1

Fifth Edition Reinforced Concrete Design

A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
CHAPTER
5b
REINFORCED CONCRETE
A Fundamental Approach - Fifth Edition
FLEXURE IN BEAMS
ENCE 454 Design of Concrete Structures
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
SPRING 2004
By
Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 1
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Reinforcement Ratio Limitations
and Guidelines
Calculation of c
b
For Balanced Beam
N.A
c
f 85 . 0
a
b
t
d
Steel bars
ab f C
c
= 85 . 0
2
a
y s
f A T =
b
c
003 . 0 =
c

2
a
d jd =
b
c d
Figure 12
Strain
Stress
2
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 2
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Reinforcement Ratio Limitations
and Guidelines
Calculation of c
b
For Balanced Beam
N.A
c
f 85 . 0
a
t
d
ab f C
c
= 85 . 0
2
a
y s
f A T =
b
c
003 . 0 =
c

2
a
d jd =
b t
c d
Figure 13
Strain
Stress
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 3
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Reinforcement Ratio Limitations
and Guidelines
Calculation of c
b
For Balanced Beam
From similar triangles of the strain diagram of
Figure 13:
t
y
b
y y c
c
t
b
d c
d
c

+
=
+
=
+
=
003 . 0
003 . 0

or
003 . 0
003 . 0

(15)
(16)
3
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 4
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Reinforcement Ratio Limitations
and Guidelines
Calculation of c
b
For Balanced Beam
Or
Since
y
= f
y
/E
s
(where E
s
= 29 10
6
psi),
hence,
y t
b
d
c
+
=
003 . 0
003 . 0

(17)
6
10 29
003 . 0
003 . 0
003 . 0
003 . 0

+
=
+
=
y
s
y
t
b
f
E
f
d
c
(18)
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 5
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Reinforcement Ratio Limitations
and Guidelines
Calculation of c
b
For Balanced Beam
Eq. 18 can rewritten to give
y t
b
f d
c
+
=
000 , 87
000 , 87

(19)
c
b
= balanced neutral axis depth
d
t
= effective depth to extreme tensile reinforcement layer
f
y
= yield point of steel grade
4
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 6
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Reinforcement Ratio Limitations
and Guidelines
Reinforcement Ratio
b
at Balanced
Condition
With Eq. 19, and
b
= A
b
/bd
t
but
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
= =
=
b
b
y
b
y
b
b
b
t
b
b
b
t
bc
A
f f
b
A
c
d
c
b
A
d
000 , 87
000 , 87

000 , 87
000 , 87

b c f ab f f A C T
b c c y b 1
85 . 0 85 . 0 = = =
(20)
(21)
(22)
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 7
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Reinforcement Ratio Limitations
and Guidelines
Reinforcement Ratio
b
at Balanced
Condition
From Eq. 22, the ratio A
b
/b is given by
Therefore, substituting into Eq. 21, gives
y
b c b
f
c f
b
A
1
85 . 0
=
(23)
(24)
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
y
c
y
b y
b c
y b
b
y
b
f
f
f
c f
c f
f bc
A
f
1
1
85 . 0
000 , 87
000 , 87

85 . 0
000 , 87
000 , 87
000 , 87
000 , 87

5
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 8
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Reinforcement Ratio Limitations
and Guidelines
Steel Ratio Formula for Balanced Beam
Instead of using laborious techniques for
determining the balanced steel of beam,
the following formula can be used to
determine the steel ratio
b
at the balance
condition:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
000 , 87
000 , 87 85 . 0

1
y y
c
b
f f
f
(25)
where
= compressive strength of concrete (psi)
f
y
= yield strength of steel (psi)

1
= factor that depends on as given by Eq. 3
c
f
c
f
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 9
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Reinforcement Ratio Limitations
and Guidelines
Lower Limit for Steel Reinforcement
The ACI Code establishes a lower limit on
the amount of tension reinforcement. The
code states that where tensile
reinforcement is required , the steel area
A
s
shall not be less than that given by
d b
f
d b
f
f
A
w
y
w
y
c
s
200
3
min ,

=
(26)
Note that for rectangular beam b
w
= b
6
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 10
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Reinforcement Ratio Limitations
and Guidelines
Steel Ratio
The steel ratio (sometimes called
reinforcement ratio) is given by
bd
A
s
=
b
h
d
N.A.
A
s
(27)
For ductile behavior, ACI
Code recommends that
b
of 60% to 50 from ranges
max
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 11
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Reinforcement Ratio Limitations
and Guidelines
N.A
c
f 85 . 0
a
0 1
3 2
3 #8 bars
ab f C
c
= 85 . 0
2
a
y s
f A T =
b
c
003 . 0
00207 . 0
Example 2 (contd)
2
a
d jd =
b
c d
Figure 14
Strain
7
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 12
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strain Limits Method for Analysis
and Design
The nominal flexural strength of a concrete
member is reached when the net
compressive strain in the extreme fibers
reaches the ACI Code-assumed limit of
0.003 in./in.
It also stipulates that when the tensile
strain in the extreme tension steel
t
is
sufficiently large at a value equal or
greater than 0.005 in./in.; the behavior is
fully ductile.
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 13
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strain Limits Method for Analysis
and Design
The reinforced concrete beam is
characterized by ACI as
Tension-controlled
Ductile mode of failure, with ample warning of
failure as denoted by excessive cracking and
deflection (preferred)
Compression-controlled, or
Brittle mode of failure, with little warning of such
impending failure
Transitional
Beams with small axial load and large moment.
8
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 14
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strain Limits Method for Analysis
and Design
ACI-318-02 Code Strain Limits
Compression-controlled limit:
Tension-controlled limit:
Transitional:
002 . 0
10 29
000 , 60
6
=

= =
s
y
t
E
f

) 63 . 0 / (where 005 . 0
b
= =
t

005 . 0 002 . 0
t

CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS

Slide No. 15
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strain Limits Method for Analysis
and Design
ACI-318-02 Code Strain Limits
Figure 14. Strain Limit Zones and variation of Strength Reduction Factor
9
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 16
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strain Limits Method for Analysis
and Design
Strain Limits in Terms of Neutral Axis Depth
N.A
b
d
Steel bars
d c 375 . 0 =
/" " 003 . 0 =
c

/" " 005 . 0 =

t

c d
/" " 003 . 0 =
c

d c 6 . 0 =
/" " 002 . 0 =
t

d
Figure 15. Strain Limits (a) Tension Controlled; (b) Compression Controlled
(a) (b)
N.A
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 17
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strain Limits Method for Analysis
and Design
Variation of as a Function of Strain
Variation of the value for the range of strain
between
t
= 0.002 and
t
= 0.005 can be
linearly interpolated to give the following
expression:
| |
| | 90 . 0 67 57 . 0 70 . 0
: Sections Reinforced - Spirally
90 . 0 83 48 . 0 65 . 0
: Sections Tied
+ =
+ =
t
t

(28)
(29)
10
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 18
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strain Limits Method for Analysis
and Design
Variation of as a Function of Neutral Axis
Depth Ratio c/d
Eq. 18 can be expressed in terms c/d
t
, where d
t
is
the effective depth of the layer of reinforcement
closest to the tensile face of the section as follows:
90 . 0
/
20 . 0
37 . 0 70 . 0
: Sections Reinforced - Spirally
90 . 0
/
25 . 0
23 . 0 65 . 0
: Sections Tied

+ =

+ =
t
t
d c
d c
(30)
(31)
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 19
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strain Limits Method for Analysis
and Design
Flexural Members with Axial Load
The ACI Code stipulates that for flexural
members with axial load exceeding 0.10 f
c
A
g
,
the net tensile strain
t
at nominal strength
should not be less than
0.004
Therefore, in the transition zone of Figure 14,
the minimum strain value in flexural members
for determining the value is 0.004.
11
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 20
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strain Limits Method for Analysis
and Design
Example 4
Determine the amount of steel
required to create a balanced
condition for the beam shown,
where = 4,000 psi. Assume
A615 grade 60 steel that has a
yield strength of 60 ksi and a
modulus of elasticity = 29 10
6
psi. Also check the code
requirement for ductile-type
beam with the 3 #8 bars.
10 in.
25 in.
23 in.
N.A.
3 #8 bars
c
f
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 21
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strain Limits Method for Analysis
and Design
Example 4 (contd)
1) Table (see in 0.79 bar 8 No. for Area
2
=
( )
2
in 37 . 2 79 . 0 3 Therefore, = =
s
A
The strain at which the steel yields is
in./in. 00207 . 0
10 29
000 , 60
6
=

= =
s
y
y
E
f

10 in.
25 in.
23 in.
N.A.
In reference to the strain diagram of Fig. 16,
and from similar triangles,
00207 . 0 003 . 0
b b
c d c
=
3 #8 bars
12
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 22
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strain Limits Method for Analysis
and Design
Bar Designation
Diameter
in
Area
in
2

Weight
lb/ft
#3 [#10] 0.375 0.11 0.376
#4 [#13] 0.500 0.20 0.668
#5 [#16] 0.625 0.31 1.043
#6 [#19] 0.750 0.44 1.502
#7 [#22] 0.875 0.60 2.044
#8 [#25] 1.000 0.79 2.670
#9 [#29] 1.128 1.00 3.400
#10 [#32] 1.270 1.27 4.303
#11 [#36] 1.410 1.56 5.313
#14 [#43] 1.693 2.25 7.650
#18 [#57] 2.257 4.00 13.60

Table 1. ASTM Standard - English Reinforcing Bars
Note: Metric designations are in brackets
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 23
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strain Limits Method for Analysis
and Design
N.A
c
f 85 . 0
a
0 1
3 2
3 #8 bars
ab f C
c
= 85 . 0
2
a
y s
f A T =
b
c
003 . 0
00207 . 0
Example 4 (contd)
2
a
d jd =
b
c d
Figure 16
Strain
13
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 24
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 4 (contd)
10 in.
25 in.
23 in.
N.A.
From which,
00207 . 0
23
003 . 0
b b
c c
=
in. 6 . 13 =
b
c
( ) in. 6 . 11 6 . 13 85 . 0
psi 4,000 because 0.85
: 4 and 3 Eqs. Using
1
1
= = =
= =
c a
f
c

Strain Limits Method for Analysis

and Design
3 #8 bars
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 25
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strain Limits Method for Analysis
and Design
Example 4 (contd)
10 in.
25 in.
23 in.
N.A.
Therefore,
( )( )( ) kips 4 . 394 10 6 . 11 4 85 . 0 85 . 0 = = = b a f C
b c b
y sb b b
f A T C = =
2
in 57 . 6
60
4 . 394
= = =
y
b
sb
f
T
A
Hence, required steel for balanced
condition = 6.57 in
2
Or from Eq. 25,
3 #8 bars
02851 . 0
000 , 87 000 , 60
000 , 87
000 , 60
(0.85) ) 4000 ( 85 . 0
000 , 87
000 , 87 85 . 0

1
= |
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
y y
c
b
f f
f
14
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 26
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strain Limits Method for Analysis
and Design
Example 4 (contd)
10 in.
25 in.
23 in.
N.A.
Also, we can check
t
to make sure it is
equal or greater than 0.005, or
c/d
t
is equal or less than 0.375 (see Figure 14)
3 #8 bars
( )( )
2
in 56 . 6 10 23 02851 . 0 = = = = db A
db
A
b sb
sb
b
Same answer
( )
OK 63 . 0 3614 . 0
02851 . 0
0103 . 0

0103 . 0
10 23
37 . 2

< = =
= = =
b
s
db
A
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 27
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Analysis of Singly Reinforced
Rectangular Beams for Flexure
Variables that need to be found or
answered include the following:
1. Find the strength M
n
.
2. Check the adequacy of a given beam, or
3. Find an allowable load that the beam can
carry.
The flow chart of Figure 17 can be
used for the analysis of a reinforced
concrete beam.
15
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 28
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Figure 17.
Flowchart for Analysis of
Singly Reinforced Rectangular
Beams in Bending
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 29
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Analysis of Singly Reinforced
Rectangular Beams for Flexure
Example 5
For the beam cross-
section shown in the
figure, determine whether
the failure of the beam will
be initiated by crushing of
concrete or yielding of
steel:
= 4000 psi, f
y
= 60,000
psi, and A
s
= 10 in
2
c
f

12 in.
27 in.
24 in.
A
s
(to be discussed in class)
16
CHAPTER 5b. FLEXURE IN BEAMS
Slide No. 30
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Analysis of Singly Reinforced
Rectangular Beams for Flexure
Example 6
Compute the nominal
moment strength of the
beam section shown in
the figure:
= 6000 psi, f
y
= 60,000
psi.
c
f

8
8
0 1
5 1
5 . 2
7 No. 5
(to be discussed in class)