NATIONAL HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTIONS

INTRODUCTION
In a National Highway project, the engineer has to plan, design and construct either a network of new roads or road link. Once a highway is constructed, development takes along the adjoining land and subsequent changes in alignment in geometric standards become very difficult. badly aligned highway is not only a source of potential traffic ha!ard, but also causes a considerable increase in transportation cost and strain on the drivers and the passengers. "herefore, proper investigation and planning are most important in a road project, keeping in view the present day needs as well as the future development of the region

NATIONAL HIGHWAY PROJECT

DEFINITIONS
In the contract the following words and e#pressions shall have the meanings here by assigned to them, e#cept where the conte#t otherwise requires$

(i% &O'' () is a short vertical post typically found where large ships docks. *hile originally it only meant a post used on a quick for mooring, the word now also describes a variety of structure to control or direct road traffic. "he term may be related to bole, meaning the lower trunk of a tree. (ii) &+,- .. is a road or highway that avoids or /bypasses0 a built up area, town, or village, to let through traffic flow without interference from local traffic, to reduce congestion in the built up area, and to improve road safety. If there are no strong land use controls, buildings are built a bypass, converting it into an ordinary town road, and the bypass may eventually become as congested as the local streets it was intended to avoid. 1iii% 23(& or 4,(& is the edge where a raised pavement5footpath, road median, or road shoulder meets an unraised street or other roadway. "ypically made from concrete, asphalt, or long stones, the purpose is twofold$ first as a gutter for proper drainage of the

roadway, and second for safety, to kee p motorist from driving into the shoulder, median, sidewalk, or pavement. 1iv% /,6-'O+,(.0 means the person named as such in part II of these conditions and the legal successors in title to such person. &ut not any assignee of such person. 17% /2ON"( 2"O(0 means the person whose tender has been accepted by the employer and the legal successors in title to such person. &ut not any assignee of such person. /2ontract0 means the conditions, the specification, the drawings, the bill of quantity, the tender, the letter of acceptance8 the contract agreement and such further documents as may be e#pressly incorporated in 'etter of cceptance or 2ontract greement. /.pecifications0 means the specification of the work included in the contract and any modification therefore or addition. /)rawings0 means all drawings, calculations and technical information of a like nature provided by the ,ngineer to the contractor under the contract and all drawings, 2alculations, .amples, -attern, 6odels, Operations and maintenance, manuals and other technical information of a like nature submitted by the contractor and approved by the ,ngineer. /&ill of 9uantities0 means the priced and completed bill of quantities forming part of tender. /.ection0 means a part of the works specifically identified in the 2ontract as a section. /.ite0 means the places provided by the ,mployer where the works are to be e#ecuted and any other places as may be specifically designated in the 2ontract as forming part of the site.

SETTING OUT
"he contractor shall establish working &ench marks tied with the reference &ench 6ark in the soon after taking possession of the site. "he reference &ench 6ark for the area shall be as indicated in the contract document of the values of the same shall be obtained by the 2ontractor from the ,ngineer. "he working bench mark shall be at rate of : per km and also at or near all drainage structures, over bridges and under passes. "he working &ench 6ark5levels should be got approved from the ,ngineer. 2heck must be based on this &ench 6ark once every month and adjustments, if any, got agreed with the ,ngineer and recorded. n up;to;date record of all &ench 6ark including approved adjustments, if any, shall be maintained by the contractor and also a copy supplied to the ,ngineer for his record. "he lines and levels of formation, side slopes, drainage works, carriageways and shoulders shall be carefully set out and frequently checked, care being taken to ensure that correct gradients and cross sections are obtained everywhere. In order to facilitate the setting out of the works, the centreline of the highway must be accurately established by the contractor and approved by the engineer. It must then be accurately referenced in a manner satisfactory to the engineer, every <=m intervals in plain and rolling terrains and >=m intervals in highly terrain and in all curve point as directed by the engineer, with marker pegs and chainage

boards sets in or near the fence line, and schedule of reference dimensions shall be prepared and supplied by the 2ontractor to the ,ngineer. "hese markers shall be maintained until the works reach finished formation levels are accepted by the ,ngineer. On construction reaching the formation level stage, the centre line again be set out by the contractor and when approved by the ,ngineer, shall be accurately referenced in a manner satisfactory to the ,ngineer by markers pegs set at the outer limits of the formation. No marker pegs or markers shall be moved without the approval of the ,ngineer and and no earth work shall be commenced until the centre line has been referenced. "he contractor will be the sole responsible party for safeguarding all survey monuments, bench marks, etc. "he ,ngineer will provide the 2ontractor necessary for setting out of the centre line. ll dimensions and levels shown on the drawing or mentioned in documents forming part of the or issued under the contract shall be verified by the 2ontractor on the site and he shall immediately inform the engineer of any apparent error in such dimensions. "he 2ontractor shall in connection with the staking out of the canter line, survey the terrain along the road and shall submit the engineer for his approval, a profile along the road centre line and cross section at intervals as required by the ,ngineer. fter obtaining approval of the engineer, work on earthwork can commence and the profile and cross section shall from the basis for measurements and payments. "he work of setting out shall be deemed to be a part of general works preparatory to the e#ecution of work and no separate payments shall be made for the same..

TEST DONE IN PROJECT LABORATORY

TEST ON SUB GRADE SOIL (I) GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION:
6ost of the method for the soil identification and classification are based on certain physical properties of the soil. "he commonly used properties for the classification are the grain si!e distribution liquid limit and plasticity inde#. "hese properties have also been used in empirical design method for fle#ible pavement8 and in deciding the suitable of sub grad soil. ?rain si!e analysis also known as mechanical analysis of soil is the determination of the percent of individual grain si!e present in the sample. "he results of the test are of great value in soil classification. In mechanical stabili!ation of soil and for designing soil aggregates mi#ture the result of gradation test are used .correlation have also made between the grain si!e distribution of soil and the general soil behavior as the sub grade material and the performance such as susceptibility to frost action, pumping of rigid pavement etc.also permeability characteristics, @bearing capacity and some other properties, are appro#imately estimated based on grain si!e

distribution of the soil. "he soil is generally divided into four parts on the particle si!e. "he fraction of the soil which is larger than >.== mm si!e is called gravel, between >.== mm and =.=A mm is sand =.==>mm silt and that is smaller than =.==> mm si!e is clay. "wo type of sieves are available, one type with square perforation on plate to sieves course aggregate and gravel, the other type being mesh sieves made of woven wire mesh to sieves finer particle such fine aggregate and soil fraction consisting of sand silt and clay. However the sieves opening of the smallest mesh sieves commonly available is about =.=B< mm, which is commonly known as >== mesh sieves therefore all soil particle consisting of silt and clay which are smaller than =.=A mm si!e will pass through the fine mesh sieves with =.=B< mm opening. "herefore the grain si!e analysis of course fraction of soil is carried out using sieves the principle of sedimentation in water. "he sieves analysis is a simple test consisting of sieving a measured quantity of material through successively smaller sieves. "he weight retain on each sieves. "he weight retain on each sieve is e#pressed as a percentage of the total sample. "he sediment principle has been used for finding the grain si!e distribution of fine fraction8 two methods are commonly used pipette method and the hydrometer method. "he grain si!e distribution of soil particle of si!e greater than AC micron is determine by sieving the soil on set of sieves of decreasing sieve opening placed one below the other and separating out the different si!e ranges.

APPARATUS:
7arious apparatus set of standard sieves of different sieves si!e, balance, and rubber covered pestle mortar, oven, riffle, sieves shaker. -rocedure Dor the fraction retained on >.= mm sieves. .ufficient quantity of dry soil retained on >.= mm sieves is weighed out. "he quantity of sample taken may be increased when the ma#imum si!e of particle is higher. "he sample separated into various fraction by sieving through the set of sieves of si!eE==, AC, >=, A, :.B<, and > mm is sieves. fter initial sieves, material retained on each sieves carefully collected and weighed. Dor fraction passing >.= mm sieves and retained on =.AC mm si!e. "he required quantity of soil sample is taken by riffling or quartering method, dried in oven at E=< to EE= c and is subjected to dry sieves analysis using a set of sieves with sieves opening >.=, =.A, =.:><, =.E<, and =.=B< mm, pan lid. "he material collected on the each sieves and on the pan are separately collected and weighed.

CALCULATION:
"he weight of dry soil fraction retained on each sieve is calculated as a percentage of the total dry weight of the sample taken. "he gravel, sand , silt ,and clay contain in percentage.

RESULT:
"he gravel, silt sand clay contents are marked as result.

(II)

CONSISTENCY LIMITS & INDICES

"he physical properties of fine grained soil, especially of clay differ much at different water content. 2lay may be almost in liquid state, or it may snow plastic behavior or may be very stiff depending on the moisture content. -lasticity is a property of outstanding importance for clayey soil, which may be e#plained as the ability to undergo changes in shape without rupture.

'iquid limit it may be defined as the minimum content at which soil will flow under the application of a very small shearing force. "he

liquid limit is usually determined in the laboratory using mechanical device. -lastic limit may define in general term, as minimum terms, as minimum moisture content at which the soil remain in a plastic state. "he lower limit is arbitrarily defined and determined in the laboratory by prescribed test procedure. -lastic inde# is defined as the numerical difference between the liquid and plastic limit. p.i thus indicates the range of moisture content over which the soil in plastic condition. 2onsistency limit and plasticity inde# vary for different type. Hence properties are generally used in the identification and classification of soil

LIQUID LIMIT TEST:

'iquid limit is the moisture content at which >< blow in standard liquid limit apparatus will just close a groove of standardi!ed dimension cut in the sample by grooving tool by a specified amount.

APPARATUS:
6echanical liquid limit device consists of a cup and arrangement for raising and dropping through a specified height, grooving tool. Other apparatus include spatula, moisture containers, and balance of capacity >==g sensitive to=.=E g oven to maintain E=< toEE=c.

PROCEDURE:
bout E>= g of dry pulveri!ed soil sample passing :>< micron sieve is weighted, and mi#ed thoroughly with distilled water in the evaporating dish to from a uniform thick paste. "he liquid limit device is adjusted to have a free fall of cup through E=mm.a portion of the paste is placed above the lowest spot, and squee!ed down with the spatula to have a hori!ontal surface . the specimen is trimmed by firm strokes of spatula in a such a way that the ma#imum depth of soil

sample in the cup is E= mm. the soil in the cup is divided along the diameter through the center line pf the cam followed by firm strokes of the grooving tool. .o as to get a clean and sharp groove. "he crank is rotated at the rated at the rate of two revolutions per second by hand so that the cup is lifted and dropped. "his continued till the two halves of the soil cake come in to contact at the bottom of the groove along a distance of E= mm, and the number of blows given is recorded . a representative soil is taken, placed in moisture container, lid placed over it and weighed. "he container in dried in oven and the dry weight determined the ne#t day for finding the moisture content of the soil. "he operations are repeated for at least three more trial with slightly increased moisture content each time, nothing the number of blows so that there at least four uniformly distribute reading of number of blows between E= and := blows.

CALCULATION:
the flow inde# "he flow cure is plotted by taking the number of blows in the log scale on the #;a#is, and the water content in arithmetic scale on the y;a#is, of format sheet .the flow curve is straight line drawn on semi;logrithmetic plot. "he moisture content corresponding to >< blow is read from this curve rounding off the nearest whole number and is reported as the liquid wE of the soil. "he slope of the straight line flow cure is flow inde#. It may be calculated from the following formula8

Dor inde#, IfF

Fw

Hence if the flow curve is e#trapolated and moisture wE= and wE== corresponding to E=and E== blows respectively are found, then the difference in these water content would give of the soil.

PLASTIC LIMIT TEST

-lastic limit is the moisture content at which a soil when rolled in to thread of smallest diameter possible, start crumbling and has diameter of C mm.

APPARATUS:
,vaporating dish, spatula, glass plate, moisture containers, rod of C mm diameter , balance sensitive to =.=E g, drying oven controlled at temperature E=< toEE=c.

PROCEDURE:
bout >= g of dry, pulveri!ed soil passing :>< micron I. sieve is weighed out. "he soil is mi#ed thoroughly with distilled water in the evaporating dish till the soil paste is plastic enough to be easily molded with fingers. small ball is formed glass plate to a thread. "he pressure just sufficient to roll into a thread of uniform diameter should be used. "he rate of rolling should be between G= and H= strokes per minute counting a stroke as one complete motion of hand forward and back to starting position again. "he rolling is done till the diameterof thread is C mm . then the soil is kneaded together to a ball and roller again to from therad this process of alternate rolling and kneading is continude untill the thread. "his process of alternate rolling and kneading is continude until th ethread crumbles under

prassure required for rolling and the soil can no longer to roll into a thread. If the crumbling start at diameter less than C mm, then moisture content is more than the plastic limit and if the diameter is greater while crumbling starts, the moisture content is lower.

CALCULATION:
"he plastic limit 1w=% is e#pressed as a whole number by obtaining the mean of the moisture content of the plastic limit. -lastic inde# is calculated as the diffrence between liquid limit and plastic limit. -lastic inde# F liquid limit I plastic limit *E;wp

(III) COMPACTION TEST

2ompaction of soil is a mechanical process by which by which the soil partical are constrained to be packed more closley together by reducing the air void. .oil compaction causes decreases ia air void and consequently an increase in dry density. "his may result in increase in shearing strength., the possible of future settelment or compressibility decrease. )egree of compaction is usually measured quantitativily nby dry density.

APPARATUS:
1a% 2ylindrical mould of capacity E=== cc. with an internal diameter of E= cm and height E>.BC cm. the mould is fitted with a detachable base plate and removable collar e#tension of about A cm hight. 1b%Dor the light compaction, a metal rammer having < cmdiameter circular face, and weight >.A kg is used which has drop oif CE cm. Dor heavy compaction, the rammer has < cm diameter circular face, but havin g weight :.GH kh free drop of :< cm. 1c% .teel straight edge having behaving beveled edge for trimming top of the specimen.

1d%Other accessories include moisture container, balance of capacity E=kg and >==kg, oven, sieves, mi#ing tools.

PROCEDURE:
In case of soil sample has particle bigger than :=B< mm sieve, about >= kg of the representstive soil is air dried, mi#ed puleri!ed and sieved through >= mm and :.B< m sieve is not use in the test the percentage passing >= mm sieve and retained on :=B< mm sieve is noted and if this is less than >= percen this sample is used as such. It is more than this phenomenon is repeated. In case the sample passes :=B< sieves, than the bdry pulveri!ed sample is sieved through :.B< mm sieve and the portion passing this sievesis only used for the test. bout EA kg of dry soil in total may be neccessery for the compaction test in the E=== cc mould. Dor compaction the soil in the mould every time the required quantity quantity will depend on the soil type, si!e of mould, moisture content and amount of compaction. s arough guidance, for each test >.< kg of soil may taken for light compaction. s arough guidance, for each test >.G kg for heavy compaction, and than the required water ia added. "he estimated weight to be added to the soil every time may be measured in in a jet graduated in cc. enough water is added to to the specimen to bearing the moisture content to about BJ less than the estimated o.m.c. for sandy soil and E=J less for clay soils. "he processed soil stored in an air tight container for about E= to >= enable moisture to spread uniform in the soil mass. "he mould with base fitted in is weighed. "he process soil water mi#ture throughly and divided into eight equal part. 1E%Dor light compaction the wet soil is compacted into the mould in three equal layers, each layer being >< blow of the >.Akg rammer. 1>%Dor heavy compaction the wet soil mi# is compacted in the mould in five equal layer being >< bloq of :.GH kg hammer.

"he blow should be uniform ly disributed over the surface of each layer. ,ach layer of the compacted soil is scored with a spatula before placing the soil for the succeeding. "he amount of the soil used should be just sufficient to fill the mould leaving about < mm to strike off on the top after compacting the final layer. "he coller is removed and the compacted soil is leveled to th top of the mould by mean of straight edge. "he mould and the soil are then weighed. "he soil is then ejected out of the mould and cut in the middle and a representative specimen is determine by finding the wet weight, keeping in the oven at E=<c to EE=c and finding the dry weight the ne#t day.

CALCULATION:
'et weight of mould copacted soil be F *E g *eight of empty mould F*> g 7olume of mould F * *et density F g5cc

"hen dry density F

RESULT:
"he result are dry density and wet density.

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST

INTRODUCTION:
"he 2alifornia bearing ratio 12&(% test was developed by the 2alifornia division of highway as a method of classification and evaluating soil;subgrade and base course material for fle#ible

pavements. Kust after world war;>, the 3...2rops of engineers adopted the 2.&.(. test for use in designing base course for air field pavement. "he test is empirical and result can not be related accurately with any fundamental property of the material. "he 2&( is a measure of resistance of a material to penetration of a standard plunger under controlled density and moisture conditions. "he test procedure should be strictly adhered if high degree of reproducibility is desired. "he 2&( test may be conducted in remould or undisturbed specimen in the laboratory. 3... crops of engineers have also recommended a test procedure for in;situ test. 6any methods e#ist today which utili!e mainly 2&( test value for designing pavement structures. "he test is simple and has been e#tensive investigated for field correlation of fle#ible pavement thickness requirement briefly, the test consist of causing a cylindrical plunger of diameter <= mm to penetrate component material at E.>< mm5minute. "he loads, for >.< mm and <.= mm are recorded. "his load is e#pressed as a percentage of standard load value at a respective deformation level to obtain 2&( value.

APPARATUS:
'oading machine$ ny compression machine which can operate at a constant rate of E.>< mm5minute can be used for this purpose. If such machine is not available then a calibrate hydraulic press with proving ring to measure load can be used. metal penetration piston or plunger of a diameter <= mm is attached to the loading machine.

2ylindrical moulds$ 6ould of E<= mm diameter and EB< mm height provided with a collar of about <= mm length and detachable perforated and base are used for this purpose. spacer disc of E:G mm diameter and :B.B mm thickness is used to obtain a e#actly E>B.C mm height

 2ompaction rammer$ "he material is usually compacted as specified for the work, either by dynamic compaction or I.I are given in table bellow$;

TYPE OF COMPACTION 'ight compaction Heavy compaction

NUMBER OF LAYERS C <

WEIGHT OF HAMMER, K >.A :.GH

FALL, !" CE :<

NUMBER OF BLOWS <A <A

djustable stem, perforated plate, tripod and dial gauge$ the standard procedure require that the soil sample before testing should be soaked in water to measure swelling. nnular weight$ in order to stimulate the effect of the overlying pavement weight, annular weight each of >.< kg and E:B mm diameter are placed on the top of the specimen, both at the time of soaking and testing the sample, as surcharge. &eside above equipment, coarse filte r paper, sieves , oven, balance, etc. Required

TEST ON CEMENT
(#) FINENESS TEST:

INTRODUCTION:
"he object of this is to check the proper grinding of cement. "he rate of hydration depends on the fineness of cement. "he finer is the cement, the earlier the hydration and the faster and greater is the gaining of strength. "his because of hydration starts at the surface. 'arger the surface area 1i.e. finer the cement%, faster will be hydration. However, very fine cement is susceptible to air set and deteriorates earlier. "he grinding of cement shall be as fine as to conform to the standard specification and also shall be uniformly fine .If the cement is not uniformly fine, the concrete made out of it will have poor workability and will require a large quantity of water while mi#ing. lso bleeding of concrete can occur i.e. even before the concrete is set , water will come out of the surface due to the settlement of concrete

particle. "o check the fineness of the cement I.$ :=CE;EHHG gives three methods$

E. &y drying sieving. >. &laine air permeability method. C. &y wet sieving. Dirst method is used to find the fineness of cement in the project laboratory.

DRY SIE$ING METHOD:

"he fineness of the cement depends on the particle si!e distribution. small mass of fine cement may have surface area have large surface area than a large mass of coarser particle of cement. It is therefore necessary to reduce the percentage of coarse particles to get require

fineness of cement .In this test mass of coarser cement particle is found out which is limited to specified percentage for various cements as per respective Indian standard. "ake E==g of various cements from samples and breakdown any air set lumps with finger. -lace it on a standard I. sieve no.H. 2ontinuously sieve the sample with a gentle wrist motion for E< minutes. "he mass of residue shall not e#ceed E=g in case of ordinary -ortland cement and <g in case of rapid hardening cement.

CALCULATION AND RESULT:

"he weight of cement retained is divided by weight taken and is multiplied by E== so the percentage retained cement on H= micron sieve is calculated. "hree trials are done and the average of percentage. 2ement retained is calculated. "he average percentage of cement retained should not be more than the specified limit.

(II) TEST FOR ONSISTENCY, INITIAL & FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT PASTE:

INTRODUCTION:
"his test determines the quantity of water required to produce a cement paste of standard consistency for the use of other test. "he vicat apparatus is used for this purpose. "he consistency of standard cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit the vicat plunger <=mm long and having E=mm diameter to penetrate to a point <mm to Bmm from the bottom of the vicat mould. "he unit of the consistency is percentage of water by mass of dry cement and denoted by -.

PROCEDURE:

"ake :==g cement and add to it C=J water on a glass plate or any non porous surface. 6i# thoroughly and fill the mould of vicat apparatus. "he interval from the time of adding water to the dry cement until commencing to fill the mould is known as the time of gauging and must be not less than C minutes and not more than < minutes. 'ower plunger gently to touch the surface of test block and quickly release it, allowing it to sink into the paste. Note the settlement of the plunger. "he settlement of the plunger should be <mm to B mm from the bottom of the mould. If not, repeat the procedure using fresh cement and other percentage of water until the described penetration of the plunger is obtained. "he consistency of standard cement paste is e#pressed as the amount of water as percentage by mass of dry cement.

'et, mEF mass of cement taken m>F mass of water added when the plunger has a penetration of <mm to . from the bottom of the mould.

Bmm

"hen the percentage of water or standard consistency is - F 1m>5mE%#E== 3sually standard consistency - lies between >A to CC percent.

TEST FOR SETTING TIMES

INTRODUCTION:
"he change of the cement paste from fluid to rigid state may be referred to as setting. "he gaining of strength of a cement of a set cement paste is known as hardening. )uring the setting, cement

acquires some strength, however it is not considered in definition to distinguished setting from hardening, where hardening is gain of strength of a set cement paste. Objects of these tests are$; E. "o find initial and final setting times of cement. >. "o distinguished between quick setting and normal setting types of cement C. "o detect deterioration due to storage. *hen water is added to cement and mi#ed properly. "he chemical reaction soon starts and the paste of cement remains plastic for a short period. )uring this period, it is possible to remi# the paste for a short period. )uring this period, it is possible to remi# the paste. "his period is called initial setting time. It is assumed that no hardening will starts in this period . s time lapses, the reaction is continued and cement begins to harden. t some stages it gardens also called @finally setL and the time elapsed since the water was added is called final setting time. It is not possible to e#press the e#act state of hardening and hence empirical measurements are taken. "his is purely a conventional one and does not relate to the setting and hardening of actual concrete.

PROCEDURE:
6i# :==g of cement with =.G< - percentage of water where - is the consistency of standard cement paste. .tart the stop watch at the instant when water is added to cement. Dill the vicat mould with this paste and smooth of the surface of the paste making it level with the top of the mould attach EmmM Emm square cross section needle to the vicat rod. 'ower the needle gently near the surface of the block. Note whether the needle pierces completely .If so, wait for a while drop the needle at a fresh place. (epeat the procedure till the needle fails to pierce the block for < N =.<mm measured from the bottom of the mould. "he interval between the time when water was added to

cement and the time at which the needle fails to pierce the block by < N =.<mm is known as initial setting time. (eplace the needle by the needle which has a sharp pointing, projecting in the centre with a annular attachment and release it on the same test block as before. Note the time when needle makes an impression, but the attachment fails to do so. "he interval between these time and the time when water was added is known as the final setting time. "he initial setting time for a ordinary -ortland cement should not be less than C= minutes and the final setting time should not more than E= hours. Dor quick setting cement, the initial setting time should not be less than < minutes and the final setting not more than C= minutes. "he minimum limits on initial setting are specified because$ 2oncrete once placed should not be distributed after the initial setting has taken place. "here must be sufficient time for placing of second batch which may be distribute the first batch of the concrete. "he transportation of concrete from the place where concrete is prepared to the placing of concrete requires some finite time. "he ma#imum limits of the final setting time are specified because the concrete should achieve the desired strength as early as possible so that the shuttering can be remove and reused.

TEST ON ROAD AGGREGATES

(I) AGGREGATES IMPACT TEST INTRODUCTION:

"oughness is the property of the materials to resist impact. )ue to traffic loads, the load stones are subjected to the pounding action or impacts and there possibility of stones breaking into smaller pieces. "he road stones should therefore be tough enough to resist fracture under impact. test designed to evaluate the toughness of the stones therefore the resistance of the two fractures under repeated impacts may be called an impact test for road stones. Impact test may either carry out cylindrical stone specimens as in page impact test or stone aggregates as in a aggregate impact test. "he aggregate test has been standardi!ed by the &ritish .tandard Institution and the Indian .tandard Institution. "he aggregate impact value indicates the a relative measure of the resistant of aggregate to sudden shock or an impact, which in some aggregate differ from its resistant to slow compressive load. "he method of test covers the procedure for determine the aggregate impact value of coarse aggregates.

APPARATUS:
"he apparatus consists of an impact testing machine, a cylindrical measure temping rod, I. sieve, balance and oven.

Impact "esting 6achine $ "he machine consist of a matter

base with a plane lower surface supported well on a firm flour, without rocking detachable cylindrical steel cup of internal diameter E=.>cm and depth <.=cm is rigidly fastened centrally to the base plate. matter hammer of weight between EC.< and E: kg having the lower and cylindrical in shape, E=cm in diameter and <.= cm long, with >.= mm chamber at the lower edge is capable of sliding freely between vertical guides, and fall concentric over the cup. "here is an arrangement for raising the hammer and allowing it to fall freely between vertical guides from a height of CG cm on the test sample in the cup, the height fall being adjustable up to =.< cm a key is provided for supporting the hammer while fastening. 6easure$ cylindrical metal measure having internal diameter B.< cm and depth <.= cm for measuring aggregates.

"amping rod$ straight metal tamping rod of circular cross

section, E.= cm in diameter and >C m long, rounded at one end.

.ieve$ I. sieve of si!e E>.<mm, E=mm and >.CAmm for

sieving the aggregates.

&alance$ Oven$

balance of capacity not less than <==g to weight accurate up to =.Eg. thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of maintaining constant temperature between E==o2 and EE=o2.

PROCEDURE:
"he test sample consist of aggregates passing E>.<mm sieves and retained on E=mm sieve and dried in an oven : hours at a temperature E==o2 to EE=o2 and cooled. "he aggregates are filled up to about one Ithird full in the cylindrical measure and tamped >< times with rounded and of the tampering rod. Durther quantity of aggregates is then added up to about two I third full in the cylinder and >< strokes of the tamping rod are given. "he measure is now filled with the aggregates to over flow, tamped >< times. "he surplus aggregates are stuck off using the tamping rod as straight edge. "he net weight of the aggregates in the measures determined to the nearest gram this weight of the aggregates is used for carrying out duplicate test on the same materials. "he impact machine is placed with its bottom plate on the flour so that the hammer guide columns are vertical. "he cup is mi#ed firmly in position on the base of the test sample from the cylindrical measure is transferred to the cup and compacted by tamping with >< strokes. "he hammer is raised until its lower face is CG cm above the upper surface of the aggregates in the cup ,and allowed to fall freely on the aggregates. "he test sample is subjected to a total E< such blows, each being delivered at an interval of not less than one second. "he crushed aggregates is then removed from the cup and whole of it sieve on the >.CAmm sieve until no further significant amount passes. "he fraction passing the sieve is also weighed accurate to =.Egm."he fraction retained on the sieve is also weighed and if the total weight of the fraction passing and retained on the sieve is added, it should not be less than the original by Eg, the result should be discarded and

a fresh test made

EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION
GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
"hese specification shall be apply to the construction of embankment including sub grade, earthen shoulders and miscellaneous backfills with improved material obtained from the road way and drain e#cavation, borrow pits and other resources. ll the embankments, sub grades, earthen shoulders and miscellaneous backfills shall be constructed in accordance with the requirements of these specification and in conformity with the lines, grade and cross section shown on the drawing or as directed by the engineer.

M%&'(i%) & '*'(%) ('+,i('"'*&-:

P./-i!%) ('+,i('"'*&-:
"he material used in the embankments, sub grades, earthen shoulders and miscellaneous backfills shall be soil, moorum, gravel, a mi#ture of these or any other material approved by the engineer. .uch a material should be from log, stumps, roots, rubbish or any other intrigent likely to be deteriorate or effect the stability of the embankment5sub grade "he following types of material shall be considered unsuitable for the embankment$

 6aterial from swamps, marshes and bogs. -eat, log, stumps and perishable material8 any soil that classifies as O', OI, OH or -t in accordance with I.$E:HG8 6aterial susceptible to spontaneous combustion8 2lay having liquid limit e#ceeding B= and the plasticity inde# e#ceeding :<8 6aterial with salt resulting in leaching in the embankment8 "he si!e of coarse material in the mi#ture of earth shall ordinarily shall not e#ceeded B<mm when being placed in the embankment and <=mm when placed in sub grade. Ordinarily, only the material satisfying the density requirements given in the table E shall be employed for the construction of the embankment and for the sub grade.

T%0)' #12'*-i&/ ('+,i('"'*& 34 '"0%*5"'*& %*2 -,06 (%2' "%&'(i%)1

S1N31

TYPES OF WORK

MA7IMUM LABORATORY DRY UNIT WEIGHT WHEN TESTED AS PER IS : 898: (PART ;) Not less than E<.>kn5cu. m

,mbankment up to Cmeter height, not subjected to e#tensive flooding.

>

,mbankment e#ceeding Cm height or embankment of any height subject to long period of inundation.

Not less than EA.=kn5cu. m

.ub grade and earthen backfill5shoulder5verges Not less than EB.<kn5cu. m

GENERAL REQUIREMENT: B3((3< "%&'(i%):

"he contractor shall obtain representative sample from each of the identified borrow areas and have these tested at the site laboratory following a testing program approved by the engineer. It shall be ensured that sub grade material when compacted to the density requirements as in table > shall yield the design 2&( values of sub grade.

TABLE 81 C3"=%!&i3* ('+,i('"'*&- 43( '"0%*5"'*& %*2 -,0 (%2'

S1N31

TYPE OF WORK>MATERIAL

RELATI$E COMPACTION AT ? OF MA7IMUM LABORATORY DRY DENSITY AS PER IS:898: (PART ;)

E >

.ub grade earthen shoulders ,mbankment

NO" ',.. "H N HB NO" ',.. "H NH<

C3*-&(,!&i3* 3='(%&i3*-:

S'&&i* 3,&:
fter the site has been cleared, the limits of embankment5sub grade shall be marked by fi#ing batter pegs on both sides of E= meter intervals. "he embankment5sub grade shall be built sufficiently wider than the design dimension so that surplus material may be trimmed, ensuring that the remaining material is to desire density O in the position specified and conforms to the specified of the slope.

C3"=%!&i3* (3,*2 -,==3(&i* :

E"0%*5"'*&>-,0 (%2':

In case where the difference between the sub grade level and ground level is less than .< m and the ground does not have HBJ relative compaction with respect to the dry density as given in table > the ground shall be loosened up to level .< m below the sub grade level, watered and compacted in layer up to HBJ of dry density.

S=('%2i* "%&'(i%) i* )%/'(- %*2 0(i* i* &3 %==(3=(i%&' "3i-&,(' !3*&'*&:

"he embankment and the sub grade material shall be spread in layer of uniform thickness not e#ceeding >== mm compacted thickness over the entire width of the embankment by mechanical means.

C3"=%!&i3*:
"he compaction shall be done with the help of vibratory roller of G= to E== 4N static weight with plain or pad foot drum or heavy pneumatic typed roller of adequate capacity capable of achieving required compaction.

Fi*i-.i* 3='(%&i3*:
Dinishing operation shall include the work of shaping and dressing the shoulder5verge5road bed and side slope to confirm to the alignment, levels and cross section dimension shown n the drawing or as directed by the engineer subject to the surface tolerance.

S,(4%!' 4i*i-. %*2 +,%)i&/ !3*&(3) 34 <3(5

"he surface finish of construction of surface of sub grade shall conform to the requirement of heading E=. 2ontrol on the quality of material and work shall be e#ercised in accordance with heading EE.

M'%-,('"'*& 34 =%/"'*&
,arth embankment5sub grade construction shall be measured separately by taking cross at interval at the original position before the work starts and after it completion and the volume of the earthwork in cubic meter by the method of areas and average.

GRANULAR SUB6BASE
S!3=':
"he work shall be should be consists of laying and compacting well graded material on prepared sub grade in accordance with requirements of these specifications. "he material shall be laid in one or more layer as sub base or lower sub;base and upper sub;base1termed as sub;base here in after% as necessary according to lines, grades and cross sections shown on the drawing or as directed by the engineer.

M%&'(i%):
"he material to be used for the work shall be natural sand, moorum, gravel, crushed stone or combination thereof depending upon the grading required. 6aterial like crushed slag crushed concrete, brick metal and kankar may be allowed only with the specific approval of the engineer. "he material shall be free from organic and other deleterious constituents and confirm to one of the three grading in table 3.

P./-i!%) ('+,i('"'*&-:
"he material shall have E=J fine value of <= 4N or more 1for sample in soaked condition when tested in compliance with &.$ GE> 1part EEE%. "he water absorption value of the coarse aggregate shall be determined as per I.$>CGA1part C%8 if this value is greater than >J the soundness test shall be carried out on the material delivered to site I.$CGC. Dor grading II and III material, the 2&( shall be determined at the density and moisture content likely to be developed in equilibrium conditions which shall be taken as being the density relating to a uniform air void content of <J.

TABLE @ 1 GRADING FOR CLOSE6GRADED SUB6BASE MATERIAL

IS SIE$E DESIGNATION
B< mm <C mm >A.< mm H.< mm :.B< mm >.CA mm =.:>< mm =.=B< mm
GRADING

? 0/ <'i .& =%--i* &.' -i'A'

GRADING II

GRADING III
;;;;;;;;
;;;;;;;;; E== A<;H< <=;G= :=;A< >=;C< C;E=

E== G=;E== <<;H= C<;A< ><;<< >=;:= E=;>< C;E= C=

;;;;;;;; E== B=;E== <=;G= :=;A< C=;<= E<;>< C;E= ><

CBR $ALUE (MA71)

>=

S&('* &. 34 -,060%-':

It shall be ensured prior to actual e#ecution that the material to be use in the sub base satisfied the requirements of the 2&( and other physical requirement when compacted and finished.

*hen directed by the engineer , this shall verified by the performance 2&( test in the laboratory as required on specimens remolded at the field dry density and moisture content and any other test for the /quality0 of the material, as may be necessary.

C3*-&(,!&i3* 3='(%&i3*:

P('=%(%&i3* 34 -,06 (%2':

Immediately prior for the laying of the sub base, the sub;grade already finished shall be prepared by removing all vegetation and other e#traneous matter, lightly sprinkled with water if necessary and rolled with two passes of G=;E==kN smooth wheeled roller.

S=('%2i* %*2 !3"=%!&i* :

Immediately thereafter, rolling shall start. If the thickness of the compacted layer does not e#ceed E== mm, a smooth wheeled roller of G=kN to E==kN weight may be used. Dor compacted single layer up to >>< mm the compact shall be done with the help of the vibratory roller of minimum G= to E== kN static weight with plain drum or pad foot drum of heavy pneumatic tyred roller of minimum tyre pressure of =.BkN5m> or equivalent capacity roller capable of achieving the required compaction. (olling shall commence at the lower edge and proceed toward the upper edge longitudinally for portion having unidirectional cross fall and super elevation and shall commence at the edges and progress toward the center portion having cross fall on both side s. ,ach pass of the roller shall uniformly over lap not less than one;third of the track made in the preceding pass. )uring the rolling, grade and cross fall 1camber% shall be the checked and any high spots or depressions, which become apparent, corrected by removing of adding fresh material. "he speed of roller shall not e#ceed < km5hr. (olling shall be continued till the density achieved is at least HGJ of the ma#imum dry density for the material determined as per I.$>B>= 1par G%."he surface of any layer of material compaction shall be well closed, free from movement under compaction equipment and from compaction planes, ridges, crack or loose material. ll loose, segregated or otherwise defected areas shall be made good to the full thickness layer and re;compacted.

S,(4%!' 4i*i-. %*2 +,%)i&/ !3*&(3) 34 <3(5:

"he surface of the compaction shall confirm to the requirements of heading E=. 2ontrol on the quality of material and work shall be e#ercised by the engineer and accordance with heading EE.

M'%-,('"'*& 34 =%/"'*&:
?ranular sub;base shall be measured as finished work in position in cum. "he protection of edges of granular sub;base e#tended over the full formation as shown in drawing shall be considered incidental to the work providing granular sub;base and such no e#tra payment shall be made for the same.

W'& "iB "%!%2%" -,06B%-') 0%-'

.2O-, this work shall consists of laying of compacting clean, crushed, graded aggregated and granular, premi#ed with water, to a dense mass on a prepared sub Igrade5sub;base or e#isting pavement as the case may be in accordance with the requirements of these specifications. "he material shall be laid in one or more layer as necessary to line, grades and cross;section shown on the approved drawings or as directed by the engineer. "he thickness of a single compacted *et 6i# 6acadam layer shall not be less than B< mm. *hen vibrating or other approved types of compacting equipment are used, the compacted depth of a single layer of the sub;base course may be increased to >== mm upon approval of the engineer.

M%&'(i%)-:

A (' %&'-: P./-i!%) ('+,i('"'*&-:

2oarse aggregates shall be crushed stone. If crushed gravel5.hingle is used, not less than H= percent by weight of the gravel5.hingle pieces retained on :.B< mm sieve shall have at least two Dractured faces. "he aggregates shall conform to the physical requirement set forth in table : below.

T%0)' C =./-i!%) ('+,i('"'*&- 34 !3%(-' % (' %&' 43( <'& "iB "%!%2%" 43( -,060%-' >0%-' !3%(-':
S1NO1 TEST
'os ngles brasion 7alue Or ggregate Impact 7alue. 2ombined Dlakiness ,longation "est

TEST REQUIREMENTS METHOD

I.$>CGA 1part :% I.$<A:= :=J

E.

C=J

>.

I.$>CGA 1partE%

C=J

ggregate may satisfy requirements of either of the two tests. "o determine this combined portion, the flaky stone from a representative sample should first be separate out. Dlakiness inde# is weight of flaky stone metal divided by weight of stone sample. Only the elongated particles be separated out from the remaining 1non;flaky% stone metal. ,longation inde# is weight of elongated particles divided by total non;flaky particle. "he value of flakiness inde# and elongation inde# so found are added up. If the water absorption value of the coarse aggregate is greater than > percent, the soundness test shall be carried out on the material delivered to site as par I.$ >CGA 1part;.%.

GRADING REQUIREMENTS:
"he aggregate shall conform to the grading given in "able <

TABLE D1 GRADING REQUIREMENTS OF AGGREGATES FOR WET MI7 MACADAM:

I- -i'A' 2'-i *%&i3*
? 0/ <'i .& =%--i* &.' IS SIE$E

<C.== mm :<.== mm >A.<= mm >>.:= mm EE.>= mm :.B< mm >.CA mm

E== H<;E== ; A=;G= :=;A= ><;:= E<;C=

A==.== micron

G;>>

B<.== micron

=;G

6aterial finer than :>< micron shall have plasticity inde# 1-I% not e#ceeding A.the final gradation approved within these limits shall be well graded from coarse to find and shall not very from the low limit on one sieve to high limit on the adjacent sieve or vice versa..

CONSTRUCTION OPERATION : P('=%(%&i3* 34 0%-':

"he surface of the sub;base5 base to receive the mi# wet mi# macadam coarse shall be prepared to the specific lines O cross falls 1camber% O made free of dustO other e#traneous material.

PRO$ISION OF LATERAL CONFINEMENT OF AGGREGATES:

*hile constructing wet mi# macadam, arrangement shall be made for the lateral confinement of wet mi#. "his shall be done by laying material in adjoining shoulder along with that of *et 6i# 6acadam layer.

P('=%(%&i3* 34 "iB:
*et mi# macadam shall be prepared in an approved mi#ing plant of suitable capacity having provision for controlled addition of water and forcedP -ositive mi#ing arrangement like pug mill or pan type mi#er of concrete batching plant. Optimum moisture for mi#ing shall be determined in accordance with I.$ >B>= 1pait;G% after replacing the aggregate fraction retail Eed on >>.: mm sieve with

material of :.B< mm to >>.: mm si!e. *hile adding water, due to allowance should be made for evaporation losers. However, at the time of compaction, water in the wet mi# should not vary from the optimum value by more than agreed limits. "he mi#ed materialL should be uniformly wet and no segregation should be permitted.

S=('%2i* 34 "iB:
Immediately after mi#ing, the aggregates shall be spread uniformly and evenly upon the prepared sub;grade5sub;base5base in required quantities. In no case these be laid nor shall their hauling over a partly completed stretch be permitted. "he mi# may be spread either by a paver finisher or motor grader. Dor portions where mechanical means cannot be used, manual means are approved by the$ ,ngineer shell be used. "he motor grade shall be capable Dor portions where mechanical means cannot be used, manual means are spreading the material uniformly all over the surface. Its blade shall have hydraulic control suitable for initial adjustments and maintaining the same so as to achieve the specified slope and grade.

"he power finisher shall be self;propelled, having the following features$

1E% 1>%

'oading hoppers and suitable distribution mechanism. "he screed shall tamping and vibrating arrangement for initial compaction to the layer is it is spread without rutting or otherwise marring the surface profile. "he paver shall be equipped with necessary control mechanism so as to ensure that the finished surface is free from surface blemishes.

1C%

COMPACTION:
fter the mi# has been laid to the$ required thickness, grade and cross fall5 camber the same shall be uniformly compacted, to the. Dull depth with suitable roller. If the thickness of single compacted layer does not e#ceed E== mm, a smooth wheel roller of G= to E==kN weight may be used. for a compacted single layer up to >== mm, the compaction shall be done with the help of vibratory roller of minimum static weightE of G= to E==kNor equivalent capacity roller. "he speed of the roller shall not e#ceed < km5hr. In portions having unidirectional cross fall5 super elevation, rolling shall commence form the lower edge and progress gradually towards the upper edge. "hereafter, roller should progress parallel to the centerline of the road, uniformly over;lapping each preceding track by at least one;third width until the entire surface has been rolled.

lternate trip of the roller shall be terminated at the stops at least E m away from any preceding stop. I portion in camber, rolling should begin at the edge with the roller running forward and backward until the edges have been firmly compacted. "he roller shall than progress gradually towards the center line of the road uniformly overlapping each of the preceding track at least one; third width until entire surface has been rolled. (olling shall be continued I till the density achieved is at least HGJ of the ma#imum dry density of the material as determined by the method outlined in I.$ >B>= 1part G%.

SETTING AND DRYING:

fter final compaction of wet mi# macadam course, the road shall be allowed to dry for >: hours.

O='*i* &3 &(%44i!

-referably no vehicular traffic of any kind should be allowed )n the finished wet mi# macadam surface till it has dried and the wearing course laid.

SURFACE FINISH AND QUALITY CONTROL OF WORK SURFACE E$ENNESS:

"he surface finish of construction shall conform to the requirements of heading E=.

QUALITY CONTROL:
2ontrol on the quality of materials and work shall be e#ercised by the engineer in accordance with heading EE.

MEASURMENT FOR PAYMENT:

*et mi# macadam shall measure as finished work in position in cubic meters.

PRIME COAT O$ER GRANULAR BASE

SCOPE:
"his work shall consist of the application of angle coat of low viscosity liquid bituminous material to a porous granular surface. -reparatory to the superimposition of bituminous treatment or mi#.

MATERIALS:

PRIMER:
the choice of the bituminous primer shall depend upon the porosity characteristic of the surface to be primed as classified in Ire$EA.
"hese are

E. .urface of low porosity, such as wet mi# macadam and water bound macadam. >. .urface of medium porosity, such as cement stabili!ed soil base. C. .urface of high porosity, such as gravel base.

P(i"'( Ai-!3-i&/:
"he type and viscosity of the primer shall comply with requirements of I.$ GGGB, as sampled and tested for bituminous primer in accordance with these standards. ?uidance in viscosity and rate of spray is given in " &',.

T%0)' E1 Ai-!3-i&/ ('+,i('"'*&- %*2 +,%*&i&/ 34 )i+,i2 0i&,"i*3,- =(i"'(

T/='- 34 -,(4%!' Ki*'"%&i! Ai-!3-i&/ 34 =(i"'( %& E:2' 1C !'*&i-&35'Q,%*&i&/ 34 )i+,i2 0i&,"i*3,- "%&'(i%) ='( #: -+1 "1

'ow porosity medium -orosity

C=;A=

A toH

B=;E:=

H toE>

High porosity

><=;<==

E> to E<

C.3i!' 34 =(i"'(:
"he primer shall be bitumen emulsion, complying with of a type and grade as specified in the contract or as directed by the engineer. "he use of medium curing cutback as per I.$ >EB shall be restricted only for site at sub !ero temperatures or for emergency application as per directed by the engineer.

W'%&.'( %*2 -'%-3*%) )i"i&%&i3*-:

&ituminous primer shall not be applied to wet surface during a dust storm or weather is foggy, rainy or windy or when the temperature in shade is less than E=deg. 2. surface which are to receive emulsion primer should be damp, but no force or standing water shall be present.

C3*-&(,!&i3*:

E+,i="'*&:
"he primer distributor shall be self;propelled or towed bitumen pressure sprayer equipped for spraying the material uniformly at the specified rates and temperatures. Hand spraying of small areas, inaccessible to the distributor, or in narrow strips shall be sprayed with a pressure hand sprayer, or as directed by the engineer.

C,(i* 34 =(i"'( %*2 3='*i* &3 &(%44i!:

primed surface shall be allowed to cure for at least >: hrs. or such other period as is found to be necessary to allow all the volatiles evaporate before any

subsequent surface treatment or mi# is laid. ny unabsorbed primer shall first be blotted with an application of sand using the minimum quantity as possible. primed surface shall not be opened to traffic or other than that necessary to lay the ne#t course. very thin layer of clean sand may be applied to the surface of the primer, to prevent primer of picking up under the wheels of the paver and the trucks delivering bituminous material to the paver.

Q,%)i&/ !3*&(3) 34 <3(5

Dor control of the quality of material supplied and the work carried out, the relevant provision of heading EE shall be applied.

M'%-,('"'*& 34 =%/"'*&

-rime coat shall be measured in terms of surface area of application in square meters.

TACK COAT
SCOPE:
"his work consists of the application of a single coat of low viscosity liquid bituminous material to an e#isting bituminous road surface preparatory to the superimposition of bituminous mi#, when specified

by the 2ontract or instructed by the ,ngineer.

MATERIALS: BINDER:
"he binder used for tack coat shall be bitumen emulsion complying with I.$ GGGB of a type and grade specified in the 2ontract of a directed by the ,ngineer. "he use of cutback bitumen as per I.$>EB shall be restricted only for sites sub;!ero temperatures or for emergency applications as directed by the ,ngineer.

WEATHER AND SEASONAL LIMITATIONS

&ituminous material shall not be applied to a wet surface of during a dust strom or when the weather is foggy, rainy or windy or when the temperature in the shade is less than E=c. *here the tack coat consists of emulsion, the surface should be slightly damp, but not wet. *here the tack coat is of cutback, the surface shall be dry.

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
"he tack coat distributor shall be self;propelled or towed bitumen pressure sprayer, equipped for spraying the material uniformly at a specified rate. Hand spraying of small reas, inaccessible to the distributor, of in narrow strips, shall be sprayed with a pressure hand sprayer, or as directed by the Engineer.

APPLICATION OF TACK COAT:

"he application of tack coat shall be at the rate specified in the 2ontract, and shall be applied uniformly. If rate of application of tack coat is not specified in the 2ontract then it shall be at the rate specified in "able B. "he normal range of spraying temperature for a bituminous emulsion shall be >=Q2 to B=Q2 and for a cutback, <=Q2 to G=Q2 if (2;B=562;B= is used. "he method of application of the tack coat will depend on the type of equipment to be used, si!e of no!!les, pressure at spray bar, and speed of forward movement. "he 2ontract r shall demonstrate at a spraying trial, that the equipment and the method to be used is capable of producing a uniform spray, within the tolerances specified.

TABLE 9 RATE OF APPLICATION OF TACK COAT

TYPE OF SURFACES

QUANTITY OF LIQUIDBITUMINOUS MATERIAL INKG1 PER SQ1 M1 AREA

1I% Normal bituminous surface

=.>= to =.><

1ii% )ry and hungry bituminous surface

=.>< to =.C=

1iii% ?ranular surfaces treated with primer

=.>< to =.C=

1iv% Non &ituminous surfaces% ?ranular base =.C< to =.:==.C= to =.C 1not primed%b% 2ement concrete pavement

*here the material to receive an overlay is a freshly laid bituminous dyer that has not been subjected to traffic of contaminated by dust, a tack coat is not mandatory where the overlay is completed with two days.

CURING OF TACK COAT:

"he coat shall be left to cure until all the volatiles have evaporated before any subsequent construction is started. No plant of vehicles shall be allowed on the tack coat other than those essential for the construction.

QUALITY CONTROL OF WORK

Dor control the quality of materials supplied and the works carried

out, the relevant provision of heading EE shall apply.

MEASUREMENT OF PAYMENT
"ack coat shall be measured in terms of surface area of application in square meters.

DENSE GRADE BITUMINOUS MACADAM SCOPE

"his clause specifies the construction of )ense ?rade &ituminous 6acadam, 1)&6%, for use mainly, but not e#clusively, in base5binder and profile corrective course. )&6 is also intended for use as road base material. "his work shall consist of construction in a single of multiple layers of )&6 on a previously prepared base of sub;base. "he thickness of a single layer shall be <= mm to E==mm.

MATERIALS BITUMEN:
"he bitumen shall be paving bitumen of penetration ?rade complying with Indian .tandard .pecifications for /-aving &itumen0 I.$ BC, and of the penetration indicated in "able E= for )ense &ituminous 6acadam, or a appropriate grade of bitumen is given in the manual for construction and .upervision of &ituminous *orks.

COARSE AGGREGATES:
"he coarse aggregates shall consist of crushed rock, crushed graveP Or other hard material retained on the >.CA mm sieve. "hey shall be clean, hard, durable, of cubical shape, free from dust and soft or friable matter, organic of other deleterious substances. *here the 2ontractorLs selected sources of aggregates have poor affinity for bitumen , as a condition for the approved anti;stripping agent, as per the manufacturerLs recommendations, without additional payment.

&efore approval of the source, the aggregates shall be tested for stripping. "he aggregate shall satisfy the physical requirements specified in "able G, for dense bituminous macadam. *here crushed gravel is proposed for use as aggregate, not less than H=J by weight of the crushed material retained on the :.B< mm sieve shall have a least two fractured faces.

FINE AGGREGATES:
Dine aggregates shall consists of crushed or naturally occurring mineral material, or a combination of the two, passing the >.CA mm sieve and retained on the B< micron sieve. "hey shall be dean, hard, durable, dry and free from dust, and soft or friable matter, organic or other deleterious matter. "he fine aggregate shall have a sand equivalent value of not less than <= when tested in accordance with the requirement of I.$ >B>= 1-art CB%. "he plasticity inde# of the fraction passing the =.:>< mm sieve shall not e#ceed :. *hen tested in accordance with I.$ >B>= 1-art <%

TABLE ;1 PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COARSE

AGC REGA THE DENSE GRADE BITUMINOUS MACADA

PROPERTY 2leanliness1dust% TEST ?rain si!e an analysis Dlakiness and ,longation Inde# 12ombined% 'os ngles brasion value SPECIFICATION 6a# <J passing =.=B< mm sieve 6a# C=J ma# C<J

-article .hape

.trength )urability *ater absorption .tripping *ater .ensitivity

ggregate Impact 7alue .oundness sodium sulphate 6agnesium .ulphate water bsorption 2oatin and .tripping of &itumen ggregate 6i#tures (etained "ensile .trength

6a# >BJ 6a# E>J6a# EGJ 6a# >J6a# retained coating H<J 6a# G=J

FILLER:
Filler shall consist of finely divided mineral matter such as rock dust, hydrated lime or cement approved by the Engineer. The filler shall be graded within the limits indicated in Table 9

TABLE F1 GRADING REQUIREMENTS FOR MINERAL FILLER

ISSIE$E(M M) =.A =.A =.=B< CUMULATI$E PERCENT PASSINGBY WEIGHT OF TOTAL AGGREGATE E== H<;E== G<;E==

"he filler shall be free from organic impurities and have a plasticity Inde# not greater than :. "he -lasticity Inde# requirement shall not apply if filler is cement or lime. *hen the coarse aggregate is gravel,

> percent by weight of total aggregate, shall be -ortland cement or hydrated lime and the percentage of fine aggregate reduce accordingly, 2ement or hydrated lime is not required when the lime stone aggregate is used where the aggregates fail to meet requirements of the water sensitivity test in "able G, then > percent by total weight of aggregate, of hydrated lime shall be added without additional cost.

AGREGATE GRADING AND DINDER CONTENT:

*hen tested in accordance with I.$ >CGA -art E 1wet sieving method%, the combined grading of the coarse and fine aggregates and added filler for the particular mi#ture shall fall within the limits shown in "able E=, for dense bituminous macadam grading E of > as specified in the contract. "he type and quantity of bitumen, and appropriate thickness, are also indicated for each mi#ture type.

MI7TURE DESIGN REQUIRMENT FOR THE MI7TURE:

-art from conformity with the grading and quality requirements for individual ingredients, the mi#ture shall meet the requirements set out in "able EE. Notes$ E. "he normal ma#imum particle si!e is one si!e larger than the first sieve to retain more than E= percent. >. Interpolate minimum voids in the mineral aggregate 1+6 % for design air voids values between listed.

BINDER CONTENT:
"he binder content shall be optimi!ed to achieve the requirements of the mi#ture set out in "able$ EE and traffic volume specified in the 2ontract. "he 6arshall method for determining the optimum binger content shall be adopted as described in "he sphalt Institute 6anual 6s;>, replacing the aggregates retained on the >>.: mm sieve, where

approved by the ,ngineer. *here := mm dense bituminous macadam mi#ture is specified, the modified 6arshall method described in 6.;> shall be used. "his method requires modified equipment and procedures8 particularly the minimum stability value in "able EE shall be multiplied by >.><, and the minimum flow. .hall be C mm.

JOB MI7 FORMULA:

"he 2ontractor shall inform the ,ngineer in writing, at least >= days before the start of the work, of the job mi# formula proposed for use in the works, and shall give the following details$ .ource and location of all materials8 -roportions of all materials e#pressed as follows where each is applicable: &inder type, and percentage by weight of total mi#ture8 2oarse aggregate5fine aggregate5mineral filler asL percentage by weight of total aggregate$ including mineral filler8

single definite percentage passing each sieve IvE the mi#ed aggregate8 "he individual grading of the individual aggregate fractions, and the proportion of each in the combined grading.

"he results of tests enumerated in "able EE as obtained by the 2ontractor. *here the mi#er is a batch mi#er, the individual weights of each type of aggregate, and binder per batch. "est results of physical characteristics of aggregates to be used8

6a#ing temperature and compacting temperature.

*hile establishing the job mi# formula, the contractor shall ensure that it is based =EE a correct and truly representative sample of the materials that will actually re used in the work and that the mi#ture and its different ingredients satisfy the physical and strength requirements of these specifications. pproval for mi# formula shall be based on independent testing by the engineer for which samples of all ingredients of the mi# shall be furnished by the 2ontractor as required by the ,ngineer. "he approved job mi# formula shall remain effective unless and until a revised job 6i# Dormula is approved. .hould a charge in the source of materials be proposed, a new job mi# formula shall be forwarded to the ,ngineer for approval before the placing of the material.

CONSTRUCTION OPERATION WEATHER AND SEASONAL LIMTATIONS

'aying shall be done suspended while free;standing water is present on the surface to be covered, or during rain, fog and dust storms, fter rain, the bituminous surface, -rime of tack coat, shall be blown off with a high pressure air jet to remove e#cess moisture, or the surface left to dry before laying shall start. 'aying of bituminous mi#tures shall not be carried out when the air temperature at the surface on which it is to be laid is below E==e or when the wind speed at any temperature e#ceed := km5h at >m height unless specifically approved by the ,ngineer.

PREPARATION OF BASE:
"he surface to which the bituminous work is to be laid shall be cleaned of all loose and e#traneous matter by means of a mechanical broom or any other approver equipment 5 method as specified in the

contract. "he use of a high;pressure air jet from a compressor to remove dust or loose matter shall be available full time on the site. 3nless otherwise specified in the contract.

PRIME COAT:
*here the material on which the dense bituminous macadam is to be laid is other than bitumen bound layer, a prime coat shall be applied, as per specifications, of as directed by the ,ngineer.

TACK COAT:
*here the material on which the dense bituminous macadam is to be placed is bitumen bound surface, a tack coat shall be applied, as per specifications, or as directed by the ,ngineer.

SPREADING:
,#cept in areas where a mechanical paver cannot access, bituminous materials shall be spread, levelled and tamped by an approved self; propelled paving machine. s soon as possible after arrival at site, the materials shall be supplied continuously to the paver and laid without delay. "he rate of delivery of material to the paver shall be regulated to enable the paver to operate continuously. "he travel rate of the paver$ and its method of operations shall be adjusted to ensure and even and uniform flow of bituminous material across the screen, free from dragging, tearing and segregation of the materials. In areas with restricted space where the mechanical paver cannot be used, the material shall be spread, raked and levelled with suitable hand tools by e#perienced staff, and compacted to the satisfaction of the ,ngineer. "he minimum thickness of material laid in each paver pass shall be in accordance with the minimum values given in the relevant of these .pecifications. *hen laying blinder course or wearing course

approaching an e#pansion joint of a structure, machine lying shall stop C== mm short of the joint. "he remainder of the pavement up to the joint, and the corresponding area beyond it, shall be laid by hand, and the joint or joint cavity shall be kept clear Af surfacing materials. &ituminous material, with a temperature greater than E:<Q2 shall not be laid or deposited on bridge deck waterproofing systems, unless precautions against heat damage have been approved by the ,ngineer.

ROLLING:
&ituminous materials shall be laid and compacted in layers which enable the specified thickness, surface level, surface regularity requirements and compaction to be achieved. 2ompaction of bituminous materials shall commence as soon as possible after lying. 2ompaction shall be substantially completed before the temperature falls below the minimum rolling temperature started in the relevant part of these specifications. (olling of the longitudinal points shall be done immediately behind the paving operation. fter this, rolling shall commence at the edges end progress toward the centre portions8 it shall progress from the lower to the upper edge parallel to the centre line of the pavement. (olling shall continue until all roller marks have been removed from the surface. ll deficiencies in the paver before initial rolling is commenced. "he initial or breakdown rolling shall be done with G;E= tones dead weight smooth;wheeled rollers. "he intermediate rolling shall be done with G; E= tones dead weight or vibratory roller On with a pneumatic typed roller of E> to E< tonnes weight having nine wheels, with a tyre pressure of at least <.A kg5cm> the finish rolling shall be done with A to G tonnes smooth wheeled tandem rollers. &ituminous materials shall be rolled in a longitudinal direction, with the driven rolls nearest the paver. "he roller shall first compact material adjacent to joints and then work from the lower to the upper side of the layer, overlapping on successive passes by at least one; third of the width of the near roll or, in the case of a pneumatic;tried roller, at least the nominal width of C== mm. In portions with super;

elevated and unidirectional camber, after the edge has been rolled, the roller shall progress from the lower to the upper edge. (ollers should move at a speed of not more than < km per hour. "he roller shall not be permitted to stand on pavement which has not been fully compacted, and necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent dropping of oil, grease, petrol or other foreign matter on the pavement either when the rollers are operation or standing. "he wheels of rollers shall be taken moist with water, and the spray system provided with the machine shall be in good working order, to prevent the mi#ture from adhering to the wheels only sufficient moisture to prevent adhesions between the wheels of rollers and mi#ture should be used. .urplus water shall not be allowed to stand on the partially compacted pavement.

OPENING TO TRAFFIC
"he newly laid surface shall not be open to traffic for at least >:hrs after laying and complete on of compaction, without the e#press approval of the ,ngineer in writing.

MEASUREMENT FOR PAYMENT

)ense ?rade &ituminous 6aterials, shall be measured as finished work either in cubic meters, tons or by the square meter at a specified thickness as detailed an 2ontract drawings, or documents, or as directed by the ,ngineer.

BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SCOPE

"his clause specifies the construction of bituminous concrete, for use in wearing and profile corrective courses. "his work shall consist of construction in a single or multiple layers of bituminous concrete on a previously prepared bituminous bound surface. single layer shall be >< mm to E== mm in thickness.

MATERIALS BITUMEN:
"he bitumen shall be paving of bitumen of penetration grade complying with Indian .tandard .pecification for -aving &itumen, I.$ BC and of the penetration indicated in "able E<, for bituminous concrete, or as otherwise specified in the 2ontract. ?uidance on the selection of an appropriate grade of bitumen is given in "he 6anual for 2onstruction and .upervision of &ituminous *orks.

COARSE AGGREGATES:
"he coarse aggregates shall consist of crushed rock, crushed gravel or other hard material retained on the >.CA mm sieve. "hey shall be clean, hard, and durable, of cubical shape, free from dust and soft or friable matter, organic or other deleterious substances. *here the 2ontractorLs selected source of aggregates have poor affinity for bitumen, as a condition for the approval of that source the bitumen shall be treated with an approved anti;stripping agent, as per the manufacturerLs recommendations, without additional payment. &efore approval of the source, the aggregates shall be tested for stripping. "he aggregates shall satisfy the physical requirements specified in "able EC, for bituminous concrete.

FINE AGGREGATES:
Dine aggregates shall consists of crushed or naturally occurring mineral material, of a combination of the two, passing the >.CA mm sieve and retained on the B< micron sieve. "hey shall be clean, hard, durable, dry and free from dust, and soft or friable matter, organic or other deleterious matter. "he fine aggregate shall have a sand equivalent value of not less than <= when tested in accordance with the requirement of I.$ >B>=1-art CB%. "he plasticity inde# of the fraction passing the =.:>< mm sieve shall

not e#ceed :. *hen tested in accordance with I.$ >B>= 1part <%.

FILLER:
Diller shall consist of finely divided mineral matter such as rock dust, hydrated lime or cement approved by the ,ngineer. "he filler shall be graded within the limits indicated in "able H. "he filler shall be free from organic impurities and have a -lasticity Inde# rot greater than :. "he plasticity Inde# requirement shall not apply if filler is cement or lime. *hen the coarse aggregate is gravel, > percent by weight of total aggregate, shall be -ortland cement or hydrated lime and the percentage of fine aggregate reduce accordingly. 2ement or hydrated lime is not required when the lime stone aggregate is used. *here the aggregates fail to meet the requirements of the water sensitivity test in "able EC, then > percent by total weight of aggregate, of hydrated lime shall be added without additional cost.

AGGREGATE GRADING AND BINDER CONTENT:

*hen tested in accordance with I.$ >CG2 -art E 1*et grading method%, the combined grading of the coarse and fine aggregates and adder filler shall fall within the limits shown in "able E< for grading E or > as specified in the 2ontract.

MI7TURE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MI7TURE:

part from conformity with the grading and quality requirements for individual ingredients, he mi#ture shall meet the requirements set out in "able EA. "he requirements for minimum in percent voids in mineral aggregate 176 % are set out in "able E>.

BINDER CONTENT:
"he binder content shall be optimi!ed to achieve the requirements of the mi#ture set out in "able EA and the traffic volume as specified in the 2ontract. "he 6arshall method for determining the optimum binder content shall be adopted as described in the sphalt Institute 6anual 6.;>, replacing the aggregates retained on the >A.< mm sieve and retained on the >>.: sieve, where approved by the ,ngineer.

JOB MI7 FORMULA:

"he 2ontractor shall inform the ,ngineer in writing, at least >= days before the star of the work, of the job mi# formula proposed for us, in the works, and shall give the following details$ .ource and location of all materials8 -roportions of all materials e#pressed as follows where each is applicable$ &inder type, and percentage by weight of total mi#ture8 2oarse aggregate 1fine aggregate5mineral filler as percentage by weight of total aggregate including mineral filler8 single definite percentage passing each sieve for the mi#ed aggregate8 "he individual grading of the individual aggregate factions, and the proportion of each in the combined grading. "he results of tests enumerated in "able EA as obtained by the 2ontractor8 *here the mi#er id a batch mi#er, the individual weights of each type of aggregate, and binder per patch8 "est results of physical characteristics of aggregates to be used8 6i#ing temperature and compaction temperature. *hile establishing the job mi# formula, the contractor shall ensure that it is based on a correct and truly representative sample of the materials that will actually be used in the work and that the mi#ture and its different ingredients satisfy the physical and strength requirements of these specifications pproval of the job mi# formula shall be based on independent testing by the engineer for which samples of all ingredients of the mi# shall be furnished by the 2ontractor as required by a ,ngineer. "he approved job mi# formula

shall remain effective unless and until a revised Kob 6i# Dormula is approved. .hould a charge in the source of materials be proposed, a new job mi# formula shall be forwarded to the ,ngineer for approval before the placing of the material.

TABLE #@1 PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COARSE AGGREGATE FOR BITUMIENOUS CONCRETE PA$EMENT LAYERS
PROPERTY -article shape TEST Dlakiness and ,longation Inde# 'os ngeles brasion 7alue .oundness .odium .ulphate 6agnesium .ulphate *ater absorption TEST =.=B<mm sieve 6a# C=J C)'%*)i*'-(2,-&) .trength G(%i* SiG' %*%)/-i7alue ggregate Impact 2aules -olished .tone 2oation and .tripping of &itumen ggregate 6i#ture (etained "ensile .trength

-olishing )urability

6a# C=J6a# >:J6a# <<J

*ater absorption .tripping *ater .ensitivity

CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS: WEATHER AND SEASONAL LIMITATIONS:

'ying shall be done suspended while free;standing water I. present on the surface to be covered, or during rain, fog and dust storms. fter rain the bituminous surface, prime of tack coat shall be blown off with a high pressure air jet to remove e#cess moisture of the surface left to dry before lying shall start. 'aying of bituminous mi#ture shall not be carried out when the air temperature at the surface on which it is to be laid is below E= c or

when the wind speed at any temperature e#ceeds := km5h at > m height unless specifically approved by the ,ngineer.

PREPARATION OF BASE:
"he surface to which the bituminous work is to be laid shall be cleaned of all loose and e#traneous matter by means of a mechanical broom or any other approved equipment 5 method as specified in the contract. "he use of a high;pressure air jet jorum a compressor to remove dust or loose matter shall be available full time on the site, unless otherwise specified in the contract.

TACK COAT:
*here the material on which the dense bituminous macadam is to &e placed is bitumen bound surface, a tack coat shall be applied as per specifications, or as directed by the ,ngineer.

MI7ING AND TRANSPROTING OF THE MI7TURE:

-re;mi#ed bituminous concrete shall be prepared in a hot mi# plant of adequate capacity and capable of yielding a mi# of proper and uniform quality with thoroughly coated aggregates. ppropriate mi#ing temperatures can be found in "able E: of these specifications8 the difference in temperature between the binder and aggregate should at no time e#ceed E:Q2. In order to ensure uniform quality of the mi# and better coating of aggregates, the hot mi# plant shall be calibrated from time to time.

TABLE MANUFACTURING AND ROLLING TEMPRATURES

BITUMEN PENETRAT C< A< H=

BITUME MI7INGH EA=;EB= E<=;EA< E:=;EA=

AGGREAGAT MI7INGH EA=;EB< E<=;EB= E:=;EA<

MI7EDMAT ROLING LAYING EH H H EB= EA< E<< E== min EC= min H= min E>< min G= min EE< min

&ituminous materials shall be transported in clean insulated vehicles, I and unless otherwise agreed by the ,ngineer, shall be covered while in transit or awaiting tipping. .ubject to the approval of the ,ngineer, a thin coation of diesel of lubrication oil may be applied to the interior of the vehicle to prevent sticking and to facilitate discharge of the material.

TABLE #D1 COMPOSION OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PA$EMENT LAYERS

GRADING NOMINALAGGREGA TE SIZE LAYER THICKNESS IS SIE$E(MM) :< CB.< >A.< E EH66 <=;A< 66 2O663' "I7, J &+ *,I?H" OD "O" ' ??(,? ", -O ..IN? ; ; E== ; ; ; > EC66 C<;:< 66

EH EC.> H.< :.B< >.CA E.EG =.A =.C =.E<

BH;E== <H;BH <>;B> C<;<< >G;:: >=;C: E<;>B EC;>= EC;E:

E== BH;E== BH;GG <C;BE :>;<G C:;:G >A;CG EG;>G EC;>=

SPREADING:
,#cept in areas where a mechanical paver cannot access, bituminous materials shall be spread, levelled and tamped by a n approved self; propelled paving machine. s soon as possible after arrived at site, the materials shall be supplied continuously to the paver and laid without delay. "he rate of delivery of 6aterial to the paver shall be regulated to enable the paver to operate continuously. "he travel rate of the paver and its method of operations shall be adjusted to ensure an even and uniform flow of bituminous material across the screed free from dragging, tearing and segregation of the materials. In areas with restricted space where the mechanical paver cannot, be used, the material shall be spread, raked and levelled with suitable hand tools by e#perienced staff and compacted to the satisfaction of the ,ngineer. "he minimum thickness of 6aterial laid in each paver pass shall be in accordance with the minimum values given in the relevant parts of these .pecifications. *hen laying binder course of wearing course approaching an e#pansion joint of a structure, machine lying shall stop C== m short of the joint. "he remainder of the pavement up to the joint, and the corresponding area beyond it, shall be laid by hand,

and the joint of joining cavity shall be kept clear of surfacing materials. &ituminous material, with a temperature greater than E:<Q2, shall not be laid or deposited on bridge deck waterproofing systems, unless precautions against heat damage have been approved by the ,ngineer.

ROLLING:
&ituminous materials shall be laid and compacted in layers which enable the specified thickness, surface level, regularity requirements and compaction to be achieved. 2ompaction of bituminous materials shall commerce as soon as possible after laying. 2ompaction shall be substantially completed before the temperature falls below the minimum rolling temperature started in the relevant part of these specifications. (olling of the longitudinal joints shall be done immediately behind the paving operation. fter this, rolling shall commence at the edges and progress towards the centre longitudinally e#cept that on super elevated and unidirectional cambered portions, it shall progress from the lower to the upper edge parallel to the centre line of the pavement. (olling shall continue until all roller marks have been removed from the surface. ll deficiencies in the surface after lying shall be made good by the attendants behind the paver, before initial rolling is commenced. "he initial of breakdown rolling shall be done with G;E= tones dead weight smooth;wheeled rollers. "he intermediate rolling shall be done with G;E= tones dead weight cr vibratory roller or with a pneumatic type roller of E> toE< tones weight having nine wheels, with a tyre pressure of at least <=A kg5sq.cm. "he finish rolling shall be done with A to G tonnes smooth wheeled tandem rollers. &ituminous materials shall be rolled in a longitudinal direction, with the driven rolls nearest the paver. "he roller shall first compact material adjacent to joints and then work from the lower to the upper side of the layer, overlapping on successive passes by at least one; third of the width of the rear roll or, in the case of a pneumatic;tried

roller, at least the nominal width of C== mm. In portions with super;elevated and uni;directional camber, after the edge8 has been rolled, the roller shall progress from the lower to the upper edge. (ollers should move at a speed of not more than < km per hour. "he roller shall not be permitted to stand on pavement which has not been fully compacted, and necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent dropping of oil, grease, petrol of other foreign matter on the pavement either when the rollers are operating of standing. "he wheels of rollers shall be taken moist with water, and the spray system provided with the machine shall be in good working order, to prevent the mi#ture from adhering to the wheels. Only sufficient moisture to prevent adhesion between the wheels of rollers and the mi#ture should be used. .urplus water shall not be allowed to stand on the partially compacted pavement.

OPENING TO TRAFFIC
"he newly laid surface should not be open to traffic for at least >: hours after laying and completion of compaction, without the e#press approval of the ,ngineer in wirting.

SURFACE FINISH AND QUALITY CONTROL

"he surface finish of the completed construction shall conform to the requirements of heading E=. ll materials and workmanship should comply with the provisions set out in heading EE of this specification.

MEASUREMENT OF PAYMENT
)ense ?rade &ituminous 6.E trials, shall be measured as finished work either in cubic meters, tons or by the square meter at a specified thick ness as detailed the 2ontract drawings, or documents, or as directed by the ,ngineer.

METHODOLOGY OF PQC1 SCOPE:

"he work shall consist of construction of un;reinforced, dowel jointed plain cement concrete pavements in accordance with the requirements of 6O." specification and in conformity with the lines grades and cross sections as shown on the approved drawings. "he work shall include furnishing of all plant and equipment, materials and labour as directed by the ,ngineer.

MATERIALS: CEMENT:
Ordinary part land cement :C grade confirming I.$ GEE>.

ADMI7TURES:
dmi#tures used conforming to I.$ HA>< and I.$ HE=C.

COARSE AGGREGATE:
"he ma#imum si!e of aggregate is >= mm. the coarse aggregate complying with I.$ CGC

FINE AGGREGATE:

s approved in mi# design confirm to I.$ CGC.

WATER:
It shall meet the requirement as stipulated in I.$ :<A.

MACHINERY USED IN CONSTRUCTION

LIST OF PLANT & MACHINERY DE$ELOPED AT SITE:

WMM MiBi* =)%*& T%i)3( S&3*' C(,-.'( ,*i& #::TPH Ti=='( (E>;) GSB C(,-.'( ,*i& #:: TPH Ti=='( (#C!,") W'i .& B(i2 '

 T(%!&3( C3*!('&' B%&!.i* P)%*& P)%&' C3"=%!&3( T(%*-i& MiB'( C3*!('&' MiB'( M3&3( G(%2'( G'*'(%&3( -'& 8D:K$A F(3*& '*2 )3%2'( G'*'(%&3( -'& #;:K$A G'*'(%&3( -'& #8DK$A G'*'(%&3( -'& #::K$A G'*'(%&3( -'& 88K$A G'*'(%&3( -'& #91DK$A G'*'(%&3( -'& DK$A EB!%A%&3( J1C1B S3i) C3"=%!&3( S'*-3( P%A'( WMM P%A'( $i0(%&3(/ T%*2'" R3))'( S&%&i! R3))'(

 H/2(% Ai( C3"=('--3( N''2)' $i0(%&3( W%&'( P,"= Bi&,"'* S=(/'( W')2i* -'& <i&. G'*'(%&3( ;K$A M'!.%*i!%) B33"'( $'.i!)' W%&'( T%*5-

SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION

E. 2ivil engineer should perform the work at their level best so that it will give better result and improve the production of the company. >. Infrastructure of 2ivil 2ontractor 2ell should be more developed for giving the contract to the best contractor. C. *elfare facilities should be increase in for civil engineers of 2onstruction 2ompany. :. Dor the safety of civil engineers at the construction, company should give the best equipments of safety to the civil engineers. <. "he hostel facility and amenities should be improved so that the civil engineers could work with more efficiency. A. "he civil engineers are advised to do their work in slot as they do it bulk which create adverse problems for e#ample the road was dug during the rainy season in one flow which resulted in heavy loss of material, money and machinery of the company. "he work should have been done in small phases and according to the circumstances. "he clipping can

be seen on the ne#t page as to how destruction was made during the time when I was undergoing my training.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
E. I... specification book on highway. >. Highway material testing book by C. ..4.4hanna, 2.,.? Kusto. :. Organi!ationLs 'aboratory. <. Organi!ationLs ,ngineers.