Educational Research Mcqs Chapter 1 Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.

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1. Mrs. Smith is writing her daily observations of a student and writes, without interpretation, that the student is not completing the class work and is constantly speaking out of turn. Which of the following objectives does she appear to be using? a. prediction b. description c. e planation d. e ploration !. Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by teachers, counselors, and other professionals to answer "uestions they have and to specifically help them solve local problems? a. action research b. basic research c. predictive research d. orientational research #. $ow much confidence should you place in a single research study? a. you should completely trust a single research study. b. you should trust research findings after different researchers have found the same findings c. neither a nor b d. both a and b %. &he development of a solid foundation of reliable knowledge typically is built from which type of research? a. basic research b. action research c. evaluation research d. orientational research '. Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of premises? a. rationalism b. deductive reasoning c. inductive reasoning d. probabilistic (. &he idea that when selecting between two different theories with e"ual e planatory value, one should select the theory that is the most simple, concise, and succinct is known as )))))))))))). a. criterion of falsifiability b. critical theory c. guide of simplicity d. rule of parsimony

*. +esearch that is done to e amine the findings of someone else using the ,same variables but different people, is which of the following? a. e ploration b. hypothesis c. replication d. empiricism -. )))))))))))))))) is the idea that knowledge comes from e perience. a. rationalism b. deductive reasoning c. logic d. empiricism .. /ccording to your te t, what are the five key objectives of science? a. prediction, summary, conclusion, e planation, description b. influence, prediction, "uestions, e ploration, answers c. e ploration, description, e planation, prediction, influence d. "uestions, answers, prediction, e planation, summary 10. / researcher designs an e periment to test how variables interact to influence how well children learn spelling words. 1n this case, the main purpose of the study was2 a. 3 planation b. 4escription c. 1nfluence d. 5rediction 11. &here is a set of churches in the 6.S. where part of the service involves snake handling. &he researcher wants to find out why the people attending these churches do this and how they feel and think about it. 1n this case, the primary purpose of the study is2 a. 3 ploration b. 4escription c. 1nfluence d. 5rediction 1!. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good theory or e planation? a. 1t is parsimonious b. 1t is testable c. 1t is general enough to apply to more than one place, situation, or person d. /ll of the above are characteristics of good theories 1#. Which of the following is not a basic assumption of science? a. Science cannot provide answers to all "uestions b. 1t is possible to distinguish between more and less plausible claims c. +esearchers should follow certain agreed upon norms and practices d. Science is best at solving value conflicts, such as whether abortion is immoral 1%. What general type of research is focused on collecting information to help a researcher advance an ideological or political position? a. 3valuation research b. 7asic research c. /ction research d. 8rientational research 1'. Which 9scientific method: follows these steps2 1; observation<data, !; patterns, #; theory?

a. 1nductive b. 4eductive c. 1mductive d. &op down 1(. +ene 4escartes is associated with which of the following approached to knowledge generation? a. 3mpiricism b. +ationalism c. 3 pert opinion d. =one of the above 1*. Which scientific method is a top>down or confirmatory approach? a. 4eductive method b. 1nductive method c. $ypothesis method d. 5attern method 1-. Which scientific method is a bottom>up or generative approach to research? a. 4eductive method b. 1nductive method c. $ypothesis method d. 5attern method 1.. Which scientific method focuses on testing hypotheses developed from theories? a. 4eductive method b. 1nductive method c. $ypothesis method d. 5attern method !0. Which scientific method often focuses on generating new hypotheses and theories? a. 4eductive method b. 1nductive method c. $ypothesis method d. 5attern method !1. Which of the following statements is true of a theory? a. it most simply means 9e planation: b. it answers the 9how: and 9why: "uestions c. it can be a well developed e planatory system d. all of the above are correct /nswers2 1. b !. a #. b %. a '. b (. d *. c -. d .. c 10. a

11. 1!. 1#. 1%. 1'. 1(. 1*. 1-. 1.. !0. !1.

a d d d a b a b a b d

Chapter 2 Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.)
1. Which research paradigm is based on the pragmatic view of reality? a. "uantitative research b. "ualitative research c. mi ed research d. none of the above !. Which research paradigm is least concerned about generali?ing its findings? a. "uantitative research b. "ualitative research c. mi ed research d. none of the above #. Which of the following best describes "uantitative research? a. the collection of nonnumerical data b. an attempt to confirm the researcher@s hypotheses c. research that is e ploratory d. research that attempts to generate a new theory %. / condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories is called ))). a. a constant b. a variable c. a cause>and>effect relationship d. a descriptive relationship '. / variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called aAn;2 a. categorical variable b. dependent variable c. independent variable d. intervening variable (. /ll of the following are common characteristics of e perimental research e cept2 a. it relies primarily on the collection of numerical data b. it can produce important knowledge about cause and effect c. it uses the deductive scientific method

d. it rarely is conducted in a controlled setting or environment *. Bualitative research is often e ploratory and has all of the following characteristics e cept2 a. it is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest b. it relies on the collection of nonnumerical data such as words and pictures c. it is used to generate hypotheses and develop theory about phenomena in the world d. it uses the inductive scientific method -. Which type of research provides the strongest evidence about the e istence of cause>and>effect relationships? a. none perimental +esearch b. e perimental +esearch .. What is the key defining characteristic of e perimental research? a. e traneous variables are never present b. a positive correlation usually e ists c. a negative correlation usually e ists d. manipulation of the independent variable 10. 1n ))))), random assignment to groups is never possible and the researcher cannot manipulate the independent variable. a. basic research b. "uantitative research c. e perimental research d. causal>comparative and correlational research 11. What is the defining characteristic of e perimental research? a. resistance to manipulation b. manipulation of the independent variable c. the use of open>ended "uestions d. focuses only on local problems 1!.. / positive correlation is present when ))))))). a. two variables move in opposite directions. b. two variables move in the same direction. c. one variable goes up and one goes down d. several variables never change. 1#. +esearch in which the researcher uses the "ualitative paradigm for one phase and the "uantitative paradigm for another phase is known as )))))). a. action research b. basic research c. "uantitative research d. mi ed method research e. mi ed model research 1%. +esearch in which the researcher uses both "ualitative and "uantitative research within a stage or across two of the stages in the research process is known as )))))). a. action research b. basic research c. "uantitative research d. mi ed method research e. mi ed model research 1'.. +esearch that is done to understand an event from the past is known as )))))? a. e perimental research b. historical research c. replication d. archival research 1(. )))))) research occurs when the researcher manipulates the independent

variable. a. causal>comparative research b. e perimental research c. ethnography d. correlational research 1*.. Which of the following includes e amples of "uantitative variables? a. age, temperature, income, height b. grade point average, an iety level, reading performance c. gender, religion, ethnic group d. both a and b 1-.. What is the opposite of a variable? a. a constant b. an e traneous variable c. a dependent variable d. a data set 1.. Which of the following is the type of none perimental research in which the primary independent variable of interest is categorical? a. causal>comparative research b. e perimental research c. "ualitative research d. mi ed research !0. Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable? a. age b. annual income c. grade point average d. religion !1. 1n research, something that does not ,vary, is called a ))))))))))). a. variable b. method c. constant d. control group !!. When interpreting a correlation coefficient e pressing the relationship between two variables, it is very important to avoid ))))))). a. checking the strength of relationship b. jumping to the conclusion of causality c. checking the direction of the relationship d. e pressing a relationship with a correlation coefficient !#. / researcher studies achievement by children in poorly funded elementary schools. She develops a model that posits parent involvement as an important variable. She believes that parent involvement has an impact on children by increasing their motivation to do school work. &hus, in her model, greater parent involvement leads to higher student motivation, which in turn creates higher student achievement. Student motivation is what kind of variable in this study? a. Manipulated variable b. 3 traneous variable c. Confounding variable d. Mediating or intervening variable !%. &he strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research methods? a. 3 perimental b. Causal>comparative c. Correlational d. 3thnography

!'. Which correlation is the strongest? a. D.10 b. >..' c. D..0 d. >1.00 !(. &he correlation between intelligence test scores and grades is2 a. 5ositive b. =egative c. 5erfect d. &hey are not correlated /nswers2 1. c !. b #. b %. b '. c (. d *. a -. b .. d 10. d 11. b 1!. b 1#. d 1%. e 1'. b 1(. b 1*. d 1-. a 1.. a !0. d !1. c !!. b !#. d !%. a !'. d !(. a

Chapter 3 Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.)
1. / good "ualitative problem statement2 a. 4efines the independent and dependent variables b. Conveys a sense of emerging design

c. Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested d. Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher e pects to find !. &he 9tool: function of theory is to2 a. Summari?e e isting knowledge b. Summari?e e isting hypotheses c. Suggest new relationships and make new predictions d. Suggest new theories #. &he statement of purpose in a research study should2 a. 1dentify the design of the study b. 1dentify the intent or objective of the study c. Specify the type of people to be used in the study d. 4escribe the study %. Why is the statement 9What are the effects of e tracurricular activities on cognitive development of school age children: not a good statement of a "uantitative research "uestion? a. 7ecause there is no connection between e tracurricular activities and cognitive development b. 7ecause there are not enough school age children engaged in e tracurricular activities to conduct the study c. 7ecause the study would be too difficult to do given all the different e tracurricular activities d. 7ecause the statement was not specific enough to provide an understanding of the variables being investigated '. / "ualitative research "uestion2 a. /sks a "uestion about some process, or phenomenon to be e plored b. 1s generally an open>ended "uestion c. both a and b are correct d. =one of the above (. /ccording to the te t, which of the following orders is the recommended in the flowchart of the development of a research idea? a. +esearch topic, research problem, research purpose, research "uestion, hypothesis b. +esearch topic, research purpose, research problem, research "uestion, hypothesis c. +esearch topic, research problem, research purpose, research "uestion, hypothesis d. +esearch topic, hypothesis, research problem, research "uestion, research purpose *. 1t is essential that you evaluate the "uality of internet resources because information obtained via the internet ranges from very poor to very good. a. &rue b. Ealse -. a. b. c. d. e. 8ne step that is not included in planning a research study is2 1dentifying a researchable problem / review of current research Statement of the research "uestion Conducting a meta>analysis of the research 4eveloping a research plan

.. Sources of researchable problems can include2

a. b. c. d.

+esearchers@ own e periences as educators 5ractical issues that re"uire solutions &heory and past research /ll of the above

10. / key characteristic of past research that guides researchers in new research "uestions is that2 a. 3 tensive research conclusively and definitively answers research "uestions b. Studies typically generate more research "uestions than they answer 11. Which of the following is a function of theory? a. 1ntegrating and summari?ing current knowledge b. Making predictions c. 3 plaining phenomena d. /ll of the above are important functions of theory 1!. / review of the literature prior to formulating research "uestions allows the researcher to do which of the following? a. &o become familiar with prior research on the phenomenon of interest b. &o identify potential methodological problems in the research area c. &o develop a list of pertinent problems relative to the phenomenon of interest d. /ll of the above 1#. Sometimes a comprehensive review of the literature prior to data collection is not recommended by grounded theorists. a. &rue b. Ealse 1%. What kind of ideas can@t be empirically researched? a. 3ffectiveness of different methods of instruction b. 4escription of educational practices c. 1ssues of values and morality such as the correctness of having prayer in schools d. Eactors helpful in predicting future drug use 1'. Which of the following is not a database containing information to be used during the literature review? a. 3+1C b. 5sych1=E8 c. SocioE1F3 d. all of the above are potentially useful data bases 1(. Computer database searches can be done2 a. With a computer with C4>+8M drive b. /t the library c. 8nline d. /ll of the above 1*. &he feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of2 a. Cost and time re"uired to conduct the study b. Skills re"uired of the researcher c. 5otential ethical concerns d. /ll of the above

1-. / formal statement of the research "uestion or 9purpose of research study: generally )))))). a. 1s made prior to the literature review b. 1s made after the literature review c. Will help guide the research process d. /ll of the above e. b and c 1.. 1s the following "ualitative research purpose statement 9well stated: or 9poorly stated:? 9&he focus of the present study was to e plore distressing and nurturing encounters of patients with caregivers and to ascertain the meanings that are engendered by such encounters. &he study was conducted on one of the surgical units and the obstetrical<gynecological unit of a #*%>bed community hospital.: a. 1t is a well stated b. 1t is poorly stated !0. Which of the following "uantitative research "uestions is superior? a. 9What is the effect of participation in various e tracurricular activities on academic performance?: b. 9What effect does playing high school football have on students@ overall grade point average during the football season?: !1. / statement of the "uantitative research "uestion should2 a. 3 tend the statement of purpose by specifying e actly the "uestionAs; the researcher will address b. $elp the research in selecting appropriate participants, research methods, measures, and materials c. Specify the variables of interest d. /ll of the above !!. &he research participants are described in detail in which section of the research plan? a. 1ntroduction b. Method c. 4ata analysis d. 4iscussion !#. +esearch hypotheses are )))))). a. Eormulated prior to a review of the literature b. Statements of predicted relationships between variables c. Stated such that they can be confirmed or refuted d. b and c !%. $ypotheses in "ualitative research studies usually ))))). a. /re very specific and stated prior to beginning the study b. /re often generated as the data are collected, interpreted, and analy?ed c. /re never used d. /re always stated after the research study has been completed !'. / research plan ))))). a. Should be detailed b. Should be given to others for review and comments

c. Sets out the rationale for a research study d. /ll of the above !(. &he Method section of the research plan typically specifies a. &he research participants b. &he results of prior studies that address the phenomena of interest c. &he apparatus, instruments, and materials for the research study d. &he planned research procedures e. a, c and d !*. &he 1ntroduction section of the research plan a. Gives an overview of prior relevant studies b. Contains a statement of the purpose of the study c. Concludes with a statement of the research "uestions and, for "uantitative research, it includes the research hypothesis d. /ll of the above !-. /ccording to your te t, which of the following is not a source of research ideas? a. 3veryday life b. 5ractical issues c. 5ast research d. &heory e. /ll of the above /+3 sources of research ideas /nswers2 1. b !. c #. b %. d '. c (. a *. a -. d .. d 10. b 11. d 1!. d 1#. a 1%. c 1'. d 1(. d 1*. d 1-. e 1.. a !0. b !1. d !!. b !#. d !%. b !'. d !(. e !*. d !-. e

Chapter Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.)
1. a. b. c. d. Which of the following is not an assumption underlying testing and measurement? Harious approaches to measuring aspects of the same thing can be useful 3rror is rarely present in the measurement process 5resent>day behavior predicts future behavior &esting and assessment benefit society

!. Systematic error is associated with2 a. +eliability b. Halidity #. a. b. c. d. %. a. b. c. d. Which of the following is a type of criterionIrelated validity evidence? Concurrent evidence 5redictive evidence 1nternal consistency 7oth a and b are correct answers 1f a test measures a single construct then2 &he items should correlate with the total score &he items should not correlate with the total score &he test should not correlate with other measures of the same construct &here must be a reliable alternative form.

'. 5rofessor J develops a test of emotional intelligence. Which of the following represent convergent and discriminant evidence? a. &he test correlates highly with another test of emotional intelligence and is uncorrelated with self>efficacy b. &he test correlates with highly with another test of emotional intelligence and is highly correlated with self>efficacy c. &he test does not correlate with another test of emotional intelligence, but does correlate with self>efficacy d. &he test does not correlate with other tests of emotional intelligence nor with self> efficacy (. /n ordinal scale is used to rank order people, objects, or characteristics. a. &rue b. Ealse *. Which scale is the simplest form of measurement? a. =ominal b. 8rdinal c. 1nterval d. +atio

-. )))))) tests focus on information ac"uired through the informal learning that goes on in life. a. 5ersonality b. /chievement c. /ptitude d. 1ntelligence .. Fet@s say that a test accurately indicates participants@ scores on a future criterion Ae.g., the 5S/& is used to indicate high>school G5/ scores;. &his test would clearly have which of the following? a. Eace validity b. Concurrent validity c. 5redictive validity d. Content validity 10. 1f a baseball coach calculates batting averages, what scale would be used? a. 1nterval scale b. +atio scale c. =ominal scale d. 8rdinal scale 11. /ccording to the te t, most of the outcome<dependent variable characteristics and attributes measured in educational research probably e ist at the )))))))))))))) level of measurement. a. =ominal b. 8rdinal c. 1nterval d. +atio 1!. Which of the following is most clearly an e ample of a psychological trait? a. /n iety enduring for months or years b. /n iety over just seeing a spider c. Shyness when meeting a stranger for the first time d. 4epression caused by the loss of a ball game 1#. /ll of the following are e amples of 1ntelligence &ests e cept )))))))))2 a. Wechsler Scales b. Stanford>7inet c. Minnesota Multiphasic 5ersonality 1nventoryAMM51; d. Slosson 1%. +eliability is most simply known as which of the following? a. Consistency or stability b. /ppropriateness of interpretations on the basis of test scores c. Ways in which people are the same d. / rank order of participants on some characteristic 1'. /n ordinal scale is2 a. &he simplest form of measurement b. / rank>order scale of measurement c. / scale with e"ual intervals between adjacent numbers d. / scale with an absolute ?ero point e. / categorical scale 1(. Which of the following is not a type of reliability?

a. &est>retest b. Split>half c. Content d. 1nternal consistency 1*. Which of the following statements accurately describes test>retest reliability? a. Measure of consistency of test scores over time b. Measure of consistency of scores obtained from two e"uivalent halves of the same test c. Measure of consistency with which a test measures a single construct or concept d. Measure of degree of agreement between two or more scorers, judges, or raters 1-. Which of the following types of reliability refers to the consistency of test scores over time? a. 3"uivalent forms reliability b. Split>half reliability c. &est>retest reliability d. 1nter>scorer reliability 1.. 1dentify the following term that most closely refers to a judgement of the e tent to which scores from a test can be used to infer, or predict, the e amineesK performance in some activity2 a. Content reliability b. Eace validity c. Criterion>related validity d. 1nference validity !0. Which of the following is the correct order of Stevens@ four levels of measurement? a. 8rdinal, nominal, ratio, interval b. =ominal, ordinal, interval, ratio c. 1nterval, nominal, ordinal, ratio d. +atio, interval, nominal, ordinal !1. Which is the process of gathering evidence supporting inferences based test scores? a. Halidation b. Halidity c. +eliability d. 5rediction !!. When evaluating tests and assessments, 9reliability: refers to asking ourselves which of the following "uestions? a. 4oes it measure what it is supposed to measure? b. /re there ways to avoid subjective judgments when measuring something? c. 4oes it give consistent results? d. 4oes it measure multiple constructs? !#. Halidity of a test designed to measure a construct such as self>esteem is best described by which of the following? a. Scores from the test correlate highly with most intelligence tests b. Scores from the test correlate highly with most tests of different constructs c. Scores from the test are not correlated with anything d. Scores from the test have a relatively strong and positive correlation with other tests of the

same construct Ai.e., with other measures of self>esteem; but much lower correlations with tests of different constructs !%. Which type of reliability refers to the consistency of a group of individualsK scores on two e"uivalent forms of a test designed to measure the same characteristic? a. Split>half b. &est>retest c. Split>forms d. 3"uivalent forms !'. /chievement tests are designed to measure the degree of learning that has taken place after a person has been e posed to a specific learning e perience. a. &rue b. Ealse !(. ))))))))) refers to how well the particular sample of behaviors used to measure a characteristic reflects the entire domain of behaviors that constitutes that characteristic. a. Construct validity evidence b. Criterion>related validity evidence c. Content validity evidence d. Eace validity evidence /nswers2 1. b !. b #. d %. a '. a (. a *. a -. c .. c 10. b 11. b 1!. a 1#. c 1%. a 1'. b 1(. c 1*. a 1-. c 1.. c !0. b !1. a !!. c !#. d !%. d !'. a !(. c

Chapter !

Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.)
1. /ccording to your te t, how many points should a rating scale have? a. Eive b. Eour c. &en d. Somewhere from % to 11 points !. What is the problemAs; with this set of response categories to the "uestion 9What is your current age?: 1>' '>10 10>!0 !0>#0 #0>%0 a. &he categories are not mutually e clusive b. &he categories are not e haustive c. 7oth a and b are problems d. &here is no problem with the above set of response categories #. Lou should mi methods in a way that provides complementary strengths and nonoverlapping weaknesses. &his is known as the fundamental principle of mi ed research. a. &rue b. Ealse %. /ccording to the te t, "uestionnaires can address events and characteristics taking place when? a. 1n the past Aretrospective "uestions; b. 1n the present Acurrent time "uestions; c. 1n the future Aprospective "uestions; d. /ll of the above '. Which of the following are principles of "uestionnaire construction? a. Consider using multiple methods when measuring abstract constructs b. 6se multiple items to measure abstract constructs c. /void double>barreled "uestions d. /ll of the above e. 8nly b and c (. Which of these is not a method of data collection. a. Buestionnaires b. 1nterviews c. 3 periments d. 8bservations *. Secondary<e isting data may include which of the following? a. 8fficial documents b. 5ersonal documents c. /rchived research data d. /ll of the above

-. /n item that directs participants to different follow>up "uestions depending on their response is called a )))))))))))). a. +esponse set b. 5robe c. Semantic differential d. Contingency "uestion .. Which of the following terms best describes data that were originally collected at an earlier time by a different person for a different purpose? a. 5rimary data b. Secondary data c. 3 perimental data d. Eield notes 10. +esearchers use both open>ended and closed>ended "uestions to collect data. Which of the following statements is true? a. 8pen>ended "uestions directly provide "uantitative data based on the researcher@s predetermined response categories b. Closed>ended "uestions provide "uantitative data in the participant@s own words c. 8pen>ended "uestions provide "ualitative data in the participant@s own words d. Closed>ended "uestions directly provide "ualitative data in the participants@ own words 11. 8pen>ended "uestions provide primarily )))))) data. a. Confirmatory data b. Bualitative data c. 5redictive data d. =one of the above 1!. Which of the following is true concerning observation? a. 1t takes less time than self>report approaches b. 1t costs less money than self>report approaches c. 1t is often not possible to determine e actly why the people behave as they do d. /ll of the above 1#. Bualitative observation is usually done for e ploratory purposesM it is also called ))))))))))) observation. a. Structured b. =aturalistic c. Complete d. 5robed 1%. /s discussed in chapter (, when constructing a "uestionnaire it is important to do each of the following e cept )))))). a. 6se ,leading, or ,loaded, "uestions b. 6se natural language c. 6nderstand your research participants d. 5ilot your test "uestionnaire 1'. /nother name for a Fikert Scale is aAn;2 a. 1nterview protocol b. 3vent sampling c. Summated rating scale d. +anking

1(. Which of the following is not one of the si major methods of data collection that are used by educational researchers? a. 8bservation b. 1nterviews c. Buestionnaires d. Checklists 1*. &he type of interview in which the specific topics are decided in advance but the se"uence and wording can be modified during the interview is called2 a. &he interview guide approach b. &he informal conversational interview c. / closed "uantitative interview d. &he standardi?ed open>ended interview 1-. Which one of the following in not a major method of data collection2 a. Buestionnaires b. 1nterviews c. Secondary data d. Eocus groups e. /ll of the above are methods of data collection 1.. / "uestion during an interview such as 9Why do you feel that way?: is known as a2 a. 5robe b. Eilter "uestion c. +esponse d. 5ilot !0. / census taker often collects data through which of the following? a. Standardi?ed tests b. 1nterviews c. Secondary data d. 8bservations !1. &he researcher has secretly placed him or herself Aas a member; in the group that is being studied. &his researcher may be which of the following? a. / complete participant b. /n observer>as>participant c. / participant>as>observer d. =one of the above !!. Which of the following is not a major method of data collection? a. Buestionnaires b. Eocus groups c. Correlational method d. Secondary data !#. Which type of interview allows the "uestions to emerge from the immediate conte t or course of things? a. 1nterview guide approach b. 1nformal conversational interview c. Closed "uantitative interview d. Standardi?ed open>ended interview !%. When conducting an interview, asking ,/nything else?, What do you mean?, Why

do you feel that way?,, etc, are all forms of2 a. Contingency "uestions b. 5robes c. 5rotocols d. +esponse categories !'. When constructing a "uestionnaire, there are 1' principles to which you should adhere. Which of the following is not one of those principles? a. 4o not use ,leading, or ,loaded, "uestions b. /void double>barreled "uestions c. /void double negatives d. /void using multiple items to measure a single construct /nswers2 1. d !. c #. a %. d '. d (. c *. d -. d .. b 10. c 11. b 1!. c 1#. b 1%. a 1'. c 1(. d 1*. a 1-. e 1.. a !0. b !1. a !!. c !#. b !%. b !'. d

Chapter 7 Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.)
1. When each member of a population has an e"ually likely chance of being selected, this is called2 a. / nonrandom sampling method b. / "uota sample c. / snowball sample

d. /n 3"ual probability selection method !. Which of the following techni"ues yields a simple random sample? a. Choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participate b. Fisting the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from within each ethnic group at random. c. =umbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random number table to pick cases from the table. d. +andomly selecting schools, and then sampling everyone within the school. #. Which of the following is not true about stratified random sampling? a. 1t involves a random selection process from identified subgroups b. 5roportions of groups in the sample must always match their population proportions c. 4isproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done d. 5roportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample %. Which of the following statements are true? a. &he larger the sample si?e, the greater the sampling error b. &he more categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the larger the sample needed c. &he fewer categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the larger the sample needed d. /s sample si?e decreases, so does the si?e of the confidence interval '. Which of the following formulae is used to determine how many people to include in the original sampling? a. 4esired sample si?e<4esired sample si?e D 1 b. 5roportion likely to respond<desired sample si?e c. 5roportion likely to respond<population si?e d. 4esired sample si?e<5roportion likely to respond (. Which of the following sampling techni"ues is an e"ual probability selection method Ai.e., 35S3M; in which every individual in the population has an e"ual chance of being selected? a. Simple random sampling b. Systematic sampling c. 5roportional stratified sampling d. Cluster sampling using the 55S techni"ue e. /ll of the above are 35S3M *. Which of the following is not a form of nonrandom sampling? a. Snowball sampling b. Convenience sampling c. Buota sampling d. 5urposive sampling e. &hey are all forms of nonrandom sampling -. Which of the following will give a more 9accurate: representation of the population from which a sample has been taken?

a. / large sample based on the convenience sampling techni"ue b. / small sample based on simple random sampling c. / large sample based on simple random sampling d. / small cluster sample .. Sampling in "ualitative research is similar to which type of sampling in "uantitative research? a. Simple random sampling b. Systematic sampling c. Buota sampling d. 5urposive sampling 10. Which of the following would generally re"uire the largest sample si?e? a. Cluster sampling b. Simple random sampling c. Systematic sampling d. 5roportional stratified sampling 11. $ow often does the Census 7ureau take a complete population count? a. 3very year b. 3very five years c. 3very ten years d. &wice a year 1!. 5eople who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are used in the sampling method called )))))). a. Simple random sampling b. Cluster sampling c. Systematic sampling d. Convenience sampling 1#. Which of the following types of sampling involves the researcher determining the appropriate sample si?es for the groups identified as important, and then taking convenience samples from those groups? a. 5roportional stratified sampling b. Buota sampling c. 8ne>stage cluster sampling d. &wo>stage cluster sampling 1%. / type of sampling used in "ualitative research that involves selecting cases that disconfirm the researcherKs e pectations and generali?ations is referred to as ))))))))))))))). a. 3 treme case sampling b. &ypical>case sampling c. Critical>case sampling d. =egative>case sampling 1'. 6sing Eigure (.( Apg. 1*-;, how many participants will you need for a research study with a population of 1!0,000? a. !%! b. ##1 c. #** d. #-% 1(. 1n which of the following nonrandom sampling techni"ues does the researcher

ask the research participants to identify other potential research participants? a. Snowball b. Convenience c. 5urposive d. Buota 1*. Which of the following is the most efficient random sampling techni"ue discussed in your chapter? a. Simple random sampling b. 5roportional stratified sampling c. Cluster random sampling d. Systematic sampling 1-. 1f we took the '00 people attending a school in =ew Lork City, divided them by gender, and then took a random sample of the males and a random sampling of the females, the variable on which we would divide the population is called the ))))). a. 1ndependent variable b. 4ependent variable c. Stratification variable d. Sampling variable 1.. / number calculated with complete population data and "uantifies a characteristic of the population is called which of the following? a. / datum b. / statistic c. / parameter d. / population !0. &he type of sampling in which each member of the population selected for the sample is returned to the population before the ne t member is selected is called ))))))))). a. Sampling without replacement b. Sampling with replacement c. Simple random sampling d. Systematic sampling !1. Which of the following is not a type of nonrandom sampling? a. Cluster sampling b. Convenience sampling c. Buota sampling d. 5urposive sampling e. &hey are all type of nonrandom sampling !!. Which of the following would usually re"uire the smallest sample si?e because of its efficiency? a. 8ne stage cluster sampling b. Simple random sampling c. &wo stage cluster sampling d. Buota sampling !#. / techni"ue used when selecting clusters of different si?es is called ))))). a. Cluster sampling b. 8ne>stage sampling c. &wo>stage sampling d. 5robability proportional to si?e or 55S !%. &he process of drawing a sample from a population is known as ))))))))).

a. Sampling b. Census c. Survey research d. =one of the above !'. 1t is recommended to use the whole population rather than a sample when the population si?e is of what si?e? a. '00 or less b. 100 or less c. 1000 or less d. you should always use a sample !(. Which of the following is not an e ample of a nonrandom sampling techni"ue? a. 5urposive b. Buota c. Convenience d. Cluster !*. Which of the following sampling methods is the best way to select a group of people for a study if you are interested in making statements about the larger population? a. Convenience sampling b. Buota sampling c. 5urposive sampling d. +andom sampling !-. ))))))))))) is a set of elements taken from a larger population according to certain rules. a. Sample b. 5opulation c. Statistic d. 3lement !.. 4etermining the sample interval Arepresented by k;, randomly selecting a number between 1 and k, and including each kth element in your sample are the steps for which form of sampling? a. Simple +andom Sampling b. Stratified +andom Sampling c. Systematic Sampling d. Cluster sampling #0. &he nonrandom sampling type that involves selecting a convenience sample from a population with a specific set of characteristics for your research study is called ))))). a. Convenience sampling b. Buota sampling c. 5urposive sampling d. Snowball sampling /nswers2 1. d !. c #. b %. b

'. d (. e *. e -. c .. d 10. a 11. c 1!. d 1#. b 1%. d 1'. d 1(. a 1*. b 1-. c 1.. c !0. b !1. a !!. b !#. d !%. a !'. b !(. d !*. d !-. a !.. c #0. c

Chapter " Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.)
1. When a e traneous variable systematically varies with the independent variable and influences the dependent variable, it is called2 a. /nother dependent variable b. / confounding variable c. / moderating variable d. /n unreliable variable !. Which of the following statements is true? a. / statistical relationship is sufficient evidence to infer causality b. &emporal order of the cause and effect is not important in inferring causality c. / statistical relation of J and L is insufficient evidence for inferring causality d. &emporal order of cause and effect variables and statistical relation are all that are needed to infer causality #. / school district e amines a program that uses mentors to help very poor readers improve their reading performance. &he children in the program are at the %thpercentile at pretest. /t posttest they are around the !0th percentile. While it is

possible that the program made the difference, another reason for the change in scores could be2 a. $istory b. +egression artifact c. Multiple>treatment interference d. 4ifferential selection %. / group of researchers do a study where children from particular classrooms are assigned to treatment or control conditions. /fter the study, the researcher finds out that the students in the control group are higher achievers than those in the e perimental group. $e found no treatment effect. &he failure to find an effect may be due to2 a. / treatment effect b. / testing effect c. / differential selection effect d. / maturation effect '. / researcher e amines a program looking at the effects of mentoring on poor readersK reading achievement. $e looks at two different schools. 8ne serves as the control and the other the e perimental group. 7oth schools had reading achievement that was around the '0th percentile. 4uring the time that the mentoring program is in place in the e perimental group, a statewide reading initiative is started in randomly selected schools. &he e perimental, but not the control school is involved in the initiative. /t the end of the year, the e perimental group does better than the control. Erom the information presented above, a likely threat to the internal validity of the study is2 a. Selection by mortality interaction b. Mortality c. Selection>history effect d. Selection>maturation effect (. Which type of validity refers to the degree to which you can infer that the relationship between two variables is causal? a. 1nternal validity b. 5opulation validity c. 3cological validity d. Statistical conclusion validity *. Which type of validity refers to the ability to infer that the independent and dependent variables are related ant that the measured strength of the relationship is accurate? a. 1nternal validity b. 5opulation validity c. 3cological validity d. Statistical conclusion validity -. /n e traneous variable that systematically varies with the independent variable and also influences the dependent variable is known as a ))))))))))))))). a Confounding variable b. &hird variable c. Second variable d. 7oth a and b are correct .. &he use of multiple observers to allow cross>checking of observations to make sure that the investigators agree with what took place is known as ))))))). a. 1nterpretive validity

b. +esearcher bias c. Multiple operationalism d. 1nvestigator triangulation 10. ))))))))))))) is the lowest inference descriptor of all because it uses the participant@s own words. a. 5articipant feedback b. / verbatim c. 4ata triangulation d. 1nvestigator triangulation 11. ))))))))))) refers to physical or mental changes that may occur within individuals over time, such as aging, learning, boredom, hunger, and fatigue. a. 1nstrumentation b. $istory c. Maturation d. &esting 1!. What type of validity refers to the e tent to which the results of a study can be generali?ed across time? a. 3cological validity b. 3 ternal validity c. 1nternal validity d. &emporal validity 1#. Which of the following best describes interpretive validity? a. Eactual accuracy of an account as reported by the researcher b. /ccurately portraying the meanings given by the participants to what is being studied c. 4egree to which a theoretical e planation fits the data d. /bility to generali?e the study results across settings 1%. Which of the following terms is a strategy where the researcher actively engages in critical self>reflection about his or her potential biases and predispositions. a. 3 perimenter effect b. +eactivity c. 1nvestigator triangulation d. +efle ivity 1'. Which of the following is not considered one of the criteria for inferring causality? a. 3vidence that the independent and dependent variables are related b. 3vidence that the relationship between the variables being investigated is not due to a confounding e traneous variable c. 3vidence that changes in variable / occur before changes in variable 7 d. &he temporal ordering of the variables being investigated does not matter because a relationship is all that is really needed 1(. &he use of multiple data sources to help understand a phenomenon is one strategy that is used to promote "ualitative research validity. Which of the following terms describes this strategy? a. 4ata matching b. 5attern matching

c. 4ata triangulation d. 4ata feedback 1*. What may happen when different comparison groups e perience a different history event? a. $istory effect b. Selection>history effect c. Selection effect d. Group effect 1-. What is another term that refers to a confounding e traneous variable? a. Fast variable b. Eirst variable c. &hird variable d. Eourth variable 1.. Which of the following refers to any systematic change that occurs over time in the way in which the dependent variable is assessed? a. 1nstrumentation b. Maturation c. &esting d. Selection !0. Which of the following terms describes the ability to generali?e from the sample of individuals on which a study was conducted to the larger target population of individuals and across different subpopulations within the larger target population? a. 3 ternal validity b. 5opulation validity c. 3cological validity d. &emporal validity !1. Which of the following is not a strategy used to promote "ualitative research validity? a. 5eer review b. &heory triangulation c. 3 tended fieldwork d. +andom assignment !!. &he use of several measures of a construct is called2 a. Multiple operationalism b. Multiple construct measurement c. 8perationalism d. Methods triangulation !#. / physical or mental change that occurs in participants over time that affects their performance on the dependent variable is called )))))))). a. 1nstrumentation b. Maturation c. +egression d. =one of above !%. /ttrition generally occurs in research where )))). a. Lou do demographic research b. &he study fails

c. Some participants do not complete the study d. &he study is very brief !'. 4ifferential attrition occurs when the people dropping out from one group are different from the others in their group or from the people in the comparison group. a. &rue b. Ealse !(. 1nternal validity refers to which of the following? a. &he ability to infer that a casual relationship e ists between ! variables b. &he e tent to which study results can be generali?ed to and across populations of persons, settings, and times c. &he use of effective measurement instruments in the study d. &he ability to generali?e the study results to individuals not included in the study !*. Which strategy used to promote "ualitative research validity uses multiple research methods to study a phenomenon? a. 4ata triangulation b. Methods triangulation c. &heory triangulation d. Member checking !-. Which type of validity refers to the factual accuracy of an account as reported by the researcher? a. 3cological validity b. &emporal validity c. 4escriptive validity d. =one of the above !.. Which of the following in not one of the key threats to internal validity? a. Maturation b. 1nstrumentation c. &emporal change d. $istory #0. &his type of validity refers to the ability to generali?e the results of a study across settings. a. &emporal validity b. 1nternal validity c. 3cological validity d. 3 ternal validity #1. Which is not a direct threat to the internal validity of a research design? a. $istory b. &esting c. Sampling error d. 4ifferential selection #!. /lteration in performance due to being aware that one is participating in a study is known as )))))). a. 8perationalism b. +eactivity c. &emporal validity d. Mortality

##. &he idea that the more times a research finding is shown with different sets of people, the more confidence we can place in the finding and in generali?ing beyond the original participants is known as ))))))))))). a. =aturalistic generali?ation b. Methods generali?ation c. 4ata triangulation d. +eplication logic /nswers2 1. b !. c #. b %. c '. c (. a *. d -. d .. d 10. b 11. c 1!. d 1#. b 1%. d 1'. d 1(. c 1*. b 1-. c 1.. a !0. b !1. d !!. a !#. b !%. c !'. a !(. a !*. b !-. c !.. c #0. c #1. c #!. b ##. d

Chapter # Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.)
1. /nalysis of covariance is2 a. / statistical techni"ue that can be used to help e"uate groups on specific

variables b. / statistical techni"ue that can be used to control se"uencing effects c. / statistical techni"ue that substitutes for random assignment to groups d. /djusts scores on the independent variable to control for e traneous variables !. &o determine whether noise affects the ability to solve math problems, a researcher has one group solve math problems in a "uiet room and another group solve math problems in a noisy room. &he group solving problems in the noisy room completes 1' problems in one hour and the group solving problems in the "uiet room completes !! problems in one hour. 1n this e periment, the independent variable is )))))))))))) and the dependent variable is ))))))))))))). a. &he number of problems solvesM the difficulty of the problems b. &he number of problems solvedM the noise level in the room c. &he noise level in the roomM the number of problems solved d. &he noise level in the roomM the difficulty of the problems #. &he posttest>only design with none"uivalent groups is likely to control for which of the following threats to internal validity2 a. $istory b. 4ifferential selection c. /dditive and interactive effects d. 4ifferential attrition %. a. b. c. d. When all participants receive all treatment conditions, the study is susceptible to2 8rder effects Carryover effects /nalysis of covariance a and b

'. / researcher is interested in the effects of a preschool program on later school performance. 7ecause she is concerned that socio>economic>status AS3S; is a potential e traneous variable in her study, she picks children to study who are only from low S3S homes. &he control techni"ue she used in this study was2 a. Matching b. +andom assignment c. $olding the e traneous variable constant d. Statistically controlling the e traneous variable (. Which of the following terms best describes an interaction effect? a. &he effect of one independent variable Aon a 4H; depends on the level of another independent variable b. 3liminating any differential influence of e traneous variables c. Se"uencing effect that occurs from the order in which the treatment conditions are administered d. &he effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable *. Which of the following terms refers to a statistical method that can be used to statistically e"uate groups on a pretest or some other variable? a. 3 perimental control b. 4ifferential influence c. Matching d. /nalysis of covariance

-. Which of the following is not a way to manipulate an independent variable? a. 5resence techni"ue b. /mount techni"ue c. &ype techni"ue d. +andom techni"ue .. Which of the following designs permits a comparison of pretest scores to determine the initial e"uivalence of groups on the pretest before the treatment variable is introduced into the research setting. a. 8ne>group pretest>posttest design b. 5retest>posttest control group design c. 5osttest>only design with none"uivalent groups d. 7oth b and c 10. Counterbalancing is ))))))))). a. 6sually based on random selection of participants b. 8nly used when one pretest variable needs to be controlled c. Chosen to control for such things as order and carryover effectsN d. /ll of the above 11. &he group that receives the e perimental treatment condition is the ))))). a. 3 perimental group b. Control group c. 5articipant group d. 1ndependent group 1!. Which of the following control techni"ues available to the researcher controls for both known and unknown variables? a. 7uilding the e traneous variable into the design b. Matching c. +andom assignment d. /nalysis of covariance 1#. &he group that does not receive the e perimental treatment condition is the )))))))). a. 3 perimental group b. Control group c. &reatment group d. 1ndependent group 1%. &here are a number of ways in which confounding e traneous variables can be controlled. Which control techni"ue is considered to be the best? a. +andom assignment b. Matching c. Counterbalancing d. =one of the above 1'. Which of the following could be used for randomly assigning participants to groups in an e perimental study? a. Split>half Ae.g., first half versus second half of a school directory; b. 3ven versus odd numbers c. 6se a list of random numbers or a computer randomi?ation program d. Fet the researcher decide which group will be the best

1(. Which term is not a related to counterbalancing? a. Carryover effect b. 8rder effect c. Se"uencing effects d. Matching 1*. / cell is a combination of two or more )))) in a factorial design. a. +esearch designs b. +esearch measurements c. 4ependent variables d. 1ndependent variables 1-. Which of the following designs does an e cellent job of controlling for rival hypotheses that threaten the internal validity of an e periment? a. 5osttest>only design with none"uivalent groups b. 5osttest>only control>group design c. 5retest>posttest control>group design d. 7oth b and c are e cellent designs 1.. Manipulating the independent variable by varying the type on the independent variable that is presented to the different comparison groups is known as ))))). a. /mount techni"ue b. /bsence techni"ue c. &ype techni"ue d. 5resence techni"ue !0. Which of the following terms is a se"uencing effect that occurs from the order in which the treatment conditions are administered? a. Carry>over effect b. 8rder effect c. Se"uencing effects d. =one of the above !1. When manipulating the independent variable in an educational e periment, which of the following describes this method? a. /n independent variable is manipulated using the presence or absence techni"ue b. &he researchers varies the amount of the independent variable that is administered c. &he researcher varies the type of the independent variable d. /ll of the above are possible !!. Which method of controlling confounding e traneous variables takes precedence over all other methods? a. Matching individual participants b. $olding e traneous variables c. 7uilding the e traneous variable into the research design d. Counterbalancing e. +andomly assign research participants to the groups !#. 1n an e perimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effect produced by the )))). a. 4ependent variable b. 3 traneous variable c. 1ndependent variable d. Confounding variable

!%. &his type of design is one where all participants participate in all e perimental treatment conditions. a. Eactorial design b. +epeated measures design c. +eplicated design d. 5retest>posttest control>group design !'. / factorial design is one in which )))). a. 8nly one independent variable is studied to determine its effect on the dependent variable b. 8nly two independent variables are simultaneously studied to determine their independent and interactive effects on the dependent variable c. &wo or more independent variables are simultaneously studied to determine their independent and interactive effects on the dependent variable d. &wo dependent variables are studied to determine their interactive effects !(. &he design in which one group of research participants is administered a treatment and is then compared, on the dependent variable, with another group of research participants who did not receive the e perimental treatment is )))). a. 8ne>group posttest>only design b. 8ne>group pretest>posttest design c. 5osttest>only design with none"uivalent groups d. time series design !*. ))))) refers to the influence of a single independent variable. a. 1nteraction effect b. +eactive effect c. Main effect d. 5roactive effect !-. / se"uencing effect that occurs when performance in one treatment condition is influenced by participation in a prior treatment condition is known as )))). a. Counterbalancing effect b. Carryover effect c. &reatment effect d. 8rder effect !.. Which of the following is possible in a factorial design with two independent variables? a. &here is only one main effect present b. &here are two main effects present c. &here are two main effects and an interaction effect present d. /ll of the above are possible #0. Which of the following is a factorial design where different participants are randomly assigned to the levels of one independent variable but participants take all levels on another independent variable? a. 8ne>group pretest>posttest b. 5retest>posttest control>group design c. Eactorial design d. Eactorial design based on a mi ed model /nswers2

1. a !. c #. a %. d '. c (. a *. d -. d .. b 10. c 11. a 1!. c 1#. b 1%. a 1'. c 1(. d 1*. d 1-. d 1.. c !0. b !1. d !!. e !#. c !%. b !'. c !(. c !*. c !-. b !.. d #0. d

Chapter 1$ Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.)
1. / researcher does a study e amining the effects of a preschool program. $e uses a none"uivalent comparison group design. $e finds that the cognitive growth of his e perimental group is greater than that of his control. 6nfortunately, he later finds that in general children who live in the area where he drew his e perimental group tend to grow faster cognitively than children who were from the area where he drew his control group. When he discovered this problem, he discovered what threat to the internal validity of his study? a. Selection>maturation effect b. $istory effect c. Selection>instrumentation effect d. &esting effect !. Eor a treatment to be deemed effective when used in the conte t of an />7>/ single case design, what has to occur?

a. 7ehavior should change as the treatment is implemented b. 7ehavior should return to baseline levels when the treatment is removed c. When the treatment is removed, behavior should stay at the level that was created by the treatment rather than revert back to the baseline d. 7oth a and b #. 1n a changing>criterion design, changes in criterion are best done2 a. /s soon as the prior criterion is met b. When the previous criterion is met and the behavior has stabili?ed c. +egardless of the previous criteria d. /fter a fi ed number of trials %. &he non>e"uivalent comparison group design is a "uasi>e perimental design in which, for reasons of practicality, we cannot insure that the control and e perimental groups are e"uivalent to each other when the e periment begins. &he major interpretational difficulty imposed by this design is2 a. Measuring whether the two groups are different from each other on the posttest b. 4eciding how much each group has gained c. 4etermining when enough data points are collected d. 7eing sure that any differences between groups at the end of the e periment are due to the independent variable@s influence and not due to pree isting group differences '. a. b. c. d. / treatment effect is demonstrated in the regression discontinuity design by2 / discontinuity in the regression line / significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores /nalysis of covariance &he demonstration of an interaction

(. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is a primary threat to the interrupted time>series design? $istory effect Selection>history Selection>maturation /ll of the above

*. / design consisting of an e perimental and a control group but participants are not randomly assigned to the groups is which of the following? a. 1nterrupted time>series design b. =one"uivalent comparison>group design c. Single case design d. />7>/>7 design -. a. b. c. d. / form of the none"uivalent comparison>group design is recommended when )))). 1t is not possible to control for a basic history effect 1t is not possible to randomly assign participants to groups 1t is not possible to identify two groups /ll of the above

.. / threat to internal validity in the none"uivalent comparison>group design is the ))))) effect. a. Selection>maturation effect b. Selection>history effect

c. Selection>regression d. /ll of the above are threats 10. / threat to internal validity in the none"uivalent comparison>group design is the ))))) effect. a. Maturation effect b. Selection>history effect c. Eailure to revert to baseline d. /ll of the above 11. $ow many variables should be changed at a time when conducting a single>case design? /. % 7. # C. ! 4. 1 1!. 1n "uasi>e perimental research designs, causal interpretations can be made ))))))). a. 8nly when rival e planations have been shown to be plausible b. 8nly when rival e planations have been shown to be implausible c. 8nly when the participants have been randomly selected d. 8nly when there is a single participant in the e periment 1#. 1n single>case research, 9baseline: refers to )))))))). a. &he beginning point of the treatment condition b. &he end point of the treatment condition c. &he rate of response established prior to the e perimental intervention d. &he time during which a treatment condition is administered 1%. Which type of design can be used when the goal is to create a step>by>step increase Aor decrease; in the amount, accuracy, or fre"uency of some behavior over a period of time? a. =one"uivalent comparison>group design b. />7>/>7 c. Changing>criterion design d. />7 design 1'. Which of the following occurs in a comparison group design when one of the two groups of participants grows or naturally develops faster than the other group? a. Main effect b. Se"uencing effect c. 8rder effect d. Selection>maturation effect 1(. /n observation of a dependent variable response prior to any attempt to change this response is known as the ))))))))))). a. Elat line b. 7aseline c. Hariance d. +everse 1*. &he most fre"uently used "uasi>e perimental design is the ))))))))) design. a. =one"uivalent comparison>group

b. 1nterrupted time>series c. Changing>criterion d. +egression discontinuity 1-. / baseline ))))))))))))). a. 1s used as the standard against which change induced by the treatment is assessed b. 1s the occurrence of a response in its freely occurring or natural state c. 1s first obtained prior to the administration of a treatment d. /ll of the above are true 1.. / single>case e perimental design in which the response to a treatment is compared to baseline occurring before and after the treatment is called what? a. />7>/ design b. Single>case design c. Multiple>baseline d. Changing>criterion !0. 1n a single>case design, you hope that the behavior of the participants prior to the administration of a treatment condition is )))))))). a. =ot highly variable b. $ighly variable c. Moving at a steep rate of change d. =one of the above !1. &he )))))))))))))))) design rules out history by demonstrating that the dependent variable response reverts back to the baseline when the treatment is withdrawn. a. Changing>criterion design b. />7 c. />7>/ design d. 1nterrupted time>series design !!. Which design would use analysis of covariance during data analysis? a. =one"uivalent comparison>group design b. 1nterrupted time>series design c. Changing criterion design d. />7>/>7 design !#. &he interrupted time>series design can also be viewed as aAn;2 a. />7 design b. />7>/ design c. />7>/>7 design d. Control>group design !%. Why is it important to change one variable at a time in single case designs? a. Changing one variable allows isolation of the cause of the change b. Changing more than one variable at a time confounds those independent variables c. 7oth a and b are true d. =one of the above !'. What is the difference between />7>/ design and />7>/>7 design? a. 7oth designs end on the treatment condition b. =either design ends on a treatment condition c. 7aseline conditions are only established in the />7>/>7 design

d. />7>/>7 allows the reintroduction of the treatment condition during the last phase !(. Which of the following is not a phase in the />7>/ design? a. 7aseline measurement b. 1ntroduction of treatment c. 1ntroduction of a second treatment d. +emoval of treatment !*. +esearchers can attempt to eliminate the threat of bias from the selection> maturation effect in the none"uivalent comparison>group design by matching e perimental and control participants on important variables. a. &rue b. Ealse !-. Group comparison designs are always superior to single>case designs. a. &rue b. Ealse /nswers2 1. a !. d #. b %. d '. a (. a *. b -. b .. d 10. b 11. d 1!. b 1#. c 1%. c 1'. d 1(. b 1*. a 1-. d 1.. a !0. a !1. c !!. a !#. a !%. c !'. d !(. c !*. a !-. b

Chapter 11 Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.)

1. &he number of police officers and the number of crimes are positively related. &his relationship is2 a. / causal relationship b. / direct relationship c. / probabilistic causal relation d. / spurious relationship !. / research studies the relation between early reading and later school achievement. She decides that a potentially e traneous variable in the relationship is 1B. 1n developing her groups for her study, she pairs each child who was an early reader with a child of the same 1B level who was not an early reader. &he control techni"ue she used was2 a. $olding the e traneous variable constant b. Statistical control c. Matching d. +andom assignment #. 5artial correlation analysis involves2 a. 3 amining the relationship between two or more variables controlling for additional variables statistically b. 1ncluding only one group in a correlational analysis c. Matching participants on potential confounding variables d. Fimiting the sample to individuals at a constant level of an e traneous variable %. &he directors of a graduate program in educational research wish to see what types of jobs their graduates take after they finish their program. &hey randomly sample students from the program and have them fill out "uestionnaires with items asking about the types of jobs they have had. &hey also are asked to describe the roles they play in their current positions. &his project is best described as having what kind of objective2 a. 4escriptive b. 5redictive c. 3 planatory '. When research is done to test hypotheses and theories about how and why phenomena operate as they do, then the primary purpose of such research is2 a. 4escriptive b. 5redictive c. 3 planatory (. &he variable the researcher matches to eliminate it as an alternative e planation is called aAn; ))))))))) variable. a. Matching b. 1ndependent c. 4ependent d. 5artial *. Which of the following is not a longitudinal design? a. 5anel b. Cross>sectional c. &rend d. 7oth a and c are longitudinal designs

-. &he positive correlation between teachers@ salaries and the price of li"uor is ))))))))). a. Spurious b. 4ue to a third>variable c. =onspurious d. 7oth a and b .. Which of the following is considered a special case of the general linear model? a. / variable b. 5artial correlation c. /nalysis of covariance d. 7oth b and c 10. When a researcher starts with the dependent variable and moves backwards, it is called )))))))). a. 5redictive research b. +etrospective research c. 3 ploratory research d. 4escriptive research 11. &he method of working multiple hypotheses refers to a techni"ue for identifying rival e planations. a. &rue b. Ealse 1!. GFM refers to which of the following? a. General Fogit Model b. General Fimited Model c. General Fab Model d. General Finear Model 1#. &he post hoc fallacy is )))). a. Making the argument that because / preceded 7, / must have caused 7 b. Making the argument that because / preceded 7, / and 7 must be correlated c. Making the argument that because / preceded 7, they cannot be correlated d. =one of the above 1%. Which one of the following is not a step in none perimental research? a. 4etermine research problem and hypotheses b. /naly?e data c. 1nterpret results d. /ll are steps 1'. 1f a research finding is statistically significant, then )))). a. &he observed result is probably not due to chance b. &he observed result cannot possibly be due to chance c. &he observed result is probably a chance result d. &he null hypothesis of 9no relationship: is probably true 1(. Which of the following is<are necessary conditionAs; for causation? a. &he relationship condition b. &he temporal antecedence condition

c. &he lack of alternative e planation condition d. /ll of the above 1*. Which of the following independent variables cannot be manipulated in a research study? a. Gender b. 3thnicity c. 1ntelligence and other traits d. =one of ht above can be manipulated in a research study 1-. )))))))))) is a form of e planatory research in which the researcher develops a theoretical model and empirically tests the model to determine how well the model fits the data. a. Causal modeling b. 5redictive research c. 4escriptive research d. 3 ploratory research 1.. =one perimental research in which the primary independent variable of interest is categorical is sometimes called))))))))))))). a. Causal>comparative research b. Correlational research !0. Which approach is the strongest for establishing that a relationship is causal? a. Causal>comparative b. Correlational c. 3 perimental d. $istorical !1. Which approach is the strongest for establishing that a relationship is causal? a. Causal>comparative b. Correlational c. 8ne C/==8& say without additional information Ai.e., it could be either depending on how well the researcher established the three necessary conditions for cause and effect;

!!. ))))))) is the most commonly used techni"ue for controlling for e traneous variables in none perimental research. a. Matching b. $olding e traneous variables constant c. Statistical control d. Static control !#. 1t is best to use the method of working multiple hypotheses when ))))). a. Lou are finished with your research b. Lou are planning your research study c. Lou are hoping to publish your already obtained research results d. =one of the above !%. Matching can be done when your independent variable is categorical or "uantitative. a. &rue

b. Ealse !'. 1f a correlation coefficient is ..(, we would probably be able to say that the relationship is )))). a. Weak b. Strong c. Statistically significant d. b is true and c is probably true !(. What happens in a completely spurious relationship once the researcher controls for a confounding third>variable? a &he relationship between the original variables will get stronger b. &he relationship between the original variables will remain unchanged c. &he correlation coefficient will get closer to 1.0 d. &he relationship between the original variables will get weaker or, if the original relationship is fully spurious, it will disappear Ai.e., the original relationship will become ?ero as measured by a correlation coefficient; !*. Which of the three necessary conditions for cause and effect is almost always problematic in none perimental research? a. Condition 12 Hariable / and Hariable 7 must be related Athe relationship condition;. b. Condition !2 5roper time order must be established Athe temporal antecedence condition;. c. Condition #2 &he relationship between variable / and Hariable 7 must not be due to some confounding e traneous variable, d. =one perimental research is always weak on all three of the conditions !-. Which of the following is =8& a form of longitudinal research? a. &rend study b. 5anel study c. Cross>sectional study !.. 8bserving a relationship between two variables is =8& sufficient grounds for concluding that the relationship is a causal relationship. a. &rue b. Ealse #0. &his type of longitudinal research studies the same individuals over an e tended period of time. a. &rend study b. 5anel study c. 7oth a and b d. =either a nor b #1. &his type of research tests hypotheses and theories in order to e plain how and why a phenomenon operates as it does. a. 4escriptive research b. 5redictive research c. 3 planatory research d. =one of the above

#!. &he 5earson product moment correlation measures the degree of ))))))))) relationship present between two variables. a. Curvilinear b. =onlinear c. Finear and "uadratic d. Finear /nswers2 1. d !. c #. a %. a '. c (. a *. d -. d .. d 10. b 11. a 1!. d 1#. a 1%. d 1'. a 1(. d 1*. d 1-. a 1.. a !0. c !1. c !!. c !#. b !%. a !'. d !(. d !*. c !-. c !.. a #0. b #1. c #!. d

Chapter 12 Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.)
1. Which of the following is characteristic of "ualitative research? a. Generali?ation to the population b. +andom sampling

c. 6ni"ue case orientation d. Standardi?ed tests and measures !. a. b. c. d. #. a. b. c. d. 5henomenology has its disciplinary origins in2 5hilosophy /nthropology Sociology Many disciplines &he primary data analysis approach in ethnography is2 8pen, a ial, and selective coding $olistic description and search for cultural themes Cross>case analysis 1dentifying essences of a phenomenon

%. &he term used to describe suspending preconceptions and learned feelings about a phenomenon is called2 a. / ial coding b. 4esign fle ibility c. 7racketing d. 3thnography '. / researcher studies how students who flunk out of high school e perienced high school. She found that it was common for such students to report that they felt like they had little control of their destiny. $er report that this lack of control was an invariant part of the students@ e periences suggests that lack of control is ))))))) of the 9flunking out: e perience. a. / narrative b. / grounded theory c. /n essence d. / probabilistic cause (. &he specific cultural conventions or statements that people who share a culture hold to be true or false are called )))))). a. Shared attitudes b. Shared beliefs c. Shared values d. =orms *. &he written and unwritten rules that specify appropriate group behavior are called ))))). a. Shared attitudes b. Shared beliefs c. Shared values d. =orms -. Which of the following is not an advantage of studying multiple cases? a. Multiple cases can be compared for similarities and differences b. Multiple cases can more effectively test a theory than a single case c. Generali?ations about population are usually better when based on multiple cases. d. Cost is lower and depth of analysis is easier when you study multiple cases in a single research study .. ))))) are the standards of a culture about what is good or bad or desirable or

undesirable. a. Shared attitudes b. Shared beliefs c. Shared values d. =orms 10. ))))))))) is the study of human consciousness and individuals@ e perience of some phenomenon. a. 5henomenology b. 3thnography c. Grounded theory d. Case study research 11. Which of the following is a characteristic of "ualitative research? a. 4esign fle ibility b. 1nductive analysis c. Conte t sensitivity d. /ll of the above 1!. )))))))) is a general methodology for developing theory that is based on data systematically gathered and analy?ed. a. &heory confirmation b. Grounded theory c. &heory deduction d. /ll of the above 1#. &he final stage in grounded theory data analysis is called ))))))))))). a. / ial coding b. &heoretical saturation c. Constant comparative method d. Selective coding 1%. Which major characteristic of "ualitative research refers to studying real world situations as they unfold naturally? a. $olistic perspective b. =aturalistic in"uiry c. 4ynamic systems d. 1nductive analysis 1'. 1n which "ualitative research approach is the primary goal to gain access to individuals@ inner worlds of e perience? a. 5henomenology b. 3thnography c. Grounded theory d. Case study 1(. &he type of "ualitative research that describes the culture of a group of people is called )))). a. 5henomenology b. Grounded theory c. 3thnography d. Case study 1*. &he grounded theorist is finished analy?ing data when theoretical saturation occurs.

a. &rue b. Ealse 1-. 1n which of the following case study designs does the researcher focus her primary interest on understanding something more general than the particular case? a. 1ntrinsic case study b. 1nstrumental case study c. Collective case study d. 1t could be b or c 1.. Which of the following phrases best describes ,ethnocentrism,? a. Special words or terms used by the people in a group b. /n e ternal, social scientific view of reality c. &he study of the cultural past of a group of people d. Oudging people from a different culture according to the standards of your own culture !0. Which of the following is usually not a characteristic of "ualitative research? a. 4esign fle ibility b. 4ynamic systems c. =aturalistic in"uiry d. 4eductive design !1. Which of the following involves the studying of multiple cases in one research study? a. 1ntrinsic case study b. Single case study c. 1nstrumental case study d. Collective case study !!. Which of the following does not apply to "ualitative research? a. 4ata are often words and pictures b. 6ses the inductive scientific method c. 3nds with a statistical report d. 1nvolves direct and personal contact with participants !#. &he difference between ethnographic research and other types of "ualitative research is that ethnographers specifically use the concept of 9culture: to help understand the results. a. &rue b. Ealse !%. What term refers to the insiderKs perspective? /. 3thnocentrism 7. 3mic perspective C. 3tic perspective 4. $olism !'. 1n data analysis of the grounded theory approach, the step which focuses on the main idea, developing the story line, and finali?ing the theory is called )))))))). a. 8pen coding b. / ial coding c. Selective coding d. &heoretical saturation

!(. Which of the following is not one of the % major approaches to "ualitative research. a. 3thnography b. 5henomenology c. Case study d. Grounded theory e. =one perimental !*. 1n ,phenomenology,, a well written report will be highly descriptive of the participants@ e periences and will often elicit in the reader a feeling that they feel as though they are e periencing the phenomenon themselves. &his e perience is called ))))). a. / phenomenal e perience b. / vicarious e perience c. / significant e perience d. / dream !-. Lou want to study a =ative /merican group in =ew Me ico for a si month period to learn all you can about them so you can write a book about that particular tribe. Lou want the book to be accurate and authentic as well as informative and inspiring. What type of research will you likely be conducting when you get to =ew Me ico? a. 3thnography b. 5henomenology c. Grounded theory d. Collective case study !.. &he emic perspective refers to an e ternal, social scientific view of reality. a. &rue b. Ealse #0. ))))))))) is used to describe cultural scenes or the cultural characteristics of a group of people. a. 5henomenology b. 3thnography c. Grounded theory d. 1nstrumental case study #1. &erms such as 9geeks,: 9book worms,: 9preps,: are known as ))))) terms. a. 3mic b. 3tic #!. When a researcher identifies so completely with the group being studied that he or she can no longer remain objective you have what is called ))))))))). a. Culture shock b. Going native c. +egression d. Cultural relativism /nswers2 1. c !. a #. b %. c

'. c (. b *. d -. d .. c 10. a 11. d 1!. b 1#. d 1%. b 1'. a 1(. c 1*. a 1-. d 1.. d !0. d !1. d !!. c !#. a !%. b !'. c !(. e !*. b !-. a !.. b #0. b #1. a #!. b

$istory 8f Fearning &heories

e 5erspective 4ivision of Fearning &heory Hariables of Concern Pey &heorists Main &heories 7ehaviorist Classical Conditioning Stimulus +esponse 5avlov 1-%.>1.#( Classical Conditioning 7ehaviorist 7ehaviorism Stimulus +esponse +einforcement Watson 1-*->1.'&horndike1-*%>1.%. Guthrie 1--(>1.'. Skinner1.0%>1..0 3stes 1.1. > 7ehaviorism Connectionism Contiguity &heory 8perant Conditioning Stimulus Sampling &heory 7ehaviorist =eobehaviorism Stimulus>+esponse 1ntervening internal variables> 5urposive behavior &olman 1--(>1.'. $ull 1--%>1.'! Spence 1.0*>1.(* Sign>&heoryQFatent>Fearning

4rive +eduction &heory 4iscrimination Fearning Cognitive Gestalt Fearning &heory 5erception 4ecision making /ttention Memory 5roblem solving Wertheimer1--0>1.%# Fewin1-.0>1.%* Pohler1--* > 1.(* Poffka1--* > 1.%1 Eestinger 1.1.>1.-. Gestalt Fearning &heory Eield &heoretical /pproach 1nsight Fearning Gestalt &heory Cognitive 4issonance Cognitive 1nformation 5rocessing 1nformation 5rocessing Computer models $ebb 1.0% > 1.-' Miller =ewell1.!* > 1..! Craik Q Fockhart 5aivio +umelhart =europhysiologic &heory 1nformation>5rocessing>&heory General 5roblem Solver Fevels of 5rocessing 4ual Coding &heory 1nteractive /ctivation Compet. Cognitive Constructivism Pnowledge construction Fearner as active creator /usubel1.1- > 7runer1.1'> 5iaget A1-.(>1..0; Fave /rgyris Spiro Elavell Schank Subsumption &heory Constructivism Genetic 3pistemology Situated Cognition 4ouble Foop Fearning Cognitive Ele ibility &heory Metacognition Script &heory Cognitive 5sychoanalytic Fearning &heory 6nconscious processes Ereud1-'(>1.#. 5sychoanalytic Fearning $umanist $umanistic Fearning 3motional factors and /ffect Maslow 1.0->1.*0 +ogers 1.0!>1.-* Me?irow $umanistic &heory of Fearning 3 periential Fearning &ransformational Fearning Social Social Fearning 1nteractions with other 5articipants Hygotsky 7andura

7rown Social Constructivism 8bservational Fearning &heory Cognitive /pprenticeship.. General &heories of Memory and 1ntelligence /nderson 1.%* > Guilford Gardner Sternberg /C&N Structure of 1ntellect Multiple 1ntelligences &riarchic &heory 1nstructional &heories> /pplications of learning theory for classroom and instructional use 5edagogy and theories of /dult Fearning 7ransford Cronbach Cros Gagne 1.1(>!00! Pnowles Fanda Mager Merrill +eigeluth /nchored 1nstruction /ptitude &reatment 1nteraction C/F>Char. of /dult Fearners Conditions of Fearning /ndragogy /lgo>$euristic Criterion>+eferenced>1nstruction Component 4isplay &heory 3laboration &heory

Cognitive /ffective 5sychomotor knowledge attitude skills 1. +ecall data 1. +eceive Aawareness; 1. 1mitation Acopy; !. 6nderstand !. +espond Areact; !. Manipulation Afollow instructions; #. /pply Ause; #. Halue Aunderstand and act; #. 4evelop 5recision %. /nalyse Astructure<elements; %. 8rganise personal value system

%. '. '. '. (.

/rticulation Acombine, integrate related skills; Synthesi?e Acreate<build; 1nternali?e value system Aadopt behaviour; =aturali?ation Aautomate, become e pert; 3valuate Aassess, judge in relational terms;