it-one drills for re] or
kidiwiwis [=what is drilled] (traditional) wooden drill-like implement used to create a spark, re drill; (modern) matches re pit: xong-ding [=re-place] re-pit in a living house or sweathouse yon on the far side of the re pit (in an Indian house). rewood: chwich rewood ta:ystse:y [= from ta:kiwh-(mi)tse:y sweathouse(its) brush] sweathouse rewood ( Goddard L&C, p. 38.) rst: tsit rst (e.g., ahting-tsit-xola-na:nakidiw all-first-their hands-they wash); dongqa-tsit [=before-rst] wait a minute! hold on! rst lets... chidung at rst, to begin with; chidun-ding the rst place na:tse:-ding [=ahead-at] in the rst place, ahead of the others sh: o:q sh; salmon (general term) tohna:y fish, eels, general term for all edible water creatures

fish (with hook and line):

o:q

kyowhlaw Im shing (with hook and line, whitemans style); kyolah sh!; kyolaw hes shing; kyowilaw he has shed sh (with A-frame net): dausday [=from dahtsisday (or dah-chisday) he stays above (the net)] (or mi-dahyawingay [=with it -he sits above]) he is shing (with a net); dahnintsah [=sit down above (the net)!] go shing with a net!; dahchinehsday he went shing with a net sh dam: ehs sh dam, weir ( See Goddard L&C, p.24.) e h s - m a: ningay [=fish dam-its backbone (of salmon)] the ehs (sh dam) stringer across a sh dam ( The logs that are laid horizontally across the supports of a sh dam.) sh head: ke:daay [=a head] shhead sh spear: mi-kitikis [=with it-he spears] shing spear, especially the point ( See Curtus, illustrations between pp. 4-3 and 48-9; Goddard L&C, p.25, and Plate 13, gures 2-3.) nahxi-tehsay two-stick out two-pronged sh spear fish trap: no:lqe:t fish trap ( See Goddard L&C, p.24-5. Curtis, p.16.)
mi-kitikis (sh spear)

FISHER/FLOUR
sher: ista:ngqeh-kitiqowh [= from nista:n-qehkitiqowh log-along-it scampers] sher; pine marten (Martes pennanti) shhook: mi-kyowha:l [=with it-one hooks something] shhook shing claim: xayah shing claim, shing place at an eddy or other favorable spot that is owned by a man and his family (whixayaw my shing claim) ( See Goddard L&C, p.26; Curtis, p.15.) shing hole: tse:yeh hole dug along the river for catching sh and holding eels (no water for sh, water for eels) shing platform: ta:lqe:t shing platform dahkiwe:wita:n [=(stick-like object) that is put atop] shing platform (alternative term for ta: lqe:t); dahkiwuntiwh build a fishing platform!; dahkiwewinta:n he built a shing platform miqit-no:owul [=on it-one throws (a net) down] platform on sh dam for dip-netting shing pole: kyo:law-king [=shing with hook and line-stick] shing pole st, hit with: iwhkis I strike something (with my st), I knock at the door; chiskis he struck it; nanikis he strikes at it; nawhinehkis he struck at me again t: whikyow it is my size; whe:kyoh it got to be my size, it ts me; ne:kyow what ts you. See SIZE ve: chwola ve; chwolan ve people; chwola-ding ve times flag: na:taw [=what floats, flaps around in the air] ag ame: kidnot it (re) blazes, ames; kite:dinot it started to blaze; ya:kidnot it blazes up (in the air), ames up, ashes ank: minin ank (of mountain), hillside whitut my ank, the side of my body ap: na:mut it (bird, bat) aps its wings, ies around; xate-na:mut bat [=nighttime - apping its wings]. See SLAP at: xonte: it (place) is wide, at, open (as a prairie); nite:l it (thing) is wide, broad, spread at at, lie: silxut it (e.g., board, cloth) lies there at, attened out sidut it (cloth, blanket) has been thrown at ea: xulton [=it jumps up out of the ground] ea ee: daayneh run away! ee!; daa:yahneh ran away! (a bunch); daa:chidyaw he ran away, ed tsintikyoh run for your life! ee!; tsintehkyo:t he ran for his life; tsintohdi run for your lives (you all)!; tsiyuntehsdilde:t we all ran for our lives esh: whitsing my esh, meat flicker: minchwiwh-mil [=its nose-mil] yellowhammer, icker (Common Flicker) inch: iwhtan I inch, jerk away, duck, blink; intung duck!; chiwintan he inched, ducked

36
int, obsidian: to:nehwa:n [=water-it resembles,
i.e., dark black] black obsidian, in particular the large, ceremonial blades of black obsidian carried by principal dancers in the White Deerskin Dance tse:l-nehwa:n [=blood-it resembles, i.e., red] red obsidian; the large, ceremonial blades of red obsidian carried by principal dancers in the White Deerskin Dance int, to work: kiwhtoq Im working int; kitoq work int!; kisehtoq I worked int int design: niqit-dahsaa:n [=on top of each other-it lies atop] basket design equivalent to the Yurok int niqit-dahsaa:n design ( Goddard L&C, p. 45-6 and Plate 25, gure 5.) See also BASKET DESIGN flip: nakitson he flips (stones, marbles); na: kisehtson I ipped things about oat, to: wila:l it (single object) is oating along; dahwilah-ding [=it oats along on top-place] Eureka; chiwila:l he is oating along; na:la:t its oating around; na:usla:t he oated around; no:nila:t it oated to there wixi they (plural object or mass, e.g., logs) oat along; tixiwh theyre floating off; tehsxe:n they oated off; na:xe they are oating around (e.g., logs in pond) ( chwung-na:xe [=shit-oats around], words to a song sung by women at the beginning of the Flower Dance.) na:tah it oats about in the air, waves (like a ag), wafts about; nahstaw it oated around oat: dahwixil [=what oats on top] oats on a gill net, seine ood: to:-tehsyay [=water-moves along] ood, high water in the river to:-nikya:w [=water-big] high water, ood; to:wingkyah [=water-gets big] the water is getting high (in the river), the ood waters are rising dahdiwilxit [=it has taken something away by swallowing, swallowed it up] the river has risen, ooded op: kijut there is a wet, oppy sound; kiwinjut it opped che:nte:t (soft abby material) bulges out, ops out (as when squeezed) (e.g., xomit-che:nte:t his belly-is bulging out); nadite:t [=he ops himself around] he walks along with his body opping op along: See WRIGGLE our: widwa:t [=what is sifted] acorn our; modern our kitust leached acorn our, before cooking ( Cf. Goddard L&C, p. 28.) ochwiwh seed our diniwh-kiwitsit [=manzanita-pounded up] manzanita our do:-witsit-widwa:t [=not-pounded-our] whole wheat our

37
ow: nilin (water) ows; niwehslen it started to ow flower: kida:y flower (general term), it blooms; Flower Dance: chiwa:l [=they beat time with
sticks, rattle sticks] Flower Dance (girls adolescence ceremony); xoqit-chiswa:l [=on her-they beat time] a Flower Dance is held for her kinahdung a girl for whom a Flower Dance is held, a girl at puberty xon-na:na:uswe [=re-waving it around again] ceremony in the Flower Dance that is performed when it rains during a girls rst menses ( It was claimed that she caused the rain. They made her go outside and call for warm weather, waving something burning.) xona:di-na:yatehdiits [=around her-they run along back] the married man and girl who run along with the girl in the Flower Dance race Flower Dance stick: kinahdun-tse:y [=Flower Dance girls- stick] a decorated split stick that used as a rattle during the songs in the Flower Dance kinahduntse:y-dahkiswin-ding [=ower dance sticks-they carry them up atop-place] places where Flower Dance sticks are taken and left after the dance is over ute: milimil ute xosa:ngay-me-chidine [=put in mouth-in itsomeone plays it] ute y: mung y mun-kyoh-tsow [=y-big-blue/green] blowy y, to: yungxis y up!; ya:ngxits it ew up into the air; te:xits it took off, ew off; (tree) fell ying squirrel: xute-kya:n [=(at) night-it eats] ying squirrel foam: miwowh its (e.g., beers) foam; kiwowh foam (in general) kiwowh-nesnoy [=foam-(where it) stands up] foam spot, a bad-luck place in the river ( If the water does not know you there, it gets muddy, begins to rise, and foam deposits all around it.) fog: misjeh fog, mist, light haze silkit (fog, smoke) lies there, hangs there fog moves: noywikil (fog) is settling; noynikit (fog) settled, came down; dahyikit (fog) hovers on top of something; naykit (fog) drifts around; xa:naysdikit (fog) rose back up foliage: mitow (a plants) leaves, foliage follow: whiqeh-chiqa:l [=after me-he walks along] he is following me. See also CHASE following: whiqeh (following) after me; miqeh (following) along it, after it, according to it; tini-qeh (following) along the road fond of: whitile [=something pulls me] I relish it, am fond of it, like to eat it; xotile he relishes it; yiditile [=something pulls (animal, child)] it (animal) relishes it, feeds on it; white:wile-te I am going to relish it food: kiwiyul [=what one keeps eating] food whikida:y my ower. See BLOOM

FLOW/FORK
fool: xonowhaw Im fooling him, deceiving him;
whinongah fool me!; chiwhino:ngaw he fooled me foolishly: qiwe:qits foolishly, not seriously, in a bantering or joking manner (e.g., qiwe:qits-chixine: wh he talks foolishly, talks crooked) foot: whixe my foot; mixe (animals) foot, footprint, track foot, at the: miyeh under it, at the foot of it; whiyeh under me, at my feet; xoyeh under him, them mikin-ding (or mikine-ding) [=its base-place] at the foot of something, at the base of it football: jiwolch-nakitul [=ballone kicks it around] football for: wha for me, for my benet; xwa for him, her; ma for it (e.g., xwa:kewina for him-she cooked jiwolchit; wha:-chischwen for me-he nakitul made it) ma:n for that reason, because of that (e.g., hayi-ma:n for that reason) wung concerning it, for that purpose (e.g., nahdiyawwung-no:lqe:t [=Indian money-for that purpose-a trap] a trap for money, a trap to catch money with; wung-na:usya [=for that purpose-he went around] he busied himself doing it, he was occupied with it; daydi-wung [=what thing?-for that purpose] what for? why? for what purpose? forearm: whitse:l my forearm, arm whina:de my forearms forehead: whitsinta my forehead whikiya:whe [=my birds] my forehead foreigner: misah-kitidlut [=its mouth-makes a ripping sound] foreigner, someone who cant speak Hupa well foreskin: tsehwilxit [=what is slipped around (penis)] foreskin; tsehixit slip the foreskin skin back on your penis!; tsehchiwixit he slipped the foreskin back on his penis forest: tin-tah [=trails-among] out in the woods, in the forest, back country kin-tah [=trees-among] among the trees, forest sikin-chwing [=sikin-kind] pine forest (archaic term) king-xoiwhin [=trees-dark place] heavy forest forget: mitis-na:xowinje:ye:y [=(moving) over it-his mind passed again] he forgot it; mitis-nuno:je:ye [=over it-let your mind pass again] forget it! minawhniw [=I swallow around it!] I forget it; minuneh forget it!; mina:sehniq I have forgotten it; whina:usniq he has forgotten me. See REMEMBER fork: mi-saqot [=with it-one forks into mouth] fork tin-e:na:ninga:-ding [=road, trail-it extends together-place] fork in a road or trail jewiqiwh he pulled it apart at the fork; jilqiwh something forked, pulled apart at the fork a:kine there is no more food (archaic term)

FORKED/FUTURE
forked: iqiwh it is forked, has prongs; dilqiwh forkedhorn deer former: nein used to be, former, deceased (sufx) (e.g., whima:lyo-nein my former friends; whichwo:-nein my late grandmother) forty: dinkidiminung [= dinkiding-minang] four times-ten forty foundation: xontah-ma:-silay [=house-rst-what lies there] the foundation of a (modern) house four: dink four; dinkin four people; dinki-ding four times fox: michwa:n-tuta:n [=its excrement-is very soft] grey fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) yidahchin-tse:qiya:ngay [=coming from upstream-ground squirrel] silver-grey fox freckles: kixich freckles, freckled (e.g., xoning-kixich [=his face-freckled] he has freckles on his face) freeze: ningxosting it (water, ground) is frozen, there is ice; ningxowinte:n it froze kisiwhdile:y Im freezing, chilled to the bone; kisdile:y hes freezing; whila-kisdile:y my hand is frozen; yikisdile:y it (animal) is freezing; kisiwhdile:tseh I feel cold, freezing, really cold frequently: un-ding [=many-at (times)] at many times, frequently, a lot fresh: xina:y fresh (e.g., mitsing-xina:y fresh meat) friend: whima:lyo my friend, relative whiilyo (or whiilyoe) my pal, friend fringe: ya:kiwilta:ts something cut up into strips, fringes (as in buckskin) frivolous: See JOKING frog: chahl (or chah, chwahl) frog, toad (Rana) yulchuq (frog) hops, jumps; ya:lchuq it hopped chahli-dilwa:wh [=frogschahl chatter, converse] frogs croak frogs hand design: chahli-mila (or chwahli-mila) [=frog-its hand]. Equivalent to the Yurok foot design chahli-mila ( Goddard L&C, p.46, gure 9, Plate 25, gure 3.) See also BASKET DESIGN from: wung from, from it (leaving it behind), concerning it, to it; whiwung from me, to me; xowung from him, to him (e.g., wun-te:sa:yay I went off without it, I went off from it; xowung-dahna:da:a:n I took (round object) from him; whiwung-chiningyay he came to (visit) me; xowung-ningawh bring (round object) to him!) mi with (starting off) from (e.g., hayah-mixodawinyay there-from-he went downhill; ahtinding- mi-chininde:t everywhere-fromthey came)

38
front, in: whije:-ding (or whije:y-ding, whije:-xw)
[=my breast-place] (right) in front of me, facing me; mije:-ding in front of it whinahsni (passing) in front of me, in front of my face (e.g., whinahsni-xeewingyay in front of me-he passed by); kinahsni passing in front of someone ( refers to dancers in the War Dance, dancing in front of the line of enemy dancers.) whichingah in front of me (as a protection), something shielding me; michingah in front of it (as a protection) frost: ningxosting (or nungxosting) frost, ice on the ground dahya:dze frost, ice on trees frown: nining-intoldoh [=your face-let it bunch up, pucker] frown!; xoning-intehdow he frowned frying pan: me-dediiw [=in it-(dough) is put into the re] frying pan; pan where you put bread to cook full: dehsmin it is full wha:-wile [=for me-it is enough, lled] I am satiated, my belly is full, I got enough to eat; xwa:-wehsle he got satiated, his belly got lled; na:-wehsle-ung did you get satiated?; did you get enough to eat? fun, amusement: tsila:n hes playing (ballgame, tag, some physical sport) nane:l hes playing (with toys, etc.); na:dne:l childrens play, playing fun of, make: xona:siwhlay I make fun of him, ridicule him; xonasilay he makes fun of him; xona:se:la I made fun of him; whinasiwila he made fun of me; xona:yasiwila they made fun of him; do:-kinasilay one should not make fun of people. See TEASE funeral: no:na:yaxoninga:n [= they put him (a round object, like a stone) back down] they laid out a corpse noxoschwen [= they made him out of sight] they buried a corpse xona:to-na:wilin [= tears-ow down] mourning, mourning songs fungus: a:jiw-michwo [=mushroom-its grandmother] yellow fungus on the ground ( Appears on the ground before mushrooms sprout.) funny: See JOKING fur: miwa its (animals) fur; its (birds) down fussy: dime:n-nayay sharpness-it carries it around it (child) is hard to please, fussy futilely: xoh futilely, in vain (e.g., xoh-ate:n futilelyhe did it he couldnt do it; xoh-xanite in vain-he was looking for he looked for it in vain) future: -te will... it will happen (future tense) (e.g., te:se: ya:-te I will go off; nawa:-te he will be going around, living; hay-xwe:diqi-te the way it will be done; whaut-te my wife-to-be) -de if, when (in the future) (e.g., hayah-de at that time in the future; dahungwho-de at some time in the future; dahundi-de at what time in the future?)

G
gall: whitische my gall, bile gallop: kitiqowh (animal) scampers along; na:qowh gambling: kin-na:way [=stick-goes around] gambling, card game (traditional or modern) kin-nawhle [=sticks-I move them around] Im gambling; kin-na:se:le I gambled; kin-na:usle he gambled, there was gambling na:ne:lay [=I carried (several things) over] I won (in gambling); na:niliwh [=carry (several things) across!] win! whiwun-na:niwehsdilay [=from me-(several things) are carried over] I lost (in gambling) gambling sticks: xoji-king [=true-sticks] traditional gambling xoji-king sticks, Indian cards game, play a: tsila:n hes playing (ballgame, tag, some physical sport) jiwolch-nakiwul [=ball-he hits it around] baseball jiwolch-nakitsil [=ball-he throws it around] basketball jiwolch-nakitul [=ball-he kicks it around] football gap: xoiqoch a gap between hills, a hollow between higher places garden: no:kiwijich [=what has been planted] garden mitahxw amongst them, (amongst plants) in the garden; mitahxwo-chichwe [=around (the garden)he makes, prepares it] he hoes the garden, clears the garden of weeds gas: tseh gas, atulence, fart gate: See DOOR gather: e:kiwhlaw [=I nger things together] I gather (firewood), collect (things), bring (people) together; e:kilah gather them!; ekilaw he gathers them; ekixolaw he gathers (people) together, collects a crowd; ekiwilaw he has gathered them; e: nakiwilaw he gathered them up again (after they had been thrown away) kime gather them! pick them up! collect them! (nuts, acorns, etc.); na:kiwhme Im picking things up, gathering acorns; nakiwime he picked them up. kina:dinda pick, gather (nuts, berries, things to eat)!; kinadiday (or kinadinday) he is picking, gathering; kinadiwinda he picked, gathered kya:dawhne Im gathering, picking up (acorns, apples, round objects); kya:dayne gather (acorns)!; kya:dane she is gathering (acorns); kya:da:ne:xosin acorn-gathering is happening; kya:da:yne (horse) runs around, gallops; nahsqoch it galloped I gathered (acorns); kya:dawe:ne she gathered acorns chichwe [=he makes, prepares] (or na:uchwe [=he makes, prepares again]) he collects, gathers (wood, berries, etc.) (e.g., chwich-chichwe he collects rewood) wun-na:ya:xolyiw they (animals) graze on things, eat at things; wun-na:yaxolyiw (people) gather things (food, basket materials, acorns, etc.); wun-na: yaxohsyiw they gathered things generation: kiniyiw a generation is growing up (the younger, still growing-up generation); kinehsya:n a generation has grown up (the grown-up, adult generation); na:kinidyiw another generation grows up genitals: whitso:l my vagina, female genitals whiwung [=concerning me] my female genitals (euphemism) whiniste-me:q [=my body-inside it] my female genitals (euphemism) whe:dze my penis, male genitals gentle: xodzi-nehwa:n [=well (diminutive)-it resembles] slowly, easily, gently (e.g., xodzinehwa: n-xiniwhye:wh [=gently-I speak] Im speaking softly, gently, whispering) genuine: See TRUE get: o:nchwit reach for it! go and get it!; cho:nchwit he reached for it, got it; o:ne:chwit I reached for it, got it; to-o:nchwit go and get some water! na:ya [=I came to have (round object), came to be carrying it around] I acquired it, got it, bought it (e.g., stone); nawinga he acquired it (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) weha [=I came to have (round object) lying motionless] I got it, kept it, came into possession of it (e.g., stone); chiwia he got it; get it! (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) get lost: tingiwha:wh Im getting lost, going astray, losing my way; tinginyahwh get lost!; tingwe:yay I got lost; ting winyay he got lost; tiyawinde:t they all got lost get off (one): wundiwha:wh Im getting off of it; wa: nundiwhda:wh Im getting back off of it; whiwundinyahwh get off of me!; whiwa:nundindahwh get back off of me!; wundina:wh he gets off of it; wundiwinyay he got off of it; wa:nundiwidyay he got back off of it get off (two or more): wa:nundohdi get back off of it (you all)!; wa:nundiwinde:t they all got back off of it

GET OUT (ONE)/GO IN (TWO OR MORE)

get out (one): che:nawhdahwh Im getting (back)

40
give (a smoke): whiwa:kintiwh [=move (a specic stick-like object) toward me!] give me a smoke! (cigarette, pipe, cigar) give me a draw on your smoke!; xowakinta:n he gave him a smoke give out: See EXHAUSTED glad: tsehdiyah Im happy, glad, pleased glass: me-tadina:n [=in it-someone drinks] drinking glass glasses: xona:xwo-saa:n [=at his eye-(round object) lies] eye glasses xona:-na:wilchwe:n [=his eyes-it is made again xona:xwo-saa:n to be] eye glasses (second term) xona:-tse:che [=his eyes - metal] eye glasses glove: whila-yehkiwiltow [=my hand-is slipped in] my glove(s) glue: injeh glue them together!; ewinje:w he glued them together; na:nakiwinje:w he pitched, tarred something. See PITCH gnaw: waykidiyawh (dog) gnaws on (a bone) (pulls something off bone); waykidiyan it gnawed it go along (one): wiwha:l Im going along, Im on the road; winyah be going along!; chiqa:l hes going along; qa:l it (animal) is going along go along (two or more): we:dil were going along; wohdi be going along (you all)!; chiwidil theyre going along go around (one): na:whay Im going around, moving in no particular direction; nunya go around!; naway hes going around; na:way it (animal) goes around; na:se:ya I went around; na:sinya you went around; na:usya he went around; nahsya it (animal) went around go around (two or more): naydil we go around; nahdi go around (you all)!; nadil they go around; na:se:de:t we went around; na:sohde:t you all went around; na:usde:t they went around; na:ya:usde: t they all went around; nahsde:t they (animals) went around go home (one): na:tindahwh [=go off back!] go home!; natida:wh hes going home; na:te:sdiyay I went home; na:te:sindiyay you went home; natehsdiyay he went home go home (two or more): na:te:dil were going home; na:tohdi go home (you all)!; natindil they are going home; na:te:se:de:t we went home; na:te:sohde:t you all went home; natehsdi they went home go in (one): yehinyahwh go in!; yehwe:yay I came in; yehwinyay you came in; yehchiwinyay he came in; yehnawidyay he came back in; yehna:dyay it (animal) went back in go in (two or more): yehohdi go in (you all)!; yehwe:de:t we went in; yehna:yde:t we went back in; yehyawinde:t they all went in

out of it (e.g., boat, car); che:na:ndahwh get out of it!; chena:wh he gets out of it; che:na:whdiyay I got out of it; che:na:undiyay he got out of it get out (two or more): che:na:nohdi (you all) get (back) out if it (e.g., boat, car)!; che:na:ya:unde:t they all got out of it get up (one): inundiqe get up! get (back) out of bed, chair!; ina:usdiqe he got up get up (two or more): inahdi (you all) get up!; ina:usde:t they got up ghost: chindin ghost. See CORPSE gift: niltsit [=it falls (hither)] it comes as a gift or blessing, it befalls one; wiltsil [=it keeps falling] it passes on (through me; used of a gift that is transmitted) gills: misah-saa:n [=inside its mouth-(round object) lies] its gills; kisah-saa:n salmons gills gill net: nakitoy [=something that he weaves] gill net, seine (A wall-like net, 40 to 50 feet long, woven from iris, and held down by sinkers. Put around a deep hole in the river. Fish get gilled (caught by the gills) in the mesh. Setting and pulling a gill net requires coordinated group effort.) nakitoy he sets a gill net [=he weaves something;] na:kito set a gill net!; nakiditoy we are setting a gill net; na:kisditon we have set a gill net meh seine, gill net ( archaic, replaced by nakitoy) miqit-na:kitsay [=on it-one dries it out] drying frame for gill net tahchilo:s he pulls (gill net) out of the water, he pulls a net-load of sh to shore; tahtsislo:s he pulled (net) out of the water; mi-tahchilo:s [=with it-he pulls (net) out of the water] line to pull gill-net ginger: xochwi-tah-tunnahsma:ts [=in wet places-around-redbud] wild ginger (Asarum caudatum) ( A small plant with heart shaped leaves.) girl: tehxich young girl (before puberty) kinahdung a girl at puberty ( Specifically, a girl undergoing the Flower Dance, or girls puberty ceremony.) do:-kinahdung [=not (yet)-a girl at puberty] preadolescent girl kehtsa:n unmarried adolescent girl, female teenager

girl,

kingxits [=beside someone] (sitting, walking) beside a girl, woman, sweetheart (e.g., kingxits-yawingay he was sitting with a girl) girlfriend: See SWEETHEART give: whiwungawh [=move (a round object) towards me] give it to me!; xowa:na:a:n I gave it to him; whiwaninga:n he gave it to me; kiwaninga:n he gave it to someone, he gave it away (CLASSIFICATORY VERB)

be

with

a:

tehxich

41
go off (one): tiwha:wh Im going off; tingyahwh go

GO OFF (ONE)/GREASEWOOD
grandchild: whiyul my sons child

off!; chitina:wh hes going off; te:se:yay I went off; te:sinyay you went off; chitehsyay he went off go off (two or more): te:dil were going off; tohdi go off (you all)!; chitindil theyre going off; te:se:de:t we went off; te:sohde:t you all went off; chitehsde: t they went off go off (in a group): sahwinden they went off (to a distance), they left, departed (refers to a group only); saohding (you all) go off! go out (one): che:wha:wh Im going outside, Im going to the bathroom; che:ninyahwh go outside!; chena:wh he goes outside; cheninyay he went out go out (two or more): che:nohdi go outside (you all)!; che:yaninde:t they all went outside go-between: kituq-naway [=between-he goes] go-between, mediator, one who settles a dispute goal: che:dimi-ding [=it is thrown out-place] goal in shinny game me:dimi-ding [=it is thrown to-place] goal line God: yima:ne:-kiwungxoya:n [=across-old man] Indian God (creator) yima:n-tiwwinyay [=across-he got lost] Indian God (preparer of the world for human beings) gold: mixa:-xa:kiwidwhe [=in search of it-there is digging] gold good: niwho:n it is good; chiniwho:n he or she is good, kind; she is pretty do:-niwho:n not good, bad, ugly, unlucky niwhong-xw well, healthy, in a good way (e.g., niwhongxw-a:whtte [=Im well, Im feeling good]) me:niwho:n it is good for it, it is tting, required See also RIGHT goodbye: xa okay, thats it, goodbye (informal expression) xagyane goodbye, farewell ( Old, formal expression, avoided by many people because it sounds too sad and nal.) nuniwhtsis-te [=I will see you again] goodbye, see you! Ill see you again goodnatured: xoa:unte honest, goodnatured goods: See UTENSILS goose: ehqonch-yiditile [=salt-it relishes] goose (Anser sp.) gooseberry: kiqos [=what he cracks in his mouth] gooseberries (Ribes sp.) dahchwing scraggly gooseberries; wild currants (Ribes divarlaatum(?)) gopher: mida-tehmil [=its mouth-(is) a sack] gopher (Thomomys, pocket gopher) xa:diniw [=it pops up] gopher (less common term) gossip: xunis-chwing [= diminutive form of xine:whchwing talk-sort] gossip grab: See CATCH grain: tohday traditional grain and seed mixture (like modern granola)

whikya:y my (womans) daughters child whitso:y my (mans) daughters child grandfather: whichwiwe my maternal grandfather, mothers father whima or whimauchwing my paternal grandfather, fathers father grandmother: whichwo my maternal grandmother, mothers mother whichin my paternal grandmother, fathers mother. granular substance, handle a: chiwijijil he carries it along (e.g., a handful of some granular substance, such as seeds, salt); whiwunjich give me (e.g., sugar)!; whiwaninjich he gave it to me; nawhjich Im carrying (e.g., sugar) around; na:usjich I carried it around (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) grape: dahto:l [=rope above it] wild grapes; grapevine xotsine-mi-yamil [=his legswith it-one throws (a rope) up] dahto:l Oregon grape (Berberis nervosea) grape juice: dahto:l-mito [=grape-its juice] grape juice; wine grass: toh grass (general term) toh-itsow [=grass-blue/green] grass (general term) tohditin sweet grass saliwh edible grass (general term); clover, wild sunower, salad me:niwinche [=wind blows against it] a kind of grass See also BEAR GRASS; BUNCH GRASS; IRIS grasshopper: a:dets grasshopper kiqe:ts [=something that makes a noise] large grasshopper, smaller than locust grassy: to:q grassy place, prairie grave: tse:y-ding [=brush-place] grave kichwa [=something that is buried, covered with dirt] grave xudya:n-xosin (or xudyung-xosin) [=shameful-it is] grave ( If the name of the person buried in a grave is mentioned in the presence of relatives, they are ashamed. You must pay them to wipe out the insult.) graveyard: tse:y-me [=brush-in] graveyard ( Called this because traditionally surrounded by brush.) gravel: na:q gravel na:qit gravel bar graze: kitiyawh a herd (of deer) moves along grazing, eats as it moves along; kite:yan a herd started to move wun-na:ya:xolyiw they (animals) graze on things, eat at things; wun-na:yaxolyiw (people) gather things (food, basket materials, acorns, etc.) grease: misinto [= probably from mi-tsing-to its-eshwater] its sap, grease, juice greasewood: tun-niwe [=leaves-are greasy] greasewood

GREASY/GUTS
greasy: niwe it is greasy, oily, shining; ninde:n it is

42
grew; chitehchwe:n he grew; natehdichwe:n he grew up; nolchwing it grew to a certain point, it stopped growing; no:olchwe:n he stopped growing; no:olchwin-ding when he has attained full growth nuchwe it increases, grows in size; nahschwen it increased (e.g., nahdiyaw-nayischwen money increased) grow up: ninyeh grow up! grow to full maturity!; chiniyiw he grows up; ne:se:ya:n I have grown up; kiniyiw (a generation) is growing up; kinehsya:n (a generation) has grown up; na:kinidyiw (another generation) grows up. See RAISE (CHILD) growl: kyoywung it (dog) is growling at something; kyoywinga:n [= from kyoywingwa:n] it growled; yiwho:nga:n it growled at me kidila:n Im growling, scolding somebody growling; dilung growl!; xodilung growl at him!; chixodila:n hes growling at him; xode:se:lan I growled at him; chiwhidehslan he growled at me guess: xowh it seems, it must be, I guess (particle indicating uncertainty, lack of denite knowledge) (e.g., dahungwhodung-xowh [=for quite a while-it seemed] it looked like it had been quite a while; diydi-xowh-wung [=what?-it seems-for] what for, I wonder?; da:ywho-xwo-xowh [=somewhere-at-it seems] somewhere or another; nawaye:-xowh-d: ng [=he goes around there-it seems-indeed] he might be living around there) guest: whiwung-chiningyay [=he came to (visit) me] visitor, guest gullet: whiqa:qe my throat, gullet; kiqa:qe throat, gullet (in a sh) gum (chewing): chaul [=one chews it] chewing gum (modern); xoji-chaul [=true-chewing gum] traditional chewing gum, made from milkweed (dina) cooked with sugar-pine pitch gums: whida-ginje [=my mouth-ginje] my gums gummy: See STICKY gun: tsiting rie, bow, weapon tsiting-mi-yikitichway [=weapon-with it-it scatters (shot)] shotgun gunny sack: dichwil-tehmil (or chwil-tehmil) tanned hide-sack gunny sack guts: whiche:ke my guts, intestines, soft belly

rich, greasy, oily, shiny with grease; nindin-tseh it is rich-tasting, tastes greasy greatly: nikyah-xw in a big way, greatly, much; soundly (in sleeping) green: See BLUE green, unripe: miloy (berries) are unripe, green greens: saliwh wild clover, watercress, edible greens of any sort grey hair: tse:-dilqay [=head-whiteish] grey-haired person; grey hair grey: dilma:y it is grey; dilma it is turning grey; diwilma it turned grey grief: xona:to-na:wilin [=tears-ow down] mourning, mourning songs grind: ingqa le, grind it (e.g., a knife)!; chiwingqay he led it, ground it grip: chixokit he caught hold of him, gripped him yitse:k it (animal, bird) catches, grips something (in its claws) gristle: kining-gije [=somethings face-gije] (a shs) head-gristle grizzly: mikyow (or mikyowe) [=its largeness, the largeness of it] grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) ( Mikyow shouldnt be used around a grizzly, lest it get angry; you should call it something like whingqay my aunt.) grosbeak: diqa:n-tah-kiya:wh-kyoh [=ridgesamong-bird-big] grosbeak, nch (Pheucticus melanocephalus, Black-headed grosbeak) ground: nin dirt, earth, ground yineh (also ineh, ninyeh) in the ground, underground group: e:na:wh neighbors, people living together, cohabitants, villagers grouse: diwh-kyoh [=diwh-big] grouse (Dendragapus obscurus, Blue Grouse) xoidi-kidichwe (or xoikidichwe) [=sudden noise-it makes it] pheasant, rufed grouse grow: wiwhchwil I am growing, getting larger; chiwilchwil he is growing; wilchwil it is growing whe:lchwil [=it is growing to me] I am growing (a crop) (e.g., mindeichwe:-whe:lchwil I am growing tobacco); xwe:lchwil he is growing it tilchwing it (plant) is growing; tehchwe:n it

H
habits: whaa:winiw my ways of doing things, my
habits hail: kilo (or kiloy) hail, ice; kilo:-ingxut [=hail-it drops] hail storm tiwhxa:n-mina: [=eel-its eyes] hailstones hair: whiwa my body hair, fur tsiwung head-hair; whitsiwun my head-hair whitse:tiwa my (esp. womans) long head-hair whe:daay tse:lnehwa:n [=my head is red] I have red hair ( The same construction used in referring to other hair colors; e.g., whe:daay iwhin I have black hair.) na:na:wiloy [=tied up] womans hair, wrapped back of ear and hanging down, tied with a buckskin strap (tsiq) ( See Goddard L&C, Plate 5.) whitsesto:n [=my (hair) tied in a braid] my braided hair (in na:na:wiloy style) wiloy-wa:kyaa:n hair whitse:tiwa dressed in a doughnut shape je:na:kiliwh [=put (several objects) apart again] part your hair (in the middle)!; je:nakilay she parted her hair See also PUBIC HAIR hair, cut: na:xowhde:s Im cutting off his hair; na: whindehs cut my hair; na:xwe:yde:s I cut his hair; nakide:s someone who cuts hair, barber hair, singe off: kiwhde:s Im singing off hair, I am cutting hair; ke:yde:s I singed off hair; kide:s game with hair singed off hair plug: xwe:deioy hair-plugs (used in ghting) hair tie: tsiq hair tie ( String of mink fur or otter skin used by women for tying hair. Goddard L&C, p. 20 and Plate 5.) haircut: white:ltsit my hair cut half: miqis half of it, one of a pair wiqis on one side, half whine:jit-utsah half of me; half the distance around me miwung half, part of something (e.g., miwung-ke: lna half-cooked) half-pounder: See SALMON TROUT halfbreed: yima:ndil-miwung [=white man-half] halfbreed hammer: kiwhtsi Im pounding it lightly, hammering it, hitting it (with a stone maul); kitsi pound it!; kisehtse:t I have pounded it; mi-kitsil [=with it-one pounds] hammer, maul

hand: whila my hand, nger

niwhonching-whila [=(on the) good side-my hand] my right hand nichwinching-whila [=(on the) bad side-my hand] my left hand hand lies: kislay [=several specific objects lie somewhere] a hand lies, hands lie somewhere (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) hand, move the: kiwiwhle:l [=I move (several specic objects) along] I move my hand along; ya: kiliwh [=move (several specic objects) up!] raise your hand!; yakilay he raised his hand; no:kiliwh [=move (several specic objects) down to there!] put your hand down!; no:kine:lay I have put my hand down; na:kiwhle [=I move (several specic objects) around] I feel around with my hand, move my hand around; nakisle he has moved his hand around (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) hand, on the other: yowi-e:n [=for that ones part] on the other hand, for instance handkerchief: xonchwiwh-mi-wundichwit [=his nose-with it-he wipes off] handkerchief xoning-mi-wundichwit [=his face-with it-he wipes off] handkerchief handle: nuxit feel it! touch it! handle it!; na:usxit he touched it, felt it; nawhisxit he touched me; do:na:uxit dont be touching anything! handsome: See BEAUTIFUL hang: na:ngay [=it extends downward] it is hanging down, extends downward na:nge:t [=they extend downward] they are hanging down, extend downward; naet hang them up!; na:sehe:t I have hung them up nahtsis it is hanging (attached to a string or rope); na:tsis it hung; natsis hang it up (on string, rope)!; na:ustsis he hung it up nixut it (e.g., curtain) is hanging; ne:xut I have hung (the curtain) nahmowh it is hanging, swinging from something; nahsmowh it has swung; timowh carry it along hanging (from your hand)!; chitehmowh he carried it hanging happen: a:kite:n something happens; a:kidyah something happened; a:winiw it always happens nahsdilen it became again, it happened again a:kidiwhlaw Im treated thus, things (unexpectedly) happen to me; akidilaw he is treated thus

HAPPY/HEADDRESS
happy: whiniste-xoniwh [=my body-is aware, has
feeling] I am happy; xoniste-xwe:niwh he became happy tsehdiyah Im happy, glad, pleased hard: nitits it is hard, solid (like stone); xontits hard, solid ground; wintits it got hard, hardened, solidied harvest: kya:dawhne Im gathering, harvesting (acorns, apples, round objects); kya:da:ne:-xosin acorn-gathering time, acorn harvest hat: qosta:n (modern) hat, cap. See CAP hat, wear a: iwhchah Im wearing a hat, cap; chicha:t hes wearing a hat; wehcha:t I wore a hat; nawhcha:t Im wearing a hat (again) hate: me:dziwhlay I hate it; whedzilay he hates me; me:dze:se:la I got to hate it; medzehsla-te he will hate it; kedzilay he hates people, he is a misanthrope haul: tiwhxiwh Im going to haul it off; te:sexe:n I hauled it off; chiwixil he is hauling it along; nuxe haul it around!; na:usxe he hauled it around. See

44
tohschile:n [= from toh-chile:n a strappeople treat it like] hazel brush switches, hazel bush miqikitoy [= from miqit-kitoy on it-she weaves (baskets)] hazel sticks kiqe:n he is twisting a hazel withe (to make it exible); kiwingqin-te he will twist a hazel withe he: xong he, she, him, her (emphatic pronoun); xong-e: n he for his part, she for her part head: whe:daay [=it extends against me] my head ke:daay [=somethings head] head of a sh or eel, when cut up for eating whitse my head ( Archaic, used now only in compounds.) whitse:-king [=my head-base] the back of my head whitsida the top of my head head (of a stream): no:wiling [=it stops owing] head of a creek, river headache: whe:daay dincha:t [=my head is sore] I have a headache headband: te:lma:s-wilchwe:n [=rolled up-made to be] a cylindrical buckskin headband stuffed with grass, with redheaded woodpecker scalps sewn on ( Usually with ornamented prongs (kitsos-nehwa: n) stuck into it. Worn by doctors and by men at the Kick Dance.) me:wi-na:sita:n [=underneath-a long object lies] headband, roll ( The distinctive headdress of the Jump Dance. It consists of a large piece of buckskin onto which are sewn large red-headed woodpecker scalps in decorative patterns along with a narrow edging of white deer-hair. It is attached to the dancers head by a strap.) kitsiwung-toh [=the hair-strap] headband worn by doctors, made of buckskin with yellowhammer feathers attached headdress: xoqit-dahsaa:n [=on him-it sits above] headress worn by men at the Kick Dance ( Made of fringed buckskin, with tail feathers attached to each fringe, and sewn to a cap so that the feathers stand up.) xoqit-dahkisa:n headdress ( Buckskin strips fringed, with one tail-feather attached to each fringe. This is sewn to a cap so that feathers stand up and partly hang over.) kyoh headdress of porcupine quills, worn by women in the Jump Dance wiloy [=tied up a small grass bundle headdress tied at the back of the head with buckskin, strung around the head; worn in the religious dances ( It serves as the base for the eagle plume (yehna:lqe:t). In the Jump Dance the wiloy is worn under the woodpecker scalp headdress (me:w-na:sita:n).) kida:ma:tse a wreath of myrtle twigs worn as a headdress

hazel: kila:jonde hazel, hazelnuts (Corylus california)

have: nawhay [=I carry (round object) around] I have

FERRY

it (e.g., stone), own it; naay he has it; na:ya I came to have it, acquired it, got it, bought it; nawinga he came to have it; na:nawinga he came to have it again, bought it back (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) seha:n [=I have (round object) lying motionless] I own it (e.g., stone), possess it; weha I got it, kept it, came into possession of it; chiwia he got it; ia get it! (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) siwhdaung [=I have made (round object) lie motionless] I have it (e.g., stone) in my possession (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) xowhe:n I have plenty (of something); chixoe:n he has plenty have a pet: nawhte [=I carry (living object) around] I keep, own (an animal); na:ute he keeps, owns it sehday I have (a pet) living with me, I own (a pet); chiday he has a pet hawk: kitsa:y large bird hawk, Red hawk (Buteo jamaicensis, Red-tailed hawk) kitsa:y-iwhin [=bird hawkblack] Chicken hawk kistay-mili-ch [=bluejay- mil (diminutive)] small bird hawk (Accipiter o:qi-ya:n cooperii, Coopers hawk) ta:dehch small bird hawk, Sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius, American kestrel) kiya:wh-nayniwul [=birds-it strikes them] large speckled hawk (Falco mexicanus, Prairie Falcon) da:chahdi-ya:n [=sucker-eater] sh hawk (Pandion haliaetus, Osprey) chahli-ya:n [=frog-eater] a type of sh hawk o:qi-ya:n [=sh-eater] sh hawk (general term) haze: misjeh light haze, mist, fog

45
kiqeh-na:diwul [=behind-it swings around] blind, headdress made of wolf-skin worn around the head by dancers in the White Deerskin Dance headman: See LEADER headrest: ke:tse:iul [=(where) he (customarily) rests his head] wooden headrest, used by men in the sweathouse headwater: mida [=its mouth] headwaters, source of river heal: kilwhot a scar formed, it healed. See SCAR healthy: niwhong-xw well, healthy, in a good way (e.g., niwhongxw-a:whte I am well) kichindi-e:din without disease, healthy hear: whe:daay-yehwinyay [=my head-it ran into] I heard it hear about: chiniwh he hears about it; niwhniwh I hear about you; kiwhniwh I hear about something, I hear the news; kiniwh he hears the news, the news that he hears; kiniwh-a:diwhchwe [=(aware of) the news-I make myself] I listen, I hear the news heard, be: naytsan there is a sound, something is audible (in the distance); naywintsan there was a sound, something was heard tseh feel, taste, be perceived (so), be heard (e.g., ixun-tseh it tastes good, sweet; chiskis-tseh [=he knocked-it was perceived] someone was heard knocking (at the door)) heart: whikyun-saa:n [=my insides-(round object) lies there] my heart; kikyun-saa:n somethings heart, a salmon heart. See INSIDES hearts: mikyunsaa:n [=its heart] hearts (suit in playing cards) heat: xonse:l it (weather) is warm, hot, sunny, there is heat nawhtse:l Im warming it up, heating it; natseh heat it!; na:ytse:l (or na:sehtse:l) I heated it See also EXHAUSTED heaven: chidilye:-winte:-ding [=religious dancingcontinually-place] land of the immortals (kixinay), located on the periphery of the world, beyond the sky je:nah-ching [=above-toward] upwards, to Heaven heavy: nida:s it is heavy; niwhda:s Im heavy; chinda: s he is heavy; windahs it has gotten heavy heavy song: mi-yehchina:wh [=with it-they enter] (or mi-yehkitul [=with it-they kick it in]) heavy or slow song at the Brush Dance mi-no:ondil [=with it-they sit down] a heavy or slow song at the Kick Dance heed: miqeh-nawhay [=after it-I carry it around] I mind it, heed it, pay attention to it; miqeh-nunga mind it!; miqeh-na:usa he minded it; whida-qehna:usa [=my mouth (i.e., words)-he minded] he minded me, paid attention to me

HEADDRESS/HERE AND THERE

heel: whixe:-tul [=my foot-stamper] my heel hell: chindin-tahxw [=dead people-amongst] (or

chindin-tah-ding [=dead people-among-place]) Hell, land of the dead do:xoosday-tah-ding [=dead people (polite term)among-place] Hell, land of the dead heile:n spirit who rules Hell ( His name should not be spoken, so that he wont hear you and pull you to him.) hello: he:yung hello! help: xochowhne Im helping him; kichowhne Im helping someone, Im a helper; whichoyne help me! come to my aid!; nichone he helps you; whicho: ne it helps me, Im being helped by something; xocho: yne I helped him; whichowe:ne he helped me; kicho:dne help, helping someone (whicho:dne help that I get, whikicho:dne my help for someone else) xoqit-iwhdine Im helping him; whiqit-indine help me!; whiqit-chiwine he helped me whila:n helping me out, joining me at a task; nila:n (let me be) helping you out!; xola:n-na:ste [=helping him-I worked] I helped him (to do a job), I helped him out; whila:n-nulte help me out!; xola:n-kya:n he helps him to eat, he eats with him helper: kicho:yane the two who help the lead singer in the White Deerskin Dance hay naxote the helper who takes care of the doctor (kite:taw) during the Kick Dance her: xong he, she, him, her; xong-e:n he for his part, she for her part xo- (possessive prex) his, her (e.g., xo-xontaw his, her house) chimulkyoh type of medicinal herb ( Has 5 leaves and a hollow stem, blossoms like sweet peaspurple and white; stands about 3 feet high; found mostly in valley ats. Used as a medicine for babies.) mitung-iqiwhich [=its leaf-is forked (diminutive)] type of medicinal herb kiwahday type of medicinal herb herd moves: kitiyawh a herd (of deer) moves along grazing, eats as it moves along; kite:yan a herd started to move te:digit it (ock, crowd, herd of animals) ran off (having been startled); tohdigit (you all) run off!; na: nohdigit (you all) come running back!; na:yundigit we came running back; widgil they are running about here: digyung here (in this location), this place de here, this; de:-ching to here, hither de:nching from de:-e:n-ching [=here-sidetoward] on this side (of the stream) jo here! take it! (exclamation) here and there: yo:-ching-tah [=there (nearby)towards-among] here and there, in different places, one after another

herbs, medicinal (unidentied):

HEREDITARY DISEASE/HOOF
hereditary disease: kido:niwh hermit thrush: kisixo-kino:na:wh heron: xahslin-taw [=rifes-the one that is around,
among] crane, heron (Ardea herodias, Great Blue heron) hiccup: whiwhday-no:kiniltsit [=my throat-fell down] I hiccupped whiwhday-winga [=my throat-stayed there] I hiccupped hide: ke:w-iwhawh [=underneath something, in a hidden place-I put it] Im hiding it; ke:w-ingawh hide it!; ke:w-chiwinga:n he hid it o:niwhsin I keep it (knowledge, the facts of something) hidden, keep it secret; xowung-o:ninsing keep the facts hidden from him!; cho:ne:nsen he kept the facts hidden hide: misits its skin, hide kixa:l freshly skinned hide, stretched out to dry (on drying frame) kiwilma tanned hide kiqo:n there is the sound of dry hide crackling; kiwingqo:n there was a dry-hide crackling sound hidden: ke:w [=under something] hidden away, in secret (e.g., ke:w-chitehsyay in secret-he went off he sneaked off, hid) mino (hidden) behind it, out of sight; whino (hidden) behind me; kino (hidden) behind something, in hiding high: to:-nikya:w [=water-big] high water je:nah-ching [=sky-towards] up high high water: See FLOOD hill: nin-dahsaa:n [=ground-lying on top] hill xodina:n sloping place; side hil dahdimot little bare hill; knobby rise kyo:mo:t it bulges up (lump or knob on ones body, a hill, etc.); kyo:wimo:t it has bulged up hillside: minin ank (of a mountain), hillside him: xong he, she, him, her; xong-e:n he for his part, she for her part hip: whiqe:che my hip, pelvis whiqay my hip, thigh, inside of my leg whita-tsing [=my bottom bone] my hip, pelvis whi-tsidaqi-ya:ngay [=my-upside down-which sits] my hip hire: xochweh hire him!; chiwho:chwiw he hired me; kyowichwiw he hired someone; kima:wkyochwiw [=medicine-he hires] he hires someone to recite a medicine formula his: xo- (possessive prex) his, her (e.g., xo-xontaw his, her house) hit: whikis hit me! (with st); chiwhisehkis he has hit me na:niwhwul Ill hit it, drum on it (with a stick); nanehwa:t he hit it na:tsi hit it (with a rock)!; nanehtse:t he hit it. ya:whiwu hit me! (with a stick, club); ya:xosehwa: t I hit him xoqit-dahnadiwia [=on it-he stuck it atop] he

46
shot it, hit it (with an arrow) na:nitsong hit, bang against it!; na:ne:ytson I banged against it See also STRIKE hoard: whida:n-saa:n [=my store of food-which lies] I have a hoard; I am stingy hobo: te-naywe [=blanket-it carries it around] tramp, hobo hoe: mi-mitahxw-chixochwe [=with it-around (the garden)-he makes, prepares] hoe hog: na:kiqot [=it roots around] hog, pig iqa:w [=it is fat] hog See also PIG hold: chontan hes holding on to it; ontung hold on to it! hold it!; whontung hold on to me!; xo:ytan I held on to him; cho:ntan he held on to it hold a feast: nokingxa:n-na:ntan [=feast-it got laid back down] a feast was held hold on!: dongqa-tsit [=before-rst] wait a minute! hold on! rst lets... hole: kyaa:n there is a hole, it is empty, hollow; wa: kyaa:n there is a hole through it, it is perforated; xa:kyaa:n there is an open hole, pit in the ground; yehkyaa:n there is a hole in it, there is a den, cave tse:-yeh [=rock-under] cave; hole dug along the river for catching sh hole, make a: mino:kidik put a hole in it! peck through it!; mino:ke:dik I put a hole in it hollow: kisol it is hollow, makes a hollow sound me:q-kyaa:n [=inside it-there is a hole] it is hollow, empty inside iqoch it is hollow, empty, gaping (e.g., xona:iqoch [=his eye-is hollow] he is blind in one eye) See also GAP hollow tree: kiyiq hollow tree holly: bahshe:l (or bahshil) holly (berries) ( Not a Hupa word; possibly from another Athabaskan language.) honest: xoa:unte honest, goodnatured honey: kinsinto [= from king-sinto tree-juice] the sweet sap of the sugar pine or maple; sugar; honey honeysuckle: istik honeysuckle hood: kise:qot a woven hood or head-net worn by important dancers in the religious dances ( The kise: qot is a closely woven piece of knotless netting which is tied about the head by a thong running along its upper edge. It hangs down the back about to the waist. It usually has painted designs and its bottom edge is fringed with a line of feathers. In the White Deerskin Dance it is worn beneath the crown of sealion tusks (kiwo) by the obsidian bearers. In the Jump Dance, it is worn by the three center men (the dance leader and the two singers). hoof: mixulo (deers, pigs) cloven hoof; kixulo a (deers) hoof, deer-hoof rattle used by doctors (dried deer hooves, tied around a stick or bone)

47
hook dancer: kiwo-me [=hooks-in] the hook
dancers in the Boat Dance hook: kyongwhah hook for something! catch something with a hook!; kyowingwha:l he hooked for it; tahna:se:wha:l I hooked it out of the water; mi-na: nakiwha:l [=with it-he hooks things down] wooden hook, used to break limbs off trees. See FISHHOOKS hookbill: qehs Hookbill salmon ( Fall run of king salmon.) hooks: kiwo [=the teeth] hooks, a crown of sea-lion tusks ( Worn by the obsidian bearers in the White Deerskin Dance with a woven hood (kise: k'iwo' qot) beneath, and worn without a hood in the Boat Dance and the Flower Dance.) kiwo hoop: na:lma:ts [=what has been coiled, circled] a hoop mats (or ma:tse) half-hoop that holds the net in a dip net Hoopa Valley: na:tini-xw [=trails (leading) backat] Hoopa Valley (i.e., where the trails lead back). See HUPA hop: yulchuq (frog) hops, jumps; ya:lchuq it hopped hopper: qaykist [= probably from qay-kitsit basket-pounding] hopper or mill basket ( Lacks a bottom. Set over the mortar while pounding acorns. Goddard L&C, p.27-8 & Plate 24, gure 1.) horn: mide its horn, antler; kide a set of antlers (detached from the animal). See POINTS hornet: tsa:-dilqay (or tse:-dilqay) [=tsa-whitish] hornet horse: miqit-dahchiditse [=on top of it-they sit] horse mitse:towa-xole:n [=its head-hair (i.e., mane)there is plenty] horse (less common term) ing dog, pet animal, horse Hostler Creek: tse:mitah-nilin-qeh [=tse:mitahcreek-along] Hostler Creek Hostler Ranch side: takimixwe the people of the village of Hostler Ranch. (Takimiding) and more generally the people of the downstream half of Hoopa Valley ( In the Jump Dance and White Deerskin Dance the takimixwe side alternates with the medilxwe side (i.e., dancers from the Matilton (Medilding) or downstream half of Hoopa Valley) in performing sets of dances. The two sides are ceremonially equal, but since the dances begin at the Sacred House in Hostler Ranch the medilxwe must play the role of guests, allowing the takimixwe to have the rst and last dance sets. On the last day of the Jump Dance the takimixwe and the medilxwe dance a grand nale together.) See MATILTON SIDE hot: sise:l (object is) hot, (water) is warm; siwhse:l I am warm, hot; winse:l it got warm; we:sehi-tseh I

HOOK DANCER/HUNGRY
feel Im getting hot; nawinse:l he warmed up again (after getting cold) xonse:l it (weather) is warm, hot, sunny; there is heat uloh its hot! (exclamation) tos or tosi hot water, water that has been heated on a re hot (tasting): dinche:k it is hot-tasting, peppery, gingery; diwinche:k it has gotten hot-tasting, it has gone sour house: xontah house (modern) xoji-xontah [=true-house] Indian house, living house ( Goddard L&C, p.13, The xonta was the home of the family, the sleeping place of the women, and the storehouse for the family possessions.) iwhmen Im building (a house, fence, etc.); sehmen I have built it na:usxut he took it all apart, he tore (the house) down xontah-me:wxontah na:nakisqot [=house-underneath it-he poked around again] he tore down his house, moved his residence (old idiom in stories) house (temporary): See HUT how: daxwe:di (or xwe:di , xwe:t ) how? in what way? (interrogative adverb); xwe:di-q in what way? (e.g., xwe:di-q a:udyaw how did he do it) how are you?: xwe:di-whung a:nte [=how-onlyyou are] how are you? how are you doing? (greeting) how many: dunundi how many? how much? (interrogative quantier); dunundi-ding how many times?; dunundin how many people? huckleberry: chwich huckleberries (Vaccinium ovatum) huge: tin-nikya:w [=very-it is big] very big, huge human being: kiwinyan-ya:n [=acorn-eater] person, man, people; Indian (as opposed to yima:ndil, White person); human being (as opposed to kixinay, immortal) hummingbird: qo:so:s hummingbird (Selasphorus sp.) ( The hummingbird was a man-bird. His bill was long like a needle or spear, and he used it to pierce his enemies. Once he told another bird to start ying from one end of the world and he started from the other; they met in the middle and danced.) hundred: a-dikin [=onedikin , cf. king stick] one qo:so:s hundred, one counting stick nahx-dikin [=two-dikin] two hundred hungry: me:diwhchwing Im hungry for it, want it (e.g., o:qi-me:diwhchwing I want fish); mediwinchwen he got hungry for it chwing-me:do:whle [=chwing-I am weak for it] I am hungry; chwing-medo:wile he is hungry; chwingmedo:wehsle he got hungry a:dixin [=eating off oneself] hungry, starving

HUNT/HUT
hunt: kiwunayiwhday I am hunting, pursuing something; kiwinayday he is hunting, hes a hunter; kiwunaywinda he hunted; kiwuna:yaydil they are hunting; kiwuna:yaywinde:t they hunted naninyo:t he chased, hunted (quarry) hunting, go: kiwunayda:-chitina:wh he goes hunting; kiwunayda:-te:se:yay I went hunting; kiwunayda:-yatehsde:t they went hunting hunter: kiwinayday he is hunting, hes a hunter Hupa: na:tini-xw Hoopa Valley [=trails (leading) back-at], i.e., where the trails lead back na:tinixwe [=those of Hoopa Valley] Hoopa Valley Indians diningxine:wh Hupa-speaking people, Hupa Indians de:di-me:q [=here-inside it] here in this valley, in Hoopa hurl: See THROW

48
hurry up: xolisch (or xolisji-) quickly, fast; hurry up! hurt: dincha:t it aches, hurts, is sore

ugeh ouch! it hurts! (exclamation) chiyah hes hurt, wounded; tsisya:t he got hurt; se: ya:t I got hurt; xoyah Im hurting, wounding him (with a stick, knife, etc.); xosehya:t I hurt him; chixosyah he hurt someone husband: whixung my husband hustle: meso:sin he wants to do it; keso:sin he wants to do things (in general), hes ambitious, hes a willing worker, hes a hustler hut: minch menstrual hut kila:dosche-xontah [=bark-house] temporary shelter, camping hut, made out of bark ( Built mainly at acorn-gathering claims (tunq-no:ondil).) menusay (?), brush house; wind-break; lean-to ( Attested only in Merriams notes.)

I
I: whe I, me, as for me (emphatic pronoun); whe:-e:n
as for me ice: ningxosting it (water, ground) is frozen, there is ice dahya:dze frost, ice on trees kilo hailstone, ice if: -de if, when (future conditonal tense) (e.g., ayniwinsinde if you want it; na:de:ywat-de if I had poured it) ignorant: do:-owhtsit I dont know, Im ignorant of it; do:-chohtsit he doesnt know ill, be: kise:ge he is ill, incapaciated, sick in bed, a doctors patient; kiwhse:ge I am ill; ke:se:ge-tseh I feel that Ive become ill illegitimate: tintah-tsisla:n [=in the woods-he was born] illegitimate child, bastard tintah-kichwe [=in the woods-she gives birth] mother of an illegitimate child illness: kichint disease, sickness, illness imitate: me:nawhdile Im imitating it; xwe:nadile hes imitating him; whe:nawidle he imitated me me:kinowhye I imitate someone; whekinolye he imitates me; whekino:wehsye he imitated me immediately: aay-xw immediately, at once, right then; nothing but, only (e.g., aayxw-yawingxits right then-she fell over; aayxw-dixich-iqay nothing but-white deerskins) immortals: kixinay [=the ones who escape, the ones who are safe] immortals, spirits, angels ( The people who inhabited this world before human beings arrived to claim it. They had no re, and didnt know death. They now live in Heavena world across the eastern ocean, beyond the skyand are prayed to. Equivalent to Yurok wogey, Karuk ikxareeyav.) impossible: do:-xoling, do:-xole:n [= adverbial use of there is none] it isnt possible, one cant, one shouldnt (e.g., do:xolin-na:whda:wh I cant come back; do:xoling-idichit its impossible for us to die; do:xolin-te:siwhen I couldnt look). See CANT improper: daxo:qi-adilaw [=in some way-one acts] doing something improper during a religious dance, such as joking or blaspheming tingxine:wh [=he speaks astray] he uses bad language, swears, speaks improperly, speaks against the rules immature: do:-kinahdang [=not (yet)-a girl at puberty] preadolescent girl, girl who is not yet mature kile:xich boy before puberty important: ningxate:n rich and important person, leader, boss

in: me in, in it (e.g., whila-me in my hand; me-

no:iwawh I put (round object) in it) yeh- in, into (an enclosure)(verb prex): yehingawh put it (e.g., stone) inside!; yehchiwinga:n he put it in; yehnungawh put it back in!; yehnawinga:n he put it back in; yehinyahwh go in!; yehwe:yay I came in; yehchiwinyay he came in; yehyawinde:t they all went in in order to: ming in order to (e.g., te:se:ya:-te xiniwhye:wh-ming I will go in order to talk) in the water: te:w in the water, underwater in-law: whi-qa:l [=with me-walking along] my in-law. See terms for specic in-laws in vain, futilely: xoh futilely, in vain (e.g., xoh-ate:n [=futilely-he did it] he couldnt do it; inadiqe-xohwunaway [=he gets up-in vain-he busied himself] he tried to get up but couldnt) incense root: See ANGELICA inchworm: qo:-qot [=worm-bent] inchworm increase: nuchwe it increases, grows in size; nahschwen it increased (e.g., nahdiyaw-nayischwen money increased) increasingly: dahdi-ding more and more, increasingly (e.g., dahdi-ding xowiwhdingil Im loving her more and more) indeed: d:ng (or dong) indeed, for sure, it is so (emphatic particle) (e.g., tsisehwe:n-d:ng [=he killed it-indeed] he killed it for sure, without a doubt; de:qi-d:ng [=this-way-indeed] in this very way) index finger: whilaminikya:w-miching-na: daay [=my thumb-towards it-what extends] my index nger Indian: kiwinyan-ya:n [=acorn-eater] person, man, people, Indians mining-wiltuch [=its facetattooed] (or xoning-wiltuch [=his face-tattooed]) Indians from upstream ( Wild Indians along South Fork Mountain and to the south and west; Lassik, Nongatl, and others. Remembered in stories and legends as livkiwinyan-ya:n ing on the mountains to the south. They would raid Hupa villages, steal valuables, and carry off women.) See also: HUPA; KARUK; KONOMIHU; REDWOOD CREEK; SHASTA; TOLOWA; TSNUNGWE; YUROK

INDIAN DEVIL/ITCH
Indian Devil: kidongxwe (or kidongxe) Indian Devil,
witch, sorcerer xongqot [=poke him (with a stick)] devil him!; chiwhisqot he deviled me; yaxosqot they deviled him; do:-xowidqot-heh [=not-deviling him-hear!] dont devil him! Indian Devil bird: dinday-michwo [=arrowhead-its grandmother] Indian Devil bird ( Normally found in the high mountains; Indian Devils (sorcerers) mock its cry.) Indian doctor: kite:taw Indian doctor; sucking doctor: See SUCKING DOCTOR; TRACING DOCTOR; TA:N

50
insides: whikya:ne (or whikya:n, whikyung) my
abdomen, belly, insides, guts (also used abstractly for mind, attention) instance, for: yowi-e:n [=for that ones part] on the other hand, for instance insulting gesture: kiwh an insulting gesture with the hand (e.g. kiwh-noawh [=kiwh-he puts it down] he makes a kiwh gesture) interpret: kide:tseh-nakichwe [=understandinghe makes someone again] he explains it, interprets it; he is an interpreter; kide:tseh-ya:xochwe [=understanding-he makes them] he translates for them, explains it to them intestine: whiche:ke (the tubular part of the canal that extends from the stomach to the anus), my guts, intestines kimit [=somethings stomach] tripe whichwa:n-dahyiwixa:l [=my excrement-what holds it up] my intestines into: me-ching [=in-toward] into, towards the inside of it (e.g., meching-no:de:ta:t I stepped into it) intoxicated: See DRUNK inverted: yiwi-dimit [=under-bellied] (glass, etc.) inverted, with its open end down, (animal, person) with its belly down, (hand) with palm down invisible: do:-xolen [=not-it is visible, in view] it is invisible, cant be seen; do:-whe:-xolen [=notto me-it is visible] I cant see it, it is out of my view; do:-o:wehsen it became invisible; do:-o:we:ysen I became invisible invite: yehna:xowhay Im inviting him in; yehna: whia invite me in!; yehnawhiwia he invited me in; na:xowhay I invite him around (to different places, here and there). See CALL (ANIMAL) iris: mehschile:n [= from meh-chile:n net-people treat it like] blue-ag grass, iris (Iris) ( Used for netting.) iron: tse:che (or tse:lischee) [= possibly from tse:-lische stone-plank] knife, iron iron, to: miqi(t)xwo-na: nawhay [=around on top-I move (round object) back and forth] Im ironing (clothes); mehschile:n miqi(t)xwo-na:na:sa:a I ironed;mi-miqi(t)xwona:naay [=with it-one irons] an iron is: ng it is (e.g., hayng [=hay-ng that-it is] thats the one; de:d:ng [= de:di-ng this-it is] this is the one) island: minahsto:y [=what water has moved around, surrounded] island it: ming it (animal) itch: xixe:s it itches; xiwingxes-te it will itch; chixixe: s he itches, is itchy

Indian paint brush: kitsos

[=what one sucks] Indian paintbrush (Castilleja wightii) ( Red flowered bush, resembling a huckleberry, that is sucked by hummingbirds. Indians used to suck honey out of it, and children would attach the owers to sticks kitsos and put in their hair, as a toy.) inexpensive: See CHEAP infant: qun-isla:n [=recently-it was born] baby during the rst ten days of life mije-e:din [=mind-it is lacking] baby after the rst ten days of life infection: xis pus, discharge, infection inheritance: whitahna:wilay my inheritance injure: chiyah hes hurt, wounded, injured; tsisya:t he got injured; xoyah Im injuring, wounding him (with a stick, knife, etc.); chixosya:t he injured someone insect (types of): te:w-na: kixoa:n [=under the water-it moves around] bugs that walk around under water xa:xowilwa:t digging bug (sp.) mun-tsisge [=fly-downy, feathery] mosquito mung y mun-kyoh-tsow [=y-bigmehschile:n blue/green] blowy a:disch ant See also: BEE; BEETLE; DRAGONFLY; GRASSHOPPER; FLEA; MOTH; specific names for insects insects, unidentied: te:w-na:kixoa:n [=under the water-it moves around] insect that walks around under water xa:xowilwa:t type of digging bug inside: me:q inside it, the inside (of anything); de:dime:q [=here-inside it] here in this valley, in Hoopa; whixe-me:q [=my foot-inside it] the inside of my foot, my sole

DOCTOR

J
jack pine: na:det-tsech [=digger pine- tse
(diminutive)] Jack pine, small Sugar pine jacket: See COAT jackrabbit: na:qitah-kiixun [=on the gravel bar-deer] jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) January: a-na:nga [=one-the moon has gone through a cycle] the rst month of the (traditional) lunar calendar, (modern) January jaw: whiwe:tsing [= from whiwe:tsing my we:-bone; -we:- is na:qitah-kiixun an old word for jaw found only in compounds] my jaw, jawbone, chinbone jay: See BLUEJAY jaybrid: tse:y-mitah-xona:daa [=brush-in amongst it-it ies head rst] common jaybird (Aphelocoma coerulescens, Scrub jay) jealous: kiwhliwh [=I watch something, keep an eye on something] I am jealous; xowung-kiwhliwh I am jealous of him; whiwung-keliwh he is jealous of me; ke:yliwh I got jealous. job: na:lte work, job; whina:ltee my job; na:ste I have a job. See WORK joint: See KNEE joking, frivolous: ahxw-hayah just-there just for nothing, for no reason, as a joke kiwe:-q (or qiwe:-q , qiwe:-qits ) [=evil spirit-in the manner of (diminutive)] in a funny, joking, frivolous way ( Prohibited type of behavior during a religious dance.); kiwe:qidz-na:kiwidaw funny, frivolous way of singing See also IMPROPER BEHAVIOR Judas tree: See REBUD judge: xine:wh-mixa:-kiniwhadichwe [=talk-attending to it-he listens] judge (in modern courtroom) juice: mito water, juice of something jump: yawhtong Im jumping (up); yultong jump!; yawilton he jumped; chiltong jump out!; che:ilton he jumped out yulchuq (frog) hops, jumps; ya:lchuq it hopped ya:xo:awh they (a group, line of dancers) jump up and down in the Jump Dance style of dancing; ya:xo: widaa:n we (group of dancers) jumped up and down; ya:xo:nga:n they jumped up and down

Jump Dance: xay-chidilye [=winter-religious

dance] Jump Dance held in the fall following the White Deerskin dance tunq-chidilye [=fall-religious dance] older term for the (fall) Jump dance misqit-chidilye [=Miskut-religious dance] a Jump Dance formerly held during the spring at Miskut (misqit) ya:xo:awh [=they (a group) jump up and down] the Jump Dance style of dancing ( The dancers raise their ceremonial baskets (nawehch) in their right hands at the same time as they raise one of their feet (either right or left, sometimes alternately). When the foot is raised almost level with the other knee, the dancer brings it down forcefully. This is done by the line of dancers in unison and in time to the singing.) na:uton [=they jump about] a Jump Dance step xay-chidilye:-whing [=winter-dances-song] (or ya:xo:awh-miwhine [=Jump Dancing-its song)] Jump Dance song ( Sung by one singer at a time. No words. Time is kept by stamping and raising of the ceremonial basket, nawehch.) nakyaaw [=the singer] the center man in the line of Jump Dancers ( This is the leader of the dance. Despite the name, the nakaaw does not himself sing; the two dancers on either side of him do the actual singing. The nakaaw leads the singing and dancing with verbal commands and movements of his nawehch (ceremonial basket).) mine:jit-tsisye:n [=in the center of it-he stands] non-technical term for the center man in the Jump Dance tehqit-yadilye [=on the ground-dancers] ordinary dancers in the Jump Dance ( They are called tehqit because when the dancers sit down between sets, the three center men have stone seats while all the other dancers must sit on the ground.) ditsik-e:na:yausow [=unshelled acorns-they scrape together] a dance performed with the ceremonial basket-quiver (nawehch) during the Jump dance ( The low rythmic sound made by the ordinary dancers in the Jump Dance provides the background for the melodies sung by the two singers in the center of the line.) a-yehchiwinyay [=one-going in] a set of ten dances in the Jump Dance ( It is against the rules to break up the set.)

JUMP DANCE/JUST NOW

xonin-na:naule [=his face-he moves back and forth] looking right and left during Jump Dance Jump Dance basket: nawehch probably [= from nawe:-ch he carries it around-(diminutive)] ceremonial basket-quiver, used only at the Jump Dance ( Each dancer nawehch car-ries a nawehch in his right hand, raising and lowering it during the singing. The basket, a foot or more in length and a few inches in diameter, has a long slit-like opening along one side and somewhat resembles the elkhorn purses in which wealthy men used to keep their valuable dentalia shell money. Nothing, however, is kept inside a nawehch, although it is sometimes stuffed with straw to keep its shape.) Jump Dance fence: xontah [=house] the wooden back-board for the Jump Dance kinjiwolch-ne:s [=pole-wide] the cross-piece on the Jump Dance back-board
xontah (Jump Dance fence)

52
jump up and down, dance: na:aton [=he
makes it jump around] he dances jumping up and down (a general term for frenzied dancing in place, as in doctor-training dances); nutong dance jumping up and down!; na:lton jumping up and down style of dancing junco: See SNOWBIRD juneberry: miqit-kildil [=on it-they eat berries] juneberry juniper berry: xehjuq dried cedar or juniper berries ( Used for decoration, sewn to fabrics. Holes are already found in these when they are collected from anthills.) just: ah-xw once-at merely, just, only, (in an) ordinary (way) (e.g., ahxw-e:n-a:xodiwhne [=just, merelyit was-I was telling her] I was merely telling her a story, I was just talking) just as if: ahxw...silen [=just...it becomes] just as if, as though (e.g., ahxw-xontah-chiwinga:s-silen [=just-house-it scratched-it became] just as if something had scratched the house) just for nothing ahxw-hayah [=just-there] just for nothing, for no reason, as a joke just now: jit just now (e.g., jit-do:o:wdilung just now-we quit work)

kinjiwolch-ne:s

K
Karuk: kinusni [= possibly from kinahsni passing
in front of someone] ( Referring to the War Dance, when warriors dance boastfully in front of the line of enemy dancers.) Karuk Indian yidahchin [=person coming from uphill] Karuk, Konomihu, Shasta or other Indians on the Klamath and Salmon Rivers keep: weha [=I came to have (round object)] lying motionless I kept it, got it, came into possession of it; chiwia he kept it; ia keep it! keep an animal: nawhte [=I carry (living object) around] I keep, own (an animal); na:ute he keeps, owns it kelp: See SEAWEED kick: kyotu kick! kick at something!; kyowita:t he kicked; nutu kick it around!; na:sehta:t he kicked it around Kick Dance: chitul [=he taps his foot, stamps] Kick Dance, the way of dancing at the Kick Dance ( The initiation dance for Indian doctors.) ninisa:n-me-yitiliwh [=the world-in-it carries them along] pains which are only shown in the KickDance, not sucked out of people te:wing from te:wi-n [=uncooked, raw-person] a novice Indian doctor, one who has not yet been fully cooked by the Kick Dance Kick Dance regalia: xoqi-dahkisa:n on himsome (round object) lies above fringed buckskin strips, with one tail-feather attached to each, sewn to a cap so that the feathers stand up and partly hang over ( Regalia for the Kick Dance.) Kick Dance songs: chitul-whing [=Kick Dancesong] Kick Dance song xowah-nakitaaw [= alongside-he sings along] a light or fast song at the Kick Dance mi-no:ondil [=with it-they sit down] a heavy or slow song at the Kick dance cho:na:niwichwil [=they keep reaching for it] a type of singing at the Kick Dance kidnap: tingxotiwh [=take (living being) away so that he is lost] kidnap him! steal him away!; tingwhiwite: n he kidnapped me kidney: whijonjo my kidneys kill: siwe kill it (one animal)!; se:sehwe:n I killed it; chisehwe:n he killed it; chixosehwe:n he killed him. ingung [= from ingwung ] kill them (several animals)!; we:wa:n I killed them; chiwinga:n from chiwingwa:n he killed them; chixowinga:n he killed them (people) iydiliw it (animal) kills something (as prey); ediliw he kills something, he murders someone; e:dileh kill something!; e:de:liw I killed something, someone. See
ATTACK

chewhinehya:n [=he ate me out] he (or they) slaughtered my family, did away with my people killed, get: kite he gets killed; kiwite he got killed; yikiwite it (animal) got killed; ke:yte-te Ill get killed whitsine-wintan [=my bones-came to lie there (still)] I got killed kin: See FAMILY king salmon: xulo:qe Silverside salmon ( The rst part of the spring run of king salmon.) chwulo:qe Chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha) ( Large king salmon that follow the silverside salmon in the spring run.) qehs hookbill salmon ( Fall run of king salmon.) kingbird: to:q-dakya:w [=prairie-oriole] kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis, Western Kingbird) je:nah-na:lah [=it oats around up in the air] second name for kingbird kingsher: tehkixis [=it dives into the water] kingsher (Megaceryle alcyon, Belted kingsher) kingsnake: niching-who:wh (or iching-who: wh) [=to each other-parallel] (refers to the kingsnakes ring-like markings) kingsnake (Lampropeltis sp.) kinsman: whima:lyo my relative, kinsman, friend whiing my buddy, cousin, relative ing-xole:n [= from ingchixole:n cousin-people treat him like] he is treated like a relative, called by a kinship term; ingwhiling treat me like a relative! call me cousin! Klamath River: kina-tahxw-hun [=Yuroks-amongst-river] Klamath whima:lyo River knee: whiqot my knee, joint knife: tse:che (or tse:lischee) [= possibly from tse:lische stone-plank] knife, iron yehwilxit [=something inserted] flint knife for cutting sh or roots ( Goddard L&C, Plate 3, gures 4-5.) knob: kyo:mo:t [=what mounds up] bump or knobby place on the esh

KNOCK/KONOMIHU
knock: iwhkis Im striking it with my st, knocking (at the
door); dundi-chikis [=who-knocks] who is knocking (at the door)?; chiskis-tseh [=he knocked- it was perceived] someone was heard knocking (at the door) nuxat Im knocking it down (something previously built, like a trap); na:sehxat I knocked it down knoll: dahdimot little bare hill; knobby rise kyo:moch-ding lumpy knoll on Bald Hill knot: no:lye:ts [=what is tied in a knot] common knot no:ltsit bow knot jime:li-mike [=lizard-its tail] braided knot, used on the fringe of a womans traditional apron (tsung) knot, tie a: noyets tie a knot!; no:oye:ts hes tying a knot; no:nehye:ts I tied a knot; che:nuyets untie the knot!; che:na:nehye:ts I untied a knot; e: kiniwhye:ts Im tying them together (with a knot); ekiniwiye:ts he tied them together knotted: siltsit it is knotted know: owhtsit I know it; nowhtsid I know you; chohtsit he knows it; o:ytsit I got to know it, I found out about it; ninisa:n whohtsit [=the country knows me] I know the country; kyowhtsit I know about something, Im acquainted with it; kyowitsit he got acquainted with it; o:ltsit it is known, it has become known

54
know, dont: do:-owhtsit I dont know
xowh it seems, it must be, I guess (particle indicating uncertainty, lack of denite knowledge) (e.g., dahungwhodung-xowh [=for quite a while-it seemed] it looked like it had been quite a while; diydi-xowh-wung [=what?-it seems-for] what for, I wonder?; da:ywho-xwo-xowh [=somewhere-at-it seems] somewhere or another; nawaye:-xowh-d: ng [=he goes around there-it seems-indeed] he might be living around there) know, how: whi-diniay I know how to do it, I understand it; xo-diniay he knows how to do it; whidiniwia I have learned how to do it know (place): ninisa:n-whotsit [=the world, country-knows me] I know the country, Im familiar with the area knowledge: xwe:xolya:n he has sense, understanding, knowledge of things; ke:xoya:n one who understands things whi-diniay I know how to do it, I understand it; xodiniay he knows how to do it knuckle: whila-qot [=my hand-joint] my knuckles Konomihu: yidahchin [=people coming from uphill] Karuk, Konomihu, Shasta or other Indians on the Klamath and Salmon Rivers

L
lacking: e:din it is lacking, missing; e:nden it came
to be lacking, it disappeared. See WITHOUT lacking, make: iding make it be lacking! make it disappear! (e.g., xona:-iding [=his eyes-make them be lacking!] blind him!); e:yden I made it be lacking (e.g., xona:-e:yden I blinded him) ladder: miqit-kesindil [=on it-they climb up] (or miqit-na:na:ndil [=on it-they go down]) ladder ( A ladder, made from a single piece of wood, was positioned at the inner entrance to a living house, leading down into the house-pit, as well as inside the (roof) door of a sweathouse. Goddard L&C p. 14.) kesina:wh hes climbing up along something, climbing a ladder, going upstairs; ke:isyay he climbed something; kesindil they climb something ladyslipper: yima:ne:kiwingxoya:n-xoyehchitul [=Indian God-his shoes] ladyslipper (Cypripedium fasciculatum) lake: minq lake sixa:n (or suxa:n) [=a lled container lies somewhere] there is a lake or pond; wingxa a lake or pond forms, takes shape; na:sixa:n the water, lake lies still, quiet lame: nawhdiqe:ch I am lame, limping; na:usdiqe:ch he became lame, started limping lamprey: See EEL land: ninisa:n country, land, world, earth land (a canoe): meninta:n [=he brought (long object) against it] he landed his canoe, brought his canoe in to shore; menilay [=they brought (several objects) against it] they landed their canoes yehiqeh [=shove (a stick) in] shove the canoe in! land the canoe!; yehchiwiqe:t he landed the canoe me:daay [=it extends against it] (canoe) is beached, pulled to shore (still partly in the river) land, by: nuqit (or naqit) (coming) by land, (travelling) along the bank of the river (as opposed to travelling by boat) language: xine:wh language, speech, talk na:tinixwe:-mixine:we [=Hupa people-their language] the Hupa language large: nitsa:s it is large in diameter, thick; niwhtsa:s Im large around the waist. See BIG larkspur: kima:w-iqa:w [=medicine-which is fat] wild larkspur; a medicinal herb ( Fat medicine.) last: na:miqeh following along behind, last (e.g., chitehsde:t-na:miqeh they went off last, they were the last to go) whiwung-miqisilin-te [=toward me-it gets late(future)] I will be late, delayed later: de:-qung-hit [=here-recently-at that time] a short time afterwards, later on laugh: o laugh, laughter; whio my laugh wha:ao [=laughter moves me] I laugh; wha:no I laughed, burst out laughing; xwa:no he laughed; whiwun-na:no you laughed at me o-chichwe [=laughter-he makes] he laughs; ochischwen he laughed laurel: tun-chwing California laurel, pepperwood (Umbellularia cali fornica) ( Sometimes called myrtle. Pepperwood leaves are used to relieve sinus congestion.) lawyer: kyodixit [=he asks questions] lawyer tun-chwing whiqi-chixine:wh [for me-he speaks] my lawyer lay (it) down: nonghawh put it (e.g., stone) down!; noninga:n he put it down; no:naninga:n he put it back down (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) lazy, unenthusiastic: miwhtsa:s I am lazy, unenthusiastic about something, dont want to do it; kiwhtsa:s I am lazy, unenthusiastic (about things in general); ketsa:s he is lazy, unenthusiastic; ke: witsa:s laziness leach acorns: kitawhtsit Im leaching acorns (by pouring water over them); kitutsit leach acorns!; kitawitsit she leached acorns leaching pit: kita:ltsit shallow pit in riverbank sand used for leaching acorns, dirt pan me-kita:utsit [=in it-she leaches acorns] acorn leaching pit (alternative term) lead: tiwhloy [=Im dragging it off] Im leading it (e.g., horse) with a rope; te:se:loy I led it; chite: loy he led it na:whilohs [=drag me around!] lead me by the hand!; na:xose:lo:s I led him by the hand leader: ningxate:n leader, boss, rich and important person; miningxate:n the boss (of some organization), the leader (of some group) ma:-naway [=ahead-he goes] Dance Leader ( The man who leads the Hostler Ranch or Matilton side during the religious dances. As boss of the dance, the ma:naway also sponsors the feasts that accompany the ceremonies.)

late: miqi-silen [=on it-it became] it has gotten late;

LEADER/LIGHT (FIRE, MATCH)

ma:-chiqa:l [=ahead-he walks along] the one who leads the moving of the White Deerskin Dance from danceground to danceground, carrying the re ma:-kitsit [=ahead-pounding] the woman who leads the acorn pounders in the Acorn Feast leaf: kitung leaf, leaves; mitung its (trees, plants) leaf mitow (a plants) leaves, foliage kiwintan leaves have come out, (tree) has come into leaf leak: wultsa water soaks through, leaks out milich it drips, leaks; miwilich it started dripping, leaking lean: diqa:n it (e.g., board) leans against something; diqung lean it up (against something)!; chidiwiqan he leaned it up me:ningay [=it extends along against it] it is leaning against it; wheningay hes leaning against me; meniwinga he leaned against it; ke:nia lean it against something!; keniwia she leaned it against something lean-to: See HUT leather: dichwil tanned deerhide, leather; dichwiltehmil (or chwil-tehmil) [=tanned (buckskin)-sack] (traditional) leather sack, (modern) gunny sack leave: sahwinden they went off (to a distance), they left, departed (refers to a group only); saohding (you all) go off! leave behind: no:nakyaawh [=he puts (some round object) back down] he leaves some behind (e.g., food); wha:-no:na:kingawh leave some behind for me!; no: na:kina:a:n I left some behind leave (uneaten, unused): noyawh he leaves some over (food uneaten on his plate, supplies unused); nongyawh leave some over!; no:ne:yan I have left some over; no:yawh leaving things over; nondiyan what has been left over (food, supplies, etc.) leave (spouse): xwaut-no:nanite:n [=his wife-he put her back down, returned her to where he found her] he left his wife, he divorced is wife leavings: ke:sde coarse leavings (of acorns) after sifting left: nichwin-ching [=bad (side)-towards] left (side), on the left nichwinching-whila [=on the left-my hand] my left hand leftovers: nondiyan what has been left over (food, supplies, etc.) xono:yawhe his leftovers, leavings after eating (oldfashioned term) leg: whitsine (or whitsin, whitsing) my bone, leg whiqe:-kin [=my leg-base] my lower leg whiqay my hip, thigh; the inside of my leg whilo:qe [=my salmon] the calf of my leg mitse:l its (animals) leg

56
legs around, put: mina:kidiqay straddle it! put leggings: See PANTS length: me:kinte it is the length of it, it is as long as
it; xwe:kiniwhte I am as long (tall) as he is taheh-yehchondi let them come in!) let me look!) your legs around it!; minakidehqay he straddled it

let it: xa:taheh let it! let him, her! let them! (e.g., xa: let me, lets: keh let me! lets! (e.g., keh-niwhing let go: na:dinchwit let go of it! release it!; na:whidinchLewis woodpecker: See WOODPECKER liar: chixoche:t liar, one who lies lichen: dahmine hanging moss, tree lichen (Ramalina) lick: iwhna:t Im licking it; inah lick it!; yina:t it
( Used for dye.) (e.g., dog) licks it; wehna:t I licked it; chiwina:t he licked it; sawhna:t I lick it in my mouth, I taste it; sa:yna:t I tasted it; sawina:t he tasted it lick (deer): kinunq deer lick lie: saa:n [=(round object) lies motionless] it (e.g., stone) lies there, is located there; winga it has come to lie there; seha:n I have (round object) lying motionless I have it, possess it, own it; weha I came into possession of it, I kept it; siwhdaung I have made (round object) lie motionless I have it (e.g., stone) in my possssion (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) site:n it (e.g., animal) lies there; tsiste:n he or she lies there; siwhte:n I lie there lie (two or more): site:ch they (animals) lie there; tsiste:ch they (people) lie there; ya:sidite:ch we all lie there lie dead: site:n it (animal) lies there dead; chiwite he fell over dead chiwehswa:t he lies there (like a log that has been thrown down), dead or unconscious lie down: nintiwh lie down!; chinehste:n he lay down; ne:se:tin-te Im about to lie down; niwhte let me lie down! I want to lie down!; na:ntiwh lie down again! go (back) to bed!; nanehste:n he went to bed nohtech lie down (you all)!; chinehste:ch they lay down; yanehste:ch they (all) lay down; ya:nehsditech-te we (all) are about to lie down. lie, tell a: xoncheh you are lying!; xowhche:t Im lying, Im a liar; chixoche:t hes lying, hes a liar; xowiche:t [=what has been lied] a lie, falsehood, lying. (nixowiche:de your lie); do:-xowiche:di-heh dont lie! no lying! light (fire, match): xon-wun-nongiwh (from -nongwiwh) [=re-to it-carry it to there] light the re!; xon-wun-noninge:n (from -noningwe:n) he lit the re me:dia [=extend something against it!] light it!; mediwia he lit it wit let me go!; nadiwinchwit he let go of it

57
light (in weight): xaxa:nte it is light (in weight),
not heavy; xaxa:unte he is light, hes a lightweight; xaxa:whte I am light light shines: kininde:n it shines (e.g., a light bulb, star, sun), there is a light; kine:nden it lit up; kiniding light it up! shine a light on it! turn the light on!; kinewiden he lit it up light song: miqeh-me:na:kiwiltiw [=following itthey sing] a light or fast song at the Brush Dance xowah-nakitaaw [=alongside-he sings along] a light or fast song at the Kick Dance lightning: kiqiwh [=it forks] lightning ashes, there is lightning; kiwingqiwh lightning ashed like: iwyo I like it; xowhyo I like him, her; chilyo he or she likes it; chixolyo he or she likes him, her; idilyo we like one another; chiilyo they like one another; wehsyo I started to like it; chixowehsyo he or she started to like him, her like to eat: whitile [=something pulls me] I relish it, am fond of it, like to eat it; xotile he relishes it; yiditile [=something pulls it (animal, child)] it (animal) relishes it, feeds on it; white:wile-te I am going to relish it like (resemble): -q in such a way, like... (adverb formant) (e.g., xwe:di-q in what way?; de:-q in this way; hayi-q in that way; kida:y-q nichwin it smells like owers; ahting-qi-unte all-in such way-it is all kinds of...) lilac: See MYRTLE lily: kiwo-dahyiwilxa:l [=hook-is held up] Easter lily chwa:kin Tiger lily limb: mikya:ngay [=its arm] limb, branch (of any tree) i limb, bough of a conifer kiwo-dahyiwilxa:l na:kila:t it oated down a limb falls from a tree; na: kiwila:t a limb fell limit: no:- down to a position of rest, to a limit (verb prex): nongawh put it (e.g., stone) down (in a resting position)!; noninga:n he put it down; no:ninyahwh quit going! go to there and stop! thats as far as you go!; no:ne:yay I quit going; noningyay he quit going; no:wilin it (water) ows to there (i.e., the head of a stream) limp: nawhdiqe:ch I am lame, limping; na:usdiqe:ch he became lame, started limping line: mi-tahjilo:s [=with it-one pulls it ashore] line to pull gill-net line up: tiwhchwe Im lining them up, putting them in a line; te:sehchwe:n I lined them up whiqeh-dinung [=(following) after me-sloping, inclined] lined up behind me, facing behind me, agreeing with me; niqeh-dinung lined up in one direction lion: See MOUNTAIN LION

LIGHT (IN WEIGHT)/LOAN

lion (mythical): xotsay-taw [=dry ground-the one
that is around, among] lion, mythical animal with a ruff of fur around its neck, like a lions mane teh-kitsa [=in the water-it roars] mythical lion lip: whida my mouth, lips whida:-sits [=my mouth-skin] my lips whiwe:sits [= from whiwe:-sits my we:-skin; -we:is an old word for jaw found only in compounds] my lips listen: kiniwh-adichwe [=(aware of) the news-he makes himself] he listens, he hears the news; kiniwha:disehchwen I listened; whixa:-kiniwha:dichwe [=following me-listen!] listen to me! xwe:daay-na:daay [=his head-extends out, sticks out] hes listening; ne:daay-na:do:a [=your headlet it extend out!] listen!; xwe:daay-na:diwinga he listened little: misGiyts (or misGiye(ts)) it is little, small; tsimisGiyts he or she is little, young; simiwhGiyts I am little, young; simiwe:Giyts I became little; misGegits they (things, children) are little; simidiGegits we are little mine:gits a little bit mike:l-ching [=its (shs) tail-toward] the tailend of something, the smallest part of something little bit: mine:qits a little, slightly, easily (e.g., mine: qits-sise:l it is slightly hot, lukewarm) little while: tseehdzi-ding for a little while, for a short time; tseehdzi-mi after a short time live: siwhday Im living, staying there; tsisday (or chisday) he or she is staying there; siday it (animal) stays there; tsisda:-ding [=he stays there-place] where he stays, his residence live oak: See OAK liver: whisit my liver; kisit [=somethings liver] salmon-liver, sh-liver kiqaylosche the liver of an eel lizard: jime:l (or dzime:l) a type of lizard (Sceloporus, scaly lizard) tse:-me:w-na:kixo:a:n [=rocks-under them-they run about] a type of lizard mike-itsow [=its tail-is blue/green] Blue-tailed lizard See also DART lo!: gya nding out, being revealed to be, lo! (e.g., de:-gya as I see, as I come to nd out; xwe:di-gya how...it looks!) load: xeh pack, load (in a basket) a-xe:l a basketful, one basketload whiqeh-kichwit [=behind me-push something!] push my load up on my back! help me with my load! load (a gun): yehnawilay [=he put (several objects) back in] he loaded the gun, put bullets in loan: whiwa:-michwit [=to me-push it] loan me some money!; whiwa:-menichwit he loaned me some money

LOCATED, BE/LOUSE
located, be: saa:n [=(round object) lies motionless]
it (house, place) is located there (e.g., ta:kiwh saa:n a sweathouse is located there, there is a sweathouse there) locust: xonin-qe:ts [=its face-makes noise] locust; a short-horned grasshopper log: nista:n log, fallen tree lonely: do:wilden loneliness ayge Im lonely, lonesome for something! (exclamation expressing loneliness, wistfulness, nostalgia; e.g., ayge whima:lyo Im lonesome for my friend! I miss my friend!) lonesome: do:-chidin [=not-he is content] he is lonesome; do:-wehden I got lonesome; niqeh-do:chiwiden he got lonesome for you; do:-wilden lonesomeness long: ne:s it is long; niwhne:s Im long, tall; che:ne:s he is long, tall; we:ne:s it got long; chiwe:ne:s he got tall me:kinte it is the length of it, it is as long as it; xwe: kiniwhte I am as long (tall) as he is whinehs [=it is as long as me, its my length] alongside of me, on my side, along the length of me long ago: dane long ago long object lies: sita:n a long, stick-like object lies somewhere (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) long object, handle a: wiwhtil Im carrying it along (e.g., a stick, something long); yuntiwh pick up (a long, stick-like object)!; yawinta:n he picked it up; nawhtin Im carrying (a long, stick-like object) around; na:usten I carried it around (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) long time: saa it is a long time; winsaa it has been a long time (e.g., saa:-naway long time-he walks; do:-saa:y-mi [=not-long-with, after] it wasnt long until...); saa:-dung [=long time-in the past] a long time ago; saa:-teh [=long time-in the future] it will be a long time long way: See FAR look: te:siwhen (or te:ysen) Im looking, taking a look, looking on; te:singing take a look!; chitehsen hes looking; te:yen I have looked; chite:ngen he looked; chite:te:en he looked around; na:te: siwhen Im looking back; natehsen hes looking back; nate:ngen he looked back niwhe:n Im looking at something; xoniwhe:n Im looking at him; whiniing look at me!; chiwhinie:n hes looking at me; ine:dile:n were looking at each other; xone:yen I looked at him; chixonehen he looked at him; do:-ne:len-heh no looking at anything! naywe:se:en Im looking all round; naywehsen hes looking all around yehiwhdeiwh Im looking in (to see whats inside); yehindeiwh look in! look!: h: look! (e.g., h:, chixoche:t! look! hes lying!) niin-de:gya look at this! see here!

58
watching it; miliwh watch it! keep an eye on it!; meliwh hes watching it; miyliwh it (animal) watches it; yayliwh they (animals) watch it; xwe:wiliwh-te you will look after him, watch him xowut-xowhya:n Im carefully watching him, looking after him; wut-chixolya:n he is watching it; niwutxowiwhyan I have watched you; wut-chixowilyan he kept watch on it look for: xa:nte look for it, hunt for it (something you have not had before); xanite (or xante) hes looking for it; xaniwinte he looked for it; xa:na:nte look for it (something that has been lost)!; xoxa:na:whte Im looking for him; xoxa:na:ne:te I looked for him xa:na:te:sen Im looking for it; whixa:na:te:singing look for me!; whixa:nate:ngen he looked for me look like: me:xote:n it looks like it, it is like it; xwe: xowhte:n I look like him nehwa:n it resembles, looks like (something); chinehwa:n he or she resembles (something, someone); ne:ysdiwa:n I resemble it; ne:sindiwa:n you resemble it xwe:xowhting I look like him/her; whexowinting he came to look like me loose: na:kixa:ch it (e.g., hair) hangs loose, something is broken apart; ixahch break it apart!; chisxa:ch he broke it apart loose-jointed: nadixe he is loose-jointed, loosely built; nawhdixe Im loosely built; na:usdixe he loosened up lose: whiwun-nixohsle [=from me-it got lost] I lost it; xowun-nixohsle he lost it whiwun-na:niwehsdilay [=from me-(several things) are carried over] I lost (in gambling) whiwun-na:ustiw [=from me-he ran fastest] he beat me in a race, he ran faster than I did lost: nixo:se:le I got lost; chinxohsle he got lost; nixohsle it (animal, thing) got lost; whiwun-nixohsle [=from me-it got lost] I lost it ti-ng- away, out of sight, lost (verb prex): tingawh take it (e.g. stone) away so that it is lost! steal it away!; tingwinga:n (or tiwwinga:n) he took it away; tingiwha:wh Im getting lost, going astray; tinginyahwh get lost! go astray!; tingwe:yay I got lost; tiwwinyay he got lost, went astray; tiyawinde: t they all got lost lots, a lot: a:n many, there is a lot; winan it became lots; un-ding [=many-at (times)] at many times, frequently, a lot xole:n there is plenty, there is a lot of it; chixoe:n he has lots of it louse: ya louse (specically head louse), parasite; ma:a [= contracted from mi-yae] its parasite yauqay White louse ya:usqong lice eggs

look after: miwhliwh Im looking after (something),

59
love: niwhdin Im in love with you; whidin youre in love
with me; xowhdin Im in love with him or her; ididin we are in love with each other; xwe:yden I fell in love with him or her; chiwhiwiden he or she fell in love with me; kiwiden he or she fell in love (with someone) love medicine: mi-kididin [=with it-he is loved by someone] love medicine lover: whiilyo my boyfriend, girlfriend, sweetheart whikyoniwa:n my lover (not spouse). See ADULTERY low: ninching-xw [=downward-at] (lying) low, on the ground lower part: xota-ching [=his buttocks-towards] the lower part of his body, his bottom; mita-ching its (animals) hind-quarters, the bottom end of something lucky place: tim a bathing spot for menstruating women; any place you train for good luck water, lukewarm water

LOVE/LYNX
lukewarm: tosi (sometimes reduced to tos) warm
frog); miqo(n)jine its (sturgeons) lumpy backbone. kyo:mo:t it bulges up (lump or knob on ones body, hill, mound, etc.); kyo:wimo:t it has bulged up lung: whidisqay (or whidisqe) my lungs lupine: kiwe:kyoh-mila [=spider-its hand] lupine (Lupinus) lurch: tiwhwis I lurch, duck, dodge; chitehwis he lurched; xokyun-tehwis [=his insides-lurched] his stomach turned, he was revolted. See DODGE lust: See DESIRE; WANT lynx: See BOBCAT

lump: kiqojin (or kijiqon) lumps (on the body, as on a

M
mad: See ANGRY madrone: isde:w madrone (Arbutus menziesii) magazine (of bullets): See CLIP maggot: kiwinyan-ma:a [=acorn-its parasite] maidenhair: See FERN maize: See CORN make: ichwe make it!; chichwe he makes it;
maggot that feeds on acorns. See WORM sehchwen I made it; chischwen he made it; chohchwe let him make it!; wilchwe:n it has been made; nachwe make it again! make it over!; na: sehchwen I made it again xochwe she makes him, gives birth to him; kisehchwen she gave birth (used as causative): nichwing-sehchwen I made it stink; nite:l-na:sehchwen I made it at again; kike: t-chichwe he makes it squeak; a:ting-xosehchwen I made him do things; a:de:y-xosehchwin-te I will make him my own, claim him make a bed: na:kiteh spread (the blanket) again! make the bed!; na:kisehte:l I made the bed male animal: mixoosday [=its man] male of any species mallard: miqos-itsow [=its neck-blue/green] mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) man: xoosday (or xweesday) man (male) kiwungxoya:n old man kiwinyan-ya:n [=acorn-eater] person, man, Indian man-eating monsters: toh-kya-te:n [=grassskirt-wearer] female man-eating monster who lurks about old camping places; she carries a leather-seed beater (mekiwul), and is also called mekiwulnawe [= seed beater-she carries it around] xahslintaw-nehwa:n [=crane-it resembles] maneating crane-like bird that inhabits the head of HorseLinto (xahslinding) Creek) manner, in such a: -xw in such a way, in such a manner, being so, while doing so (adverb formant, gerundive particle) (e.g., hayi-xw in that way; niwhongxw in a good way, well; yeixa-kiwaahxw [=day breaks-while he is singing] he sings until dawn) -q in such a way, like... (adverb-forming sufx) (e.g., xwe:di-q in what way?; de:-q in this way; hayi-q in that way; kida:y-q nichwin it smells like owers; ahting-qi-unte [=all-in such way-it is] all kinds of...) many: a:n many, there is a lot; winan it became lots unung they are so many; xaunung there are that many xowha:n (or xowhun) there are many people; do:xowha:n (or do:-xowhun) not many people, a few people; ya:xowhdiun we are many; ya:xo:whan they became many manzanita: diniwh manzanita (Arctostaphyolos viscida) diniwh-kiwitsit [=manzanita-pounded up] manzanita our diniwhch [=manzanita (diminutive)] small manzanita bush (Arctostaphylos patula) maple: kitung [=leaf] maple (Acer macrophyllum) march: yehnakiliji-wha: [=they urinate (on their way) inside-moon] Late winter month; March ( So kitung called because it was so cold they often had to hurry back to urinate.) mare: See FEMALE ANIMAL mark: chitiiw [=he rubs, smears (paint) along] hes marking something, drawing a line; te:se:iw I made a mark; nawheh Im making marks (all over), drawing lines in all directions; na:se:iw I made marks a:kiwhe:n [=Im doing something, making something] Im marking it with a design (paint, tattoo, etc.), writing; akie:n he is marking it, writing; a:kiwhlaw I marked it, wrote; akilaw he marked it, wrote; a:kileh mark it! write!; a:kiwilaw it is marked, written; a book married: ud-te:n [=(with) wife-being] married man; udte:n se:len [=married man-I became] I got married (man speaking) xung-te:n [=(with) husband-being] married woman; xungte:n se:len I got married (woman speaking) marrow: whe:we my bone marrow marten: See FISHER mat: kiwilte:l [=what is spread out] mat, traditional Indian bed; kiteh spread out a mat! spread a blanket! prepare a bed!; kisehte:l I spread it out matches: xong-min [=re-what is (used) in order to (make it)] matches. See FIRE DRILL Matilton side: medilxwe the people of the village of Matilton (Medilding) and more generally the people of the upstream half of Hoopa Valley ( In the Jump Dance and White Deerskin Dance the medilxwe side alternates with the takimixwe side (i.e., dancers from the Hostler Ranch (Takimiding) or downstream half of Hoopa Valley) in performing sets of dances. The two sides are ceremonially equal, but since the dances begin at the Sacred House in Hostler Ranch the

61
medilxwe must play the role of guests, allowing the takimixwe to have the rst and last dance sets. On the last day of the Jump Dance the takimixwe and the medilxwe dance a grand nale together.) See HOSTLER RANCH SIDE maul, to: kiwhtiwh Im mauling off a plank, riving it, splitting (slabs, shingles, etc.) with a wedge or chisel; kisehtiwh I mauled it off; mi-kitiwh [=with it-he mauls off] chisel; jitiwh split it apart (with a wedge or chisel)!; jewitiwh he split it apart maul: mi-kitsil [=with it-one pounds, hammers] hammer, maul tsimichitsit [= from tsing-mi-chitsit bones-with it-he pounds, crushes] a small maul See also CHISEL; HAMMER maybe: do:-tah [=not-among] (or do:-de-tah [=notin the future-among]) perhaps, maybe xowh it seems, it must be, I guess (particle indicating uncertainty, lack of definite knowledge) (e.g., dahungwhodung-xowh [=for quite a while-it seemed] it looked like it had been quite a while; diydi-xowh-wung [=what?-it seems-for] what for, I wonder?; da:ywho-xwo-xowh [=somewhere-at-it seems] somewhere or another; nawaye:-xowh-d: ng [=he goes around there-it seems-indeed] he might be living around there) xoshd:ng xowh-d:ng [=it seems-indeed(diminutive)] it could be (but I really doubt it)! I really dont believe it! me: whe I, me, as for me; whe:-e:n as for me meadowlark: michwe:xin-qeh-yixolwhin [=its anusfollowing behind-it is darkish colored] meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta, Western meadowlark) mean: mehsla:-xosin he is mean do:-chiniqiw [=not-he is well behaved] he does not behave well, he is mean, ready to ght (old-fashioned word) measure: me:kiteh measure it! (e.g. net mesh, dentalia, lumber); mekiwitiw he measured it; whekiwitiw he measured me; me:kiwiltiw it has been measured, a measure of something (e.g., a-me: kiwiltiw one-measure (of something); one string of dentalia) tiwhchwit Im measuring something (with my arm); tinchwit measure it!; ah-te:schwit [=once-he measured] a measurement from tip to tip of outspread arms; a yard measuring stick: mi-mekitiw [=with it-he measures] measuring stick (for mesh of a net) ( Nets were woven with the hands, the string being wound about a shuttle; mesh size was measured on the special measuring stick (actually made of bone).) meat: whitsing my esh, meat; mitsing-xina:y its meat is fresh, fresh meat

MATILTON SIDE/MEDICINE, TYPES OF

kiwilme:ch boiled meat See also VENISON mediator: See GO-BETWEEN medicine: kima:w medicine (general term, referring both to traditional Indian medicines and to modern pharmaceuticals) kinaqi-naay [=in Yurok fashion-he carries on] medicine used at (Yurok style) Brush Dances kima:w-xoniwhsin I know a medicine; kima:wchixo:ne he knows a medicine medicine, make: kima:w-mi-xee:kiyo:l [=medicine-with it-he blows it away] he makes medicine

medicine, types of:

kiwiyul-mi-me:nadinchwe:n [=food-with it-he craves it again] medicine to make one want food, stimulate the appetite tse:ling-min [=blood-for] medicine for bleeding from a wound, passing blood kiixun-miching-kima:w [=deer-towards itmedicine] deer hunting medicine ( There are ve varieties.) tiwhxa:n-mi-tahchitiw [=eel-with it-he takes out of the water] eel medicine xayahme-o:q-mi-tahchitiw [=shing spot-shwith it-he takes out of the water] sh claim medicine xowa:na:na:lwe:n [=it melts away from him] medicine to remove hard feelings, for forgiveness ( This is medicine for one who wants his enemy, one hes had a quarrel with, to forgive him. If you kill a man this medicine makes his relatives not so hard-feeling. You burn mixa: che-xole:n and sing a certain kind of song all night.) mikyow-mikima:w [=grizzly bear-its medicine] or kide:nilgit [=they fear it] grizzly bear medicine ( Used so grizzly bears wont tackle you.) mi-kididin [=with it-people love him] love medicine mi-xontah-na:dya [=with it-houses-he goes around] medicine to make people be always glad to see you mi-xonga:na:diwilaw-kima:w [=with it-one puts on regalia-medicine] medicine to look nice, have nice things wilkya:n-mikima:w pregnant woman medicine ( Used to make a baby small inside, so that the delivery is easy.) xokyun-chwinda:na:whmikima:w [=his stomachit went bad-its medicine] medicine for a bad stomach chiya:di-min [=wound-for] medicine for a wound chixo:niyo:l [=he blows at him] making bad medicine, witchcraft, poisoning ( Cannot be cured by an Indian doctor.) mi-nikyahxwo-kya:n [=with it-in a big way-he eats] medicine to stretch your stomach so that you will be able to eat a lot at a feast

MEET/MOLD
meet: xode:siwha:wh I meet him, go to see him,
encounter him; xode:sinyahwh meet him!; xode:se: yay I met him; whide:isyay he met me melt: tehwe it (grease, snow, ice) is melting, has started to melt nulwing (or nulwhing) it is melting away; na:lwe:n (or na:lwhe:n) it melts away idah it (e.g., ice, fog) is melting away, dissipating, disappearing; isdaw it melted, disappeared menstrual hut: minch [=min-(diminutive)] menstrual hut. ( For min- see BACK (OF HOUSE).) menstruate: mingkiwhe:n [= from mini-kiwhe:n for that purpose-I consider things, i.e., I set aside things for menstrual seclusion] I am menstruating, having my period; mingkile:n she is menstruating; mingkiwe: sen I started menstruating; mingkiwehsen she started menstruating menstruation: na:sdongxwe [=being alone] (or na: sdo:ngxw-kya:n [=alone-she eats]) menstruating woman (polite term, used by women in front of men) tim-name [=(at) lucky spot-she bathes] menstruating woman (an alternative polite term for use in front of men) mingkile:n menstruating woman, menstruation (direct term, used among women) menstruation, have rst: kinakiday she has her rst menstruation, reaches puberty; kina:kiwhda I have my first menstruation; kinahdung from kinahda:-n [=she reaches puberty-person] a girl for whom a Flower Dance is held, a girl at puberty merely: ah-xw [=once-at] merely, just, only, (in an) ordinary (way) (e.g., ahxw-e:n-a:xodiwhne [=just, merely-it was-I was telling her] I was merely telling her a story, I was just talking) merganser: na:tawe:-iqay [=duck-white] diving duck (Mergus (sp.), merganser) middle: mine:jit in the middle of it, in the center; whine: jit [=in the middle of me] around my waist, my middle ta:ne:jit in the middle of the river ninisa:n-mine:jit [=world-in its middle] in the middle of the world, in the center of the universe (term used in prayers) midnight: xatee:mi [= from xate-e:-mi nightthere-when] in the middle of the night, at midnight might be: xowh it seems, it might be, I guess (particle indicating uncertainty, lack of denite knowledge) (e.g., dahungwhodung-xowh [=for quite a while-it seemed] it looked like it had been quite a while; diydi-xowh-wung [=what?-it seems-for] what for, I wonder?; da:ywho-xwo-xowh [=somewhere-at-it seems] somewhere or another; nawaye:-xowh-d: ng [=he goes around there-it seems-indeed] he might be living around there) -ts:ng [= -tseh-ng it is perceived-it is] (feel that) it might be... (e.g., yow-ts:ng I feel that it might

62
milk: whitso: my (womans) breasts, milk
be that one!)

milk a cow: mitso:-itik [=its udder-pinch it!] milk milkweek: dina milkweed (Asclepius) ( Used for mill basket: See HOPPER mill: tse:xut mortar rock, mill rock millipede: tso:lusge millipede, thousand-legged worm milt: mikitso: its milk of something its (shs) mind: whije:y (or whije:ye) my state of mind, way
of thinking, heart (metaphorical) ( Used mainly in phrases, where it is often reduced to whije:- or whije.) See BABY; FORGET; WORRY whikyung my mind, attention. See INSIDES mind, to: miqeh-nawhay [=after it-I carry it around I mind it, heed it, pay attention to it; miqeh-nunga mind it!; miqeh-na:usa he minded it; whida-qehna:usa [=my mouth (i.e., words)-he minded] he minded me, paid attention to me; xoda-qeh-nunga mind him! mink: te:wina:whing larger mink (Mustela vison) sah-kyoh sah-big (larger?) mink (archaic term) xoninsohch from xonin-sow-ch [=his facescratched-(diminutive)] small, White-spotted mink (Mustela vison) minnow: kina:-sonsol [=the eyes-empty] minnow mirror: me-naadinehe:n [=in it-he looks back at oneself] mirror miscarriage: xokyun-kisya:t [=her insides-got hurt, wounded] she miscarried; whikyun-kiyah Im having a miscarriage miss: whita:n in my absence, missing me; xota:n in his absence, missing him (e.g., whita:n-chiningyay [=missing me-he arrived] he arrived after I had left, he missed me) ayge Im lonely, lonesome for something! (exclamation expressing loneliness, wistfulness, nostalgia); (e.g., ayge whima:lyo Im lonesome for my friend! I miss my friend!) missing: See LACKING; WITHOUT mist: misjeh mist, fog, light haze mistletoe: dahkislay-kyoh mistletoe moccasins: xoji-yehchitul [=true-shoes] moccasins ( See Goddard, L&C, p. 18; Curtis, p. 9.) mock orange: qa:xis mock orange, Syringa (Philadephus sp., or Prunus caroliniana (?)) ( Used for arrow shafts.) mockingbird: See CHAT mold: widwan it is moldy michiwheta:wh bluish dust on acorns (due to mold) milt chewing gum.) the cow!; sehtik I pinched it, I milked (the cow)

midexole:n-mitso: [=cow-its milk] cows milk

63
mole: yiniw-na:kidmo:t [=underground-it piles things
up] mole (Scapanus) mina:e:din [=it is blind] second name for mole money: nahdiyaw money (general term) ; xojinahdiyaw [=true-money] dentalia, Indian money ( Valuable dentalia shells, long enough to reach from the base of the nger to the last joint (1 1/2 inches or longer).) mi-kyo:xe:t [=with it-he buys things] (modern) money; xoji-mikyo:xe:t [=true-money] dentalia Mongolian spot: na:niwiiq [=thrown at with mud] Mongolian spots ( Two or three marks on the small of the back of Indian children. According to tradition, while children are still oating around unborn, they throw mud at each other while playing; the slow ones get hit.) monkey: numowh (or numiwh) [=it swings around] monkey monster: See MAN-EATING MONSTER; WATER MONSTER month: na:nga [=(round object) has come to lie there again, has come back to rest] the moon has gone through a complete cycle, a (traditional) lunar month, a (modern) calendar month; a-na:nga [=one-the moon has gone through a cycle] the rst month of the (traditional) lunar calendar, (modern) January mining month (in names of months) no:lah [=it oats to there] the new moon comes, a month begins; no:nila:t the new moon has come, a month has passed (e.g., ta:q-no:nila:t three-months have passed) See also NAMES OF MONTHS xite-wha [=night-sun] moon e:na:teh [=it has gotten wide together again] full moon mop: xontah-me:q-mi-na:nakiqot [=house-inside it-with it-one pokes around] mop me and more: dahdi-ding more and more, increasingly (e.g., dahdi-ding xowiwhdingil Im loving her more and more) xoji-xw [=in a real way] more and more, more... than ever (e.g., xojixwo-xunding ever closer, closer and closer) morning: xate-dung [=night-just past] (early) in the morning, daybreak de:dixwo-yidahching-winga-mi [=this way-from uphill-(round object) comes to lies-when] when the sun has risen well above the mountains to the east, about 9 a.m. morning star: xitedung-xa:sina:wh [=in the morning-it rises] morning star mortar, bedrock: tse:-xaytsa [=rock-dish] a small pounding basin in bedrock, used for making medicine for luck and other purposes; bedrock mortar mortar, portable: miqit-kitsit [=on it-someone pounds] mortar rock, pounding rock tse:-xut [=stone-lying at] mortar rock, mill rock mosquito: mun-tsisge [=y-downy, feathery] mosquito

MOLE/MOVE, ANIMALS
moss: chahli-we:sits [=frog-lips] green moss in
the river dahmine (or dahmiyn) hanging moss, yellow tree lichen (Ramalina), used for dye iskimida:w [= from nisking-mida:w tall conifer-its dahmine whiskers] long hanging moss on conifers moth: qo:so:s-michwo [=hummingbird-its grand mother] moth mother: whunchwing my mother whichiyungxe my deceased mother tintah-kichwe [=in the woods-she gives birth] mother of an illegitimate child do:lya:-chwing [=do:lya-sort] woman who has lost a child mother-in-law: whime:chechwing my mother-in-law mound: kyo:mo:t it bulges up (lump or knob on ones body, hill, mound, etc.); kyo:wimo:t it has bulged up mountain: ninisa:n world, surface of the earth, mountain; ninisa:n-milay [=mountain-its summit, peak] mountain top; ninisa:n-nikya:w [=mountain-it is big] Big Hill (at the head of Hostler Creek) diqa:n mountain ridge nuntsing crag, mountain peak na:na:daay small point, peak nehsnoy they (e.g., mountains) stand there, stick up in peaks mountain lion: minim-mi-e:diliw [=its face-with itit slays] mountain lion, panther (Felis concolor) mourning song: xona:to-na:wilin [=tears-ow down] mourning songs mouse: on white-faced mouse (Peromyscus) on-iqay [=mouse-white] white mouse mouth: whisah (or whisa:q) the inside of my mouth whida my mouth, lips mouth, put into: whisa:- into my mouth, sa:- into the mouth (verb prex): nisawhawh Im putting it (e.g., stone) into your mouth; xosungawh put it into his mouth!; whisawinga:n he put it into my mouth; sawhjich Im putting (e.g., seeds) into the (my) mouth mouth (of stream): mike [=its tail] mouth of a river che:wilin [=it ows out] mouth of river, stream che:wilin-ding [=it ows out-place] where the stream ows out (into the ocean) (specically Requa, the Yurok village at the mouth of the Klamath River) ta:wilin-ding [=it ows into the water-place] where a stream ows into the ocean michaah its mouth, outlet move, animals: tiawh (several animals) move off, set off walking; teha:ch they have moved off; yehiah they move into (an enclosure); yehwia:ch they moved into it; nahawh they move around, browse, roam; nahsa:ch they have moved around

MOVE (CAMP RESIDENCE)/MYTHICAL TIMES

move (camp residence): nawhying Im moving
(camp, residence) around; na:se:ye:n I moved around; ninyiwh move here!; chininye:n he moved here; na: ndiyiwh move back here!; na:undiye:n he moved back here; na:ninyiwh move across (the river)!; na: yaninye:n they moved across; tinyiwh move off, away!; te:se:ye:n I moved off move about: na:xiwhdinaw Im moving about; na: xindinah move about!; naxidnaw he moves about; na:xidnaw (or na:xinaw) it moves, there is movement; na:xe:sdinaw I have moved about; naxehsdinaw he has moved about move back and forth: xiwhnay I move it back and forth, stir it, agitate it; xina move it back and forth!; chixinay he moves it back and forth; xe:yna I have moved it back and forth move (child in womb): xo-xitinaw [=with her-it moves] the unborn child moves in her, she starts feeling she is going to give birth; xo-xitehsnan (or xoxitehsdinan) the unborn child has moved in her much: See MANY mucus: whinchwiwh-kito: [=my nose-juice] my snot, nasal mucus, phlegm mud: ehte:te sticky, soft earth jung muddy water naxoniiw he throws mud at someone. See

64
dinche:k [=it is hot-tasting, peppery] a type of mushroom with a strong taste kiyo:y poisonous mushroom, anything poisonous muskmelon: diqa:n-me:ninge:t [=ridges-extend along it] muskmelon must: -ne (you) must... (hortatory particle) (e.g., kinyun-ne you must eat; digyung sinda:-ne here you must stay) mussel: xosits-mil [=his skin-mil] freshwater mussel (Mytilus californianus); mussel-shell spoon used by women my: whi- (possessive prex) my (e.g., whi-xontaw my house) myrtle: tse:y-itsow [=brush-green] wild lilacs; myrtle; myrtle twigs (Ceanothus thyrsiorus) myth: chixolchwe [=(world) being made, prepared] (story about) pre-human times, when the world was being prepared for human beings mythical animals: See BIGFOOT; WATER PANTHER

mythical beings:

mud hen: iwhin-midanite:l [=black-duck] mud mud, handle: See DOUGH-LIKE OBJECT mule: mijiw-ne:s (or mijiwe-ya:ne:s) [=its ears-are murder: iydiliw it (animal) kills something (as prey);
long] mule, donkey ediliw he kills something, he murders someone; e: dileh kill something!; e:de:liw I killed something, someone. See ATTACK xoniste-ya:n [=body-consumer] someone who has killed a person See also KILL muscle: whitiltee my muscle, the strength of my (arm, body). See STRONG mushroom: a:jiw tanoak mushroom ( The commonest edible mushroom; large, pure white, and stringy rather than crumbly.) xongxong a type of edible mushroom ( Orange, with cream on top.) hen; black duck

MONGOLIAN SPOT

kina:dil-kiwungxoya:n [=wolf-old man] mythical being ta:n-kiwingxoya:n [=mountain-old man] mythical being nahxi-kiqos-na:diwul [=two-necks-swinging around] mythical monster nin-miwina:-chiste:n [=ground-around it-he lies, sleeps] mythical being titaw-iqay [=it oats in the air-white] or titawiqa:w [=it oats in the air-fat] mythical bird whose wings scatter Indian money yiniw-na:lton [=in the ground-it jump] a mythical bird with spikey wings xa:xowilwa:t [=thrown up out of the ground] hero of myth, Dug-from-the-Ground xotsay-taw [=dry ground-the one that is around, among] lion, mythical animal with a ruff of fur around its neck, like a lions mane teh-kitsa [=in the water-it roars] mythical lion See also WATER MONSTER; ACORN PROVIDER mythical times: chixolchwe:-dung [=(world) being made-when (in the past)] in mythical times; at the time the world was being prepared for human beings

N
nail: iwhtsil I am pounding, driving, nailing something naked: te-e:din [=blanket-without] naked, (man)
without his clothes kya-e:din [=dress-without] naked, nude, (women) without her dress name: who:whe my name (no:whe your name; xo: whe his or her name) xwe:di-a:nolye what is your name?; John-a:wholye I am named John; John-a:xolye he is named John name, call by: xongwhe give him a name! call him by name!; cho:whe he names it, has a name for it; chixo: ngwhe he named him, called him by name. See CALL; READ named, be: ulye it is named so, it is called so; a: wholye I am named so; a:xolye he or she is named so; a:who:wehsye I was named so nape of the neck: whiqos-qeh [=my neck-behind] the nape of my neck narrow: istiKits [=istiK-(diminutive)] narrow, slim. See SLIM nasty: ulush (or ilush) its dirty! its nasty! (exclamation of disgust) navel: whitse:q my navel near: xunding it is close, near by; xa:nden it got close; xawinden he got close whino:ngay-ding [=my extending to there-place] alongside of me, near to where I am, next to me whixehsta:n-ding [=my reaching to there-place] beside me, close to me, within my reach xoji-mitsahch (or xoji-mitsahts) just so far, to a middling distance neck: whiqos my neck whiqos-kin-ding [=my neck-base-place] the base of my neck whiqos-qeh [=my neck-behind] the nape of my neck necklace: nakidilyay [=something made to go around (neck)] necklace of shells or beads na:kidilya put on a necklace!; nakidiwilya she put on a necklace whisowo-yehwe:lay [=(around) my throat-I put (several objects) in] I put a necklace around my neck midach dentalia shells that nakidilyay are too small for use as money, worn as a decorative necklace needle: mi-wayo:s [=wwJh it-one pulls (thread) through] needle

neighbor: e:na:wh neighbors, people living nearby;

a village whino:ngayding in my neighborhood, near me nephew: white:dilte my brothers child (son or daughter) wha:wh my sisters son net, sh with a: dausday [= from dahtsisday he sits above (the net)] he is shing (with a net); dahnintsah [=sit down above (the net)!] go shing with a net!; dahchinehsday he went shing with a net net, fasten a: mintohwh fasten your net! [=tie it on to it!]; me:se:ton I fastened my net; me:iston he fastened his net kixa:q A-frame lifting net mi-dahsiday A-frame lifting net (equivalent to kixa:q) kixa:qich [=A-frame net (diminutive)] small dip net nokitiwh (or nokixa:wh) [=one puts it down] a small net ( People used to set this type of net in creeks, below falls, or below some articial barrier. They would sit and wait.) nakitoy [=something that he weaves] gill net, seine new: qung recently, just now, new (e.g., qun-isla:n [=recently-it was born] newborn infant) news: chiniwh he hears about it, he gets the news; kiniwh what one hears about, news xine:wh speech, talk, conversation newt: See SALAMANDER next to: whiqis next to me mewhinehs alongside of me mingwah (or mingah, miwah) at the edge of it, bordering it, beside it, (lying) next to it (e.g., xonteh-mingwah at the edge of the at, clearing (placename)) See also NEAR nice: niwho:n good, nice, pretty; a:uchwo:n how nice he is! nickel: dita:n [=the thick one] nickle (coin) niece: white:dilte my brothers child (son or daughter wha:sche my sisters daughter night : xute (or xite ) night; xute-ching [=night-towards] at night, in the night. See EVENING;
MIDNIGHT

nets (types of):

night falls: ilwi its getting to be night, night is falling;

wilwe:t night has come, night fell; na:lwet night has come again. See DARK night passes: xwe:ysxa:n [=it dawned on him] he passed the night

NIGHT, SPEND THE/NUTHATCH

night, spend the: xwe:lwe:t [=night fell on him]
he spent the night (e.g., who-xwe:lwe:t he spent the night with me) nightingale: See CHAT nine: miqos-taw [= apparently its neck- (standing) apart from] nine miqostawin nine people miqostah-ding nine times ninety: miqostahdiminung [= miq-ostahdingminung nine times-ten] ninety nipple: mi-yikitot [=with it-(baby) sucks] nipple (on bottle) no: daw no! (exclamation) no one: dungwheeh no one nod: chinehswil he dozed off, nodded off noise: je:sil-saa:n [=je:sil-lies there] there is a noise, rumbling sound, racket; je:sil-nowhawh [=je:sil-I put it down] I make a noise, racket; je:sil-chia:n [=je: sil-he has it lying, possesses it] he makes a noise naytsung (or naywintsan) a noise (is heard) dine something squeals, buzzes, makes a sound, (chicken) crows; diwine something made a sound dilwa:wh it is making noise (frog croaking, bird singing); diwilwa:wh it (animal) made noise kido it makes a loud sound xowinit-teh there will be a sudden noise yikitsa (animal) roars, makes a roaring noise; kiwintsa he roared xoit there is a sudden sharp noise (like the report of a gun being red, stomping feet) none: do:-xole:n there is none, there was none; do:-chixole:n he is gone, there is no more of him; do:-xoliw [=not-it becomes plenty] it is disappearing; do:-xohsle it disappeared, it has gone, it got used up; do:-xohsle-te there will be none noon: de:dixwo-yinuqa-winga-mi [=this wayupstream-(round object) comes to lie there-when] ( When the sun has risen to a point high in the sky to the south-southeast, around noon or a little before.) north: de:-noho-yiduq-yide [=here-with us-uphill(and) downstream] north ( Not a cardinal direction; halfway between northeast (uphill) and northwest (downstream).) northeast: de:-noho-yiduq [=here-with us-uphill] northeast ( One of the traditional cardinal directions; in the general direction of the ridge behind Hostler Ranch.) nose: whinchwiwh my nose whinchwiwh-kin-ding [=my nose-base-place] the butt of my nose nose plug: xonchwiwh-wa:ngay [=his nose-it sticks through] nose plug, nose ornament ( A bone or stick worn through the nose. Not used by the Hupas, but worn by Indians living further north. In Baumhoff, p. 214.) nostril: whinchwiwh-yehkyaa:n [=my nose-hole into] my nostril

66
good] it isnt good, its bad; do:-yawingay [=not-he sits] he doesnt sit down) un:ng [=ung-ng is it?-it is] it isnt, it isnt certain, its questionable (negative particle) (e.g., hayun:ng it is not that) not at all: do:-heh (e.g., do:heh-tehchwe:n it didnt grow at all); do:-...heh (with verbal noun) no ...-ing (ever)! dont ever ...! (e.g., do:-kiwidyani-heh no eating! dont ever eat!) not long: do:-saa:y-mi [=not-long-with, after] it wasnt long until... nothing: daywheeh (or diywheeh) nothing nothing but: aay-xw immediately, at once, right then; nothing but, only (e.g., aayxw-yawingxits right then-she fell over; aayxw-dilxijiiqay nothing but-white deerskins) notice: no:diwhiwh I notice it; no:diiwh notice it!; node:nehiwh he noticed it november: do:-midexine:wh-mining [=not-they talk about it-its month] Late fall month; November ( This is a bad month to talk about. It is unlucky. In November they move back into the valley from acornpicking. They dont pick acorns in November because in November and December acorns are left to the kiwe (evil spirits), hence they dont talk about it. In January they pick acorns again, if any are left.) novice doctor: te:wing [= from te:wi-n uncooked, raw-person] a novice Indian doctor, one who has not yet been fully cooked by the Kick Dance now: qut now, already, still (e.g., qut-chiwiltongil already-he was dancing; qud-ng-na:whay [=stillit is-I go around] Im still alive) now, just: jit just now (e.g., jit-do:o:wdilung just now-we quit work) now, nowadays: de:di-ding [=this here-place, time] nowadays, these days, today nude: kya-e:din [=dress-without] nude, (woman) stripped of her dress: See NAKED numb: whikixoniwhe-do:xole:n [=my feeling-is not] I am numb, have no feeling in my body; whikixoniwhedo:xohsle I went numb; whila-do:-kixoniwh [my hand-not-it has feeling] my hand is numb nurse: kise:ge-meliwh [=sick people-one who watches] nurse nut: jiwa:kisdixit [=what has loosened out of it] ripe nut: See specic nuts: ACORN, HAZEL, PINE NUT nuthatch: mije:wxole:n-kidiqits [=Sugar pine-it makes it crackle] nuthatch, titmouse (Sitta carolinensis, White-breasted nuthatch; S. canadensis, Red-breasted nuthatch; Parus inornatus, Plain titmouse) nisking-mina:kiwiltsil [= ? tall conifer-it moves around it squatting, pointing its rump] another term for nuthatch

not: do not (negative particle) (e.g., do:-niwho:n [=not-

O
oak: kinehsta:n tan oak, tan-bark oak (Quercus densiora) ( primary source of acorns for the Hupas.) nituq (or ituq) [=between each other (i.e., they grow in clumps)] Black oak (Quercus kelloggii, or Quercus californica) ( Acorns not as esteemed as those of the tanoak, but eaten when necessary.) kingkya:w White oak, Post oak (Quercus garryana) ( Acorns kinehsta:n sometimes eaten.) me:l-ta:n (or me:ldita:n) [= probably from meile-dita:n its (evergreen) leaves-are thick] Live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) ( Acorns not eaten.) oats, wild: tohday pinole, wild oats obsidian, int: to:nehwa:n [=water-it resembles, i.e., dark black] black obsidian, in particular the large, ceremonial blades of black obsidian carried by principal dancers in the White Deerskin Dance tse:l-nehwa:n [=blood-it resembles, i.e., red] red obsidian, in particular the large, ceremonial blades of red obsidian carried by principal dancers in the White Deerskin Dance tse:-xah-te:l [=rock-xah-at] at, round obsidian rock, resembling a ceremonial obsidian blade but circular (mentioned in myths) obsidian bearers: xoje:wung-nadil [=xoje:wungthey go around] the dance performed by the principal dancers in the White Deerskin Dance as they carry the ceremonial obsidian blades obsidian point: dahkisa:n [=(a specic round object) lies on top] or dahkislay [=(several specic objects) lie on top] arrowhead(s), obsidian point(s) obviously: unteh clearly ocean: to any body of water; the ocean to:-dingqoch [=water-sour] salt water; ocean miwung (or mowung, mowing, mungung) ocean (used only in placenames and phrases) to:-no:nga:-ding [=water-reaches to there-place] the edge of the ocean, beach, shore occupied with: wung-na:usya [=for that purposehe went around] he busied himself doing it, he was occupied with it; wung-nadil they are busy with it, are occupied with it odor: whikyo:n my odor, body odor; mikyo:n (animals) scent, the smell of something a:xochwin there is an odor, something smells; a: xowichwen an odor came, something began to smell; a:na:xochwin-tseh [=there is an odor again-it is perceived] I smell it again, I small a lingering odor islos it is rotten, stinks, has the smell of rotten meat oh my: chiyo oh my! (exclamation indicating surprise, (mild) fear); chiyo:xw-dinh my goodness! oily: See GREASY okay: xa all right! okay! (exclamation); quickly (e.g., xa-kinyung okay, eat!; xa-naway [=quickly-he goes] hes a fast walker) old: siwhdiya:n I am old; sindiya:n you are old; tsisdiya:n he is old; kisdiya:n someone who is old, old person, elder; iwhdiyan Im growing old; indiyung get old!; do:-chidyan he doesnt get old kiwungxoya:n old man do:kiwile [=someone who is poor, weak] old woman kinehsya:n older people, adults, grown-up generation old maid: See UMARRIED old man: kiwungxoya:n (or kiwingxoya:n) old man old person: kisdiya:n someone who is old, old person, elder; kisdiyun [= from kisdiya:n-ni old personpeople] old people, elders (collectively) old woman: do:kiwile [=someone who is poor, weak] old woman older: hay-chingkya:w [=the-one who is big] the older of two (e.g., brothers); hay-xo-chingkya:w [=thetruly-one who is big] the oldest of them all on: miqit on it, on top of it, resting on it; whiqit on me, on my head, body; iqit (piled) on top of each other; miqiching [= miqit-ching on it-toward] onto it once: ah once, one time, one (instance of) (e.g., xwe: na:ya:ulwil-ah [=they stay overnight-once] they stay one night) once, at: aay-xw immediately, at once, right then; nothing but, only (e.g., aayxw-yawingxits right then-she fell over; aayxw-dilxijiiqay nothing butwhite deerskins) one: a one iwun one person one place, in: aay-ding in one place, together, in one bunch (e.g., ahting-aayding-no:naningxa:n all-in one place-he set (containers) down; te:se:de: t-aayding we went off-together) onion: mikyo:n-nichwin [=its odor-stinks] onions

ONLY/OVERPOWER
o n ly :
whung (or wha:ne ) just, only, alone (e.g., jingkyohding-wha:ne-kitoy [=in the daytimeonly-one weaves; mixa:chexole:n-whung-kisxa:n incense root-only-grew there; daydi-whung [=what?only] is there anything at all?) ah-xw [=once-at] merely, just, only, (in an) ordinary (way) (e.g., ahxw-e:n-a:xodiwhne [=just, merely-it was-I was telling her] I was merely telling her a story, I was just talking) aay-xw immediately, at once, right then; nothing but, only (e.g., aayxw-yawingxits right then-she fell over; aayxw-dilxijiiqay nothing but-white deerskins) open: na:tintse open it (door, window)!; na:te:se:tse I opened it (door, window) yawhot open the window! slide it up!; yawiwhot he slid it up, opened the window opposite: whima:n-ching [=across from me-toward] opposite me, across from me; xoma:n-ching opposite him; ima:n-ching opposite each other, facing each other, on opposite sides of something whiman across from me, opposite me (equivalent to whima:n-ching); iman across from each other yima:nching [= from yima:n-e:n-ching acrossside-toward] on the other side (of the stream), on the opposite side milah opposite to it, in a contrary way; na:-milah [=again-opposite to it] opposite to it (e.g., na:milaha:chidyaw [=opposite to it-he does it so] he does things in a contrary way, breaks rules) or: -tah (among, used metaphorically) either...or... (e.g., nahdin-tah ta:qidin-tah [=two times-or three times-or] either two times or three times) orange: xong-nehwa:n [=re-it resembles] orange (color) diltsow orange-colored, brown, the color of summer deerhide order to, in: -ming in order to, so that (e.g., wunna: se:ya-iwhkidi-ming [=I busied myself-I catch it-in order to] I tried to catch it; xiniwhye:wh-ming in order to talk) ordinary: ah-xw [=once-at] merely, just, only, (in an) ordinary (way) (e.g., ahxw-e:n-a:xodiwhne [=just, merely-it was-I was telling her] I was merely telling her a story, I was just talking) oregon grape: xotsine-mi-yamil [=his legs-with itone throws [a rope] up] Oregon grape (Berberis nervosea) oriole: dakya:w [= probably (mi)da-(ni)kya:w (its) mouth, beak-is big] oriole (Icterus cucullatus, Hooded oriole; I. galbula, Northern oriole) orphan: chweh-xosin [=crying-it is] orphan tsa-xosin [=tsa-it is] orphan, a pitiful person osprey: da:chaht-ya:n [=sucker-eater] osprey otter: o:q-yiditile [=sh-it relishes] river otter (Lutra canadensis)

68
ouch: ugeh ouch! it hurts! (exclamation) our: noh- (possessive prex) our, your (plural) (e.g., nohout: che:- out of an enclosure, outside the house (verb
prex): chingawh [=move (round object) out of an enclosure, outside (a house)!] take it (e.g., stone) out of something (e.g., a pocket), take it outside (of the house); cheninga:n he took it out; che:naninga:n take it back out (something that had been put in, brought in); che:wha:wh Im going outside, Im going to the bathroom; che:ninyahwh go outside!; chena:wh he goes outside; cheninyay he went out; che:yaninde: t they all went outside; che:wiling it (water) ows out (e.g., creek into river, river into ocean, faucet, hose) out of the ground: xa:- up out (of the ground) (verb prex): xungawh [=move (round object) up out of the ground] take it (e.g., stone) out of the ground! dig it up!; xawinga:n he took it out of the ground; xa: nawinga:n he took it back out of the ground (something that had been buried), dig it back up (e.g., disinter a corpse); xa:na:wh (pain) comes out (on ones body); xa:nyay (pain) came out; xa:nawhda:wh I came (back) up out of a hole out of the water: tah- out of the water, out of the re (verb prex): tahingawh take it (e.g., stone) out of the water! take it out of the re!; tahtsisa:n he took it out of the water; tahna:usa:n he took it back out of the water (something that had been put into the water); tahchina:wh he comes out of the water, re; (the dancers) come out of the dance; tahtsisyay he came out of the water; (dancers) came out of the dance out of the way: tiloy [=lead (horse) off with a rope!] get out of the way! give room! make way! outhouse: me-chena:wh [=in it-one goes outside] outhouse, (inside) bathroom outlet: michaah its (rivers) mouth, outlet outside: minday outside the house, outdoors; minday-q on the outside over: mitis (moving) over it; xotis (moving) over him, over his head (e.g., whitis-chitehton he jumped over me; ninisa:n-mitis-wa:nundiwinde:t they went over the mountain); kitise (or kitise:-xw) [=(moving) over things] smart, ambitious, capable, superior (e.g., kitise:xwo-a:whte I am smart) over, turn: kiching [=towards something] tipped over, turned to one side, upside down overalls: yehkixowiltow [=the things that are slipped into] overalls; pants overnight, to stay: See NIGHT, TO SPEND THE overpower: nichowhte I feel stronger than you, I overpower you; whicho:ote he feels stronger than me; a: dichowhte [=I overpower myself] I am bashful xonoxine:wh he overpowers him (with words), talks bad luck into him, wishes him dead; whino:xiniwinye: xontaw our house; your (plural) house)

69
wh you have overpowered me; do:xoling-xono:xine: wh it isnt possible to overpower him overtake: no:na:xotiwh [=put him back down] overtake him!; no:nawhinite:n he overtook me. See

OVERPOWER/OWNED LAND
is stingy] Timber owl (Strix occidentalis, Spotted owl) kintiyo:di-ch [=it chases, stalks (deer)-(diminutive)] Pigmy owl (Glaucidium) own: nawhay [=I carry (round object) around] I have it (e.g. stone), own it; naay he has it; na:ya I came to have it, acquired it, got it, bought it; nawinga he came to have it; na:nawinga he came to have it again, bought it back (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) nawhte [=I carry (living object) around] I keep, own (an animal); na:ute he keeps, owns it (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) owned land: xayah shing claim, shing place at an eddy or other favorable spot, owned by a man and his family (e.g., whixayaw my shing claim)

owl, types of:

CATCH UP

tintah-ningxate:n [=in the woods-the boss] largest owl misgilo medium-sized owl (Bubo virginianus, Great Horned owl) minilohts Hoot owl, smallest owl mining-me:qe [=its face-inside it] Screech owl (Otus asio) mida:n-saa:n [=its hoarded food-lies there, i.e., it

P
pack: xeh pack, load (in a basket) pack, carry as: yungwiwh pack it! carry it as a
pack!; yawinge:n [= from yawingwe:n] he packed it; yakiwinge:n he packed it on his back (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) pack along: wiwhwe:l I pack something along, carry something along as a pack; che:we:l he packs it along; chixwe:we:l he packs him along (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) pack around: nawe he packs it around, carries it around as a pack; na:se:we I packed it around (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) pack lies: siwe:n it (pack, load) lies there (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) pack train: tin-nahawh [=(on the) trail-(animals) move around, roam, travel] pack train paddle: kito:w paddle (for canoe) mi-takimil [=with it-someone stirs] paddle for stirring acorns while cooking ( Goddard L&C p. 29, gure 3.) mi-te:w-nakiqot [=with it-in the water-he pokes something around] paddle for stirring acorn mush while cooking (another term for mimi-takimil takimil) paddle, to: kiwhtoh Im paddling (a canoe); kintoh paddle!; ke:tow I have paddled pain: dincha:t it aches, is sore na:kiqot [=something pokes around] pain is felt, there is a stab of pain (e.g., xokyunsaa:n-me-na:kiqot [=his heart-in-pain stabs] he has a pain in his heart) sinsing pain; disease-causing entity that is believed to be sucked out by an Indian doctor ninisa:n-me-yitiliwh [=the world-in-it carries them along] pains which are only shown in the KickDance (not sucked out of people) paint: kiwhiw Im painting something, spreading (paint), smearing something (with paint); kineh paint!; kiwiniw he painted paint (face or body): xong-a:diwhe:n [=(with) re (i.e., soot)-I do it to myself] I x myself up for a ceremony, put on face or body paint mi-xongadie:n [=with it-he xes himself up] face or body paint made from soot mixed with marrow iwhin [=black] black paint, made with charcoal qaynehs painted marks on the face or body ( Long vertical marks; the commonest body-painting design.) pal: See FRIEND palm-down: yiwi-dimit [=under-bellied] (animal, person) with its belly down, (glass, etc.) with its open end down, (hand) with palm down palm-up: yiduq-dimit [=uphill-bellied] (animal, person) with its belly up, (glass, etc.) with its open end up, (hand) with palm up pan: kiwa:t large rough-woven basketry pan, winnowing tray (approximately 2 feet across and 4 to 6 inches deep); any large pan qay-te:l [=qay-wide, at] shallow pan or plate of open-work basketry, lined with ferns and used for serving food me-dediiw [=in it-dough is put into the re] frying pan, pan where you put bread to cook panther: See MOUNTIAN LION pants: xotsine-yehkiwiltow [=his leg-it is slipped in] pants, leggings yehkixowiltow [=the things that are slipped into] overalls, pants parasite: See LOUSE parch (seeds): nakiquch (or -qich) he is parching, roasting (seeds, corn, coffee, etc.); nakisquch he has parched them kitets roast, parch the seeds!; kisehte:ts I parched the seeds ( Throw charcoal into a pan-basket (kiwa:t) and shake it up and down with the seeds.) parent: whikisdiyun [=my old person] my parent, parents; whikisdiyun-nein [=my old person-used to be] my deceased parent, parents part: e:ng for...s part (emphatic particle) (e.g., whe:e:n as for me, for my part; yowi-e:n [=for that ones part] on the other hand, for instance); e:n: ng [=e:ng-ng for ...s part-it is] for sure (emphatic particle) part hair: je:na:kiliwh [=put (several objects) apart again] part your hair (in the middle)!; je:nakilay she parted her hair pass: wiwina around me, (passing) around me, half-way around me (passing me by); miwina around it (passing it by) (e.g., xowina:-xeinyahwh go around him! pass him by!; kiwina:-xee:na:t (dog) ran around the corner) midiwa different from it, moving on to another from it; xodiwa different from him, moving on past him (e.g., midiwa:-a:diwe:ne [=different from it-she

71
mentioned] she mentioned something else, she went on to talk about another thing; whidiwa:-cheningyay [=moving on past me-he came out] he passed me on his way out) past: -dung just past (e.g., xonsi-dung summer-just past; last summer; widun-dung [=yesterday-just past] the day before yesterday) nein used to (do, be), was ...-ing (past tense) (e.g., kitawhtsid-nein I used to soak (acorns), I had been soaking them; whima:lyo-nein my former friends; whichwo:-nein my late grandmother) patient: kise:ge he is ill, incapaciated, sick in bed, a doctors patient; kiwhse:ge I am ill; ke:se:ge-tseh I feel that Ive become ill paw: mixe its paw, track mi-na:tul [=with it-it steps around] (animals) paw pay: xola-chaawh [=(in) his hand-he puts (a round object)] he pays him; whila-ingawh pay me!; kila-chiwinga:n he paid someone, he paid up; xola-wida:n he has been paid pay attention: miqeh-nawhay [=after it-I carry it around] I mind it, heed it, pay attention to it; miqehnunga mind it!; miqeh-na:usa he minded it; whida-qeh-na:usa [=my mouth (i.e., words)-he minded] he minded me, paid attention to me; xodaqeh-nunga mind him! hayixwo-niwhsin [=in that way-I think!] I pay attention; hayixwo-ninsing pay attention!; do:-hayixwo-cho:ne he doesnt pay attention; hayixwochondehsne he paid attention peak: nehsnoy they (e.g., mountains) stand there, stick up in peaks. See MOUNTAIN peck: yidik it (bird) pecks at something; yisdik it pecked; kidik-kyoh [=what pecks at things-big] red-headed woodpecker peel: wundiwhsits Im peeling (bark, skin) off, Im skinning it; wundisits peel it off! wundisits hes peeling it off; wundiwisits he peeled it off; wundidsits (skin) peels off; wundiwidsits it peeled off kichiwh peel it! strip it off!; kischiwh he peeled it; yikischiwh it (deer) peeled (velvet from its horns) wundichut peel off bark (from a tree or bush whose bark comes off easily)!; wundiwichut he peeled it off pelican: tehkixoqowh-kyoh (or tehkiqowh-kyoh) [=it spears into the water-big] pelican (Pelecanus) dondol-kyoh [=dondol-big] a large ocean bird; pelican (?) pelvis: whiqe:che my hip, pelvis whita-tsing [=my buttocks-bone] my hip, pelvis pen, pencil: mi-akie:n [=with it-one writes] pencil, pen penis: whe:dze my penis, male genitals penny: itso:wits [=the blue/green one (diminutive)] penny

PASS/PICKET
people: -xwe [=the ones who are at (that place)] the
people of... (e.g., medil-xwe the people of medilding; xwe:yqit-xwe [=Redwood Ridge-the people of] the Redwood Indians, Chilula). See also PERSON pepper: xosah-na:lit [=his mouth-it burns] pepper pepperwood: See LAUREL peppery: dinche:k it is hot-tasting, peppery, gingery; diwinche:k it has gotten hot-tasting, it has gone sour percieve: -tseh feel, taste, be perceived (so)(sufx) (e.g., ixun-tseh it tastes good, sweet; kisiwhdile:tseh I feel cold, freezing; chiskis-tseh [=he knocked-it was perceived] someone was heard knocking (at the door)) perhaps: do:-tah [=not-among] (or do:-de-tah [=not-in the future-among]) perhaps, maybe person, people: kiwinyan-ya:n [=acorn-eater] person, people, Indians pest: mining-tehsay [=its face-sticks out] pest, pesky person. pestle: meist [= probably from me-kitsit in it-pounding] pestle, used to pound acorns ( Goddard L&C p. 29.) mi-kitsit [=with it-someone pounds acorns] rock used to crack acorns mi-kidik [=with it-she cracks acorns] darkish rock, about 8 inches long, used to crack acorns pet: ing pet animal, dog, horse (whilinke my pet) pet, have a: sehday I have (a pet) living with me, I own (a pet); chiday he has a pet pheasant: See GROUSE phew: mawh it stinks! phew! (exclamation) piano: miqi(t)xwo-nakile [= around on it-he moves his hand] piano pick: kime pick them (fruit, berries, acorns)! gather them!; kiwime he picked them; na:kime pick them up!; nakiwime he picked them up pick up: yawhawh [=I move (round object) upward, up from the ground] I pick it up (e.g., stone), raise it up; yungawh pick it up!; yawinga:n he picked it up; ya:nungawh pick it back up (after putting it down)!; ya:nawinga:n he picked it back up (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) pick up (acorns): kya:dawhne Im picking up, gathering (acorns, apples, round objects); kya:dayne pick up (acorns)!; kya:dane she is picking up (acorns); kya:da:ne:-xosin acorn-gathering is happening; kya:da:yne I picked up (acorns); kya:dawe:ne she picked up acorns picket: kite:lwe:l pickets, stakes driven into the river, in a sh dam ( Made of split pine. Grape vines are woven and tied across the pickets to make a barrier for the sh.)

PICTURE, TAKE A/PLAY

picture, take a: a:na:kixowhe:n [=I mark him
around] I take a picture of him; a:nakiwhilaw he took a picture of me; a:na:kiwhileh take a picture of me! pie: me-siiq [=in it-(dough-like object) lies] pie, anything dough-like or mud-like in a container pig: iqa:w-miwhxiy (or iqa:w-misxiy) [=hog-its young one] pig, piglet. See HOG pigeon: xa:yont pigeon (Columba fasciata, band-tailed pigeon) pigeon berry: kingonqots pigeon berries (?) (Rhamnus sp., buckthorn, cascara) pigmy owl: kintiyo:di-ch [=it chases, stalks deer(diminutive)] pigmy owl pile up: dahyikijeh (driftwood) is piling up; dahyikije:w driftwood. See CROWD IN pillow: See HEADREST pinch: diwhtik Im pinching it; xoditik pinch him!; whide:tik you pinched me. See also SQUEEZE pine, types of: dilchwe:k Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa); dilchweh-ch [=ponderosa pine-(diminutive)] small Ponderosa pine, Yellow pine na:det Digger pine, Bull pine (Pinus sabiniana); pine nuts na:det-tsech [=Digger pine-tse-(diminutive)] jack pine, small sugar pine mije:w-xole:n [=its pitch-there is plenty] sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) pine nut: na:det pine nuts; Digger pine mije:wxole:n-mina:det [= sugar pine-its pine nuts] Sugar pine nuts See also PINE pinole: See OATS pipe: kinga:gya:n (traditional) pipe for smoking tobacco me-yehkiwta:n me-yehkiwta:n [=in it-it is stuck in] soapstone bowl of a pipe yehkiwilda [=it (living being) has been put in there] kinga:gya:n an older term for the bowl in a pipe (indicating that it was considered to be alive) kiwiloy Indian doctors kit, i.e., condor-feather and pipe piss: See URINATE; URINE pitch: jeh pitch, tar (mije:w its pitch) na:na:kiwhjeh Im going to pitch, tar something; na:nakiwinje:w he pitched, tarred something See also GLUE; STICKY pitch (in baseball): kititsi throw, toss (a rock)! pitch the ball! (in baseball); kite:sehtse:t I threw (a rock), I pitched (the ball); kititsil [=he throws (a rock), pitches (a ball)] pitcher (in baseball)

72
pitcher: kititsil baseball pitcher pitchwood: jeh-kiya:tse [=pitch-kiya:tse] pitchpitiful: e:wa:k how sad! its so pitiful! (exclamation) pity: wung-xoje-cho:nda [=concerning it-his mindgets weak] he has pity, pities someone e:wa:k-whonde:ne have pity on me! [=e:wa:kthink towards me]; e:wa:k-chiwhondehsne he had pity on me place: -ding at that place, at that time (locative) (e.g., xontah-ding [=house-at (place)] at the house, at home; hay-mede:dinding [=the-she xontah-ding wants it-at] the place where she wants to go; xoda:nya:-ding [=(sun) went down-at] the time when the sun has gone down, after the sun has set) whe:-ding [=me-at] at my place, where I am; nin-ding at your place; xon-ding at his place, at her place -xoh at, in...places (with numerals) (e.g., aa-xoh at one place; nah-xoh in two places; ta:qi-xoh in three places); -xowe:-ding located at, in...places (with numerals) (e.g., nah-xowe:-ding located at both places, on both sides) placenta: See AFTERBIRTH plank: See BOARD plant (unidentied): tse:wununte edible plant (sp.) with big leaves plant (seeds): no:kinjich [=lay it (specic granular substance) down!] plant! (seeds, potatoes, etc.); no: kine:jich I have planted them; no:kiwijich [=what has been planted] garden plate: me-kya:n [=in it-someone eats] plates, cups and other dishes one eats from qayte plate or platter of open-work basketry, sifting basket ( Goddard L&C, p. 41, and Plate 21, gure 2.) See also DISHES platform: mindayq (on the) stone platform in front of a living house (xontah) ( Goddard L&C p. 14; Plate 2, gure 1; and Plate 12, gure 1. Curtis, p. 11, and illustration between pp. 12-13.) dahji storage platform in a living house ( Above the house-pit but inside the outer walls. Goddard L&C p. 15.) See also FISHING PLATFORM platter: See PLATE play: tsiwhla:n Im playing (ballgame, tag, some physical sport); tsilung play!; tsila:n hes playing; yatsila:n they are playing; tse:lan I played; tsiwilan he played wood; jeh-mil [=pitch-mil] pitchwood of r

73
nawhne:l Im playing (a game, with toys, etc.); nayneh play!; na:yane:l they (children) are playing; nawe:ne:l he played; na:dne:l childrens play, playing; do:-na:dne:li-heh dont play! chidine he plays (a musical instrument); yadine they (orchestra) are playing music; de:ne I played it (instrument) pleased: tsehdiya Im happy, glad, pleased Pleiades: a:n-iltik [=many-squeezed together] The Pleiades, Seven Sisters (constellation) plenty: xole:n it is plentiful, they are plentiful, there is lots of (something) (e.g., whe:y-xole:n [=my possessions-are plentiful] I have lots of things, am rich; mije:w-xole:n [=its pitch-is plentiful] sugar pine); xowhe:n I have plenty of it; chixoe:n he has plenty; do:-xole:n [=not-there is plenty] there is none; do:xohsle it became none, it disappeared plop: kichong there is a sound like a rock falling into water, it plops; kiwincho:n it plopped pneumonia: itsow-tehsyay [=green matter-moves] pneumonia or pleurisy point: ta:nga:-ding [=it extends into the water-place] point of land, peninsula milay point (of an arrow), tip (of a tree), summit childime:n the sharp end of something; sharp-pointed dahkisa:n [=(a specic round object) lies on top] or dahkislay [=(several specic objects) lie on top] arrowhead(s), obsidian point(s) point at: ochwit point at it!; xochwit point at him!; cho:chwit he pointed at it; o:ychwit I pointed at it; xo:ychwit I pointed at him; kyo:ychwit I pointed at something pointed toward: -ditse (or -tse) pointed toward, headed toward (in various phrases): yiduqa-ditse pointed up, headed up(hill); tsehdiwi-tse pointed downward, upside down points (on antlers): a-tehsay [=one-it extends out along] spike, deer with single-pointed antler; ta:qitehsay [=three-it extends out along] three-pointer; dinki-tehsay four-pointer ( This is the Hupa way of counting spikes. White people add the eye-guard, so that an Indian four-pointer would be a White vepointer.) poison: mi-xosaawh [=with it-someone puts (round object) in his mouth] someone poisons him, poisoning happens; mi-xosungawh poison him!; mi-whisawinga:n he poisoned me; mi-xosa:ya:n I poisoned him chixo:niyo:l [=he blows at him] bad medicine, witchcraft poison which cannot be cured by an Indian doctor kidongxwe deviling, witchcraft poison which can be cured by an Indian doctor poision oak: ke:kilye:ch Poison oak (Rhus diversiloba)

PLAY/POTATO
poisonous plant: kiyo:y poisonous mushroom, poke: ingqot poke it (with pointed stick, nger)!;
xongqot poke him!; nise:qot I poked you; naqot he pokes around, goes around with a pointed stick, pole; na:usqot he poked around. See INDIAN DEVIL pole: kiningay poles running over the re in a living house ( Used for smoking sh and venison.) dahniwile:t (or dahniwila) [=they extend across atop] ridge poles (or ridge pole) in a living house min-che:nga:ding [=ming-where it sticks out] side pole running the length of a house, suppporting the roof ( For ming- see BACK (OF HOUSE).) kin-jiwolch [=stick-round (diminutive)] pole, rounded stick (esp. those used in the Jump Dance fence) See also FISHING POLE police: kikit [=he catches something] policeman, sheriff pollute: See SPOIL ponderosa: See PINE poor: do:wile [= from do:-wile not-it is enough] (he) is poor, weak; do:kiwile [=someone who is poor, weak] old woman; do:we:se:le I came not to have enough (money), went bankrupt; do:wehsle he went bankrupt pop: kimuq it makes a popping noise, pops something; kisehmuq I made a popping noise, popped it porcupine: kyoh porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum); porcupine quills ( Porcupine quills, usually dyed yellow, were used to ornament basket hats, and also to pierce the ears for earrings.) possessions: whe:y my possessions; xwe:y his possessions kyoh possible, not: do:-xoling it isnt possible, one cant, one shouldnt (e.g., do:xolin-na:whda:wh I cant come back; do:xoling-idichit its impossible for us to die; do:xolin-te:siwhen I couldnt look) daw-sho its impossible! (exclamation); daw-shotseh I cant do it! (I feel that) its too hard for me! post: kitaachwe posts supporting the inner door of a living house pot: mito:y any basket large enough to cook in; (modern) pot, a round, fairly deep cooking vessel with a handle ( Goddard, L&C, pp. 28, 41:2, and Plate 15.) potato: yineh-taw [=underground-the one that is around, at] Indian potato ( General term for various edible roots, tubers.) islete:n a type of Indian potato ( Grows at cheindiqot-ding, on the west side of the Trinity River (see map). It is taboo (miy) and you must not touch it in the spring.) poisonous plant, anything dangerous or poisonous

POTATO BUG/PUBERTY, GIRL REACHES

potato bug: tse:-kije:n [=stone-bright, shining]
potato bug pound: iwhtsit Im pounding, smashing, breaking it (with a rock, maul); intsit pound it!; we:tsit I pounded it kiwhtsi Im pounding it lightly, hammering it, hitting it (with a rock, maul); kitsi pound it!; kisehtse:t I have pounded it kiqahs pound, drive (e.g., stakes) with a rock!; kisehqa:s I pounded it with a rock pound acorns: kiwhtsit Im pounding acorns; kintsit pound acorns!; kiwintsit she pounded acorns pour: na:diwa pour (the water)! spill (the things)! nadehwa:t he poured it, spilled them; na:diwilwa: t what has been poured, dumped (e.g. nokingxa: n-mitse: na:diwilwat-ding Acorn Feast-its stonesthey have been dumped-place, i.e., the place where the cooking stones from the Acorn Feast have been piled up) powder: miwidwa:de [=its acorn our] powder; dust of something power: whixonse:l [=my heat] my sweat, my (Indian doctors) power xwa:-a:neh [=for her-it speaks] a doctors power, that speaks through her miy powerful place or object (usually a rock) which must not be touched unless you want it to rain prairie: xonteh at, prairie pray: xo-te:lit [=with him-it burned] he prayed, made medicine for luck ( In this kind of praying, you put medicine roots (usually angelica) into a re and talk to it.) ma:-de:diwhawh [=for it-I put (round object) into the re] I burn incense root (angelica) in the re and pray (at a ceremony); ma:-de:dingawh you burn incense root and pray!; ma:-dediwinga:n he burned incense root and prayed je:nahching-chixine:wh [=to up above-he is speaking] he is praying (modern church prayers) kiwun-chidne [=to them-he says things] he prays, preaches; xowun-chidne he preaches to him; kiwunchiwidne he has prayed pregnant: wilkya:n (or wilkya:nin) pregnant woman; kiwilkya:n she is pregnant; kilkyung get pregnant!; kilkyan she became pregnant; do:-kilkyunchichwe dont make her get pregnant! wilkya:n-mikima:w [=pregnant woman-its medicine] medicine for a pregnant woman ( Used to make a baby small inside, so that the delivery is easy.) prepare (place): chixochwe [=he makes (the place)] he xes up (the danceground), prepares (the place); mitahxw-chichwe [=around (the garden)-he makes] he hoes the garden, clears the garden of weeds presence: whina: in my presence, in my sight, before my eyes; xona: in his presence president: yima:n-ningxate:n [=across-leader] President of the United States

74
pretty: chiniwho:n (or chinwho:n) [=she is good] she
is pretty; do:-niwhongwx-chiniwho:n [=not-in (just) a pretty way-she is pretty] she is extremely pretty achwo:n it is pretty ( also used as exclamation: How pretty!); a:nichwo:n you are pretty; a:achwo:n she is pretty; aniwichwon she got to be pretty chinso:n shes pretty ( Diminutive form of chinwho:n, used in an affectionate and joking way.) prey: iydiliw it (animal) kills something (as prey); ediliw he kills something, he murders someone; e: dileh kill something!; e:de:liw I killed something, someone. See ATTACK priest: chidilye:-chichwe [=religious dance-the one who makes it] (or chixochwe [=the one who xes (the place) up]) the man who prepares the danceground for the religious dances (chidilye), says the prayers, and otherwise looks after the details of the ceremony ( In the anthropological literature on the World Renewal Ceremonies of northwest California this term is translated as priest or formulist. The chixochwe is sometimes (but not always) the same as the ma:naway (leader) of the Hostler Ranch side in the dancing.) prize: iy bet, stakes, prize (e.g., miiy-kiwilchwe:n the stakes-have been set) prongs: iqiwh it is pronged, forked kitsos-nehwa:n [=Indian Paintbrush (a owering bush)-it resembles] prongs (ceremonial headgear) ( A piece of deer sinew split into three prongs and trimmed with redheaded woodpecker scalps; worn stuck into a rolled headband (te:lma:s-wilchwe:n). Used in the Brush Dance and White Deerskin Dance. In the old days one was supposed to wear one type for the Brush Dance and another for the Deerskin Dance; nowadays the distinction isnt made.) protect: whichingah in front of me (as a protection), something shielding me; michingah in front of it (as a protection) proud: meniwitil he is proud of it, he talks proudly about it; me:ninti be proud of it! talk about it proudly! provisions for winter: xayching-mina:kiwilchwe: n [=towards winter-what has been made for it] things stored away for the winter; a:dina:kischwen [=he made something for himself] he put something away for himself (for the winter); whina:kichwe put something away for me! puberty, girl reaches: kinahda:-n she has her rst menstruation, reaches puberty; kina:kiwhda I have my rst menstruation; kinahdung [= from kinahda:ni she reaches puberty-person] a girl for whom a Flower Dance is held, a girl at puberty

75
pubic bone, pubic hair: whiqus-ta:w [=my
qus-above] my pubis, underbelly, crotch whiteh-wa [=my teh-fur] my pubic hair whiteh-tsinta [=my teh-forehead] my pubic bone ( teh- is an old word for crotch or pubis that is found only in compounds.) pull: chitiyo:s hes pulling, stretching it (e.g., a rope, to tighten it); tinyohs pull it!; chite:yo:s he pulled it; chinyohs pull it out! (string, sliver, stovepipe, etc.); cheninyo:s he pulled it out; xayo:s he is pulling (a plant) up out of the ground; xawinyo:s he pulled it up tiwhle Im pulling it, tugging at it (rope, pole, etc.); tile pull it!; chiwhitile he pulls me; chite:wile he pulled it; whitile [=it pulls me] I relish it, Im fond (of eating) it mintiwhits Im pulling at it (with all my strength); mintilits pull at it!; whintilits hes pulling at me; nintehits he pulled at you; kintilits he pulls at something, he works tahchilo:s he pulls (gill net) out of the water, he pulls a net-load of sh to shore; tahtsislo:s he pulled it out of the water pull apart: jiwhqiwh I pull it apart at the fork; jewiqiwh he pulled it apart at the fork; jilqiwh something forked, pulled apart at the fork pump: tana:n-xaywhiwh [=water-it sucks it up] pump pumpkin: kitse:qe:che-nehwa:n [=a skull-it resembles] squash, pumpkin purse: nike:kyo:ts purse for keeping dentalia ( Made of elk-horn; see Goddard, L&C p. 29 & Plate 18, gure 1; Curtis, p. 10, and illustration between pp. 10-11.)

PUBIC BONE, PUBIC HAIR/PUT OUT (FIRE)

pursuit: whixa after me (to fetch me), in pursuit of me;
mixa after it, in pursuit of it (e.g., mixa:-chitehsyay he went after (the deer); whixa:-chixe:ne:wh she called out for me; mixa:-yehke:lay I reached in for it) pus: xis pus, discharge, infection push: michwit push it!; me:whichwit push me!; menichwit he pushed it; me:nanichwit he pushed it back, away put a living being somewhere: chixowidau he is carrying (one child or animal) about from place to place; xowiwhdau I am carrying him about; yehxoda put him inside! fetch him in!; yehchixowida he put him inside put down: nongawh [=move (round object) to a position of rest!] put it (e.g., stone) down!; noninga:n he put it down; no:nungawh put it (e.g., stone) back down (after having picked it up); no:naninga:n he put it back down (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) put on (coat, dress): inchiwh put it on (coat, dress)!; we:chiwh I put it on; nawinchiwh he put it on again nawikya she put a dress on; yehnaxokya she put a dress on her yehkitoh [=slip it in] put on, slip on (pants, socks, shirt, anything that ts tightly); yehke:ytow he put it on See also WEAR put out (re): kinitsis put out the re! blow it out!; kine:sehtsis I put out the re; nakinitsis he puts out the re that had previously been lit

Q
quail: dich Valley quail (Lophortyx
californicus, California quail) na:kine Mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus) quarrel: chiidzehsdila they quarrelled, were enemies, hated dich each other do:-xoh-whitsis [=not-in vain-you see me] you always quarrel with me quartz: tsehqay (or tse:qay) [= from tse-iqay stonewhite] quartz question, ask a: chixo:diwixit he asked him a question ung particle used to question a word, phrase or sentence (e.g., hay-ung is it that?; ning-ung is it you? me:dinchwin-ung [=you want it-(question)] do you want it?; kiaxun-ung me:dincwhing [=deer meat(question) you want it] is it deer meat that you want?) questionable: un:ng [=ung-ng is it?-it is] it isnt, it isnt certain, its questionable (negative particle) (e.g., hay-un:ng it is not that); do:-un:ng (or un:n-do) [=not-it isnt (e.g., not negligible)] it is certain, it isnt questionable quickly: xa all right! okay!; quickly (e.g., xa-kinyung okay, eat!; xa-naway [=quickly-he goes] hes a fast walker) xolisch quickly, fast; hurry up!

quite, be: do:-a:kinin-tseh [=not-noise is made-it

is heard] it is quiet, one hears no sound tsima-xosin [=tsima-it is] its quiet, a quiet person; tsima-chixosin hes quiet; tsima-xo:sing be quiet!; tsima-xohsing be quiet (you all)!; tsimachixowinsen he became quiet nida-no:nuntse [=your mouth-shut it (like a door)!] shut your mouth! be quiet! quill: See PORCUPINE quit: do:owhlung Im stopping (doing something), I quit (working); do:olung stop doing it! quit!; do:o:ylan I stopped doing it; do:cho:wilan he stopped doing it; do:chiwho:wilan she quit on me, left me; do:yo:lan (animal) stopped doing it tahchina:wh [=one comes out of the water, re] (the dancers) come out of the dance, quit dancing; tahtsisyay (dancers) came out of the dance quiver: teh-nawe [=at-he carries it around] quiver; whitehnawe: my quiver ( Goddard L&C, p. 19 and p. 36.) quiver (ceremonial): tsiduqi-nawe [=straight uphe carries it around] ceremonial quiver, skin for carrying arrows ( Used only at the Jump Dance. Not a regular quiver (teh-nawe), which is worn perpendicularly, but a sack of sher-skin with a slit opening through which the feather-sides of arrows protrude.)

R
rabbit: na:qitah-kiixun [=on the gravel bar-deer]
jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) toh-me:we [=grass-what is underneath it] Cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus) racoon: mina:-xwe [=its eyes-xwe] racoon (Procyon lotor) race, win/lose: na:astiw he won the race whiwina:wehsditiw I lost the race rack: miyeh-wilqan-kin [=under it-re has been builtsticks] roasting rack (for drying pitchwood) rain: na:nyay [=something that falls to the ground] rain; its raining; its starting to rain ( At the religious dances, one cannot say na:nya or other forms of the verb, but instead must say kisinto-ingxut grease-it drops.) nandil-mito-xole:n [=snow-its water-there is plenty] half-rain, half snow (snow that melts quickly), sleet rain rock: miy powerful place or object (usually a rock) which must not be touched unless you want it to rain ( There was a miy at the downstream end of Sugar Bowl, the small valley immediately to the south of Hoopa Valley.) rainbow: na:kidaay [=something that extends out] rainbow; there is a rainbow; na:kidiwinga there was a rainbow raise (child): xoniyeh raise him (from childhood)!; chixonehyiw she raised him; xone:sehyiw I raised him raise (hand): yunchwit raise your hand!; yawinchwit he raised his hand raise up: yungawh [=move (round object) upward, up from the ground!] pick it (e.g., stone) up! raise it up in the air!; yawinga:n he picked it up (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) raise up a song: ya:naawh [=he picks (round object) back up] he raises up a song, sings the melody of a dance-song; ya:nungawh raise up the song!; ya: nawinga:n he raised up the song rake: e:nawhge:s Im raking things together in a pile; e:naningge:s he raked things together; mi-e:nage: s [=with it-he rakes things together] a rake rancheria: See VILLAGE rapids: to:nchwen-xoda:ngay [=rough water-going down] rapids raspberry: qukyoht raspberries (Rubus) rattle: kisa:y a rattling sound (as of dry leaves); kiwinsay-tseh (I heard) it making a rattling sound; yikisa:y it (snake) rattles something; kisehsa:y I rattled something immi [=hit them together] rattle it!; e:yme:t he rattled it rattle: kixulo deer-hoof rattle, used by doctors (dried deer hooves, tied around a stick or bone) kinahdung-tse:y [= kinahdungs-stick] a split stick, used as a rattle during the songs in the Flower Dance king iqay [=stick-white] deer-hoof rattle used by tracers (claivoyants) rattlesnake: tiwh (apparently shortened from older tiwiwh) rattlesnake (Crotalus) mitsah-xosin [=dangerous-it is] rattlesnake ( Euphemism for tiwh; also said to be the Redwood dialect form.) rattlesnake cane: kitsa:y-xotitse [=red tailed hawk-its cane] cane to keep rattlesnakes away; a stick which has had a medicine formula said over it ( The red-tailed hawk is said to be the rattlesnakes enemy, having taken all the rattlesnakes inland from the coast.) raven: kiwidauchwin-kyoh [=crow-big] raven (Corvus corax) ga:chwung raven (archaic term or Redwood dialect) ( Seldom seen at Hoopa; found near the coast, on lower on Redwood Creek.) raw, uncooked: te:w raw, uncooked, unripe (e.g., kiaxun-te:w rare venison) do:-winte it is not ripe, cooked miloy (berries) are unripe, green reach: o:nchwit reach for it! fetch it!; cho:nchwit he reached for it, fetched it; o:ne:chwit I reached for it, went and got it xehsta:n it (water, sand, a pile of anything) reached up to there; xe:ntan it has reached up to there; whixehsta:n-ding [=my reaching to there-place] beside me, close to me, within my reach hayah-no:ntik it (string) reaches so far; the (story, meeting, etc.) extends to there, reaches an end (The End) read: owhwhe [=I call it by name, (i.e., I speak the (written) word)] Im reading (aloud); cho:whe he read real, really: xoch (or xoji-) true, well, real, really, thoroughly, in a correct way (e.g., xoji-kya [=truedress] traditional Indian dress; xoji-a:n reallymany; xoji-chitehsen well-she sees) d:ng really, truly, honestly ( Usually spoken with high pitch. Adds emphasis, contrast; e.g., kiaxun-d: ng-me:diwhdin deer meat-really (as opposed to some other kind of meat)-I want.)

REAR/RESTING PLACE
rear: whita my buttocks, rear-end; mita the bottom
of something whita-ching [=his buttocks-towards] the lower part of my body, my bottom; mita-ching its (animals) hind-quarters, the bottom, tail-end of something reason: daydi-wung (or diydi-wung) [=what (thing)?concerning it] what for? why? for what reason?; hayiwung [=that-concerning it] for that reason, that is why ma:n on account of..., for (that) reason (e.g., hayi-ma: n for that reason; daxwe:di-ma:n for what reason? why?; do:niwho:ni-ma:n on account of its being bad) reason, for no: ahxw-hayah [=just-there] just for nothing, for no reason, as a joke rebellious: me:tsah-chixosin he is a difcult person to get along with, rebellious, wont take advice; ke: tsah-xowhsin Im difcult, rebellious recently: qung recently, just now, new (e.g., qunisla:n [=recently-it was born] newborn infant); de:-qung-hit [=here-recently-at that time] a short time afterwards, later on recover: na:xoxinay he got well again, recovered; na: whixinay I recovered; nana:xinay get well again! recover!: See ESCAPE red: tse:lnehwa:n [= from tse:lin-nehwa:n blood-it resembles] it is red redbud: tun-nahsma:ts [=leaves-circular] redbud, Judas tree (Cercis occidentalis) redwood: qawh-kyoh [=yew-big] Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) Redwood Indian: xwiyqit-xwe [=Redwood Ridgepeople who live at] Redwood Indians, Chilula Redwood Ridge: xwiy-qit (or xoy-qit) [=xwiy-on it] Redwood Ridge, Bald Hills refrigerator: ningxosting-meichwe [=ice-it makes] refrigerator regalia: mi-chidilye [=with it-(they dance) a religious dance] regalia and other valuables used primarily in the White Deerskin Dance and Jump Dances ( Includes: ke:nekyoh; BLIND (kiqehna:diwul); HOOD (kise:qot); HOOKS (kiwo); ROLL (me:wina: sita:n); NECKLACE (nakidilyay); JUMP DANCE BASKET (nawehch); FLINTS (to:nehwa:n and tse:lnehwa:n); FLUTE (xosa:ngay).) regalia, to put on: xong-adie:n [=re-he does it to himself] to x oneself up (with face and body paint) for a ceremony; more generally, to put on ceremonial regalia; xong-naa:dileh put on your regalia!; xongnaa:de:lah I put on my regalia whiqit-winga [=on me-(round object) came to lie] I put on an item of regalia, I wore (regalia) (e.g., me:wina:sita:n whiqit-winga I was wearing a roll) reins: mito:l [=its string, line] reins relative: whima:lyo my friend, relative whiing my buddy, cousin, relative ing-xole:n [=cousin-people treat him like] he is

78
treated like a relative, called by a kinship term; ingwhiling treat me like a relative! call me cousin! release: na:dinchwit let go of it! release it!; na: whidinchwit let me go!; nadiwinchwit he let go of it religious dance: chidilye religious dance, World Renewal ceremony; xonsi-chidilye [=summer-religious dance] White Deerskin Dance; xay-chidilye [winter-religious dance] Jump Dance. See also specic dances religious dance, to perform a: diwhye Ill dance in a religious dance (White Deerskin or Jump Dance); chidilye they dance in a religious dance, a religious dance is held; chidiwilye they danced a religious dance cheidinilye they nish the religious dance tahtsisyay [=they came out of the water] they quit dancing (a religious dance) relish: whitile [=something pulls me] I relish it, am fond of it, like to eat it; xotile he relishes it; yiditile [=something pulls it (animal, child)] it (animal) relishes it, feeds on it; white:wile-te I am going to relish it remember: miqit-xokyan-xole:n [=on it-his insidesare plenty] he remembers it minawhliwh I remember it, call it to mind, think of it; whinuliwh remember me!; minawiliwh he remembered it; xona:nawiliwh he thought of him again misa:n remembering it, talk about it reputation: whisa:n my habits, feelings, way of thinking, reputation, spirit ( A man whose xosa:n is powerful can overcome you with it.) required: me:niwho:n it is good for it, it is required for it (e.g., nahnin me:niwho:n two people are required) resemble: nehwa:n it resembles, looks like (something); chinehwa:n he or she resembles (something, someone); ne:ysdiwa:n I resemble it; ne:sindiwa:n you resemble it xwe:xowhting I look like him/her; whexowinting he came to look like me -q in such a way, like... (adverb-forming sufx) (e.g., xwe:di-q in what way?; de:-q in this way; hayi-q in that way; kida:y-q nichwin it smells like owers; ahting-qi-unte [=all-in such way-it is] all kinds of...) respect: nikyah-nicho:ne [=big-he thinks about you] he has respect for you; nikyah-chixo:ne he respects him rest: nawhye:wh Im resting; nulyehwh take a rest!; na:ulye:wh hes resting; nawilye:wh he took a rest rest head: ke:tsia rest your head! put your head down on a headrest, pillow!; ke:tse:ya:t I have rested my head; ke:tse:iul [=(where) he (customarily) rests his head] wooden headrest, used by men in the sweathouse resting place: na:ulye:wh-na:nga-ding [=he restsit lies-place] resting place along a trail tse:-miqit-na:ulye:wh [=rock-on it-he rests] resting rock

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return: na:ndahwh come back!; na:ndiyay he came
back (home); nawida:l he is going back, returning home na:ndawh bring it back! return it!; whiwa: naninga:n he returned it to me (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) revenge: e:nulya [=it stands together again, it became equal again] there is an evening up, revenge; ena:lya-te they will be evened up, revenge will be taken; e:nulyaichwe [=evened up-make it!] take revenge! See DRAW revolted, be: xokyun-tehwis [=his insides-lurched] his stomach turned, he was revolted rhododendron: michile-ne:s [=its feathers-wide] rhododendron (Rhododendron californicum) isde:wi-ch [=madrone-(diminutive)] rhododendron-like plant that grows up on Trinity Summit rib: whichitiwul my ribs rice: qo:-nehwa:n [=worms, maggots-it resembles] rice rich: ningxate:n leader, boss; rich, important person awhxiche wealthy woman (old-fashioned term) whe:y-xole:n [=my possessions-are plentiful] I have lots of things, I am rich rich-tasting: See GREASY ridge pole (of house): See POLE ridge: diqa:n ridge diqa:ni-wehse:t mountain ridges extend along ridicule: xona:siwhlay I make fun of him, ridicule him; xonasilay he makes fun of him; xona:se:la I made fun of him; whinasiwila he made fun of me; xona: yasiwila they made fun of him; do:-whina:siwidlaheh no making fun of me! See TEASE rife: xahslin [= it (water) ows uphill (i.e., swirling in an eddy)] rife (in a stream) rie: See GUN right: niwhon-ching [=good (side)-towards] (or xojiching [=true, correct (side)-towards] right (side), on the right; niwhonching-ching [=right sidetowards] towards the right; niwhonching-whila [=right side-my hand] my right hand: See CORRECT right there: xa:t still, continuing; same; right (there) (e.g., xa:ti-ningxane:sdiwa:n still-Im handsome, beautiful, i.e., Ive still got my looks; xa:ti-miqit-no: naninta:n right-on top-he put (stick) back down; xa:ti-xute the same-evening); xa:ta-hayah right there; xa:ti-qit right there (at the same place) rim: mima:tse rim, edge of something ring: kidi it rings (once); kiwindil it rang, made a ringing sound kisdil he rang it; kisehdil I rang it ring (on nger): xolakilxawh yehwiltow [=his hand, nger-is slipped in] ring ring-tail: kilxawh Ringtail cat; civet (Bassariscus astutus) rip: kitidlut there is a ripping sound (as of an old rag); kite:dilut it made a ripping sound

RETURN/ROE
tawhki Im ripping, tearing it to pieces; jewikil he ripped, tore it in two; ya:kiwhki Im tearing it to pieces, ripping it up; ya:kisehkil I tore it to pieces ripe: kiwinte (or winte) it is fully cooked, ripe, ready to eat; kite its getting cooked, ripe rise (fog, smoke): yaywikit it (smoke, cloud, fog) rose, went up into the air rise (sun, moon, star): xa:sina:wh it (sun, moon, star) rises, peeps over the ridge rise (water): to:-wingkyah [=water-got big] the water has gotten high (in the river), it is rising dahdiwilxit [=it has taken something away by swallowing, swallowed it up] the river has risen, ooded rive: kiwhtiwh Im mauling off a plank, riving it, splitting (slabs, shingles, etc.) with a wedge; kisehtiwh I mauled it off; mi-kitiwh [=with it-he mauls off] chisel river: hun river, specically the Trinity River to:-xw (or to:-ding) [= water-at] at the river to:-ching [=water-towards] to the river, towards the river; to:ching-ching [=to the river-towards] on the river side of something riverbank: mis cliff, bluff, bank nuqit (or naqit) (coming) by land, (travelling) along the bank of the river (as opposed to travelling by boat) to:-xw (or to:-ding) [=water-at] at the river road: tin trail, road roar: kitsa there is a roar; kiwintsa he roared, made noise; yikitsa it (animal) roars, makes a noise roast: miyeh-iqung [=under it-build a re] roast it (on an open re)!; miyeh-tsisqan he roasted it; miyeh-wilqan [= its been roasted] roasting rack ( Roasting (e.g., salmon) on sticks over an open pit.) dekidiliwh [= put (several things) into the re] roast (e.g., eels) on coals; de:kidiwidlay (eels) are roasted kitets roast, parch (seeds)!; kisehtets I roasted, parched (seeds) nakiquch (or -qich) he is parching, roasting (seeds, corn, coffee, etc.); nakisquch he has parched them robe: See DEERHIDE ROBE robe, mythical: kidikikyoh-kiwilta:ts [=woodpecker-cut up into strips] a type of robe mentioned in myths ( Not known by Indians, and mentioned only in medicines (kima:w). It is said by some to have been a robe of buckskin which was tasseled (fringed) and had woodpecker feathers tied on with sinew to the fringes.) robin: chwe:qah robin redbreast (Turdus migratorius) kyune Swamp robin, Timber robin, thrush (Ixoreus naevius, kyune Varied thrush) rock: tse rock, stone tse:lo:che at rocks on beach rocking chair: See CHAIR roe: qong sh-eggs, roe

ROLL/RUSTLE
roll: dima:s it (e.g., log) is rolling over; diwima:s it
rolled over; na:ma:s its rolling, turning (on an axis); na:sma:s it has rolled around dima:s roll it over! na:asma:s he rolled it around; te:sehma:s I rolled it along roll: See HEADBAND roof of the mouth: whiningqiching [= from whiningqit-ching my face-on-toward] the roof of my mouth roofing: dahsile:t [=they lie extended on top] roong, shingles dahchiwie:t [=he extended them on top] he roofed, shingled a house root: qut the long tubular root of the willow, used in basketry; kiqude-nehwa:n [=a willow root-it resembles] carrot xay the roots of a conifer (esp. pine or spruce roots), used in basketry qut yinehtaw [=what is underground] Indian potato ( General term for various edible roots, tubers.) islete:n a kind of Indian potato, edible root ( You must not touch it in the spring.) rope, twine: kiwidits [=something that is twisted] Indian twine, rope (made of iris) silay [= they (things) lie there] a rope lies there rope lies: silay [=several objects lie somewhere] a rope (string, line, etc.) lies somewhere (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) rope, handle a: wiwhle:l [=Im carrying several objects] Im carrying it along (rope, string, line, etc.); yuliwh pick it up (rope)!; yawilay he picked it up; nawhle Im carrying (rope) around; na:asle I carried it around (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) rot: yahsiq its rotten, it rotted away (esh, fruit, etc.); yaiw hes rotting away (e.g., with syphillis); yuneh rot!; te:iq it has started to rot rotten: nigit its rotten, crumbly from rot (thing, not esh); kigide rotten wood; wigit it is getting rotten; togit [= from to:-nigit water-rotten] black acorns, Indian cheese ( Acorns buried in a swampy place and left to rot; eaten in the winter, when the supply of acorns gets low.) islos there is the small of rotten meat rough: diche:ch it is rough, pimply round: na:sma:ts round, circular, in a loop; na:wma: ts it has become round jiwol round like a ball, spherical; jiwingwo its getting round; it got round round objects lies: saa:n a round object lies somewhere (e.g., a stone, something that can be held in the hand) (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) round object, handle a: wiwhul Im carrying it along (e.g., a round object, something that can be held in the hand); yungawh pick up (a round object)!;

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yawinga:n he picked it up; nawhay Im carring (a round object) around; na:asa he carried it around (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) rub: iwhiw Im rubbing on (paint, grease, liniment, etc.), smearing something (with paint, etc.); we:iw Ive rubbed it on, smeared it chixowiniw he rubbed it on him; chite:iw he rubbed it on; nawiniw he rubbed it on again ingqa rub, le, grind it!; chiwingqay he led, ground it; kingqa rub against it!; keqay he rubs against it iwhye:wh Im rubbing it in my hand (crushing it), Im threshing seeds; inyehwh rub it in your hand!; whinyehwh rub me!; we:ye:wh I rubbed it; tawhye: wh I rub it into a ne powder, crush it up ne; ta:se: ye:wh I rubbed it into powder ruin: chwindungawh spoil, ruin it (round object)!; chwindawinga:n he spoiled it rumble: See NOISE run: dahdilah (or dahdinah) run (fast)! run on ahead!; dahdiwiwla:t I ran fast; dahchidiwila: t (or dahchidiwina:t) he ran fast; tingilah (or tinginah) run away! run off and get lost!; xowuntiwiwha:t I ran away from him; tingwila:t (or tingwina:t, tiwwina:t) he ran away; na:ndiah run back!; na:undiah he runs back; na:undia:t he ran back tildahwh run off! hurry off!; chitehda:wh he ran off; chiwilda:l hes running along; wilda:l (animal) is running along tsintikyoh run for your life! ee!; tsintehkyo:t he ran for his life; tsintohdi run for your lives (you all)!; tsiyuntehsdilde:t we all ran for our lives xo:waa theyre running along, a group or herd is running along; yehxohawh run in (you all)!; yehxo: wida:n we ran in; yehxo:nga:n they ran in; tingxo: nga:n they ran away; na:xohang run around (you all)!; na:xo:soha:n you all ran around kitiqowh (animal) scampers along; na:qowh (horse) runs around, gallops; nahsqoch it galloped te:digit it (ock, crowd, herd of animals) ran off; tohdigit (you all) run off!; widgil they are running about nawhits Im running around, Im in motion; nahits it (animal, machine) runs around, moves; naasits he ran abround run (water): kite:yo:wh (water) surged, ran along stormily; yehkinyo:wh (water) pours in (e.g., through a hole); na:kiyo:wh (water) washes back and forth, surges about; che:kiyohwh (water) is running out; che:kininyo:wh it ran out rustle: kisa:y a rattling, rustling sound (as of dry leaves)

S
sack: tehmil sack, woven from Indian twine ( Used to
carry birds when caught Goddard L&C p 19, and Plate 6.) dichwil-tehmil (or chwil-tehmil ) [=tanned (buckskin)-sack] (traditional) leather sack, (modern) gunny sack saddle: miqit-dahsaa:n [=on it-(round object) lies above] saddle safe: xiwhnay I escape, reach safety, am safe; chixinay he escapes, is safe. See IMMORTALS salal berry: kinadiday (or kinadiday-ch) [=what he picks, gathers (for food)] salal berries (Gaultheria shallon) salamander: dila:n a small species of salamander kya:tilchwiw [=it cries while moving along] a type of salamander mikilxije-xole:n [=its spots-there are plenty] big white and black spotted salamander kya:da:ne:-kyoh [=it gathers acorns-big] another term for mikilxije-xole:n (said to be the Redwood dialect) mina:-dahnehsnoy-ch [=its eyes-stand up erectlittle] big Redwood salamander (Chondrotus) mije:xo-tse:lnehwa:n [=its breast-red] Red breasted salamander; Red-bellied newt (Taricha totosa) dilxich-kya:tilchwiw [=spotted (like a fawn)-it cries out] Spotted salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus) See also WATER SNAKE saliva: xeq saliva salmon: o:q sh; salmon (Oncorrhynchus sp.) (general term) o:q kiwina:liw [=it swims after] male salmon; egg sucker See also terms for specic varieties of salmon: CHIOOK SALMON (chwulo:qe); DOG SALMON (da:jahl); HOOKBILL SALMON (qehs); SILVERSIDE SALMON (xulo:qe) salmon leader: o:q ma:tiliw [=salmon-it swims for them] the leader of the salmon (A (mythical) sh that comes with the rst salmon run of the spring The Hupa used to believe that no salmon would come unless the Salmon Leader led them)

salmon trout: oyahwh-qay [=trout-white] Salmon salmons grandmother (bird): See CHAT salmonberry: daxa:te salmonberries (Rubus salt: ehqonch salt salty: dingqoch it is sour, salty sand: ichiwh sand, sandy dirt sap: misinto [= probably from mitsin-to its eshjuice] its sap, grease, juice kinsinto [= from king-sinto tree-juice] the sweet sap of the sugar pine or maple; sugar sapling: chime:-ya:wh sapling of a conifer. See king-kiditsay [=tree-it dries it up] sapsucker, smallest woodpecker (Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied sapsucker) nisking-mina:t-chiwiltongil [=tall conifer-around it-he jumps along] sapsucker (Said to be Redwood dialect) sash: mida-mi-ne:lno [=its mouth-with-they are stood up] sash with redheaded woodpecker scalps and beaks sewn on, worn by men at the Kick Dance kiwidwolch [=little warjacket] a sash of fringed buckskin, worn by Indian doctors ( It has yellowhammer feathers hung from the fringes; reaches from the right shoulder to the left hip.) satiated, be: wha:-wile [=for me-it is enough, lled] I am satiated, my belly is full, I got enough to eat; xwa:-wehsle he got satiated, his belly got lled; na:-wehsle-ang did you get satiated? did you get enough to eat? save: xoxiwhnay Im saving him, I saved him, cured him; whixina save me! cure me!; chixoxinay he saved me saw: iwhqit Im cutting, sawing it (log, stick, meat); se: qit I cut it, sawed it ; tsisqit he sawed it mi-kitus [=with it-one cuts] a saw say: diwhne I say something, make noise, speak a:diwhne [=I speak thus] Im saying it; ade:ne he said it; a:xo-chide:ne [=thus to him-he spoke] he said it to him, told him chin [= reduced form of chine they say] they say, it is said (quotative particle, used rarely) (e.g., dandi-chin [=who?-they say] who do they say it is? kiwinyanya:n-chin do:-nundiya people-they say never-return) spectabilis) trout, half-pounder

sapsucker:

CONIFER

salmon parts (in cooking):

kiwiltsots [=what is sucked] salmon bones kiqit-dahdiwilin [=on it-it ows away] the two pieces on a salmons back from neck to part opposite navel dahna:diwilta:ts [=cut back away] two strips cut off of each side of the backbone of a salmon ma:ningay (or me:ningay) [=it reaches for it] the backbone of a salmon, with meat attached

SCAB/SEMEN
scab: oh scab, sore; whilo:de (or whio:we) my scab scales: mite:de its (shs) scales scalps, woodpecker: kiya:wh-me:daay [=birdheads] scalps of redheaded woodpeckers, used for decoration scamper: kitiqowh (animal) scampers along; na:qowh (horse) runs around, gallops; nahsqoch it galloped scar: whot scar scar, form: kilwhot a scar formed, it healed; e:na: kildiwhot they (severed parts) grew back together scared: ijibeh Im scared! Im afraid! (exclamation mothers use to their little ones) whije:-tiltsit [=my mind-falls] I get scared, surprised, taken unawares; xoje:-tehtsit [=his mind-fell] he got scared See also AFRAID scarf: xoqos-mi-widloy [=his neck-with it-is tied up] scarf scatter: chite:wa:t he scattered them scent: mikyo:n (animals) odor, scent. See ODOR school: a:kiwilaw-me-chinehe:n [=writing-in it-someone looks at it] school scissor: mi-naxode:s [=with it-one cuts (hair)] scissors, mi-yutsit scold: kidiwhla:n Im growling, scolding somebody; dilung growl!; xodilung growl at him!; chixodila:n hes growling at him; xode:se:lan I growled at him; chiwhidehslan he growled at me scorpion: tehxa:chech [=crawsh (diminutive)] scorpion tehxa:che-yikitow [=crab-that stings] scorpion scramble along: See WRIGGLE scrap: See TRASH scrape: chiwo he is scraping (deerhide, with a scraper); chiwingwol he scraped it iwhsow Im scraping them together; insoh scrape them together!; e:ne:sow I scraped them together; e: dsow a pile of things scraped together; e:nasow he scraped them back together; yansoh scoop, scrape it up! yawinsow he scooped, scraped it up See also WHITTLE scrapper: mi-chiwol [=with it-one scrapes] scraper (for hide) scratch: iwhge:s Im scratching something (with ngers); chiwhiwinge:s he scratched him iwhsow Im scratching it (with an implement); chixosow he scratches him; a:diwhsoh Im going to scratch myself (with scratcher); adiwinsow she scratched herself yititse:k it (animal, bird) scratches, claws something; xotintsek scratch him (with your nails, leaving a mark)!; xote:se:tse:k I scratched him scratcher: mi-chixosow [=with it-one scratches

82
her] (traditional) implement for scratching, made of elkhorn, polished or with a rim of abalone shell ( A menstruating woman or a girl undergoing the Flower Dance (kinahdung) must not use her ngers to scratch. See Goddard L&C plate 10, no. 4.) sea lion: yida:chin-teil [=coming from downstreamthey swim along] sea lion (Zalophus californianus) ( Tusks used for hooks (kiwo), a dance headdress.) seagull: to:mine:-kiya:whe [=seashore-bird] seagull (Larus sp.) seal: See SEA LION seaweed: lah seaweed (Porphyra perforata, etc.) secret: ke:w [=underneath something] hidden, secret o:niwhsin I keep it (knowledge, the facts of something) hidden, secret; xowung-o:ninsing keep the facts secret from him!; cho:ne:nsen he kept the facts secret see: iwhtsis I see it; xowhtsis I see him; niwhtsis-te Ill be seeing you; chitsa:n he saw it; chixotsa:n he saw him; wiltsa:n its been seen see, I: de I see! (exclamatory particle) (e.g., de:-nundi I see that its snowing!) seed: misa:y small seeds mina: [=its eye] large seed, pit kiiwh small cake of grass seeds (archaic) ochwiwh seed our (archaic) seed-beating basket: me-kiwul [= with it-someone beats, threshes] seed-beating basket, thresher into which seeds are beaten ( Goddard L&C, p. 31, and Plate 23, gure 2.) see-saw: kiwhtsay Im see-sawing; kintsa see-saw!; yakiwintsay they see-sawed seem: xoliwh it feels, it seems like (e.g., a:kine:xoliwh there was a sound-it seemed) xowh it seems, it must be, I guess (particle indicating uncertainty, lack of denite knowledge) (e.g., dahungwhodung-xowh [=for quite a while-it seemed] it looked like it had been quite a while; diydi-xowh-wung [=what?-it seems-for] what for, I wonder?; da:ywho-xo-xowh [=somewhere-at-it seems] somewhere or another) seine: tahkiwhjeh Im going to seine [= probably I crowd, pile (salmon) out of the water]; tahkisehje: w I have seined; mi-tahkije:w [=with it-he seines] large seine. See GILL NET selsh: diwa:whchwing Im selsh; diwa:unchwen he is selsh; diwaniwinchwen he got selsh sell: iwakiliwh [=they give something to each other] they exchange (money for things), sell things semen: whilxung [=my sweetness] my semen, ejaculation tsing-qah [=meat (i.e., penis)-grease] sperm, semen (vulgar term)

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sense, to have: xwe:xolya:n he has sense, understanding, is watching out for things (cf. do:-xwe:xolya: n he has no sense, is crazy); whe:xolya:n I have sense; xwe:na:xowilyan he came back to his senses (after being unconscious, crazy) separate: whiwah apart from me, separated from me, at a distance from me; iwah (or niwah) apart from each other, separated; iwah-xw (or niwah-xw) separately, each by himself serpentine: tse:-itsow hard, blue stone; serpentine serve (food): xoyeh-noningxa:n [=under him, at his feet-she put (container) down] she served food to him, placed food in front of him serviceberry: miqikildil serviceberry (Amelanchier) set (sun): miqit-dahwinga [=on it-(round object) has come to lie there above] the sun has set behind the western hills, it is sunset xoda:nyay [=it (sun) has gone all the way down] the sun has set seven: xohkit seven; xohkidin seven people; xohke: ding [= from xohkidi-ding seven-times] seven times Seven Sisters: See PLEIADES seventy: xohke:diminung [= xohke:ding-minung seven times-ten] seventy several: dunungwho some number of, several (indenite quantier); dunungwho-ding several times, a number of times; dunungwhon several people several objects lie: silay several objects lie somewhere (e.g., dishes, shoes, rocks, sticks, bones, etc.; also a rope) (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) several objects, handle: wiwhle:l Im carrying them along (several objects); yuliwh pick them up (several objects)!; yawilay he picked them up; nawhle Im carrying (several objects) around; na:asle I carried them around (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) sew: na:kiwhxut Im sewing it; na:kixut sew it!; na: kisehxut I sewed it; na:kiwilxut its been sewn sewing machine: a:da:-naykixut [=by itself-it sews] sewing machine sex, have: See COPULATE; DESIRE shad: o:qi-nite:l [=sh-wide, at),shad (Dorosoma petenense) ( Introduced species; not aboriginal.) shade, shadow: xaxeeh shade, shadow; whixaxeeh my shadow shaft (of arrow): qa:xis mock orange (wood), arrow shaft me:kiwiloy-ding [=something tied to it-place] the part of the shaft of an arrow where it is feathered shake: iwhtsis Im shaking it (stick, tree, etc.); itsis shake it!; xosehtsis I shook him; yistsis something (e.g., noise) shook it nungah [= from nungwah] shake it (thoroughly), shake it out!; nawinga:t [= from nawingwa:t] he shook it; naa:dingah [= from naa:dingwah] shake

SENSE, TO HAVE/SHELLS, TYPES OF DECORATIVE

yourself, shake (dirt, dust) off yourself!; naa:dise:wa: t I shook myself ixat shake them (e.g., apples) down, off (of tree)!; sehxat I shook them down; nuxat shake them off (e.g., pieces of dirt off a rug)!; na:asxat he shook them off ildit it (e.g., house, earth) shakes, quakes; wildit it shook shaman: See INDIAN DOCTOR shame: xudya:n something shameful; xudya:n-xosin [=shameful-it is] someting to be ashamed of, something to keep hidden; a grave. See ASHAMED; ENEMY share: whe:kine I get a (small) share, I get just enough to get by; xwe:kine they have a share, have just enough; do:-me:kine there isnt enough to go around; a:kine there is no more food (archaic term) sharp: dime:n (or diming) it is sharp; childime:n the sharp end of something; sharp-pointed diming-ichwe [=sharp-make it!] sharpen it! sharp-tooth design: chah-che:nge:t [=chahsticking out in a row] design equivalent to the Yurok sharp tooth design ( Goddard, L&C, p. 47.) chah-wilchwe:n [=chah-made into] design equivalent to the Yurok waxpoo, and Karuk apxankoikoi, designs ( Goddard, L&C, p. 47 and Plate 27, gure 1.) e : k i w i n g e : t [ = l i n e s c o m i n g t o g e t her] said to be a variant of the chah-che: nge:t design ( Goddard L&C, p. 47.) See also BASKET DESIGN Shasta Indian: toh-mitahxwe [=grass-those who live amongst it] Shasta Indians, in particular the Shastas living on the Salmon River and on the upper part of the New River kiyintah Shasta Indians (?) ( Cited as ki-in-tax in Goddard, Hupa Texts, p. 110.) shave: nangwahs shave me!; xoda:w-na:ywa:s I shaved his beard. See WHITTLE she: xong he, she, him, her (emphatic pronoun); xong-e: n he for his part, she for her part

shells, types of decorative:

dijit string of small white seashells, worn by women on ceremonial occasions midach small dentalia shells, unincised and too small for use as money; used for decorative necklaces se:tot shell of small sea animal, used for decoration diwidwa:s [=shaved into strips] strips of abalone shell sewn onto a skirt ah-ching-dina:n [=ah-tomidach wards-it is leaning] a type of decorative shell, like small scallops tseme:q-nintik [= from tsiq-me:q-nintik fur tie-inside-it extends from there] tassels of shells that hang from the fur hair-tying strings worn by women

SHERIFF/SIBLING
sheriff: See POLICE shield: kiwidwol [=scraped (hide)] shield of elk-skin; armor made of arrowwood strips (kintits) woven together whichingah in front of me (as a protection), something shielding me; michingah in front of it (as a protection) shin: whitsin-diqa:n [=my leg-ridge] my shin shine: kininde:n it shines (e.g., a light bulb, star, sun), there is a light; kine:nden it lit up nije:n it is bright, shining; wijen it got bright, shiny; xowijen (the weather) brightened up niwe it is greasy, oily, shining me:kinehsqits [=something sparkles on it] it is shining, shimmering shingle: See ROOFING shinny: kitiquch [=he tosses it along (with stick)] stick game, shinny mi-kitiquch stick with hook on end used in stick game [=with it-one plays shinny] mi-kitiquch ya:dimil [=what is thrown up in the air] tossel used in stick game ( Two sticks tied with buckskin.) che:dimi-ding [=it is thrown out-place] goal in stick game; chindimil: a goal! (shouted when a goal is scored) shinny, play: yakitiquch (or -qich) [=they toss it along (with stick)] they are playing the stick game, shinny; kitohquch play (you people)!; kite:se:quch I played whiching-iloy [=towards me-tie it!] play the stick game against me!; xoching-se:loy-te Ill play the stick game against him nokyaawh [=they put (some round object) down] they (two players) are coming out to start the stick game; nokininga:n they came out to start the stick game shirt: yehxolto:w [=someone is slipped into it] shirt yeha:nadito:w [=he slipped himself back into it] he put a shirt on shiver: chiwhitsis-xoliwh [=one shakes me-I feel] Im shivering, shaking shoe: yehchitul [=what someone steps into] shoes (general term) yehnawhtul [=Im stepping back into them] Im putting on my shoes; yehna:yta:t Ive put on my shoes shoot: kyowhits Im shooting at something; xongits shoot at him!; who:its he is shooting at me; kyowingits he shot at something; xo:ningits take a shot at him!; chiwho:ningits he took a shot at me diwhchwit Im going to shoot off (an arrow), let go (the arrow release); dinchwit shoot! let go!; chidiwinchwit he shot, let go

84
miqit-dahna:dia [=on it-stick it atop!] shoot it, hit it (with an arrow)!; whiqit-dahnadiwia he shot, hit me See also SHOT shoots: miso:se its (plants) shoots shore: See BEACH short: didzit its short; diwhdzit Im short (of stature); diwindzit it got short short time: do:-saa [=not-a long time] (for) a short time tseehdzi-ding for a little while, for a short time; tseehdzi-mi after a short time shortribs: je:xo-ma-ding [=on the breast-edge-place] shortribs ( Forbidden for women to eat.) shot: whide:naw [=it touches me] Im shot; whide: we:nan [=it touched me] Ive been shot; yide:we: nan it (animal) has been shot shoulder: whiquntuq [=my qun-between (qun originally meant arm(s), but this word is no longer used)] my shoulder shout: ingwhi shout!; chiwingwhil he shouted; do:widwhil-heh no shouting! me:nunchung shout! cry out! (Redwood dialect, old-fashioned term); me:nawincha:n he shouted shove: yehiqeh shove (a stick) in!; yehchiwiqe:t he shoved it in; noqeh shove (a stick) down there!; noniqe:t he shoved it down there shove off (in canoe): tuntiwh [=take it (long object) into the water] start out in your canoe! shove off!; tawinta:n he started off in his canoe; tawilay [=they took (several objects) into the water] they started off in their canoes a:di-me:nanichwit [=with himself-he pushed it back away] he pushed himself off from shore in a boat shovel: xa:kiwhxa:wh [=I take (a specic lled container) up out of the ground] Im shoveling (dirt) out; xakiwingxa:n he shoveled it out shut: no:nuntse shut the door (after it has been opened)!; no:nanintse he shut the door shut eyes: whina:-e:ytan [=my eyes-I stuck them together] I closed my eyes; nina:-itung close your eyes! shut up: nida-nonuntse [=your mouth-shut it (like door)!] shut up! be quiet! shuttle: mi-nakitoy [=with it-one weaves (nets)] shuttle for making nets shy: See SUSPICIOUS; WILD sibling: xotishche her - na'k'itl'oy mil brother, his sister; itishche brother and sister to one another mi-nakitoy

85
sick: chidincha:t he aches, he is sick; diwhchahtseh I feel sick; dincha:t-ung are you sick?; chidiwincha:t he got sick kise:ge he is ill, incapaciated, sick in bed, a doctors patient; kiwhse:ge I am ill; ke:se:ge-tseh I feel that Ive become ill xokyan-chwinda:nyay [=his insides-are spoiled] he is sick to his stomach sickness: kichint disease, sickness tsohsda bodily weakness kichint do:-owhan sickness is not known (in that place) See also DISEASE Sickness, Dance to Prevent: xong-mina:tchitina:wh [=re-around it-they go along] a dance held in the Big House to scare off sickness ( When the Hupas heard of sickness happening somewhere, they used to go into the Big House and dance a circle dance for ten days to scare it off. It is bad luck to sing the songs of this ceremony in the Big House unless it is in this dance. In the woods a grizzly will run away. Apparently no longer known.) side: whichwat the side of my body whitut my anks, the side of my body wiqis one side, half; whiwiqis my side, on my side; kiwiqis one side of something me:n even with it, parallel with it, by its side; whe:n even with me; e:n even with each other, side-by-side, in parallel rows yidee:nching [= from yide-e:n-ching downstream-side-toward] on the downstream side See also LEFT; RIGHT sift: kitiwhwah Im sifting, winnowing (acorns, after pounding them into meal); kite:se:wa:t I sifted ke:sde coarse leavings (of acorns) after sifting sifting basket: mi-kitiwa:t [=with it-someone sifts] small sifting basket mi-dahkididil [=with it-someone sifts] small sifting basket ( Goddard L&C p. 28, and Plate 25, gure 1. Goddards description may apply not to midahkididil but to mi-kitiwa:t.) sight, in: whina: in my sight, in my presence, before my eyes; xona: in his sight

SICK/SIT DOWN (ONE)

sing: kitiwhaw Im singing along, singing a song;
kitingah sing!; kitaaw he sings; kite:sa:aw I sang, started to sing; na:kiwhaw Im singing (in general), Im a singer; na:kingah sing!; nakyaaw he sings; na:kiwingaw he sang me:kiwhtiw [=Im measuring it] Im singing (for a dance), singing a dance-song; me:kiteh sing a dance-song!; mekiwitiw he sang a dance-song ya:naawh [=he picks (round object) back up] he raises up a song, sings the melody of a dance-song; ya:nangawh raise up the song!; ya:nawinga:n he raised up the song nongawh [=put (round object) down!] stop singing (a dance-song)!; noninga:n he stopped singing single: kiwhde:s Im singing off hair, I am cutting hair; ke:yde:s I singed off hair; kide:s game with hair singed off ohdahs singe it!; o:yda:s I singed it kida:se burnt skin, leather, singed hair singer: yakitaaw [=they sing] the three singers in the White Deerskin Dance, one main singer and two helpers miyeh-wunnadil [=underneath-they are busy with it] backup singers, singers who sing in the background for someone singing a melody sink: xaytsa-me-tehna:nakidiw [=dishes-in it-one washes them] sink sinker: mina:ngay sinkers on sh net ( Rocks with holes through them.) sip: tingwhiwh sip it (through a straw)! suck it in!; te: se:whiwh I sipped it, sucked it in sister: whidehch my younger sister wha:t my older sister whitishche my (mans) sister; itishche brother and sister to each other, siblings of the opposite sex ide sisters to one another sister-in-law: whiwe my sister-in-law (woman speaking) whiwe:che my sister-in-law (man speaking) whichichinay my (mans) brothers sister, after the death of my brother; my wifes sister, after the death of my wife ( There was an expectation that a man would marry his xochichinay, although it was not a rule.) sit (one): yawingay [=he or she extends upward] he or she is sitting, is seated somewhere; ya:ngay it (animal) is sitting; ya:whay I am sitting sit (two or more): yawinge:t [=they extend upward] they (people) are sitting, are seated somewhere; ya:nge:t they (animals) are sitting; ya:widee:t we are sitting sit down (one): nintsah sit down!; niwhtsa:t Im (in the process of) sitting down; ne:se:day I sat down; ne: sinday you sat down; chinehsday he or she sat down; nanehsday he or she sat back down (after having stood up); na:ntsah sit back down!

sight, out of:

mino (hidden) behind it, out of sight; whino (hidden) behind me; kino (hidden) behind something, in hiding signs: xola:n it is evident, there are signs that (e.g., se:sehwung-xola:n I had killed it-it was evident; me:nileh-xola:n it (a sh) has gotten caught (in the net)-evidently) silverside salmon: xulo:qe Silverside salmon ( The rst part of the spring run of king salmon.) sinew: mikyots its sinew

SIT DOWN (TWO OR MORE)/SLOPE

sit down (two or more): no:nohdi sit down (you
all)!; no:ondil they sit down; no:ne:di we sit down; no:ne:de:t we sat down; no:nohde:t you all sat down; no:naninde:t they sat back down (after having stood up) six: xosta:n six; xostun six people; xosta:n-ding six times sixty: xosta:ndiminung [= xosta:nding-minang six times-ten] sixty size: mikyow it is as big as it, it is that size (e.g., xojimikyow [=correctly-it is that size] it is the right size); whikyow it is my size; ne:kyoh it got to be your size, it ts you; whewikyoh he got to be my size; whe:kyow what ts me skin: whisits my skin; misits (animals) skin, hide skin, to: wandiwhsits Im peeling (bark, skin) off, Im skinning it; wandisits peel it off!; wandiwisits he peeled it off; me-chisits skin (the animal)!; meche:isits hes skinning (an animal) me-chitoh [=(from) inside-slip it out] skin (the animal)! ay it!; me-chenitow he skinned it skirt: kya skirt, dress (general term) xoji-kya [=true-skirt] traditional womans skirt ( Made of pine nuts and braided grass. See Goddard, L&C, p. 19; Curtis p. 9 and illustration between pp. 22-23.) toh-kya [=grass-skirt] skirt made of grass, worn by the kinahdang girl in the Flower Dance xosa:k-kya [=abalone (shell)skirt] skirt with abalone shell xoji-kya pendants sewn on sikyo:s-kya [=folded awayskirt] ceremonial skirt ornamented with shells or beads, worn on special occasions skull: whitse:-qe:che [=my head-pelvis] my skull skunk: xoljeh skunk (Mephitis mephitis) xoljehch [=little skunk] (or xolje:-xich [=spotted skunk]) civet cat; small spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis) sky: de:-nohqit [=here-above us] the sky je:nah-ching [=above-towards] towards the sky, upwards slanting design: kinilyiw [=crippled] design equivalent to the Yurok slanting stripes design See also BASKET DESIGN kinilyiw slap: xomut slap him (gently)! pat him!; whisehmut he slapped me; kimut slapping something. See DICE slapping sound: kiut there is a slapping sound (of something hitting water), (sh) makes a opping sound

86
slash: na:dintus cut it! slash it!; na:xodiwhtus
Im cutting him with a knife, slashing him; na:xode: se:ta:ts I slashed him slaughter: chewhinehya:n [=he ate me out] he (or they) slaughtered my family, did away with my people slave: kina:kil [= perhaps from kina:-kil enemy-boy] slave, debt-slave; kina:kil xosehchwen I made him a slave sleep: mi sleepiness, sleep; whimile my dream, sleep whikiwung I am asleep; whikiwingan [= from whikiwingwan] I slept, went to sleep; xokiwung he is asleep mi-na:whiwiwe [=sleep-beat me up again, fought me] Im getting sleepy sleet: nundil-mito-xole:n [=snow-its water-there is plenty] half-rain, half snow (snow that melts quickly); sleet sleeve: xokya:ngay-yehwiltow [=his arm-what it slips into] sleeve slide: tilwhot slide!; chitehwhot he slid; wilwhol it (eg snake) slides along; xodulwhot slide down!; xodawilwhot he slid down tiwhot slide it!; chitehwhot he slid it; yuwhot open the window! slide it up!; yawiwhot he slid it up, opened the window tixit slide it (bulky object)!; chitehxit he slid it witse:l it (snake, worm) slides, wiggles along slightly: mine:qits a little, slightly, easily (e.g., mine:qits-sise:l it is slightly hot, lukewarm) slim: istiK it is slim, slender; siwhtiK I am slim, slender; istiKits [=istiK-(diminutive)] narrow, slim slime: mije:qe (slugs, snails) slime; slimy discharge slip: yawhji Im slipping, losing my footing; yawiljil he slipped; do:-ya:ljil-heh dont slip! slip, a: ma:-me:lkya [=ahead, rst-what is worn as a skirt] slip, underskirt slip in, on: yehitoh slip it in (cork into bottle, arm into sleeve, etc.)! put it in where it ts!; yehchiwitow he slipped it in; yehkitoh [=slip it in] put on, slip on (pants, socks, shirt, anything that ts tightly)!; yehkiwitow he put it on slippery: nixit it (some object) is slippery, slick, smooth; xoxit (ground) is slippery slope: dina:n (steep) slope, anything sloped (e.g., the steep pitch of a roof); xodina:n steeply sloping place, side hill, bluff diwhna:n Im tipping it, sloping it, giving it a certain slope or pitch (e.g., boards on a roof); dinung slope it!; chidiwinan he sloped it; -dinung (in phrases) sloping toward, facing (e.g., yide-dinung facing downstream) (with its tail); kiwinut there was a slapping sound

87
slowly: xodzi-nehwa:n [=well (diminutive)-it resembles] slowly, easily, gently (e.g., xodzinehwa: n-xiniwhye:wh [=gently-I speak] Im speaking softly, whispering) slug: mije:qe-xole:n [=its slime-there is plenty] slug small: misGiyts (or misGiye(ts)) it is little, small; tsimisGiyts he or she is little, young; simiwhGiyts I am little, young; simiwe:Giyts I became little; misGegits they (things, children) are little; simidiGegits we are little mine:gits a little bit mike:l-ching [=its (shs) tail-toward] the tailend of something, the smallest part of something smart: kitise (or kitise:-xw) [=(moving) over things] smart, ambitious, capable, superior (e.g., kitise:xwoa:whte I am smart) smear: iwhiw Im rubbing (paint, grease, liniment, etc.), smearing something (with paint, etc.); we:iw Ive rubbed it on, smeared it; kiwhiw Im painting something, spreading (paint), smearing something (with paint); kineh paint!; kiwiniw he painted smell: iwhchwe:n I smell it (some odor); ichwing smell it!; chichwe:n he smells it ichwiwh smell it (thing)! sniff it!; chischwiwh he sniffed it; yiwhichwiwh it (dog) sniffs me smell like: uchwin it smells like something (e.g., kida: y-qi uchwin it smells like a ower). See ODOR smelt: tahdindil [=they come out of the water] surffish, smelt smile: o-whining-yikit [=laughter-my face-it caught it] I smiled, a smile came over my face Smith River: See TOLOWA smoke: it smoke silkit (fog, smoke) lies there, hangs there smoke moves: yitikit it (smoke, fog, cloud) moves off; yitehkit (smoke) has moved off; yaywikit (smoke) rose into the air; dahyikit (smoke) hovers on top of something; chiykit (smoke) comes out (e.g., of chimney) smoke (tobacco): whiwa:kintiwh [=move (a specic stick-like object) toward me!] give me a smoke! (cigarette, pipe, cigar) give me a draw on your smoke!; xowakinta:n he gave him a smoke smokehole: min-tsida [=min-top] smokehole in a living house ( Goddard L&C p. 14.) See ENTRANCE smooth: nixit it (some object) is slippery, slick, smooth; xoxit (ground) is slippery snail: je:nok (or dze:nok, diminutive) snail je:nok-mixontaw [=snail-its house] snail shell snake: tiwh rattlesnake, snake (in general) nahdiyaw-mi-chiloy [=money-with it-one ties up] small, harmless snake; money snake nima:nching-me:daay [=at both ends-heads] a type of snake

SLOWLY/SOAK
xoxitich or xoxidich medium sized fast-sliding snake, non-poisonous See also BULLSNAKE; KINGSNAKE; RATTLESNAKE; WATER

snake, move like a: witse:l it (snake, worm)

slides, wiggles along; na:tseh it (baby, snake, eel) wiggles around, squirms snake-nose design: tiwhminchwiwh [=rattlesnake-its nose] design equivalent to Yurok and tiwh-minchwiwh Karok designs also called snakenose ( Goddard, L&C, p. 47, and Plate 27, gure 2.) See also BASKET DESIGN snare: na:kiqot [=bend something!] set a snare!; na: kisehqot I set a snare; na:kiwilqot [=something bent over] snare, a slim stick stuck in the ground and bent over ( Goddard L&C, p. 21-2.) dahchaawh [=he puts (some round object) above] he sets a (deer) snare; dakisa:n he has set a snare; dahwida:n [=what has been put above] deer-snaring station, owned or claimed by a family kixus deer snare (set to catch deer) (archaic term) sneeze: iwhuch I sneeze; iuch sneeze!; chiuch he sneezes; wehuch I sneezed sniff: See SMELL snore: kimowh he is snoring; kismowh he has snored snot: whinchwiwh-kito [=my nose-juice] my snot snow: nundil [=several things, particles fall to the ground] snow, it snows; na:nde:t it snowed nundil-mito-xole:n [=snow-its water-there is plenty] half-rain, half snow (snow that melts quickly); sleet nundil-nitsa:y [=snow-dry] dry snow, small akes which pack into powder (snow that does not melt quickly) tehsde:t [=several things, particles went off] it started to snow no:na:diyahts the snowfall is reaching down the mountain to that point (light snow, frost that is visible on the terrs); no:nundiya:ts it reached down to that point snowbird: mida-mina:xo:lwhin [=its mouth-there is darkness around it] (or mida-mina:xo:lsin [diminutive]) snowbird, junco (Junco hyemalis, Dark-eyed junco) snowshoe: nundil-miyehchitul [=snow-its shoe] snowshoe ( Made from a board with buckskin ties.) so that: -ming in order to, so that (e.g., wunna:se:yaiwhkidi-ming [=I busied myself-I catch it-in order to] I tried to catch it; xiniwhye:wh-ming in order to talk) soak: na:xoltsa (water) soaks down into the ground; wultsa (water) soaks through something, leaks out

SNAKE

SOAKING PIT/SPHERICAL
soaking pit: kita:ltsit soaking pit for acorn leaching soaproot: qus-kyoh [=bulb-big] soaproot (Chloragasocks: ma:-yehwita:t [=before, rst-what is stepped
into] socks soft: nita:n it is soft, damp; witan it got soft; xota:n it (ground) is damp, soggy; tuta:n it is very soft soldier: tsitiya:ne:s soldier [= from tsiting-ya:ne: s ries-long] sole: whixe-me:q [=my foot-inside it] sole of my foot solid: nitits it is hard, solid (like stone); xontits hard, solid ground; wintits it got hard, hardened, solidied Solomons seal: kinachixixe:l Solomons seal (Polygonatum) ( This plant has red berries that look like small tomatoes. If you eat them before swimming, you are liable to be caught by a water monster (tehyixolxit) who will pull you into a deep hole.) miqisnintik false Solomons Seal (Smilacina sessilifolia) ( Medicinal herb. The bulb is boiled and crushed for a poultice to be placed on sores.) some: me:lah some of it, some of them; me:lah-tah some among them, a selection somehow: daxo: somehow, in some way (indenite adverb); daxo:-q in some way; daxo:-ye in a wrong way, in a bad way some number of: dunungwho some number of, several (indefinite quantifier); dunungwho-ding several times, a number of times; dunungwhon several people someone: dungwho someone (indenite animate pronoun) something: daywho (or diywho) something (indenite inanimate pronoun) sometime: dahungwho- sometime (indenite temporal locative stem): dahungwho-dang sometime in the past; dahungwho-de sometime in the future sometimes: aa-ding [=one-at (time)] sometimes, at times somewhere: da:ywho- somewhere (indenite locative stem): da:ywho-xw around somewhere; da:ywhoding at some place son-in-law: whiwunda:n my son-in-law son-of-a-bitch: ing-miwhxiy [=dog-its son] son-of-a-bitch (insult) son: whiwhxiy my son song: whing song (general term) lum pomeridianum) ( Cooked in a pit and eaten.)

88
xosah-saa:n [=in his mouth (round object) lies] he has a song, a song comes to him See also DANCE SONGS; DOCTORING SONGS; MOURNING

soot: michiwhe [=its dust] (or xong-chiwhe

[=re-dust]) ta:yschiwhe [= from ta:kiwh-chiwhe sweathouse-dust] soot from the boards above the sweathouse re, used for making face-paint dahtsisde fine particles of soot; soot used in tattooing sorcerer: See INDIAN DEVIL sore: See SCAB sore, be: dincha:t it aches, hurts, is sore (e.g., whiladincha:t my hand is sore); diwincha:t it got sore xoniste-ta:kidehsne:ge his body feels sore, dull; he is drowsy from lack of exercise sorrel: kitung-dingqoch [=leaf-sour] Redwood sorrel (Oxalis oregana) ( Medicinal herb, used to prepare the throat for singing.) soul: xo-na:taw [=his-it oats around in the air] his spirit, soul (as opposed to body) sound, make a: dine it (animal, thing) makes a sound, squeals, cries; diwine it made a sound; a:kine something makes a sound, there is a sound sound, there is a: naytsan there is a sound, something is audible (in the distance); naywintsan there was a sound, something was heard a:kine there is a sound, something makes a sound soup: See ACORN SOUP sour: dingqoch it is sour, salty; diwingqoch it is getting sour. See also BITTER sourdough: dingqoch-mi-wilchwe:n [=sour (thing)-with it-is made] sourdough nichwing-kiwilchwe:n [=stinking-what is made] sourdough South Fork, mouth of: e:lding [= from e:linding the streams ow together-place] village of Tse: ningxwe where the South Fork and Trinity join spade: mi-xaxa:wh [=with it-he digs something up] garden spade; spades (suit in playing cards) spark: dilqits it is sparkling (as sparks in a re) speak: xininyehwh speak! talk!; chixine:wh he speaks. See TALK spear: See FISH SPEAR spear, throw a: kyonikis he speared at something kitehqoch he threw a stick, spear sperm: See SEMEN spherical: See ROUND

SONGS

89
spider: kiwe:-kyoh [=evil spirit-big] spider
naykitoy it (spider) weaves a web; naykiston it wove a web spike (deer): aa-tehsay [=one-extends out] spike (deer with a single antler prong on each side) spill: na:dimil its spilling out, dropping out (of basket) spine: See BACK spirit: xo-na:taw [=his-it oats around in the air] his spirit, soul (as opposed to body) spirits: kiwe [=they ght things, beat things up] evil spirits, little beings who live in the water and cause sickness ta:n forest spirits who look after game See also IMMORTALS spit: chiwhxiw (or chiwhwhiw) Im spitting it out; chingxeh (or chingwheh) spit it out!; cheningxe: q (or cheningwhe:q) he spat it out spite of, in: See DESPITE spittle: See SALIVA splash: kingyo:wh it splashed on the dirt; ya:kiyohwh water splashes up on the dirt; ya:kinyo:wh water splashes on the dirt split: je:ki it (board, etc.) splits, cracks apart; je:nkil it split; jiki split it! tear it apart (with your hands)!; je:ykil I split it kiwhtiwh Im mauling off a plank, riving it, splitting (slabs, shingles, etc.) with a wedge; kisehtiwh I mauled it off; mi-kitiwh [=with it-he mauls off] chisel; jitiwh split it apart (with a wedge or chisel)!; jewitiwh he split it apart jitsi split it, pound it apart (with a rock, maul)!; jewitse:t he split it spleen: mite:l its spleen spoil: chwin-da:- spoiling, to ruination (verb prex): chwindungawh spoil, ruin it (round object)!; chwindawinga:n he spoiled it; chwinda:na:wh it spoils, goes bad, has become polluted; chwinda: nyay it has spoiled spoil the world: ninisa:n-chwinda:atiwh [=world, earth-he spoils, ruins it (living being)] he spoils the world, breaks the rules, does something sacrilegious; ninisa:n-chwindawite:n he spoiled the world ninisa:n-chwinda:nyay the world has spoiled, become polluted, gone to the dogs (as a result of human misbehavior) spoon: kide:-kin [=somethings horn-base] carved elk-horn spoon, used by men ( Goddard L&C, p. 29.) xositsmil mussel-shell or abaloneshell spoon, used by women ( Goddard L&C, p. 29.) mi-tehchijich [=with it-he puts kide:-kin (granular substance, e.g., sugar) into water] modern spoon

SPIDER/STAMP-DANCING
spotted: kilxich spots
nulxich spot, speckled, spotted dilxich white-spotted (as the hide of a fawn) nahsdixich it is spotted See also FRECKLES spread: kiteh spread out a mat! spread a blanket! prepare a bed!; kisehte:l I spread it out; kiwilte:l [=what is spread out] mat, traditional Indian bed titah spread it out (e.g., something folded up, contents of a bag)!; te:sehtaw I spread it out spring (of water): tosqats-ding [=cold waterplace] where there is water, spring tana:n-ding [=(drinking) water-place] spring of water spring (of year): yima:n-silen-ding (or yima:n-siling) [=across-it has become-(time)] springtime dung (or dunghit) springtime (archaic term) sprout: xa:diwa [=it throws itself up out of (the ground)] a plant sprouts, rises (out of the ground); xa:dwa:t it has sprouted spurs: mi-na:nanitul [=with it-one kicks back down] spurs squash: kitse:qe:che-nehwa:n [=a skull-it resembles] squash, pumpkin squat: nin-miwhtsi [=ground-Im pointing my rump at] Im squatting down; nin-miltsi squat down!; nin-me:whtsil I squatted down; nin-me:na:ultsil he squats down again squeak: kike:t there is a creaking, squeaking sound (e.g., a squeaky door); kiwinke:t it squeaked kin-tsiyo:ye the squeaky noise of two trees rubbing together in the wind squeeze: tawhtik Im squeezing it (e.g., apple); tutik squeeze it!; ta:sehtik I squeezed it; intitik squeeze it together! pinch it together!; inte:sehtik I squeezed it together tichwung squeeze (esh) up, to make it bulge!; chitehchwan he squeezed it up squirm: witse:l it (snake, worm) slides, wiggles along; na:tseh it (baby, snake, eel) wiggles around, squirms; na:ustsiw he wiggled around squirrel: ke-ne:s [=tail-long] Tree squirrel, Grey squirrel (Ammospermophilus) tse:-qi-ya:ngay [=rock-on-it sits] Ground squirrel (Citellus beecheyi) silis (archaic variant of tse:qiya:ngay) ige:y Pine squirrel (Sciurus douglasi) xute-kya:n [=at night-it eats] Flying squirrel (Scuiropterus) stamp foot: chitul he is tapping, patting his foot, stamping (esp. in Kick Dance); tsista:t he tapped, patted his foot; na:nitu stamp down!; na:ne:ta:t I stamped down stamp-dancing: naatul [=he stamps around] stamp-dancing, the basic dance step

STAND (ONE PERSON)/STIFF

stand (one person): siwhye:n Im standing;
sinye:n you are standing; tsisye:n he is standing stand (several people): na:dehsdilyay we are standing; na:se:sohyay you (all) are standing; nadehyay they are standing stand (in vertical projections): nehsnoy they (mountains, a line of things) stand up there, project upward, stick up in peaks; ne:we:no they came to stand up there niwhnoy I stand (things) up in a line, make them stick up; nino stand them up!; chine:no he stood them up; e:nanino he stood (wood) up in a (vertical) bundle, he gathered things in sheaves. See BARBECUE stand (tree): na:daay [=it extends out, sticks out] it (tree, pole, etc) stands there, sticks out (of the ground); na:diwhay Im standing it up (post, etc.), planting a tree; na:dia stand it up! plant it!; nadiwia he stood it up stand up (one person): inying stand up!; we:yen I stood up; chiwinyen he stood up; nunying stand back up (after sitting down)!; nawinyen he stood back up. See GET UP (ONE) stand up (two or more people): na:dohya stand up (you all)!; na:de:dilya we stood up; nadilya they stood up; na:nadilya they stood back up (after sitting down): See GET UP (SEVERAL) standing up design: kinehsnoy [=standing erect] basket design See also BASKET DESIGN star: tsing star xutedung-xa:sina:wh [=early kinehsnoy in the morning-it rises] morning star starve: no:ondiqe:t [=he was shoved down there] he starved to death. See HUNGRY starvation: a:dixing [=subsisting on oneself] starving stay (one person): siwhday Im living, staying there; tsisday (or chisday) he or she is staying there; siday it (animal) stays there; tsisda:-ding [=he stays there-place] where he stays, his residence; inda stay!; whi-inda stay here with me!; chiwinda he stayed there (for a while); xo-we:da I stayed with him; nunda stay home! come back home and stay!; nawinda he stayed home stay (two or more people): dehsdiltse were living, staying there; yadehtse they are staying there; dehsdiltse:-ding [=we stay there-place] where we stay, our residence; whi-do:ohtse stay here with me (you people)!; yade:ltse they stayed there (for a while); na:de:widiltse we stayed home steal: kitilkyoh steal it!; kitilkyo:t he steals things, he is a thief; kite:skyo:t I stole it; kixote:skyo:t I stole her (i.e., stole a wife); do:-kitilkyo:t one should not steal come up, it will start to steam

90
steam: ta:si steam; mita:sil-xa:ngya:-te its steam will steelhead:
xay-na:dil [=in the winter-they oat about] winter run of steelhead ( Run from late October through the winter.) misinto-xole:n [=it grease-there is plenty] summer run of steelhead steep: xodinung it (hill) is steep, sloping xowiyeh up a steep slope; it (hill) is steep; xowiyehyitsen down a steep slope step: yuntu take a step! step up!; yawinta:t he took a step; yehchitu he steps into it; nuntu step around! move your feet around!; na:ista:t he stepped around; mi-na:tul [=with it-it steps around] (animals) paw; no:dintu step there!; nodiwinta:t he stepped there step-relative: wilchwe:n [=which been made, created] step-relative, in such terms as: whitawilchwe:n [=my father-made] my stepfather; whanchwing-wilchwe:n [=my mother-made] my stepmother sternum: whije:-ginje [=my breast-ginje] my breastbone; the cartilage above the pit of my stomach stick: king tree, timber (general term), stick stick game: See SHINNY; GAMBLING stick in: yehkingqot stick it in (stick, feather, etc.)!; yehkingqot he stuck it in stick up: nehsnoy they (mountains, a line of things) stick up there, project upward in peaks; ne:we:no they came to stick up there niwhnoy I stick (things) up in a line, make them stick up; nino stick them up!; chine:no he stuck them up; e:nanino he stood (wood) up in a (vertical) bundle, he gathered things in sheaves. See BARBECUE stick to something: mehstan it is sticking to it; kehstan it is sticking to something; mintung stick to it!; mewintan he got stuck to it; whe:ntan it got stuck to me; mitung stick it on to it! (e.g., postage stamp to an envelope); kewitun he stuck it on to something; me:ytun I stuck it on to it; whina:-e: ytun [=my eyes-I stuck them together] I closed my eyes sticker: kidime:nch [=something sharp-(diminutive)] thorn, sticker sticky: ditse:q it is gummy, sticky; diwintse:q it got gummy; diwintse-te it will get gummy didije:w it is sticky (like tar, pitch, glue); diwidijehte it will get sticky. See PITCH stiff: chidiske:n he is stiff (in the joints); chidiwiske: n he got stiff diwhtse:n Im stiff in the joints; chidistse:n hes stiff; chidiwistse:n he got stiff

91
still: xa:t still, continuing; right (there) (e.g., xa:tiningxane:sdiwa:n still-Im handsome, beautiful, i.e., Ive still got my looks; xa:ti-miqit-no:naninta: n right-on top-he put (stick) back down) qut now, already, still (e.g., qut-chiwiltongil already-he was dancing; qud-ng-na:whay [=still-it is-I go around] Im still alive) still (quiet): na:sixun-ding place where the water is still sting: whitoh its stinging me; do:-kitow it doesnt sting; nistow it stung you stinger: miso:se its (bees) stinger stingy: See HOARD stink: nichwin it stinks, smells bad, has a strong odor; niwhchwin I stink; wichwen it started to stink; wehchwen I started to stink, I stank mawh it stinks! phew! (exclamation) islos it is rotten, stinks, has the smell of rotten meat stir: nawhtow Im stirring something (with a paddle); nuntoh stir it!; na:se:tow I stirred it xiwhnay I move it back and forth, stir it, agitate it; xina move it back and forth!; chixinay he moves it back and forth; xe:yna I have moved it back and forth stirrer: See PADDLE stirrup: me-nokitul [=in it-one puts ones feet down] stirrup stomach: whimit my belly, stomach whikiwiyul-me-nolxit [=my food-into it-is swallowed up) my stomach xokyun-tehwis [=his insides-lurched] his stomach turned, he was revolted stone: See ROCK stool: miqeehsday [= from miqit-tsisday on it-he stays there (originally he sits)] (traditional) stumplike stool for men, (modern) chair stoop: ingqo stoop!; we:qo I stooped down; chiwingqo he stooped down stop: do:owhlung Im stopping (doing something), I quit; do:olung stop doing it! quit!; do:o:ylan I stopped doing it; do:cho:wilan he stopped doing it; do:chiwho:wilan she quit on me, left me; do:yo:lan (animal) stopped doing it ida it (pain) ceases, (car) stops; winda it has stopped; ida stop it (e.g., car from rolling)!; wehda I have stopped it no:kiniwhyoh Im telling someone to stop (doing something), Im warning them to cease; no:xoningyoh tell him to stop!; noxone:yo:t he tells him to stop; no: kine:yo:t it (dog) tells someone to stop (by barking); no:xone:ne:yo:t I have told him to stop storage basket: je:lo storage basket ( Goddard L&C p. 42-3, and Plate 23, gure 1.) je:loch [=storage basket (diminutive)] small-to-me-

STILL/STRETCH
dium-sized storage basket, shaped like a je:lo, in which valuables were kept ( Illustrated in Curtis, pp. 24-25.) king-kitoh [=stick-nest] burden basket with a nest of sticks, used for the temporary storage of acorns qayjint open-work basket of hazel twigs, used for storing unshelled acorns storage platform: See PLATFORM store: iwakiiwh (often shortened to iwailiwh) [=where they sells things to each other] store store away: na:kiweh store it away, pack it away!; na:kisehwe:l I have stored it away story: xowidilik [=what has been told] a story, telling, account; whi-xolik tell me about it, tell me a story!; xo-chixolik he tells him; xo-chixowilik he told him; ni-xwe:lik I told you chixolchwe [=(world) being made, prepared] (story about) pre-human times, when the world was being prepared for human beings stove: me-ke:inay [=in it-someone cooks] kitchen stove straddle: mina:kidiqay straddle it! put your legs around it!; minakidehqay he straddled it straight: tsit straight; tsit-nundileh [=straightbecome again!] straighten yourself up! nindong it is straight, stretched out in a line (string, trail, etc.); niwhdong I am straight; niwindon it has gotten straight; nidong straighten it out!; chiniwidon he straightened it out nintik it stretches in a line, it (string, rope, etc.) extends out straight; kinitik stretch it! string it out straight! straw: dimuch straw stawberry: kigech strawberries stream: nilin [=(where) it (water) ows] creek, stream; nilini-qeh along the stream, where where the stream ows strength: whitiltee my muscle, the strength of my (arm, body). See STRONG stretch: tikyots stretch it (e.g., rubber band, chewing gum)!; te:sehkyo:ts I stretched it; te:dikyo:ts it stretched itself nindong it is straight, stretched out in a line (string, trail, etc.); niwhdong I am straight; niwindon it has gotten straight; nidong straighten it out!; chiniwidon he straightened it out; nakiniwidon he straightened something up, made it straight again nintik it stretches in a line, it (string, rope, etc.) extends out straight; kinitik stretch it! string it out straight!; na:nintik it stretches across; nanitik he strung it across; no:ntik it stretches to that point (e.g., hayah-no:ntik [=there-it stretches to] thats the end of the story; concluding formula for a traditional story)

STRETCH HIDE/SUNRISES
stretch hide: kixa:l he is stretching a freshly skinned
(deer)hide to dry on a drying frame; kisehxa:l I stretched a hide to dry strike: iwhkis I strike something (with my st), I knock at the door; chiskis he struck it; nanikis he strikes at it; nawhinehkis he struck at me. See HIT strike (the hour): naynehtse:t [=it hit it (with a rock)] the clock struck the hour string: isdits string, light rope toh strap, packstrap, string; mito:l its string, line, reins See also ROPE; TWINE string on a line: kiwhchwiq Im stringing (dried sh, beads, etc.) on a line, skewering things on a pole; kiwinchwiq he strung them; kiwidchwiq things that have been strung on a line string out: nintik it stretches in a line, it (string, rope, etc.) extends out straight; kinitik stretch it! string it out straight!; na:nintik it stretches across; nanitik he strung it across; no:ntik it stretches to that point (e.g., hayah-no:ntik [=there-it stretches to] thats the end of the story; conclusion of a traditional story) stringer: See FISH DAM strong: tilte it is strong; chitilte he is strong, stout, muscular; tiwhte I am strong; te:ste I got strong nichowhte I feel stronger than you, I overpower you; whicho:ote he feels stronger than me; a:dichowhte [=I overpower myself] I am bashful study: wung-xokyun-na:way [=concerning it-his mind, insides-go round] he is studying it, thinking about it stuff: notsoh stuff it into something! (e.g., paper into envelope, ferns into basket); nonitsow he stuffed it in stump: mixa:che its (trees) stump, clumped roots kixa:che an uprooted stump kiwanich a broken-off tree, snag sturgeon: okyoh [= reduced from o:q-kyoh shbig] sturgeon (Acipenser) sturgeon back design: okyoh-miqojine [=sturgeon-its lumps] basket design equivalent to the Yurok sturgeon back design ( Goddard L&C, p. 47.) See also BASKET DESIGN suck: iwhtot Im sucking it; itot suck it!; tsistot he sucked it; kiwhtot I suckle; yikitot (baby) suckles; tintot suck it in! draw (water, smoke) into your mouth!; chite:tot he sucked it in kiwhtsos Im sucking something (eg water through lips, with a sucking noise); kitsos suck it!; kisehtsos I sucked it tingwhiwh sip it (through a straw)! suck it in!; te:se: whiwh I sipped it, sucked it in; xawhiwh he is sucking it up sucker: da:chaht (or da:chah) sucker, suckersh (Catostomus)

92
sucking doctor: kite:taw sucking doctor, Indian
doctor (general term) xodiyin sucking doctor (older term) ninisa:n-miching-dinun-tsisye:n [=worldtoward it-facing-who stands] name for a sucking doctor do:xoosdaytahching-wunaway [hell-she is busy with] type of sucking doctor ( If a person is sick and sleeps all the time, the gates of Hell open for him; this type of doctor can bring him back.) no:naxoay [=coaxing him back] sucking doctoring (i.e., coaxing someone back from going to unknown countries, i.e., dying) daywho-xwa:a:ne [=something-it speaks for her] type of sucking doctor kiwe:-che:itiwh [=evil spirit-she takes out] type of sucking doctor See also TA:N DOCTOR sucking, to doctor by: kedaay [=she extends (her head) against something] doctoring by sucking, sucking out pains; xwe:diwhay Im doctoring him by sucking, sucking pain out of him; whe:dinga doctor me by sucking!; whediwinga she doctored me by sucking sucking sound: kitsuq there is a sucking sound (like a bunch of eels put together) suddenly: ungya unexpectedly, surprisingly, seeing something suddenly, lo and behold! (e.g., ungyaxeewinya:-ye suddenly (he saw)-he went past-there, i.e., he suddenly saw him going past) sugar: kinsinto [= from king-sinto tree-juice] the sweet sap of the sugar pine or maple; sugar sugar pine: See PINE suit: na:whiniyiw it becomes me, suits me (e.g., dress, ornament); na:whinehyiw it became me xwe:niwho:n it is good for him, it suits him (e.g., clothes) whiniwhon it suits me, does me good; xoniwhon it suits him; do:-whiniwhon it doesnt suit me, agree with me; Im allergic to it tunsohch small (baby) suckersh: See BULLHEAD

suits (in playing cards):

mikyansaa:n [=its heart] hearts dime:n [=sharp] diamonds isqa:q [=clubbed, clumped] clubs mi-xaxa:wh [=with it-he digs something up] spades summer: xonsi (or xonsilit) summer. See WARM sun: wha sun, moon jingkyo:wit-wha [=daytime-sun] sun jingko:wit-qa:l [=daylight-comes along] sun de:di-qa:l [=here-it comes along] sun sunrises: xa:sina:wh it (sun, moon, star) rises, peeps over the ridge. See DAWN

93
sun goes down: yitseni-winga [=downhill-(round
object) has come to lie there, takes up position there] the sun has moved to the western side of the sky, it is afternoon yitseni-waa:l [=downhill-(round object) comes to lie in one place after another] the sun gets lower and lower in the sky, moves progressively westward miqit-dahwinga [=on it-(round object) has come to lie there above] the sun has set behind the western hills, it is sunset xoda:nyay it goes down to the foot of the hill, the sun sets sunflower: chahlaqude sunflower (Helianthus annus) kige:s [=what one scrapes off] Indian sunower ( Called kige:s because you take leaves off, rip them and eat the backbone; you can also eat the blossoms when they are tender (this is actually the best part to eat), but the backbone is what you rip the leaves to get. The seeds are not eaten.) saliwh eidible grass (general term), clover, wild sunower superior (person): kitise (or kitise:-xw) [=(moving) over things] smart, ambitious, capable, superior (e.g., kitise:xwo-a:whte I am smart) sure: d:ng (or dong) indeed, for sure, it is so (emphatic particle) (e.g., tsisehwe:n-d:ng [=he killed it-indeed] he killed it for sure, without a doubt; de:qi-d:ng [=this-way-indeed] in this very way) e:n:ng [=e:ng-ng for ...s part-it is] for sure (emphatic particle) suresh: See SMELT surge: kite:yo:wh (water) surged, ran along stormily; yehkinyo:wh (water) pours in (e.g., through a hole); na:kiyo:wh (water) washes back and forth, surges about; che:kiyohwh (water) is running out; che: kininyo:wh it ran out suprised: whije:-tiltsit [=my mind-falls] I get scared, surprised, taken unawares; xoje:-tehtsit [=his mind-fell] he got scared surprisingly: ungya unexpectedly, surprisingly, seeing something suddenly, lo and behold! (e.g., ungya-xeewinya:-ye suddenly (he saw)-he went past-there, i.e., he suddenly saw him going past) sa:kiding to his surprise, unexpectedly surveyor: ninisa:n-me:naitiw [=land-he measures] surveyor suspicious: whe:xoya:n (animal) is suspicious of me, shies away from me; xwe:xowhya:n Im suspicious of him, Im watching out for him; mexowinyan he got suspicious of it. See DOUBT; WILD swallow: ilxit swallow it!; chiwilxit he swallowed it swallow (bird): tesjehch (or tehjehch) swallow (Hirundo rustica, Barn swallow)

SUN GOES DOWN/SWIM

swallow tail design: tesjehji-mike [=swallow-its
tail] basket design apparently unique to the Hupa ( Goddard L&C, p. 46-7 and Plate 25, gures 4 and 6.) See also BASKET DESIGN tehsjehji-mike swamp: xochwil [=(place) is wet, damp] swampy place swamp robin: kyune swamp robin, timber robin, thrush (Ixoreus naevius, Varied Thrush) swamp weed: See ARALIA swear: kitiwhyoh [=Im blowing along] Im swearing, cursing, making bad medicine; do:-kitiyoh dont swear!; kitehyo:l he swore xohwhyo:l [=Im blowing at him] Im swearing at him; chio:yulyo:l they are all swearing at one another; yaxo:yo:l they swore at them tingxine:wh [=he speaks astray] he uses bad language, swears, speaks improperly, speaks against the rules; tingxiniwinye:wh you have used bad language swearing: tingxiniwidye:wh tabooed speech, bad language, swearing sweat: xa:niwhse:l Im sweating; xa:ninseh sweat!; xaniwinse:l he sweated xo-te:lit [=with him-it burned] he had a sweat, sweated in a sweathouse, he smoked himself for luck; whi-te:lit-te Im going to have a sweat whixonse:l my sweat, doctoring power sweathouse: ta:kiwh sweathouse ( Goddard L&C p. 15-16 and Plate 2, gure 2.) See FIREWOOD; SOOT sweep: tiwhchwo:k Im brushing things off, sweeping them up; tichwo:k sweep things up!; michixotichwo:k [=with it-he sweeps things up] broom na:xote:se:sow Im sweeping (with modern broom); e:nawhsow I sweep, scrape (scraps, etc.) together; mi-e:na:dsow [=with it-they are swept together] brush for sweeping up (acorn) our sweet: ixun it is sweet, good-tasting; wilxan it got sweet sweet grass: toh-ditin [=grass-ditin] sweet grass sweetheart: whiilyo my boyfriend, girlfriend, sweetheart swell: tilyo its swelling up; tehyo:t it swelled up; no:nilyo:t it stopped swelling up swim: timiwh swim (to some place), start swimming!; chitehsme:n he started to swim nawhme Im swimming, bathing; na:yme I swam; nawime he swam; name someone swims around, people are swimming wile:l (sh) swims along (under water); tiliw (sh) swims along; tehsliw (sh) started swimming; me:niliw [=it swims up against it] (sh) swims into a net, gets caught in a net; noleh-ding [=(sh) swims to that point and stops-place] waterfall, dam, obstruction in a stream

T
table: miqit-dahkya:n [=on it-one eats atop] table
(modern) taboo: miy powerful (tabooed) place or object which must not be touched unless you want it to rain kimiye food that is tabooed for women tingxiniwidye:wh tabooed words (swearing) that must not be used during religious dances tadpole: chahlike:la:te [= probably from chahl frog and (mi)ke:l (shs) tail] tadpole tail: mi-ke its (animals) tail mike:l its (shs, eels ) tail; kike:l the tail of a sh or eel, when cut up for eating kike-din [=the tail-place] the tail part, in cutting sh ke-chwil [=tail-blunted] bobbed tail tail-end: mike:l-ching [=its (shs) tail-toward] the tail-end of something, the smallest part of something take: tingawh take it away!; chitehsa:n he took it away, went off with it (e.g., stone) (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) take away from: xowung-dahdingawh [=from him-move (round object) up off] take it (e.g., stone) away from him, deprive him of it!; xowungdahchidiwinga:n he took it away from him; whiwungdahnadiwinga:n he took it back away from me (something that I had acquired) (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) whikyungawh [=move (round object) away from me] move it (e.g., stone) away from me! take it away from me!; nikyaninga:n he moved it away from you (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) take care of: me:wiliwh he took care of it; he looked after it; xwewiliwh hes watching over someone, taking care of someone take off: che:naxonitow [=he slipped it back out] he took his shirt off take out: chingawh [=move (round object) out of an enclosure, outside (a house)!] take it (e.g., stone) outside; cheninga:n he took it outside; che:naninga: n take it back outside (something that had been brought in) (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) talk: xininyehwh speak! talk!; chixine:wh he is talking, he is saying something; chixe:ne:wh he talked; xiniwinye:wh you talked; wungxine:wh he talks about it chidilwa:wh they are talking, conversing, chewing the fat; chidiwilwa:wh they talked, entered into conversation; wundilwa:wh they are talking, conversing about it xosah-kitidlut [=his mouth-makes a ripping sound] he cant talk plainly; he talks in a broken way tall: ne:s it is long; niwhne:s Im long, tall; che:ne:s he is long, tall; we:ne:s it got long; chiwe:ne:s he got tall tan: dilma:y it is grey, tan tan hide: kima [=he makes it grey] he is tanning a skin, hide; kisehma I tanned a hide; kiwilma tanned hide (of deer, sher, otter, etc.) dichwil [=what is dull, blunted] tanned hide, leather tanoak: See OAK ta:n doctor: xona:taw-naay [=her spirit-she has it] ta:n doctor ( This is a special type of sucking doctor who doctors for people with headaches or nervousness. Only a few sucking doctors (kite:taw) are trained to do this. It is difcult to doctor this way. They keep the patient locked up ve days in the house. No doors should be opened and no dogs or visitors are allowed.) mindayching-xwa:a:ne [=what (lies) outside-it speaks for her], ta:n-xwa:a:ne [=ta:n-it speaks for her] other names for ta:n doctors tap: chitul he is tapping, patting his foot, stamping (esp. in Kick Dance); tsista:t he tapped, patted his foot tar: See PITCH tarweed: toh-didije:w [=grass-which is sticky] tarweed tassel: tseme:q-nintik [= from tsiq-me:q-nintik fur tie-inside-it extends from there] tassels of shells that hang from the fur hair-tying strings worn by women taste: sawhna:t I lick it in my mouth, I taste it; sanah taste it!, slurp it up! sawina:t he tasted it na:nah [=lick around it!] taste it!; na:usna:t he tasted it taste (so): uliwh it has (such) a taste (e.g., do:-tseh-niwhongxw-uliwh not-it is perceived-in a good way-it tastes); iliwh it tastes like... (e.g., dingqoch-iliwh bitter (thing)-it tastes like) -tseh feel, taste, be perceived (so) (e.g., ixun-tseh it tastes good, sweet; kisiwhdile:-tseh I feel cold, freezing; chiskis-tseh [=he knocked-I hear] I heard someone knocking (at the door))

95
taste bad: do:-ixun-tseh it doesnt taste good, sweet
do:-wha:lxan I dont like the taste of it, it doesnt taste good to me taste good: ixun-tseh [=sweet-it tastes] it tastes good, sweet wha:-wilxan (or wha:lxan)[=for me-it gets sweet] I like the taste of it, it tastes good to me tattoo: whituch tattoo me!; tsistuch he tattooed something, he made a tattoo; xosehtuch I tattooed her; wiltuch it has been tattooed, a tattoo ( See Goddard L&C, p. 20. Women wore tattoos on their chin, usually in three broad vertical bands, the so-called 111.)

TASTE BAD/THERE
teenager: qun-chiwilchwil [=newly, recently-he is
growing] adolescent boy, male teenager kehtsa:n unmarried adolescent girl, female teenager teeter-totter: kiwintsay he see-sawed, played on a teeter-totter teeth: whiwo my teeth, tooth mi-kya:n [=with it-one eats] set of teeth chindin-miwo [=dead person-his teeth] false teeth telephone: me-chixine:wh [=into it-one talks] telephone tell: whi-xolik tell me about it, tell me a story!; xochixolik he tells him; xo-chixowilik he told him; ni-xwe:lik I told you; xowidilik what has been told, a story a:whi-chine [=thus to me-he speaks] he is telling me, says (this) to me; a:xo-chide:ne he told him, said (this) to him tell about: a:diwung-xwe:lik [=concerning myself-I told a story] I told about myself; wung-xowidilik [=concerning it-what has been told] a story about something, an account of something ten: minung [=it is lled, completed] ten minun ten people testicles: whichwoq my testicles that: yo:w that, there (close by); hayo:w [= hay-yo:w] that one there ye:w that, there (far off); haye:w [= hay-ye:w] that one yonder that time, at: hayah-de [=there-when] at that time (in the future); hayah-dung at that time (in the past) that way: haya:ching [= from hayah-ching theretowards] to that direction, thither, that way the: hay the, that, the one who (is, does) their: ya:xo- (possessive prex) their (e.g., ya:xo-xontaw their house, their houses) then: dahungwho-dung then, at some time in the past dahungwho-de at some time in the future haya: [= from hayah- there-with] then, after that, and then (connective particle) hayah-mi [=there-after] then, after that, and then (connective particle) hayahujit [= from hayah-hijit there-and then] (connective particle) thereupon, and then mine:jixomi [= from mine:jit-xw-mi the middle of it-at-from, after] (connective particle) afterwards, then (after a while) there: hayah there (in that location); haya:ching [= from hayah-ching there-towards] to that direction, thither, that way; qat-hayah right there yo:w that, there (close by); yo:di there, that place there; yo:ching [= from yo:w-ching there (close)towards] to there (close by), thither ye:w that, there (far off); ye:di over there, that place over there; ye:ching [= from ye:w-ching there (far off)-towards] to there (far off), thither

tattoo designs:

istikits-kine:lno

istikits-wiltuch

nite:l-wiltuch

istikits-kine:lno [=slender (diminutive)-several are stood up] tattoo design element istikits-wiltuch [=slender (diminutive)-marked] tattoo design element nite:l-wiltuch [=wide-marked] tattoo design element xoda-me:siwidlay [=her mouth-they are carried up into it] two triangular tattoos above each corner of the mouth me:siwidlay [=they are carried up along it] tattoo design element tea: kinintik wild tea (bush) nahstik (or nahstiK) wild tea (vine) tear: tsiskil he tore through it, broke it; yiki it (sh) tears through (net); kiwhki Im tearing (bird, sh) open (to clean it); tiki tear it!; te:sehkil I tore it tear apart: jiki split it! tear it apart (with your hands)!; je:ykil I tore it apart tear down house: na:asxut he took it all apart, he tore (the house) down xontah-me:w-na:nakisqot [=house-underneath it-he poked around again] he tore down his house, moved his residence (old idiom in stories) tear up: ya:kiwhki Im tearing it to pieces, ripping it up; ya:kisehkil I tore it to pieces tears: whina:qito [= from whina:-qit-to- my eyeson-water] my tears tease: chiyone [= from chiyo-chine chiyo-they say] someone teases, there is teasing; xo-chiyo: diwhne [= with him-I am teasing] I tease him!; xo-chiyo:de:n tease him!; whi-chiyo:yane they are teasing me; xo-chiyo:diwe:ne you teased him. See RIDICULE

THERE IT IS!/THROW A SPEAR

there it is!: yowi-na look! there it is! they say: chin [= reduced form of chine they say]
they say, it is said (quotative particle, used rarely) (e.g., dundi-chin [=who?-they say] who do they say it is?) thick: dita:n it is thick; diwintan it got thick nitsa:s it is big around, thick (like a stick) thief: kitilkyo:t [=he steals things] thief thigh: whiqay my hip, thigh, the inside of my leg thimbleberry: wundaawh [=one lifts it off] thimbleberry (Rubus parviorus) thin: istik it is thin, slender, narrow; tsistik he is thin, slender choda:y he is thin, poor; cho:yada:y they are thin, poor; chonda get thin, poor!; chowinda he got thinner tsitanye it is thin (like a leaf or paper); tsiwintanye it got thin think: ayniwhsin I think so; ayninsing you think so; a: cho:ne he thinks so; ayne:sen I thought so; ayniwinsen you thought so; a:chondehsne he thought so whikyun-na:way [=my mind-goes around] I think, consider; wung-whikyun-na:way [=concerning it, to it-my mind-goes around] Im thinking about it; xokyun-na:nya he thought, considered think of: minawhliwh I remember it, call it to mind, think of it; whinuliwh remember me! think of me!; minawiliwh he remembered it; xona:nawiliwh he thought of him again thinking: whije: my state of mind, way of thinking thirsty: whisowo-nitsa:y [=my throat-is dry] I am thirsty thirty: ta:qidiminung [= ta:qiding-minung three times-ten] thirty this: de here, this; de:di this here; hay-de:di (or hayde) this one here de:nching [= from de:-e:n-ching here-sidetoward] on this side (of the stream) this one: de:d:ng [= de:di-:ng this here-it is] this one, this is the one, this is it this way: de:-ching [=here-towards] in this direction, hither, this way; de:di-qeh [=this here-following along] this way, along here thorn: dime:n [=what is sharp] thorn; midime:n its thorn; kidime:nch thorn; sticker thoroughly: xodzi-Koh [=really-big (diminutive)] carefully, thoroughly thread: mi-nakixut [=with it-he sews something] thread three: ta:q three; ta:qin three people; ta:qi-ding three times thresh: kisehwa:t I chopped something, threshed seeds iwhye:wh Im rubbing it in my hand (crushing it), Im threshing seeds; inyehwh rub it in your hand!; we:ye:wh I rubbed it used to thresh out wild oats into basket

96
thresher: mi-kiwul [=with it-one threshes] thresher, throat: whiqa:qe my throat, tonsils; miqa:qe its
(animals) throat, gullet whisowo my throat, windpipe whiwhday my throat (archaic) whi-yehkilxit-qeh [=my-where one swallows in-along] my esophagus, throat throb: yukiwidmil [=it is thrown up] it throbs, twitches through: maa:n penetrating through it, perforating it (e.g., maa:n-chite:ngen he looked through it); xwaa:n through him; kyaa:n through something, a hole, cave through, go: wa:ninyahwh go through!; wa: na:undiyay he went back through qa:xis-xowa:ningxits [=arrow-ew through him] the arrow (shaft) went through him, passed through his body thousand: minun-dikin [=ten-hundred] one thousand throw (armload, liquid): kimi throw them down! sling them down!; no:naunime:t he threw them back down; na:na:dmet they have been thrown down, lie scattered; xee:yawime:t they threw (scraps, things) away throw (cloth): nawhut Im going to throw it (cloth-like object) down; noningut he threw (cloth) down throw (dirt): na:ninchwa throw (dirt, sand, loose stuff) at it!; nane:chway he threw dirt at it throw (person, animal): ke:xotsahs throw him down (to the ground)!; kewitsa:s he threw (animal) down; me:xwe:ytsa:s I slung him against it throw (round object): xeiqahs throw it (round object) away!; xeewiqa:s he threw it away; de: diwhqa:s I am throwing it (round object) into the re throw (several objects or a rope): na:nidi throw (several objects) across! sling (rope) across!; na:ne:de:t I slung (rope) across; nanide:t he slung it across throw (stick): yuwu throw it (stick) up in the air!; yawiwa:t he threw it up in the air yuqowh throw it (stick) up in the air (with force)! hurl it up!; yawiqoch he hurled it up in the air; teiqowh hurl it in the water!; tehwehqoch-teh Im going to hurl it (stick) in the water; kitehqoch he threw a stick, spear throw (rock, ball): kititsi throw, toss (a rock)! pitch the ball! (in baseball); kite:sehtse:t I threw (a rock), I pitched (the ball); xee:yke:tse:t I threw (a rock) away; na:kinehtse:t I threw (a rock) across throw a spear: kyonikis he threw a spear at it

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thrown, lie: silqa:s it (round object) lies there, having
been thrown or dropped silwa:t it (e.g., stick) lies there, having been thrown or dropped; chisilwa:t he lies there (like a log that has been thrown down); he lies there drunk, unconscious, dead; chiwehswa:t he came to lie there drunk thrush: See SWAMP ROBIN thumb: whila-minikya:w [=my hand-its big one] my thumb thunder: kehniwh thunder; ke:niwh it is thundering; ke:we:niwh it thundered. tic: na:qiwh it (arm, face, etc.) twitches, it has a tic; nawingqiwh he twitched (with a tic) tick: See LOUSE tie (dress): kinchahwh tie a knot to hold a buckskin dress (kya) at the hip!; ke:cha:wh I tied a buckskin dress at the hip; kiwicha:wh waistband knot for womans buckskin dress ( made by winding wild grass and maidenhair fern on the hip of the dress.) tie (hair): tsiq hair tie ( String of mink fur or otter skin used by women for tying hair. See Goddard L&C p. 20, and Plate 5.) na:naloy [=she ties it around again] she ties up her hair by winding a fur hair-tie (tsiq) around it; na:na:asloy she tied up her hair; na:na:wiloy (womans) tied-up hair ( See Goddard L&C, Plate 5.) tie (in ght, game): See DRAW tie (knot): noyets tie a knot!; no:oye:ts hes tying a knot; no:nehye:ts I tied a knot; che:nayets untie the knot!; che:na:nehye:ts I untied a knot; e: kiniwhye:ts Im tying them together; ekiniwiye: ts he tied them together tie on: mekito:wh he ties something on to it; whekiston he tied something on to me; mehsto: n (someone) tied it on to it, it is tied on to it; xwe: nakisto:n he tied it back on to her tie up: chiloy he ties it up, ropes (an animal); tsisloy he tied it up, roped it; se:loy I tied it up; ya:wiloy it was tied up; e:wiloy they are tied together miniwhloy Im tying you to it; me:whiloy tie me to it!; me:xose:loy I tied him to it; kexosloy he tied him to something (e.g., a tree); mekisloy [=he tied something to it] he feathered an arrow tiger-lily: chwa:kin tiger-lily timber: king tree, timber (general term), stick tin-tah [=trails-among] in the woods, out in the bush time, at that: hayah-de [=there-when] at that time (in the future); hayah-dung at that time (in the past) hit at the time that..., while..., when... (e.g., yawehsa-hit while he was sitting there; de:-qung-hit [=here-recently-at that time] a short time ago, recently) time (instance): -ding at that place, that time (e.g., un-ding [=many-at (time)] at many times,

THROWN, LIE/TITMOUSE
frequently; dunundi-ding [=how many-at (time)] how many times?) time for something, be: minyay its time for it, the day to do it has come; me:na:wh its getting to be time for it; me:nundiyay the time for it has returned, it comes back to a (certain) time, a (period of) time has passed (e.g., ta:qiding-me:nundiyay [=three times-the time for it has returned] three (years) have passed) qut-d:ng-xut its time! (exclamation) time, long: saa it is a long time; winsaa it has been a long time (e.g., saa:-naway long time-he walks; do:-saa:y-mi [=not-long-with, after] it wasnt long until...) time, short: do:-saa [=not-a long time] (for) a short time tseehdzi-ding for a little while, for a short time; tseehdzi-mi after a short time

times, at:

-tah [=among (used metaphorically)] too, as well, among the others, at times, either...or... (e.g., whe:-tah me too; dungwho-tah someone or another; te:se: ya:-te:-tah I will probably go too; nahdin-tah ta: qidin-tah [=two times-or three times-or] either two times or three times) times, in olden: chixolchwe:-dung [=myths-when (in the past)] In olden times... (the traditional way of beginning a story about myth times) tip: See POINT tip (in some direction): diwhna:n Im tipping it, sloping it, giving it a certain slope or pitch (e.g., boards on a roof); dinung tip it!; chidiwinan he tipped it ya:diwich it tipped over; tiwich tip it over!; chitehwich he tipped it over; whiching-noniwich he tipped it towards me diwidimit it (e.g., canoe) has tipped over, capsized, gone belly-up; de:ymit I tipped it over, inverted it; yiwun-na:asmit he turned it (e.g., basket) over kiching [=towards something] tipped over, turned to one side, upside down tired: tiwhchit Im getting tired out, weak from exhaustion; chite:chit he got tired out; te:se:chittseh I feel tired tichit youre tiring it out; te:sehchit I tired it out sisil-whinyay [=sisil-moved against me] I got weak, exhausted; sisil-ninyay you got weak, exhausted whije:sil-tehsyay [=my je:sil-went along] I got tired of it, disgusted with it; whije:sil-chitehsa:n he got on my nerves, he began to bug me mije:-sita:ts [=its breast-he broke it] he tired (the horse), broke its wind ayeh Im tired, weak (exclamation; said when sick, suffering from weakness) titmouse: See NUTHATCH

TO/TRACING DOCTOR
to: wung from, from it (leaving it behind), concerning it,
to it; whiwung from me, to me; xowung from him, to him (e.g., wun-te:sa:yay I went off without it, I went off from it; xowung-dahna:da:a:n I took (round object) from him; whiwung-chiningyay he came to (visit) me; xowung-ningawh bring (round object) to him!). See TOWARD toad: See FROG tobacco: mindeichwe (modern) tobacco, cigarette xoji-mindeichwe [=truetobacco] wild native tobacco (Nicotiana bigelowii) milide-nichwin [=its smoke-stinks] tobacco (rare) mindeichwe today: de:sxa:n [= from de:yisxa:n here-it has dawned] today de:-je:nis today, this day de:di-ding [=this here-place, time] nowadays, these days, today toe: whixe-mimisGiye [=my foot-its little thing] my toe (other than the big toe) toenail: whixe-kets [=my foot-nail] my toenail together: e [=into each other] (bunched up) together, (pulled) together (e.g., e-no:ne:lay I laid (several objects) down close together, piled up) e:- [=towards, against each other] together (verb prex): e:yaninyay (a group) came together, assembled; ekiwilaw he has gathered together, collected (e.g., rewood; e:wiling they (streams) ow together) hi (living) together with (e.g., tiwh-hi dehtse snakes-with they (animals) live; xochwo:-hi (he lived there) together with his grandmother) toilet: See BATHROOM Tolowa: yide-diningxine:wh [= downstream-Hupa Indians] Tolowa Indians dilwa:sh [= diminutive form of dilwa:wh they babble] Tolowa Indians tomato: kinachixixe:l-nehwa:n [= (berry of) Solomons Seal-it resembles] tomato tomorrow: yisxun-de [=it dawns-when (in the future)] tomorrow; yisxung [= short form of yisxunde] tomorrow; yisxun-yisxa:n [=tomorrows-tomorrow] the day after tomorrow tongue: whisa:sta:n [= from whisah-sita:n inside my mouth-it (stick-like object) lies] my tongue; misa:sta: n its (animals, wagons) tongue tonsils: whiqa:qe my throat, tonsils too (also): qina (also qing) also, again, too (e.g., whe:-qing me too; whichwiwe:-qina my grandfather-also) -tah [=among, used metaphorically] too, as well, among the others, at times, either...or... (e.g., whe:-tah me too; dungwho-tah someone or another; te:se: ya:-te:-tah I will probably go too; nahdin-tah ta:

98
qidin-tah [=two times-or three times-or] either two times or three times) too (much): jahda too (much) (e.g., jahda:-dingqoch uliwh-tseh it tastes too sour; jahda:- a:n theres too much); jahda:-ding thoroughly, too much, to a great extent tooth: See TEETH toothbrush: xowo-mi-tehna:kidiw [=his teethwith it-he cleans] toothbrush top: na:mis-dima:s [= around , in a circle-it spins] a (toy) top na:kiwilda:wh [= what has been spun around here and there] top top, on: miqit on it, on top of it, resting on it; whiqit on me, on my head, body; iqit (piled) on top of each other milay its (trees, mountains) top, summit, peak mitsida on the (roof-)top of something, covering something (e.g., whe:daay-mitsida on top of my head, on the crown of my head) dah- on top (verb prex): dahiwha:wh I set it (e.g., stone) on top; dahnawinga:n he put it back on top toss: yawiqa:s he tossed (a ball) up toss (with stick): nawhquch (or -qich) Im tossing it around with a stick, pushing it here and there with a stick (usually with reference to the stick game, shinny); na:se:quch I tossed it around; chingquch toss it out (with stick)! make a goal in the stick game!; che:ne: quch I tossed it out; yakitiquch they toss it along (with a stick), they are playing the stick game tossel: ya:dimil tossel used in stick game ( Two sticks tied with buckskin.) See SHINNY touch: midiwhnaw I touch it; do:-midiynah dont touch it!; midenaw he touches it; mide:ynan I touched it; midewe:nan he touched it; mide:dnan its been touched; whide:naw [=it touches me] Im shot; whide:we:nan [=it touched me] Ive been shot nuxit feel it! touch it!; na:xoxit touch him!; na:asxit he touched it, felt it; nawhisxit he touched me; do:-na:uxit dont be touching anything! dahkiliwh [=move the (several objects) atop!] put your hand on something!; dahke:lay I put my hand on something toward: whiching toward me; xoching towards him, her; xontah-ching towards the house towel: mi-wundichwit [=with it-he wipes] towel towhee: chwun-yotul [=excrement-it kicks] towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Rufous-sided towhee) na:xoltsa [=it soaks down into the ground]towhee, a variety of small bird tracing doctor: xo-chitehsen [=well-she is looking] tracing doctor, clairvoyant, diagnosing doctor ( A tracing doctor traces lost things. Nothing can be hidden from her. She cant cure, and doesnt do sucking doctoring, but can see secrets. She closes her eyes and sings and uses condor feathers and a pipe.)

99
xoqit-chite:ngen [=on him-she takes a look] she is tracing on someone (acting as diagnosing doctor); niqit-chite:ngin-te he will look you over, diagnose you tintahching-wha:a:ne [=out in the woods-it speaks for him] another term for tracing doctor kitixiw [=one who tracks] tracer, tracker track: tixeh track it (animal)!; chitehxiw he tracked it; nawixe:l he is on the track, tracks it along; na:asxe he tracked it around; na:xoniwhdixe-te I will track him down track, footprint: mixe its foot, footptint, track mi-mi-na:tul [=its-with it -it steps] its (animals) paw, track tradition: mi-na:saa:n [=with it-it stays] there is a tradition (e.g., diningxine:wh-mi-na:saa:n [=Hupa people-with them-it stays] there is a Hupa tradition) trail: tin trail, road tin-ne:s [=trail-long] the trail leading from the danceground at Hostler Ranch back to miqiching,the upper bench with tan oaks tin-tah [=trails-among] out on the woods, bush country train: tse:che-miqit-nahits [=iron-on it-it runs around] train a:da:-nahits [=by itself-it runs around] automobile, train train (for luck, power): kyaadiqay [=he rubs himself against it] he is training for power (at a tim) xo-diniwia he is training (mental training), he learned it adichwe [=he makes himself] he or she is training (to be a doctor); adischwen he trained; xowhchwe Im training him kidiwun-na:way she dances the doctor-training dance training place: tim any place you train for luck or power tse:-kite:lmuts-ding [=rocks-made into a circleplace] a circle of rocks on top of a mountain, where Indian doctors train ( Anyone who camps there becomes a doctor. These places are avoided by others.) miqaadichwe [= miqit-adichwe on it-he trains] another name for a doctor-training rock-circle tramp: te-naywe [=blanket-he carries it around] tramp, hobo transformation times: chixolchwe:-dung [=(world) being made-when (in the past)] in mythical times; at the time the world was being prepared for human beings translate: See INTERPRET trap: mi-yikit [=with it-it catches it[ (steel) trap miqit-kixut [=on it-it falls] gure-4 trap, deadfall. See SNARE

TRACING DOCTOR/TROMBONE
trash: chit, chich scraps, trash travel: chiqa:l (person) is walking along, travelling; qa:
l it (sound, weather, etc.) comes, travels, is on the move (e.g., xoiqay-qa:l whiteness of daybreak-arrives; mahni-qa:l a war party-is on the move) tiawh (several animals) move off, set off walking; teha:ch they have moved off; yehiah they move into (an enclosure); yehwia:ch they moved into it; nahawh they move around, browse, roam; nahsa: ch they have moved around treasure basket: je:lo-ch [=storage basket(diminutive)] small-to-medium-sized storage basket in which valuables were kept treat: a:xowhe:n I do it to him, treat him thus; awhie:n he does it to me; a:xowhlaw I did it to him; a:niwhleh let me do it to you!; a:whiwilaw what is done to me, my way of being treated a:kidiwhlaw Im treated thus, things (unexpectedly) happen to me; akidilaw he is treated thus ...-chile:n (people) treat it like... (e.g., in-nichile:n relative-(people) treat you like; toh-chile:n hazel switches [= from strap-people treat it like]) tree: king tree, timber (general term), stick kikine dead tree (especially a standing conifer) kiyiq hollow tree kita-chen [=somethings bottom-part] the bottom part of a tree nista:n log, fallen tree tree stands: na:daay [=it extends out, sticks out] it (tree, pole, etc.) stands there, sticks out (of the ground); na:diwhay Im standing it up (pole, etc.), planting a tree; na:dia stand it up! plant it!; nadiwia he stood it up kisxa:n [=a specic lled container lies somewhere] a tree stands; kiwingxaa tree came to stand, still stands; na:kiwingxa a tree came to stand again tremble: chiwhitsis-xoliwh [=someone shakes me-I feel] Im shaking chixowa:t-xoliwh [=someone shakes him-he feels] he shakes, trembles trick: See FOOL trigger: miching-naynitik trigger (on a gun) trigger net: See A-FRAME NET Trinity River: hun river, specifically the Trinity river tana:n-na:niwe:silen [=water-you who have come to ow down through here] Trinity River, as a power one should pray to trip: te:se:xits I fell, tripped tripe: kimit [=stomach] tripe. See INTESTINES trombone: me-kiyo:l-nayo:s [=into it-he blows(and) he pulls it] slide trombone niwinchwin-xolung its no good, its spoiled

TROT/TYPEWRITER
trot: wiqowhil (animal) is running, trotting along
wilda:l (animal) is running along trouble, look for: i:yuntehsta:n [=they have carried something together] they went to look for trouble, pick a ght; intiwhtiwh Im going to look for trouble; Ill see about that! trousers: xotsing-yehkixowiltow [=his legs-they are pulled over] trousers trout: oya:wh [= reduced from o:q-ya:wh sh-young, small] creek trout (Salmo); any small sh oyahwh-qay [=trout-white] salmon trout, halfpounder miya:which [=its small one (diminutive)] small salmon, half pounder (old name) true: xoch (or xoji-) true, well, real, really, thoroughly, in a correct way (e.g, xoji-kya [=true-dress] traditional Indian dress; xoji-a:n really-many; xojichitehsen well-she sees) qut-xut thats the truth; thats really the way it is truly: d:ng really, truly, honestly ( Usually spoken with high pitch. Adds emphasis, contrast; e.g., kiixun d:ng me:diwhdin deer meat - really (as opposed to some other kind of meat) - I want.) trumpet: yehkiyo:l [=he blows into it] trumpet, cornet trunk: kita-ching [=bottom-towards] the trunk, lower part of tree try: xoh futilely, in vain; try (but fail) (e.g., xoh-ate: n [= futilely-he did it] he couldnt do it; inadiqexoh-wunaway [=he gets up-in vain-he busied himself] he tried to get up but couldnt) tsnungxwe, Burnt Ranch Indians: tse:ning-xwe [=Ironside-people] Indians of Burnt Ranch and the South Fork of the Trinity ( Ironside mountain, tse:ning [=stone-mountainside], is on the north side of the Trinity River, opposite Burnt Ranch.) tule: tohtse cattail, tule, at tule (Typha latifolia) tumble: kitiwhqowh I am tumbling; kitehqoch he tumbled nawidqot he tumbled down from above; yawidqot he tumbled, wiggled up turkey: mining-qit-nukiat (or -nukio:t) [=its face-on-there is (something) apping around] turkey; turkeys wattles turn, be someones: xa-ning [=okay-you] its your turn! niching-yehna:ldiqo [=to you-it crawls back in] its your turn! ( Said in challenge to the next singer at a Kick Dance. After a singer nishes he says this phrase to the next singer, meaning something like Ive done my best, now lets see what you can do!) turn, twist: yehnawhma:s Im turning (bolt) on its threads

100
tiwhqits Im turning it, twisting it; te:se:qits I turned it, twisted it turn around: na:nawhdinaw I turn around (and go back); na:nundinah turn around!; na:nadinaw he turns around; na:na:ysdinan I turned around (and went back); na:na:isdinan he turned around na:nudinah turn it around!; na:na:udinaw he turns it around; na:na:usdinan he turned it around na:na:sinyahwh turn around and go back! turn away: meeh turning away from it, turning back before reaching it; wheeh turning away from me; eeh [=turning away from each other] unevenly, randomly, in no direction turn back: ninta:nawidyay (or inta:nawidyay) he turned back, started back home; inta:nawinde:t they turned back; inta:nundawh turn back! turn over: xowun-nahsdimit it turned over (like a boat); yiwun-nahsdimit it has turned over (by itself); yiwun-na:usmit he turned it (e.g., basket, boat) over yiduq-nungawh turn (round object) over! turn it upright!; yiduq-na:sa:a:n I turned it over (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) kiching-nongawh [=towards something-put it down!] turn (round object) over!; kichingnoninga:n he turned it over (CLASSIFICATORY VERB) See also TIP OVER turtle: tsin-teh [=bone-wide] turtle twenty: nahdiminang [= nahding-minung twiceten] twenty twice: nahding [= from nahx-ding two-times] twice twine: kidits hes twisting, twining (string, rope); kindits twine it!; kiwindits he has twined it; kiwidits Indian twine (made of iris), string, rope. See ROPE twist: tingqits twist it! ; te:se:qits I twisted, turned it; nawhqits Im twisting it back and forth; na:usqits he twisted it back and forth (e.g., fumbling with screw); xota-naqits [=his buttocks-he twists] The Twist (dance) kiqe:n he is twisting a hazel withe (to make it exible); kiwingqin-te he will twist a hazel withe twisted: te:diqits it is twisted (like a tree). See

twitch: na:qiwh it is twitching (e.g., tic on arm, face);

nawingqiwh he twitched; whina:-na:ngqiwh-tseh I felt my eye twitch. See THROB two: nahx two; nahnin two people; nahding [= from nahx-ding two times] twice, two times two-headed monster: nahxi-kiqos-na:diwul [=two-necks-swing around] a mythical giant with two heads, on necks that swing around typewriter: a:da:-kie:n [=by itself-it writes] typewriter; computer

CROOKED

U
udder: mitso: its udder, teat ugly: nichwen it is bad, bad-looking, ugly; chinchwen
he or she is bad, ugly; chiniwinchwen he or she became ugly umbilical cord: whitse:qit [= from whitse:q-qit on my navel] my umbilical cord umbrella: ade:qit-naqot [=above himself-he goes around with it poked on a stick] umbrella unawares: a:dina:taw unawares, being unaware of what he is doing, unconsciously; nina:taw being unaware of what you are doing (e.g., a:dina:tawa:adyaw he did it unawares) uncertainty: xowh it seems, it must be, I guess (particle indicating uncertainty, lack of denite knowledge) (e.g., dahungwhodung-xowh [=for quite a while-it seemed] it looked like it had been quite a while; diydi-xowh-wung [=what?-it seems-for] what for, I wonder?; da:ywho-xo-xowh [=somewhere-at-it seems] somewhere or another) uncle: whis my mothers brother whita:y my fathers brother uncooked: See RAW uncover: wankidiwixut he uncovered something; xowankidiwixut he uncovered him under: me:w under it, (right) underneath it (e.g., xontah-me:w under the house); whe:w under me; ke:w under something (i.e., hidden away, in secret) miyeh under it, at the foot of it; whiyeh under me, at my feet; xoyeh under him, them. underground: yineh (also ineh, ninyeh) in the ground, under the surface of the ground, underground underskirt: See SLIP understand: kide:tseh-nakichwe [=understandinghe makes someone again] he explains it, interprets it, makes someone understand; kide:tseh-yaxochwe [=understanding-he makes them] he translates for them, explains it to them xwe:xolya:n he has sense, understanding, is watching out for things (cf. do:-xwe:xolya:n he has no sense, is crazy); whe:xolya:n I have sense; whe:naxowilyan he came back to his senses (after being unconscious, crazy); ke:xoya:n one who understands things whi-diniay I know how to do it, I understand it; xo-diniay he knows how to do it; whi-diniwia I have learned how to do it underwater: te:w in the water, underwater

underwear: ma:-yehkixowiltow [=before, rst-what undo: daa:nawhing Im undoing it, untying it; daa: undress: chaa:na:ditoh [=pull yourself out of it]
take it off! undress! xokya:nauliwh she takes off the dress again unenthusiastic: See LAZY unexpectedly: ungya unexpectedly, surprisingly, seeing something suddenly, lo and behold! (e.g., ungya-xeewinya:-ye suddenly (he saw)-he went past-there, i.e., he suddenly saw him going past) unfold: na:titah unfold it (e.g., paper, canvas)! uncoil (a rope)!; nate:sitaw (or natetaw) he unfolded it unknown: do:-o:ltsit it is not known, it is unknown unlucky: See BAD unmarried: kehtsa:n-isdiya:n [=girl-old person] unmarried woman, old maid qun-isdiya:n [=young, new-old person] unmarried man, bachelor qunchiwilchwil-isdiya:n [=adolescent boy-old person] a man who has never married tintah-kichwe [=in the woods-she gives birth] unmarried mother unripe: miloy (berries) are unripe, green. See RAW untie: che:naye:ts take that knot apart!; che:na: nehye:ts I untied a knot chitsit untie it (by pulling out a knot)!; chenitsit he untied it up: je:nah up above, high up, upstairs; je:nah-ching [=above-toward] in an upward direction, up in the air up along: me:-si- climbing up along it (verb prex): me:siwha:wh Im going up, climbing (a hill); me:se: yay I started up, climbed (a hill); kesina:wh hes climbing up along something, climbing a ladder, going upstairs; ke:isyay he climbed something; kesindil they climb something; mehsay road, trail goes up up out of the ground: See OUT OF THE GROUND up to it, be: do:-me:ne:whon [=not-I have become good for it] I am not t for it, up to it uphill: yiduq up away from the stream, uphill yinuqi-yiduq upstream-uphill (i.e., moving in an upstream direction while going away from the stream). See EAST yidahching coming down from uphill yisinching coming up from downhill, coming up from the naulaw he undid it, untied it, rubbed it off someone is slipped into] underwear

UPHILL/UTENSILS
stream, coming from the west; yisinchin [= yisinchingni from the west people] Blue Lake Indians yiduqe:nching [= from yiduq-e:n-ching uphillside-toward] on the uphill side mita:w above it, on the uphill side of it; whita:w up above me, on the upper side of me, uphill from me uphill to the top: xa:-si- uphill to the top (verb prex): xa:singawh [=move (round object) uphill to a certain point] take it (e.g., stone) uphill to the top (e.g., from the river to the house)!; xasaawh he takes it up to the top; xa:asa:n he took it up to the top; xa:sinyahwh go up to the top (of the hill, riverbank)!; xa:sina:wh it (e.g., sun) goes up to the top (i.e., rises above the hill); xa:se:yay I went up to the top; xa:usyay he went up to the top; xahsyay (sun) rose; xahslin it (water) ows uphill (i.e., eddying in a rife) uproot: xuwich uproot it!; xa:ywich I uprooted it; xa: dwich it (tree) uprooted itself upside down: tsehdiwitse upside down (e.g., tsehdiwitse-no:naninga:n [=tsehdiwitse-he put (round object) back down] he turned (e.g., stone) upside down) kiching [=towards something] tipped over, turned to one side, upside down yiwi-dimit [=under-bellied] (glass, etc.) inverted, with its open end down, (animal, person) with its belly down, (hand) with palm down upstream: yinuq upstream yinuqi-yiduq upstream-uphill (i.e., moving in an upstream direction while going away from the stream). See EAST

102
yinahching coming from upstream; yinachin [= yinaching-ni from upstream people] Indians from upstream (Chimariko, Wintu) yinuqe:nching [= from yinuq-e:n-ching upstream-side-toward] on the upstream side yinuq-tiwhqeh [=upstream-I shove (a stick) along] I go upstream in a boat; yinuq-yate:sqe:t they went upstream in boats upward: ya:- upward, up from the ground, up in the air (verb prex): yawhawh [=I move (round object) upward, up from the ground] I pick it up (e.g., stone), raise it up; yungawh pick it up!; yawinga:n he picked it up; ya:nangawh pick it back up (after putting it down)!; ya:nawinga:n he picked it back up urinate: iwhlich Im urinating; chilich hes urinating; chiwilich he urinated; do:-widliji-heh no urinating!; de:kidiwhlich I urinate into the re urine: lich urine; whilije my urine used up: do:-xohsle [=not-it became plenty] its all used up, there is no more (e.g., do:-xohsle ta:ystse: y there is no more sweathouse wood) used to: nein used to (do, be), was ...-ing (past tense) (e.g., kitawhtsid-nein I used to soak (acorns), I had been soaking them; whima:lyo-nein my former friends; whichwo:-nein my late grandmother) used to, be: no:whiditan I am used to it, Im familiar with it; nondinitan youre used to it; no: whidinitun-te Im going to be used to it utensils: chide:chwing household goods, cooking utensils. See DISHES

V
vagina: whitso:l my vagina, genitals
whiniste-me:q [=my body-inside] in my (womans) private parts. See INSIDE See also GENITALS vain, in: xoh futilely, in vain (e.g., xoh-ate:n [=futilely-he did it] he couldnt do it; xoh-xanite [=in vain-he was looking for] he looked for it in vain; inadiqe-xoh-wunaway [=he gets up-in vain-he busied himself with it] he tried to get up but couldnt) valley: de:di-me:q [=here-inside] valley, specically Hoopa Valley valuable: mi-chidilye [=with it-a religious dance (is danced)] regalia and other valuables used in ceremonial dances value: miiye it is worth it; niwiniye you have become valuable vanish: See DISAPPEAR velevt (on antlers): kide-kichiwh [antlers-it peels it from them] velvet on deer antlers; yikischiwh it (deer) peeled the velvet from its antlers venison: kiixun (or kiuxun) [=what tastes good] deer, venison kinilta:ts cut up and dried venison, jerky kinilta:ts-kikedin [=dried venison-the tail base] the tail part (fattest part) of dried venison very: ting very (e.g., ting-uchwo:n its very nice; ting-a:uchwo:n he or she is very pretty) me:tsah-xosin a lot, really, very (e.g., me:tsahxosinnichwin it really stinks)

village: e:na:wh neighbors, people living nearby; in a village violin: miching-nayo:s [=toward it-he pulls back virgin: kehtsa:n unmarried adolescent girl, female visible, be: xolen it is visible, in view; xo:wehsen it is
becoming visible, coming into view (e.g., the landscape at dawn). See INVISIBLE visit: whiwun-china:wh [=to me-he goes] he is visiting me; xowan-chininyay he came to see him niwhtsis-te Ill be coming to see you (at a certain time) vomit: xoy vomit na:naxoy vomit!; na:na:usxoy he vomited vulture: misah-nichwin [= its mouth stinks] turkey vulture, buzzard (Cathartes aura) teenager, virgin and forth) violin

W
wade: ta:wha:wh Im wading in the water, wading
across (creek); tunyahwh wade!; tawinyay he waded; tahdi wade (you all); ta:yawinde:t they all waded; tanasya he waded around in the water, he went wading waist: whiteh-kin [=my crotch-base] my waist whine:jit around my waist, around my middle waistband: See TIE wait: dongqa-tsit [=before-rst] wait a minute! hold on! rst lets... whina wait up! wait for me!; xona:-sinda [=waiting for him-you stay!] wait for him!; whina:-chiwinda [=waiting for me-he stayed (for a while)] he waited for me wake up: chiwhsit Im waking up; chinsit wake up!; che:whsit I woke up; che:nsit you woke up; che:ensit he woke up che:xowhsit Im waking him up; che:whisit wake me up!; chewhisit hes waking me up; che:xonehsit I woke him up; chewhinisit he woke me up walk: chiqa:l hes walking along; wiwha:l Im walking along; winya:l youre walking along yawidil they are walking along; we:dil we are walking along; wohdil you (all) are walking along See also TRAVEL wall: kidiwilqan [=what has been leaned up] inner wall of a living house yon-yinuq [=place of honor behind the re-upstream] the inner wall of a living house (furthest from the door) wane: na:te:chit [=it has gotten tired again] the waning moon (when its going from full to new) want: me:diwhdin I want it, crave it, want to have or do it (e.g., me:diwhdin-na:tiwhda:wh I want to go home); me:dindin-ung do you want it?; mede:din he wants it; mede:nden he got to want it me:diwhchwing Im hungry for it, want it (e.g., o: qi-me:diwhchwing I want sh); mediwinchwen he got hungry for it me:sowhsin I want to do it, Im really interested in doing it; me:sonsin you want to do it; meso:sin he wants to do it; me:so:ysen I wanted to do it; meso:nsen he wanted to do it; keso:sin he wants to do things (in general), hes ambitious, hes a willing worker; xweso: sin hes willing to wait on him, wants to work for him war: See FIGHT war dance: kitse War Dance, they are war-dancing; kiwhtse Im dancing the War Dance; kiwintse they danced the War Dance, started war-dancing; nakiwintse they danced the War Dance again kitse:-whing War Dance songs ( Sung in chorus. A man who has killed a person starts the song, and others join in. They stamp the ground for beating time. Most of these songs are medicine songs.) kinahsni passing in front of someone ( Refers to warriors in the War Dance boastfully dancing in front of the line of enemy dancers; e.g., kinahsni-naqot in front of someone-they move around with poles, poke poles around, i.e., they dance opposite the enemy with trophies on sticks.) war jacket: kiwidwol [=scraped (hide)] shield of elk-skin; war-jacket, armor made of arrowwood strips (kintits) woven together war party: mahn party of warriors; mahni-qa:l [=war party-travels] a group of warriors is on the warpath; mahn-tehsyay [=war party-went off] they went off in a war party warm: xonse:l it (weather) is warm, hot, sunny, there is heat; xowinse:l it got warm; xowinseh-tseh I feel it getting warm nawhtse:l Im warming it up, heating it; natseh warm it up!; na:ytse:l (or na:sehtse:l) I warmed it up tosi (sometimes reduced to tos) warm water, lukewarm water warrior: See WAR PARTY wart: yets wart; whiye:tse my wart wash: a:dinin-na:kideh wash your (own) face!; a: dila-nakiwidiw he washed his (own) hands; tehna: nakiwidiw he has washed, cleaned it (with water), washed clothes (modern); me-tehna:nakidiw [=in it-he washes] washroom, bathroom wasp: mitsin-na:nge:t [=its legs-hang down] wasp watch: na:xodiwhen I watch him, take notice of him, keep my eyes on him; na:whidiling watch me!; nawhidilen he watches me; nandiwe:sen I watched you; naxodiwehsen he watched her miwhliwh Im watching it, keeping an eye on it; miliwh watch it! keep an eye on it!; meliwh hes watching it; miyliwh it (animal) watches it; yayliwh they (animals) watch it; xwe:wiliwh-te you will look after him, watch him xowut-xowhya:n Im carefully watching him, looking after him; wut-chixolya:n he is watching it; niwutxowiwhyan I have watched you; wut-chixowilyan he kept watch on it

105
watch out: nikyung-xoling [=your attention-(let it) be
plenty] watch out! take care! See INSIDES water: tana:n [= from tadina:n what one drinks] water (to drink) to body of water, ocean jung muddy water te:w in the water, underwater (e.g., te:w-chitehsliw he swam (deep) in the water, underwater); teh-ching into the water (e.g., tehching-tehchiwiliw he dived into the water) to:-nikya:w [water-it is large] high water mito the water, juice of something tosi (sometimes reduced to tos) warm water, lukewarm water tosquts [= from to:-siquts water-(which is) cold] spring (of cold water), cold water water, into the: teh- (verb prex): tehingawh put it (e.g., stone) into the water!; tehchiwinga:n he put it into the water; tehinyahwh go into the water!; tehwe:yay I went into the water; tehchiwinyay he went into the water water, out of the: tah- out of the water, out of the re (verb prex); tahingawh take it (e.g., stone) out of the water! take it out of the re!; tahtsisa:n he took it out of the water; tahna:usa:n he took it back out of the water (something that had been put into the water) water ows: nilin (water) ows; niwehslen it started to ow water moves: winto (water) has moved somewhere, has reached to somewhere (e.g., mis-mitis winto bank-over it reached; the water overowed the bank); no:nto (water) reached its farthest extent, (flood water) crested; minahsto (water) surrounds it, forms an island kite:yo:wh (water) surged, ran along stormily; yehkinyo:wh (water) pours in (e.g., through a hole); na:kiyo:wh (water) washes back and forth, surges about; che:kiyohwh (water) is running out; che: kininyo:wh (water) ran out water dog: See SALAMANDER water monster: tehkixolxit [=it swallows him into the water] mythical water monster, alligator Water Ouzel: tse:-qe:t [=rock-copulating (with)] a small black bird, the size of a robin (apparently Cinclus mexicanus, Water Ouzel or Dipper) ( It sits on a rock and makes copulating movements.) water panther: xotsay-taw [=dry places-the one that is around, among] water panther, mythical monster animal ( Said to resemble a lion and to live in holes close to the water of lakes and pools, but never in rivers or on land. Its head and shoulders were heavy and covered with long shaggy hair, but the hind parts were nearly naked.) water skipper: to:-miqi-na:kixoan [=water-on itthey move around (like a herd of animals)] water skipper

WATCH OUT/WEAR
water snake: me:ne:q-tohte:l [=its spine-bearwatercress: See GREENS waterfall: noleh(-ding) [=(sh) swims to that point and watermelon: kimit-nehwa:n [=a belly-it resembles]
watermelon stops(-place)] waterfall, dam, obstruction in a stream grass] water snake; striped salamander (Eutoenia)

wave: na:tuh it oats about in the air, waves (like a

ag), wafts about; nahstuw it oated around nawhut Im waving, apping (blanket, cloth) around; nungut wave it around!; naut he is waving it around; na:usut he waved it around way: whe:-qeh [=me-following after] in my way, after my fashion; yima:ndil-miqeh in the whitemans way way, in such a: -xw in such a way, in such a manner, being so, while doing so (adverb-forming sufx) (e.g., hayi-xw in that way; niwhong-xw in a good way, well; yeixa-kiwaahxw [=day breaks-while he is singing] he sings until dawn) -q in such a way, like... (adverb-forming sufx) (e.g., xwe:di-q in what way?; de:-q in this way; hayi-q in that way; kida:y-q nichwin it smells like owers; ahting-qi-unte [=all-in such way-it is] all kinds of...) way of doing: a:winiw the doing of it, how is done (e.g. do:niwho:n-a:winiw not good-doing it; unlucky way of doing things; kiwinyanya:n-maa:winiw people, Indians-their doing it; the Indian way of doing things, acting). See HABITS we: nehe we, us (emphatic pronoun); nehe:-e:n for our part, as for us weak: tsohsda general bodily weakness. na:dawhsan Im getting weak; na:dunsang get weak!; na:dawinsan he got weak ( Old-fashioned word, used mostly in medicine formulas.) wiwhchi Im weak; chiwichil he got weak. do:wile [= from do:-wile not-it is enough] (he) is poor, weak; do:kiwile [=someone is poor, weak] old woman; do:we:se:le I came not to have enough (money), went bankrupt; do:wehsle he went bankrupt; me:do:we:se:le [=I became weak towards it] I came to feel tired, unable (to complete the job); chwing-me: do:whle [=chwing-I am weak for it] I am hungry; chwing-medo:wile he is hungry; chwing-medo: wehsle he got hungry wealthy: See RICH weapon: tsiting rie, bow, weapon. See BOW wear: nunchiwh wear it (coat, dress)!; na:se:chiwh I wore it miwhkya Im wearing a dress; mewikya she wore a dress chichah hes wearing a hat, cap; wehcha:t I wore a hat

WEASEL/WHISKEY
weasel: tiwh-mixung [=rattlesnake-its husband]
weasel (Mustela) ( The name is probably suggested by the weasels snake-like form and movements.) weave: kitoy she is weaving (a basket); kinto weave it!; kise:ton I wove it; kiston she wove it; kiwito:n what has been woven, weaving kitiwhtowh Im starting to weave a basket; kitintohwh start weaving!; kite:se:to:n I started weaving; kite:to:n she started weaving naykitoy it (spider) weaves a web; naykiston it wove a web weaving: kiwito:n what has been woven, weaving. See BASKET wedge: nokitiwh wedge nokitiwh-tse: [= wedge-rocks] rocks for wedging See MAUL weed: tohdunte a type of weed kiwahdaych a type of weed weeping: chweh crying, weeping weir: See FISH DAM well: niwhong-xw well, healthy, in a good way (e.g., niwho:ngxw-a:whte I am well) xoch (or xoji-) true, well, real, really, thoroughly, in a correct way (e.g, xoji-kya [=true-dress] traditional Indian dress; xoji-a:n; xoji-chitehsen well-she sees) qut-xut thats the truth; thats really the way it is. well, as: -tah [=among, used metaphorically] too, as well, among the others, at times, either...or... (e.g., whe:-tah me too; dungwho-tah someone or another; te:se:ya:-te:-tah I will probably go too; nahdin-tah ta:qidin-tah [=two times-or three timesor] either two times or three times) well, get: na:whixinay [=again I am safe, alive] I got well again, recovered from an illness; ninaxinay get well again!; ninaxo:nay may you get well again!; na: xoxinay he got well again west: xoda:nawh-ding [=it (i.e., the sun) goes downhill-place] west yitsen downhill, towards the stream, to the west; yisinching on the side towards the stream, in the west; yisinching coming from the stream, from the west; yisinchin [= yisinching-ni from the west people] Indians to the west, Blue Lake Indians wet: nichwi it (thing) is wet; chiwichwil he got wet; xochwi it (ground) is wet, damp, swampy nita:n it is soft, damp; xota:n it (ground) is damp, soggy whale: tehla:n [= possibly from teh-(is)la:n into the water-born] whale what?: daydi (or diydi) what? what thing? (interrogative inanimate pronoun) what for: daydi-wung (or diydi-wung ) [=what (thing)?-concerning it] what for? why? for what reason?; daydi-xowh-wung [=what?-I wonder?concerning it] I wonder what for?

106
wheel barrow: whilba wheel barrow (from English) when?: dahundi-dung when (in the past)? how long
ago?; dahundi-de when (in the future)? (interrogative temporal locative) when: -dung when (in the past) (e.g., simiwhGiydung when I was small; hayah-dung at that time (in the past)) - de if, when (in the future) (e.g., miqitdahnawila:-de when he will have put them back on, if he puts them back on; hayah-de at that time (in the future) - mi [=with (after a phrase)] when..., after... (e.g., nahding-yisxa:ni-mi [=two times-it dawnedwhen] after two days had passed; minyay-mi when the time for it came) -hit at the time that..., while..., when..., during... (e.g., yawehsa-hit while he was sitting there; de:qung-hit [=here-recently-at that time] a short time afterwards, later on; xay-hit during the winter, in winter) -ding at that place, at that time (locative) (e.g., xoda: nya:-ding [=(sun) went down-at] when the sun has gone down, after the sun has set); dunundi-ding [=how many-at] how many times? ) where?: da:ydi where? (interrogative locative) while: -hit at the time that..., while..., when..., during... (e.g., yawehsa-hit while he was sitting there; de:-qung-hit [= here-recently-at that time] a short time afterwards, later on; xay-hit during the winter, in winter) -ne:jit [=in the middle of] while..., in the midst of ...ing (e.g., nawhton-ne:jit while I was dancing) -xw in such a way, in such a manner, being so, while doing so (adverb formant, gerundive particle) (e.g., hayi-xw in that way; niwhong-xw in a good way, well; yeixa-kiwaahxw [=day breaks-while he is singing] he sings until dawn) while ago: dan a while ago, already (e.g., hay-danino:ne:xa:n [=the (one which)-a while ago-I put (container) down, i.e., the (basket lled with something) that I put down a while ago] whip: ya:xotsahs whip him (with a whip, stick)!; yaxostsa:s he whipped him; mi-nantsa:s (or miya:ltsa:s) [=with it-one whips] a whip whirlwind: na:widits [=it twists around] whirlwind ( Ta:n makes it; its a warrior wind. If one has trained to be a warrior at a whirlwind place and something happens to him, whirlwind comes to his people to notify them.) whiskers: whida:w [= from whida:-wa my mouthfur] my whiskers, beard whiskey: xon-tana:n [=re-water] whiskey, any distilled spirits

107
whisper: xwe:ch-mi-chixine:wh [=his breath-with
it-he speaks] he whispers whijiw-xiniwinye:wh [=(in) my ear-he talked] he whispered whistle: kyo:diwhye:wh Im whistling (at someone, something); kyodiwiye:wh he whistled me-kyodiye:wh [=into it-he whistles] (or meyehkiyo:l [=into it-he blows in]) a whistle (modern) xosa:ngay [=it extends into ones mouth] a short whistle made from the leg bone of a crane (xahslintawmitsine), used only by the obsidian bearers in the White Deerskin Dance white: iqay it is white; widqay it turned white xoiqay (or xolqay) the whiteness in the sky before daybreak; xwe:diqay the sky is turning white with daybreak dilqay whitish, greyish White Deerskin Dance: xonsi-chidilye [=summer-religious dance] White Deerskin Dance hun-qeh-chidilye [=river-along-religious dance] White Deerskin Dance, specically the Boat Dance xonsi chidilye:-whing [=White Deerskin Dancessong] White Deerskin Dance song ( These are sung by a trio of singers, ta:qin-yakita:aaw [=three men-(who) sing], consisting of a center man who kicks the ground and two helpers, kicho:yane [=they help], one at each side. Others accompany with hehe and yells of qeh qe:w! Time is kept by stamping. The songs have no words.) ma:-chiqa:l [=ahead-he walks along] White Deerskin Dance leader, the person who leads the movement of the dance by carrying the re from one danceground to another xoje:wung-nadil [=xoje:wung-they go around] the obsidian bearers in White Deerskin Dance e:na:wilay [=res that are built] the camps or res where food is served and people stay overnight during the White Deerskin Dance See also WORLD RENEWAL CEREMONY white person: yima:ndil [= from yima:n-nadil across-they go around] white man, white people Kiwa-mi [=fur-with, i.e., having a thick beard, mustache; K is diminutive] white man tse:che-mi [=knife-with] white person (archaic) whittle: iwhwa:s Im whittling, scraping something; chiwinga:s [= from chiwingwa:s] he scraped it; nangwahs shave me!; xoda:w-na:ywa:s I shaved his beard; kin-no:dwa:s whittled sticks who: dundi who? (interrogative pronoun); dundi-ne: sing who is it?; dund:ng who is it? whoop: xosa:sta:n-tsiswa:l [=(with) his tongue-he beats time with a stick (as in the Flower Dance)] he makes a war-whoop why: daydi-wung (or diydi-wung) [=what (thing)?concerning it] what for? why? for what reason?; hayiwung [=that-concerning it] for that reason, that is why

WHISPER/WINE
daydi-miching [=what?-towards it] why? because of what? wide: nite:l it is wide, broad, spread at; niwhte:l I am broad (across the chest, hips); we:teh I became broad; xonte:l it (place) is wide, at; there is a at, prairie widow: kisdiya:n-chwing [=old person-sort] widow je:ngkilay [=she parts her hair] a widow who has let her hair grow out half-way, in a dutch-cut ( This signies that she is in love with a new man and intends to get married again.) me:daay-me [=her head (hair)-in it] widow who has not yet cut her hair widower: do:lyaw widower wife: whaut my wife; whaut-te [=my wife-(future tense)] my wife-to-be; whaut-nein [=my wife-(past tense)] my deceased wife, my ex-wife wife-beating: kisan he beats his wife up, abuses his wife, hes a wife-beater; kiwinsan he beat up his wife wiggle: witse:l it (snake, worm) slides, wiggles along; na:tseh it (baby, snake, eel) wiggles around, squirms; na:ustsiw he wiggled around wild: xoya:n it (e.g., horse, bull) is wild, shy, suspicious of people; xowinyan it has gone wild; xowe:yan Ive gone wild (like an animal). See SUSPICIOUS wildcat: See BOBCAT will: -te will... (future tense) (e.g., te:se:ya:-te I will go off; nawa:-te he will be going around, living; hay-xwe:diqite the way it will be done; whaut-te my wife-to-be) See BEQUEATH willow: qayliwh willow (Salix sp.) qut the long tubular root of the willow, used in basketry to:xo-tawe [=at the river-those that are around there] willow qayliwh bushes growing along the river win (gambling): na:niliwh [=carry (several things) across!] win!; na:ne:lay I won (in gambling) win (a race): nunteh win the race! run fastest!; natiw he wins, he runs fastest; na:ustiw he won the race; whiwun-na:ustiw [=from me-he ran fastest] he beat me in the race, he ran faster than I did wind: tehsche [=it blows along] there is a wind blowing; yinahchin-tehsche [=from upstream-it blows] south wind, a bad, powerful winter wind; te:nche [=it starts to blow] there is a wind (coming up); na: kiwinche it is windy; dahkidiwinche it blows lightly, a breeze blows window: maa:n-chitehsen [=through it-someone looks] window windpipe: whisowo my throat, windpipe wine: dahto:l-mito [=grape-its juice] grape juice, wine de:nohqit-xotse:lin [=Heaven, God-his blood] (Christian) sacramental wine

WINK/WORRY
wink: nina:-iqoch [=your eye-make it hollow, gaping]
wink your eye!; whina:-sehqoch I winked my eye winter: xay winter; year; xay-ching towards winter; xay-hit in the winter, wintertime; xay-me:q in the winter, during the winter a:dina:kichwe [=he makes something for himself] he puts something away for the winter; xaychingmina:kiwilchwe:n [=towards winter-what has been made for it] things stored away for the winter wipe: a:diwundinchwit wipe yourself off (with towel)!; whiwundinchwit wipe me off!; a:diwundiwinchwit he wiped himself off; xoning-mi-wundichwit [=his face-with-he wipes off] handkerchief wish: isdo (or usdo) I wish...! (e.g., isdo-na:te: sdiya I wish-I (could) go home; isdo-whilinke I wish-(that was) my dog!) witch: See INDIAN DEVIL witchcraft: See POISON with: mi with it, accompanying it, by means of it; whi with me; ni with you; xo with him, her; i with each other; a:di (or a:) with oneself; xoxe-mi [=his feet-with, by means of] (going) on foot hi (living) together with (e.g., tiwh-hi-dehtse snakes-with-they (animals) live; xochwo:-hi (he lived there) together with his grandmother) withe: kiwidqe:n a twisted, softened hazel withe without: e:din without..., lacking... (e.g., whe:-e: din without me; kichindi-e:din without disease, healthy; kya-e:din without a dress, nude) Wiyot: ta:ke [= probably ta:-ke in the water-tail] Wiyot group at the mouth of Mad River; also the village there wolf: ki-na:dil [=with something-they go around] wolf (Canis lupus) woman: tsumehsto:n womki-na:dil an [= from tsung-mehsto:n apron-tied on to her] tsumehston (a group of) women [= from tsumehsto: n-ni woman-people] do:kiwile [=someone who is poor, weak] old woman xung-te:n [=husband-having] married woman na:sdongxwe (or na:sdongxe) menstruating woman awhxiche wealthy woman (archaic term) womb: whichat my afterbirth, placenta wonder: gyaawh I wonder (speculative particle) (e.g., dundi-gyaawh-ng [=who?-I wonder-it is] I wonder who it is?) whung [=only, used metaphorically] I wonder (e.g., xwe:di-whung how, I wonder?) wood: chwich wood, rewood kigide rotten wood chwich-nitsa:y dry wood woodpecker: kidik-kyoh [=it pecks-big] large Red-headed (pileated) woodpecker (Dryocopus pi-

108
leatus) ( The scalps of pileated woodpeckers (kiya: wh-me:daay [=bird-its heads]) are highly valued and used in ceremonial regalia.) isking-mina:kiwilda:l [=r tree-it keeps running around it] hairy woodpecker (Dendrocopos villosus) kila:gyah small woodpecker, California woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus, Acorn woodpecker) yida:chin-kitidmut [=from downstream-it aps along] Lewis woodpecker (Asyndesmus lewis) king-kiditsay [=tree-it dries it up] sapsucker, smallest woodpecker (Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied sapsucker) woodrat: mixontaw-xole:n [=its houses-there are plenty] woodrat (Neotoma) woods: tin-tah [=trails-among] out in the woods, in the forest, back country woodworm: king-qo:-ya:n [=tree-worm-eater] woodworm work: nawhte Im working; nulte work!; na:ste I worked, I have a job to do; na:uste he worked; na: lte work, a job yichwe work, what one does (old fashioned word) (e.g., whiyichwe my work, what I do) kintilits [=he pulls at something (with all his strength)] he works, helps get a job done; kintilits work!; kinte:sits I worked wun-naway [=for that purpose-he goes around] he is busy with it, works on it, is occupied with it; wunna:asyahe was busy with it; wun-nadil they are busy with it, are occupied with it world: ninisa:n the world, surface of the earth, country, mountain; ninisa:n-me:q [=the world-inside] all over the world; ninisa:n-mine:jit (or ninisa:n-ne:jit) [=the world-(its) middle] in the center of the world, the center of the universe (in prayers); ninisa:n-no: nga:-ding [=the world-as far as it extends-place] the whole world, the farthest extent of the world; ninisa: n-na:nga [=the world-came to be lying there again, resumed lying there] the world assumed its present position, shape ( There was once a ood and the world oated back into place as we have it now.) World Renewal ceremony: chidilye religious dance, World Renewal ceremony (general term). See RELIGIOUS DANCE; WHITE DEERSKIN DANCE; JUMP DANCE worm: qo worm, maggot qo:-ne:s [=worm-long] Acorn worm qo:-qot [=worm-bent] inchworm qo:-dziwol-ts [=worm-round-(diminutive)] a small white worm that is found in acorns wormwood: nichwin-dilma:y [=it stinks-grey] wormwood worry: whije:y-na:ntun [=my mind-it inched again] I am worried; xoje:y-na:ntun he is worried; do:-nije: y-na:witani-heh dont worry!

109
worth: miiye its worth it; miwiniye it got to be wound: chiyah hes hurt, wounded; tsisya:t he got
hurt; se:ya:t I got hurt; xoyah Im wounding him (with a stick, knife, etc.); xosehya:t I wounded him; chixosyah he wounded someone na:xay it (animal) is wounded wren: te-diydikyo:s (or dediydikyo:s) [=it puts a blanket into the re] wren wriggle: nandiqot wriggle! op around!; na:usdiqot he wriggled, opped around; chindiqot it (e.g., worm) wriggles out; che:indiqot he wriggled out ( Refers worth it

WORTH/WRITE
to a character in the myth associated with the village of che:indiqot-ding.) wrinkle: nidits it is wrinkled, a wrinkle; niwhdits Im wrinkled; chiwidits he got wrinkled wrist: whila-kin [=my hand-base] my wrist write: a:kiwhe:n [=Im doing something, making something] Im marking it with a design (paint, tattoo, etc.), writing; akie:n he is marking it, writing; a:kiwhlaw I marked it, wrote; akilaw he marked it, wrote; a:kileh mark it! write!; a:kiwilaw it is marked, written; a book. See PICTURE

X,Y,Z
yard: See MEASUREMENT yawn: iwhsa:l Im yawning, gabbling; insah yawn!; year: xay winter; year
a-me:nundiya:-dung [=one-it comes back-when it is past] the year before yearling: chwe:y yearling of elk, spotted hide of yearling elk (archaic term) yellow: dakya:w-nehwa:n [=canary, oriole-it resembles] yellow ( This is a recent term. In traditional times the color yellow was not distinguished from brown or red.) dahmine-nehwa:n [=moss, lichen-it resembles] another word for yellow yellowhammer: minchwiwh-mil [=its nose, beak-mil] yellowhammer, icker (Colaptes auratus, common icker) yes: diye yes (exclamation) qut-xut thats the truth, thats really the way it is (exclamation) xa all right! okay! (exclamation) he:yung yes (exclamation; old-fashioned) yesterday: widung yesterday widung-na:yima:n-ding [=yesterday-over on the other side of] day before yesterday na:sdaundeh a few days ago yet, not: dongqeeh [= dongqa-heh before-despite, we:sa:l I yawned even if] not yet (e.g., donqeeh-xahsya:ye:y not yet-it rises there) yew: qawh yew (Taxus) you: ning you (singular); ning-e:n you for your part, as for you you (all): nohn you (plural), you all; nohn-e:n you all for your part, as for you all young: chiwhxiy young person (especially young man), child miwhxiy its (animals) young; misxiy (diminutive) kitse:y the youngest child in a family; tsitse:y (diminutive) miya:wh its (animals) young your: ni- (possessive prex) your (singular) (e.g., nixontaw your house) noh- (possessive prex) our, your (plural) (e.g., nohxontaw our house; your (plural) house) Yurok: kina Yurok; kina-tahxw amongst the Yurok, in Yurok country yida:chin-ninyay [=from downriver-he comes] Yurok ( Less common term than kina.) zigzag design: na:kixolqits [=cracked in zigzags, meandering] basket design equivalent to the Yurok crooked or zigzag design na:kixolqits See also BASKET DESIGNS