SENTENCE

NAME : WISNU MURTI NIM : 16511186 FACULTY : STEI CLASS : WR-06 LECTURER : BAMBANG SUPRIYANTO

SENTENCE
Literature is all about letters. Letters are joined together exquisitely and become words. Words by words compound each other and miraculously become sentences. All of writings are about sentences. Hereby, I would like to explore deeper into sentences. What sentences are, how we make beautiful sentences yet interesting, type of sentences, and many other. Every writer always wants to make their writings interesting and informative. These would be fulfilled by using effective and catchy sentences. Not writing many short sentences or long sentences will be a very good technique in writing good essay. And we also should know how many types of sentences there are. Well, here you go, enjoy.

SENTENCE TYPES BY STRUCTURE:

1. SIMPLE SENTENCE

A simple sentence, or usually called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. A simple sentence contains one subject and one verb for the minimum. It contains no coordinator, but can contain compound subjects or verbs. Look at the example:

A. I go to the campus on weekdays. B. Lala and Poo like to sing everyday. C. Kemmy buys a pizza and eats it by himself.

The three examples above are all simple sentences. Here, you can see that sentence B has a compound subject, Lala and Poo, and sentence C has a compound verb, which is buys and eats. It means that a simple sentence may not be containing any coordinator, but it can contain compound subject or verb. And the utmost important is a simple sentence must contain a complete thought.

2. COMPOUND SENTENCE

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. I will explain each of the coordinator.

a. for for is used to explain reasons. For example:

A. I ring the bell, for no one is answering my call. B. He plays alone, for no one wants to play with him. C. Susi writes the essay, for Elli went to school.

From the sentences above, we can see that for explains one independent clause with another independent clause. Look at sentence A, I ring the bell is the after-effect of no one is answering my call. We can conclude that because no one is answering his call, he rings the bell. The same at sentence B, because no one wants to play with him, he has to play alone. While at sentence C, we can see that the first thing to happen is Elli went to school, then after that, Susi writes the essay. Note that Susi writes the essay is the consequence of the first action, Elli went to school. Then we can conclude that Susi possibly writes the essay because she has nothing to do while Elli went to school.

b. and and is used to joint two positive-relating independent clauses. For example:

A. I watch horror movie, and he watches cartoon movie. B. Amel buys popcorn, and Andi buys cola. C. Dikra sleeps on the couch, and Ario sleeps on the bed.

From the sentences above, we can see that every independent clause relates each other without any contrary. Look at sentence A, I watch horror movie and He watches cartoon movie are two actions that can be done at the same time without one canceling the other one. The same thing happens with sentence B and sentence C.

c. nor

nor is used to express negatives of two independent clauses. For example:

A. I will not use those clothes, nor will he use those clothes. B. Susi doesnt like to wake up at 6 am, nor does she like to wake up at 5 am. C. I dont like chocolate, nor do I like ice cream.

From the sentences above, we can see that nor continues the negative from the first independent clause to the second independent clause. Look at sentence A, it means that neither I nor him will use those clothes. While at sentence B, Susi doesnt like to wake up at 6 am and she also doesnt like to wake up at 5 am. We can express both the negatives with a single nor as you can see in the example. The same thing goes to sentence C.

d. but but is used to show contrary. For example: A. I like to watch Opera, but my sister doesnt like it. B. Paris Hilton wants to buy Chihuahua, but she doesnt have any money. C. I always want to be with you, but you keep on ignoring me.

From above sentences, we can see that but express the contrast of the first independent clause with the second independent clause. Look at sentence A, it is clearly a contrast between like and dislike, and it can be expressed with but. Sentence B shows the contrary as an inability of doing the first action, again with but. The same thing goes with sentence C.

e. or or is used to show an alternative, or to suggest that only one possibility may occur. For example:

A. I should write an essay, or I can fail the class. B. We can bake the bread, or we can just eat the leftovers. C. Susi can play the guitar, or she can just sit around.

From above sentences, we can see that or can show alternative, or even a possible event. In sentence A, the or express that if I dont write an essay, I will fail the class. While in sentence B and C, or express two different action which can be choose by the doer to do.

f. yet yet is to be used to express contrary. For example: A. My body doesnt feel good, yet it can still be moved. B. The test was very hard, yet I still can do it. C. He likes to smoke, yet he doesnt use drugs.

From sentences above, we can conclude that yet is used to express contrary independent clauses. Sentence A tells us that his body doesnt feel good, but in fact, his body can still be moved, which is a contrary from the first independent cluse. The same thing goes for sentence B and C.

g. so so presents a consequence. For example: A. I dont have any shoes, so I will buy them tomorrow. B. Mila is busy with her essay, so she chooses not to watch tv today. C. Alex works all the night, so he doesnt have time to rest.

From sentences above, we can see that so express the consequence of the first independent clause. Lets look at sentence A, the action I will buy shoes tomorrow is the consequence of the first statement which says I dont have any shoes. The same thing happens to sentence B and C.

3. COMPLEX SENTENCE

A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. Look at the example:

A. Because I come home late, I cannot watch my favorite tv show. B. I was eating when my mother arrives. C. I have been handsome since I was born. 4. COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCE

Compound - complex sentences contain at least one dependent clause and more than one independent clause. The clauses are connected by both conjunctions (i.e., but, so, and, etc.) and subordinators (i.e., who, because, although, etc.). Example:

A. John, who briefly visited last month, won the prize, and he took a short vacation. B. Jack forgot his friend's birthday, so he sent him a card when he finally remembered. C. The report which Tom complied was presented to the board, but it was rejected because it was too complex.

SENTENCE TYPES BY PURPOSE:

1. Declarative A declarative sentence "declares" or states a fact, arrangement or opinion. Declarative sentences can be either positive or negative. A declarative sentence ends with a period (.). Look at the example :

A. I'll meet you at the bus stop. B. The sun sets in the West. C. He doesn't get up early.

2. Imperative The imperative sentence commands (or sometimes requests). The imperative takes no subject as 'you' is the implied subject. The imperative form ends with either a period (.) or an exclamation point (!). Look at the example:

A. Open the book.

B. Finish your assignment! C. Clean the toilet!

3. Interrogative The interrogative asks a question. In the interrogative form, the auxiliary verb precedes the subject which is then followed by the main verb (i.e., Where are you ....?). The interrogative form ends with a question mark (?). Look at the example:

A. How long have you studied in England? B. When will you come back? C. Do you enjoy listening to jazz music?

4. Exclamatory The exclamatory form emphasizes a statement (either declarative or imperative) with an exclamation point (!). Look at the example:

A. Come quick! B. Thats so unbelievable! C. Im very glad to hear that!

5. Conditional The conditional sentence is used to express what one would do if a condition were met. There are several types of conditional sentences: a. The zero conditional This type of conditional is usually used to present law of science, or universal statement. If at zero conditional can also be replaced with when. Look at the example:

A. If I drop an apple, it will fall. B. If I freeze water at 00C, it will turn to ice. C. You will become hungry if you didnt eat for a long time.

b. Conditional 1

Conditional 1 is used to express hypothetical condition that has a possibility to become true, but not yet verified. Look at the example:

A. If it rains today, I will not come to her house. B. If I become a President, I will care about all the have-nots. C. If you depart now, you can catch the next train.

c. Conditional 2 Conditional 2 is used to express something that is known to be false or impossible to become true. Look at the example: A. If I were you, I will dump her for sure. B. If I were the king, I could have you eaten by the lions. C. If I could fly, I will take you anywhere.

d. Conditional 3 Conditional 3 is used to refer to contrary-to-past event. Look at the example:

A. I would have bought the house if I had had enough money. B. If I had had more time, I could have done the essay. C. If yesterday had been sunny, we could have gone out.

CLAUSE

In grammar, a clause is the smallest grammatical unit that can express a complete proposition. In some languages it may be a pair or group of words that consists of a subject and a predicate, although in other languages in certain clauses the subject may not appear explicitly as a noun phrase, being instead marked on the verb (this is especially common in null subject languages). The most basic kind of sentence consists of a single (independent) clause. More complex sentences may contain multiple clauses, including clauses contained within clauses. Clauses may be independent or dependent. Independent clauses are those that could stand as a sentence by themselves, although they may be used connected with other clauses in a longer sentence. Dependent clauses are those that would be awkward or nonsensical if used alone, and must be used in a sentence also containing an independent clause.

Clauses are often contrasted with phrases. Traditionally, a clause was said to have both a finite verb and its subject, whereas a phrase either contained a finite verb but not its subject (in which case it is a verb phrase) or did not contain a finite verb. Hence, in the sentence "I didn't know that the dog ran through the yard," "that the dog ran through the yard" is a clause, as is the sentence as a whole, while "the yard," "through the yard," "ran through the yard," and "the dog" are all phrases. However, modern linguists do not draw the same distinction, as they accept the idea of a non-finite clause, a clause that is organized around a non-finite verb.

1. DEPENDENT CLAUSE

A dependent clause (also subordinate clause) is a clause that is used in conjunction with an independent clause and that augments it with additional information. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as a sentence; instead, they modify the independent clause of a sentence or serve as a component of it. Some grammarians use the term subordinate clause as a synonym for dependent clause, but in some grammars subordinate clause refers only to adverbial dependent clauses.

2. DEPENDENT WORDS

A dependent clause usually begins with a dependent word. One kind of dependent word is a subordinating conjunction. Subordinating conjunctions are used to begin dependent clauses known as adverbial clauses, which act like adverbs. In the following examples, the adverbial clauses are bold and the subordinating conjunctions are italicized:

A. Wherever she goes, she leaves a piece of luggage behind. (The adverbial clause wherever she goes modifies the verb leaves.) B. Bob enjoyed the movie more than I did. (The adverbial clause than I did modifies the adverb more.)

Another type of dependent word is the relative pronoun. Relative pronouns begin dependent clauses known as relative clauses. These can either be adjective clauses, which act

like adjectives, or noun clauses, which act like nouns. In the following examples, the dependent clauses are bold and the relative pronouns are italicized:

A.

The only one of the seven dwarfs who does not have a beard is Dopey. (The adjective clause who does not have a beard describes the pronoun one.)

B.

No one understands why you need experience. (The noun clause why you need experience functions as the direct object of the main-clause verb "understands".)

3. STRUCTURES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES

Dependent clauses may be classified by their structure, although this classification scheme does make some reference to the clause's function in a sentence. This scheme is more complex than analysis by function, as there are many different ways that a dependent clause can be structured. Common structures include the following:

a. Many dependent clauses, such as "before he comes" or "because they agreed," consist of a preposition-like subordinating conjunction, plus what would otherwise be an independent clause. These clauses act much like prepositional phrases, and are either adjective clauses or adverb clauses, with many being able to function in either capacity.

b. Relative clauses, such as "which I couldn't see," generally consist of a relative pronoun, plus a clause in which the relative pronoun plays a part. Relative clauses usually function as adjective clauses, but occasionally they function as adverb clauses; in either case, they modify their relative pronoun's antecedent and follow the phrase or clause that they modify.

c. Fused relative clauses, such as "what she did" (in the sense of "the thing she did"), are like ordinary relative clauses except that they act as noun clauses; they incorporate their subjects into their relative pronouns.

d. Declarative content clauses, such as "that they came," usually consist of the conjunction that plus what would otherwise be an independent clause, or of an

independent clause alone (with an implicit preceding that). For this reason, they are often called that-clauses. Declarative content clauses refer to states of affairs; it is often implied that the state of affairs is the case, as in "It is fortunate that they came," but this implication is easily removed by the context, as in "It is doubtful that they came."

e. Interrogative content clauses, such as "whether they came" and "where he went" (as in "I don't know where he went"), are much like declarative ones, except that they are introduced by interrogative words. Rather than referring to a state of affairs, they refer to an unknown element of a state of affairs, such as one of the participants (as in "I wonder who came") or even the truth of the state (as in "I wonder whether he came").

f. Small clauses, such as "him leave" (as in "I saw him leave") and "him to leave" (as in "I wanted him to leave"), are minimal predicate structures, consisting only of an object and an additional structure (usually an infinitive), with the latter being predicated to the former by a controlling verb or preposition.

4. TYPES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES

There are three main types of dependent clause: noun clauses, adjective clauses, and adverb clauses, so-called for their syntactic and semantic resemblance to nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, respectively.

a. Noun clause A noun clause can be used like a noun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverbial clauses. A clause is a noun clause if a pronoun (he, she, it, or they) could be substituted for it. Examples:

A.

I know who said that. (I know it.) (The dependent clause serves as the object of the main-clause verb "know".)

B.

Whoever made that assertion is wrong. (He/she is wrong.) (The dependent clause serves as the subject of the main clause.)

Sometimes, a noun clause is used without the introductory word. Example:

A. B.

I know that he is here. I know he is here. (without "that")

In some cases, use of the introductory word, though grammatically correct, may sound cumbersome in English, and the introductory word may be omitted. Example:
A. B.

I think that it is pretty. (less common) I think it is pretty. (more common)

b. Adjective clause An adjective clause modifies a noun phrase. In English, adjective clauses typically come at the end of their phrase and usually have a relative pronoun forming a relative clause. The pronoun can sometimes be omitted to produce a reduced relative clause:

A. B.

"The woman (who) I saw said otherwise." "I found the book that she suggested to me."

Punctuation The punctuation of an adjective clause depends on whether it is essential or nonessential and use commas accordingly. Essential clauses are not set off with commas, while non-essential clauses are. An adjective clause is essential if the information it contains is necessary to the meaning of the sentence. For example: The vegetables that people often leave uneaten are usually the most nutritious.

Here "vegetables" is nonspecific, so in order to know which ones is being referred to, one must have the information provided in the adjective clause (in italics). Because it restricts the meaning of "vegetable", this adjective clause is called a restrictive clause; it is essential to the meaning of the main clause and uses no commas (and correspondingly, does not experience a pause when spoken).

However, if the additional information does not help to identify more narrowly the identity of the noun antecedent but rather simply provides further information about it, then the adjective clause is non-restrictive and does require commas (or a spoken pause) to separate it from the rest of the sentence. For example: Broccoli, which people often leave uneaten, is very nutritious.

Depending on context, a particular noun could be modified by either a restrictive or non-restrictive adjective clause. For example, while "broccoli" is modified non-restrictively in the preceding sentence, it is modified restrictively in the following. The broccoli which people leave uneaten is often nutritious.

c. Adverbial clause An adverbial clause is a clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it contains a subject (explicit or implied) and a predicate, and it modifies a verb.

A. B.

I saw Joe when I went to the store. (explicit subject I) He sat quietly in order to appear polite. (implied subject he)

Kinds of adverbial clauses kind clause of common conjunctions when, before, after, since, while, time clauses as, as long as, function example

These clauses are used to say when something Her goldfish died when she was young.

until,till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc.[1]

happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.

conditional clauses

These clauses are used to If they lose weight if, unless talk about a possible during an illness, situation and its they soon regain it

consequences.

afterwards. They had to take

purpose clauses

in order to, so that, in order that

These clauses are used to some of his land so indicate the purpose of that an action. extend churchyard. they could the

reason clauses

These clauses are used to I couldn't feel anger because, since, as, given indicate the reason for against him because something. I liked him too much. My suitcase had

result clauses

These clauses are used to become so damaged so..that indicate the result of on the journey home something. that the lid would not stay closed. These clauses are used to I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now.

concessive clauses

make although, though, while

two

statements,

one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.

where, wherever, anywhere, place clauses everywhere, etc.

These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something. These clauses are used to

He

said

he

was

(conjunctions that answer the question "where?")

happy where he was.

clauses manner

of

as, like, the way

talk

about

someone's

I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them.

behaviour or the way something is done.

clauses

of

Exclamations are used to What horrible news! what a(an), how, such, so express anger, fear, How fast she types!

exclamation

shock, surprise etc. They You lucky man!

always

take

an

exclamation mark (!).