Reflexive Pronouns

Introduction
A reflexive pronoun is a special kind of pronoun. It is usually used when the object of a sentence is the same as the subject, as you will see below. Each personal pronoun (I, you, she, etc.) has its own reflexive form. his introduction will explain what the different forms of reflexive pronouns are, and when they are used.

The forms of reflexive pronouns !ersonal !ronoun I you (sin#ular) you (plural) he she it we they "eflexive !ronoun myself yourself yourselves himself herself itself ourselves themselves

When to use a reflexive pronoun

"eflexive pronouns are used in three main situations$

%hen the subject and object are the same

I hurt myself. he band call themselves &'ire (traits&. )e shot himself. I bou#ht a present for myself. (he did it by herself (*alone). hat man is talkin# to himself. I,ll do it myself. (-o.one else will help me.) hey ate all the food themselves. (-o.one else had any.)

As the object of a preposition, referrin# to the subject

%hen you want to emphasi+e the subject

Reflexive Pronouns
Type the correct form of the reflexive pronoun for each sentence

1. John hurt ________ while he was fixing his car.

2. t 12.!"# Jun$o and I went to the cafeteria to %u& ________ some lunch.

!. When I saw ________ in the mirror# I was horrified '' there was red paint on m& nose(

). I*ll have to help +oung ,ee fill in her form# %ut Ja +oung can do it ________# %ecause her -nglish is excellent.

.. Jod& and her hus%and own their own compan&# so the& can give ________ a holida& an& time the& li$e.

/. 0an I as$ &ou a 1uestion# 2ami3 4id &ou go to classes to learn 5erman# or did &ou teach ________3

6. Welcome to the part&# ever&one( Just help ________ to sandwiches and snac$s.

7. 8oo$( There*s a little %ird washing ________ in the river.

Reflexive pronoun
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

/ump to$ navi#ation, search "Herself" redirects here. For the toy elf, see Herself the Elf. "Himself" redirects here. For other uses, see Himself (disambiguation). "Oneself" redirects here. For the hip-hop artist, see Oneself (artist). "Oursel es" redirects here. For the !"## pun$ album, see Oursel es (album). A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that is preceded by the noun or pronoun to which it refers (its antecedent) within the same clause. In #enerative #rammar, a reflexive pronoun is an anaphor that must be bound by its antecedent (see bindin#). In some lan#ua#es, there is a difference between reflexive and non.reflexive pronouns0 but the exact conditions that determine whether somethin# is bound are not yet well defined and depend on the lan#ua#e in 1uestion. In En#lish, the reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, thyself, himself (in some dialects, &hisself&), herself, itself, oneself, oursel es, yoursel es, and themsel es (in some dialects, "theirsel es"). In the statements &I see him& and &2he sees &ou&, the objects are not the same persons as the subjects, and re#ular pronouns are used. )owever, when the person bein# seen is the same as the person who is seein#, the reflexive pronoun is used$ &I see m&self& or &2he sees herself&.

0ontents

2hide3

4 5ri#ins and usa#e 6 -on.standard usa#e in En#lish 7 "eflexive pronouns in lan#ua#es other than En#lish o 7.4 'anish examples o 7.6 Esperanto examples o 7.7 8rench examples o 7.9 In Icelandic 7.9.4 Examples o 7.: In ;atin 7.:.4 Example o 7.< -ovial examples o 7.= !ortu#uese examples o 7.> "ussian examples o 7.? (erbian examples o 7.4@ (panish examples o 7.44 (wedish examples 9 (ee also : "eferences

9edit: ;rigins and usage

In Indo.European lan#ua#es, the reflexive pronoun has its ori#ins in !roto.Indo. European. In some lan#ua#es, the distinction between the normal objective and the reflexive pronouns exists mainly in the third person$ whether one says &I like me& or &I like myself&, there is no 1uestion that the object is the same person as the subject0 but, in & hey like them(selves)&, there can be uncertainty about the identity of the object unless a distinction exists between the reflexive and the nonreflexive. In some lan#ua#es, this distinction includes #enitive forms$ see, for instance, the (wedish examples below. In lan#ua#es with a distinct reflexive pronoun form, it is often #ender.neutral.

9edit: <on'standard usage in -nglish

(ometimes, the reflexive pronoun is added to hi#hli#ht its antecedent. A reflexive pronoun used in this appositive way is called an intensi e pronoun and, in En#lish, is accepted as standard$ for example, &I, m&self, wrote this& and &%e #ave the card to our parents, themselves&. It is increasin#ly common to use reflexive pronouns without local lin#uistic antecedents to refer to discourse participants or people already referenced in a discourse$ for example, &!lease, forward the information to m&self&. (uch formulations are usually considered non.standard. %ithin the lin#uistics literature, reflexives with discourse antecedents are often referred to as &lo#ophors&. (tandard En#lish does allow the use of lo#ophors in

some contexts$ for example, &/ohn was an#ry. Embarrassin# pictures of himself were on display&. )owever, within (tandard En#lish, this lo#ophoric use of reflexives is #enerally limited to positions where the reflexive does not have a coar#ument.243 he newer non. standard usa#e does not respect this limitation. In some cases, reflexives without local antecedents may be better analy+ed as emphatic pronouns without any true reflexive sense. It is common in some subsets of the En#lish.speakin# population to use standard objective pronouns to express reflexive relations, especially in the first and sometimes second persons, and especially for a recipient$ for example, &I want to #et me some supper.& his usa#e is non.standard.

9edit: Reflexive pronouns in languages other than -nglish

[edit] Danish examples

%eg bes$ytter ham. (I protect him.) Han bes$ytter ham. (He protects him. Him desi#nates a person other than the one desi#nated by He.) Han bes$ytter sig (sel ). (He protects himself.)

In 'anish, there is also a difference between normal and reflexive #enetives$

&nna ga 'aria hendes bog. (&nna ga e her 2Maria's3 boo$ to 'aria.) &nna ga 'aria sin bog. (&nna ga e her 2Anna's3 boo$ to 'aria.)

[edit] Esperanto examples

he Esperanto reflexive pronoun is si, or sia for the possessive (to which can be added -( for plural a#reement and -n for direct object).

)i legas lia(n libro(n. (He reads his (someone else*s) boo$s.) )i legas sia(n libro(n. (He reads his (o+n) boo$s.) ,i legas sia(n libro(n. (-he reads her (o+n) boo$s.) Ili legas sia(n libro(n. (.hey read their (o+n) boo$s.) )i amas lin. (He lo es him (someone else).) )i amas sin. (He lo es himself.) )i rimar$is /ian amon al si. (He noticed her lo e for herself (refle0i e).) )i rimar$is /ian amon al li. (He noticed her lo e for him (using a normal pronoun).) )i rimar$is sian amon al si. (He noticed his (o+n, refle0i e) lo e for himself (refle0i e).) )i rimar$is sian amon al li. (He noticed his (o+n, refle0i e) lo e for him (someone else, not refle0i e).)

)i diras, $e la hundo la as sian i1a2on. (He says that the dog is +ashing its (the dog*s) face.) )i diras, $e la hundo la as lian i1a2on. (He says that the dog is +ashing his (the spea$er*s or someone else*s, but not the dog*s) face.)

[edit] French examples

In 8rench, moi-m3me, toi-m3me, lui-m3me4elle-m3me4soi-m3me, nous-m3mes, ousm3mes and eu0-m3mes4elles-m3mes. )owever Aanadian 8rench use nous-autres and ous-autres respectively.

[edit] In Icelandic
here is only one reflexive pronoun in Icelandic and that is the word sig. It does not differ between #enders nor number. he reflexive pronouns are as such$

"eflexive pronoun$ sig (himselfBitselfBherselfBthemselves) reflexive possessive pronoun$ sinn (hisBherBitsBtheir)

2ingular and plural

=asculine

>eminine

<euter

<ominative (hannBhCnBDaEBDeirBDFrBDau) (&heBsheBitBthey&)

ccusative

si#

4ative

sGr

5enitive

sHn

9edit: -xamples
he reflexive pronoun refers to the third person$

Hann talar um sig. (masc. sin#.) ()e talks about himself)

5eir tala um sig. (masc. plur.) ( hey talk about themselves) -t6l$an fl7tti sr heim. (fem. sin#.) (the #irl hurried 2herself3 home) 58r fl7ttu sr heim. (neut. plur.) (they 2the #irls3 hurried 2themselves3 home) 9arni: naut sn. (neut. sin#.) (the child enjoyed itself) 9;rnin nutu sn. (neut. plur.) (the children enjoyed themselves)

[edit] In Latin
here only exists one reflexive pronoun in 8atin, and that is the word se. It is declined in all cases except nominative and vocative. 2ingular or Plural

=asculine >eminine <euter

<ominative

(isBeaBidBeIBiIBeaeBea)

?ocative

(isBeaBidBeIBiIBeaeBea)

ccusative

s<, s<s<

5enitive

su=

4ative

sibi

%lative

s<, s<s<

8ocative

s<, s<s<

9edit: -xample

per se

[edit] Novial examples

(-ovial is a constructed lan#ua#e, mostly based on "omance lan#ua#es.)

)o ida lo. (He sees him.) )o ida se. (He sees himself.) &nna donad lan libre a 'aria. (&nna ga e her 2Maria's3 boo$ to 'aria.) &nna donad sen libre a 'aria. (&nna ga e her 2Anna's3 boo$ to 'aria.)

[edit] Portuguese examples

Juando ele o vir. (>hen he sees him.) Juando ele se vir. (>hen he sees himself.)

[edit] Russian examples

?@ ABCDE FGHB IJ@K. On l(ubit s o(u Lenu. (He lo es his +ife (his o+n).) ?@ ABCDE JMH IJ@K. On l(ubit (ego Lenu (He lo es his +ife (someone else*s).)

[edit] Serbian examples

&na (e dala 'ari(i njenu $n(igu. (&na ga e her 2Maria's3 boo$ to 'aria.) &na (e dala 'ari(i svoju $n(igu. (&na ga e her 2Ana's3 boo$ to 'aria.)

[edit] Spanish examples

Nl lo e. (He sees him.) Nl se e. (He sees himself.)

[edit] S edish examples

%ag ser honom. (I see him.) Han ser honom. (He sees him. Him desi#nates a person other than the one desi#nated by He.) Han ser sig Os(Pl Q. (He sees himself.)

In (wedish, there is also a difference between normal and reflexive #enitives$

&nna ga 'aria hennes bo$. (&nna ga e her 2Maria's3 boo$ to 'aria.) &nna ga 'aria sin bo$. (&nna ga e her 2Anna's3 boo$ to 'aria.)

9edit: 2ee also

Reflexive ver%
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

/ump to$ navi#ation, search

In #rammar, a reflexive ver% is a verb whose semantic a#ent and patient (typically represented syntactically by the subject and the direct object) are the same. 8or example, the En#lish verb to per(ure is reflexive, since one can only perjure oneself. In a wider sense, it refers to any verb form whose #rammatical object is a reflexive pronoun, re#ardless of semantics0 such verbs are also referred to as pronominal ver%s, especially in #rammars of the "omance lan#ua#es. here are lan#ua#es that have explicit morpholo#y to transform a verb into a reflexive form. En#lish employs reflexive derivation idiosyncratically, as in &self.destruct&0 "omance lan#ua#es do the same with the Kreek.derived prefix auto-. In many lan#ua#es, reflexive constructions are rendered by transitive verbs followed by a reflexive pronoun, as in En#lish -self (e.#., &(he thre+ herself to the floor.&)

0ontents
2hide3

4 Indo.European lan#ua#es o 4.4 !roperly reflexive o 4.6 "eciprocal o 4.7 Autocausative o 4.9 Anticausative o 4.: Intransitive or Impersonal o 4.< Inherent 6 (ee also 7 "eferences 9 External links

9edit: Indo'-uropean languages

"omance and (lavic lan#ua#es make extensive use of reflexive verbs and reflexive forms. In the "omance lan#ua#es, there are non.emphatic clitic reflexive pronouns and emphatic ones. In (panish, for example, the particle se is clitici+ed to the verb (la arse &to wash oneself&), while in "omanian, the particle precedes the verb (a se spRla &to wash oneself&). 8ull reflexive pronouns or pronominal phrases are added for emphasis or to avoid ambi#uity$ So me cuido a mT mismo &I take care of myself& (mismo combines with the prepositional form of the pronoun mT to form an intensive reflexive pronoun). he enclitic reflexive pronoun saBseBsiBsiU is used in %estern and (outh (lavic lan#ua#es, while Eastern (lavic lan#ua#es use the suffix .s(a (.LM). here is also the non.clitic emphatic pronoun sebeBFJCV, used to emphasi+e the reflexive nature of the act0 it is

applicable only to &true& reflexive verbs, where the a#ent performs a (transitive) action on itself. he (lavic lan#ua#es use the same reflexive pronoun for all persons and numbers, while the "omance (and Kermanic) lan#ua#es use different forms. In the 4st and 6nd person, the ordinary obli1ue forms of the personal pronouns are used as reflexive pronouns, while special reflexive forms in s- are found only in the 7rd person. his is illustrated in the followin# table for the verb &to recall& (e.#. %e me sou iens means &I recall&, .u te sou iens means &Nou recall&, and so on). >rench 4anish 2er%o'0roatian

2ingular

Plural

2ingular

Plural

2ingular

Plural

4st person

/e me souviens

-ous nous souvenons

/e# lF##er mig

Oi lF##er /a se os sjePam

Qi se sjePamo

6nd person

u te souviens

Oous ous souvene+

'u lF##er dig

I lF##er (er

i se sjePaR

Oi se sjePate

7rd person

Il se souvient

Ils se souviennent

)an lF##er 'e lF##er 5ni se 5n se sjePa sig sig sjePaju

In all of these lan#ua#e #roups, reflexive forms often present an obstacle for forei#n learners243263 (notably native speakers of En#lish, where the feature is practically absent) due to variety of uses. Even in lan#ua#es which contain the feature, it is not always applicable to the same verbs and uses (althou#h a common subset can be #enerally extracted, as outlined below). 8or example, the (panish reflexive construct &se hundiW el barco& (&the boat sank&) has no reflexive e1uivalent in (lavic lan#ua#es (which use intransitive e1uivalent of sin$). "eflexive verbs can have a variety of uses and meanin#s, which often escape consistent classification. (ome lan#ua#e.common identified uses are outlined below.273 8or example, 'avies et al.243 identify 46 uses for (panish reflexive constructions0 Oino#radov293 divides "ussian reflexive verbs into as many as 4< #roups.

[edit] Properl! re"lexive

he &true& (literal) reflexive denotes that the a#ent is simultaneously the patient. he verb is typically transitive, and can be used in non.reflexive meanin# as well.

8anguage

-xamples

0ompare

2panish

!edro se baXa.

!edro baXa al #ato.

Italian

!ietro si la a.

!ietro la a la #atta.

2er%o' 0roatian

!etar se $upa.

!etar kupa maSku.

Polish

!iotr $Ypie siU.

!iotr $Ypie kota.

Russian

TUVW ZK[\JEFV.

TUVW ZK[\JE XYVa.

4anish

!eter as$er sig.

!eter as$er katten.

5erman

!eter +Pscht sich.

!eter +Pscht die Zat+e.

-nglish

!eter bathes himself. !eter bathes the cat.

[edit] Reciprocal
'ain article] ^eciprocal pronoun &"eciprocal& reflexive denotes that the a#ents perform the mutual actions amon# themselves. In most cases, the transitive verbs are also used. 8anguage -xamples 0ompare

2panish

QarHa y !edro se besan.

QarHa besa a !edro.

Italian

Qaria e !ietro si baciano.

Qaria bacia !ietro.

2er%o' 0roatian

Qarija i !etar se l(ube.

Qarija l(ubi !etra.

Polish

Qaria i !iotr ca_u(Y siU.

Qaria ca_u(e !iotra.

Russian

[\W]M ] TUVW `JAKBEFV.

[\W]M `JAKeE T^VWa.

4anish

Qaria o# !eter $ysser hinanden. Qaria $ysser !eter.

5erman

[aria und !eter $assen sich.

Qaria $asst !eter.

-nglish

[ary and !eter $iss 2each other3. Qary $isses !eter.

In modern (candinavian lan#ua#es, the passive (or more properly mediopassive) voice is used for medial, especially reciprocal, constructions. (ome examples from 'anish are, 'aria og beter s$8ndes0 &Qary and !eter are bickerin#&, lit. &Qary and !eter are scolded by each other.& 'aria og beter ble forlo et0 &Qary and !eter #ot en#a#ed 2to each other3.& ( he hypothetical form __kysses (kiss each other) is not often .. if ever .. seen in 'anish0 however it,ll probably be understood by most native speakers, indicatin# that the mediopassive voice is still at the very least potentially productive in 'anish. An expression like &de kysses uafladeli#t& (they kiss each other all the time) could very well be used for humorous purposes).

[edit] #utocausative
'ain article] &utocausati e erb &Autocausative& reflexive denotes that the (usually animate) &referent represented by the subject combines the activity of actor and under#oes a chan#e of state as a patient&$2:3 8anguage -xamples

2panish

!edro se ofendiW.

Italian

!ietro si offese.

2er%o' 0roatian

!etar se u ri(edio.

Polish

!iotr obra1i_ siU.

Russian

TUVW HCDcJAFV.

5erman

!eter Prgerte sich.

-nglish

!eter became4+as offended.

[edit] #nticausative
'ain article] &nticausati e erb &Anticausative& reflexive denotes that the (usually inanimate) subject of the verb under#oes an action or chan#e of state whose a#ent is unclear or nonexistent.2:3 2panish ;a puerta se abriW.

Italian

;a porta si aprd.

2er%o' 0roatian

Orata su se ot orila.

Polish

'r+wi ot+or1y_y siU.

Russian

`a^Wb HEZefA\Fg.

5erman

'ie cr ;ffnete sich.

-nglish

he door (+as) opened.

[edit] Intransitive or Impersonal

'ain articles] Impersonal passi e oice and 'ediopassi e oice &Intransitive& form (also known as &impersonal reflexive&, or &mediopassive&) take the intransitive verbs with omitted a#ent. In (lavic lan#ua#es, practically &the only condition is that they can be construed as havin# a human a#ent. he applied human a#ent can be #eneric, or loosely specified collective or individual&2<3. he #rammatical subject is either omitted (in pro.drop lan#ua#es) or dummy pronoun (otherwise). hus, those verbs are defective, as they have only the 7rd person sin#ular (masculine or neutrum, dependin# on lan#ua#e) form. 8anguage -xamples

2panish

A1uH se traba(a bien.

-e dice 1ue...

Italian

Jui si la ora bene.

-i dice che...

2er%o' 0roatian

u se radi dobro.

-matra se da...

Polish

am pracu(e siU dobr+e.

'yhli siU, de...

Russian

ef^Lb gYWYhY e\CHE\JEFV. iKj\JEFV, iVY...

-nglish

ObeopleQ +or$ well here.

It is said that...

In many cases, there is a semantic overlap between impersonalBanticausativeBautocausative constructs and the passive voice (also present in all "omance and (lavic lan#ua#es)2<3. 5n one hand, impersonal reflexive constructs have a wider scope of application, as they are not limited to transitive verbs like the canonical

passive voice. 5n the other hand, those constructs can have sli#ht semantic difference or markedness.

[edit] Inherent
&Inherent& or &pronominal& (inherently or essentially) reflexive verbs lack the correspondin# non.reflexive from which they can be synchronically derived2:3. In other words, &se is an inherent part of an uner#ative reflexive or reciprocal verb with no meanin# of its own, and an obli#atory part of the verb,s lexical entry&2=3$ 8anguage -xamples

2panish

!edro se arrepintiW.

(a)

QarHa y !edro se separaron.(b)

!edro se kue(a.

Italian

!ietro si penti a. (a)

Qaria e !ietro si separarono.(b)

!ietro si lamenta.
(c)

2er%o' 0roatian

!etar se po$a(ao.

!etar se smi(e.

Qarija i !etar su se rastali.

!etar se Lali.(c)

Polish

(a)

!iotr hmie(e siU.

Qaria i !iotr ro1stali siU. !iotr lali siU.(c)

Russian

TUVW e\FZ\VAFV.

TUVW cjJmEFV.

[\W]M ] TUVW e\FFE\ADFg.

TUVW I\AKeEFV.
(c)

-nglish
(a) (b)

!eter repented. !eter laughs. Qary and !eter parted. !eter complains.

he correspondin# verb is not reflexive. he verb is reflexive, but not inherently0 the transitive e1uivalent means &to separate&. -ote the reciprocal semantics. (c) 5nly the (panish kue(arse exists only in reflexive form0 however, in other lan#ua#es, the correspondin# non.reflexive verb has a different meanin#, like &lament& or &mourn&.

9edit: 2ee also

'eponent verb

"eciprocal (#rammar) "eciprocal pronoun "eflexive pronoun !assive voice

9edit: References
4. j a b Qark 'avies, /ames /ones, -icole racy. &(yntactic features, re#ister variation, and the lan#ua#e learner$ the case of se in (panish.&.. 6. @ &"eflexive Oerbs$ An Introduction&. About.com$(panish ;an#ua#e. 7. @ QarHa ;uisa "ivero k Qilena Q. (heppard. &5n Impersonal se B sil in (lavic&. Aurrent Issues in 8ormal (lavic ;in#uistics. K. mybatow, et al., Eds. 47=.49=. !eter ;an#, 8rankfurt am Qain. 6@@6.. 9. @ O. O. Oino#radov (4?9=). &"usskiy Na+ik$ KrammatiSeskoe uSenie o slove&. :. j a b c Qair !arry. & he "einterpretation of the "eflexive in !iedmontese$ Impersonal ,(e, Aonstructions&. ransactions of the !hilolo#ical (ociety, Ool.?<$4 (4??>) (<7.44<). <. j a b Qilja 'jurkovic. &!assive and Impersonal in En#lish and (erbian&. "esearch Aentre for En#lish and Applied ;in#uistics nniversity of Aambrid#e. =. @ Krahek, (abina (6@@6). &Alternatin# unaccusative verbs in (lovene&. )eeds >or$ing bapers in )inguistics A$ :=o=6.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
Definition: We use the reflexive pronouns to indicate that the person who realizes the action of the verb is the same person who receives the action. Reflexive pronouns are identical in form to intensive pronouns.
Subject I You He She It We You !hey Reflexive myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves

Singular

lural

For exam le:

I cut my hair m!"elf. " In this example #I# does the action of cutting the hair and at the same time #I# gets the action of the hair being cut. #e defended our"elve" brilliantly. " In this example the reflexive pronoun #ourselves# refers bac$ to the sub%ect of the sentence. $o%n tal$s to %im"elf when he is nervous. " In this example #Himself# refers to &ohn.

Reflexive pronouns always act as objects not subjects' and they re(uire an interaction between the sub%ect and an ob%ect.

)or example*

+ecause she was not hungry when the ca$e was served' Ellen saved %er"elf a piece. " In the independent clause' #,llen# is the sub%ect and #herself# is a reflexive pronoun acting as the indirect ob%ect. !his sentence is grammatically correct. &hon and m!"elf are going to the movie. " In this sentence' #&hon# and #myself# are the sub%ects. Reflexive pronouns cannot be sub%ects. !his sentence is grammatically incorrect.

-are must be ta$en to identify whether the noun is singular or plural and choose the pronoun accordingly. )or example*

.or is "%e shy about giving %er"elf credit for it. #e gave our"elve" a second chance to complete the course. /id t%e! loc$ t%em"elve" out of the house again0 1ive !our"elve" a pat on the bac$ for a %ob well done.

Note: !he reflexive pronoun can also be used to give more emphasis to the sub%ect or ob%ect 2intensive pronoun3. )or example*

I did it m!"elf. " I want to emphasise the fact that I did it.

Exam le":

&e washed %im"elf. S%e loo$ed at %er"elf in the mirror. Diabetic" give t%em"elve" insulin shots several times a day. 4fter the party' I as$ed m!"elf why I had faxed invitations to everyone in my office building. Ric%ar' usually remembered to send a copy of his e5mail to %im"elf.

PRONOUNS
Definition: 4 pronoun usually refers to something already mentioned in a sentence or piece of text. 4 pronoun is a word that substitutes a noun or noun phrase used to prevent repetition of the noun to which they refer. 6ne of the most common pronouns is it. Rule for Pronoun" 4 pronoun must agree with the noun it refer. !herefore' if the noun is singular' therefore the pronoun must be singular7 if the noun is plural' use a plural pronoun7 if the noun is feminine' use a feminine pronoun' and so on. )or example*

!he train was late' it had been delayed.

!he train" were late' t%e! had been delayed.

(! e" of ronoun" ,nglish ronouns are divided into sub5categories. !hese are /emonstrative' ersonal' Reflexive' ossessive' Interrogative' .egative' Reciprocal' Relative and 8uantifier
!ype ersonal ronoun Reflexive ronoun /emonstrative ronoun Relative pronoun Interrogative ronoun ossessive ronoun .egative ronoun Reciprocal pronoun 8uantifier ,xpress an interchangeable or mutual action or relationship. 4bout ,xample !a$es the place of a specific or named person or thing. I' you' he' she' etc.. 4dds information by pointing bac$ to a noun or myself' yourself' etc.. another pronoun. oints out a specific person' place' or thing. this' that' these' those

+egins a subordinate clause and relates the clause to a who' whose' which' that' word in the main clause. etc.. Is used to as$ a (uestion. 9sed to substitute a noun and to show possession or ownership. who' what' where' etc.. mine' yours' his' etc.. nothing' no' nobody' etc.. each other' one another some' any' something' much' etc.

: : : :

ronouns /emonstrative pronoun Interrogative ronoun ersonal ronoun

: : : :

ossessive ronoun Relative ronoun Reflexive ronoun Reciprocal pronoun

DE)ONS(R*(IVE PRONOUN
Definition: /emonstrative pronouns are pronouns that point to specific things. #!his' that' these' those' none and neither# are /emonstrative ronouns that substitute nouns when the nouns they replace can be understood from the context. 4t the same time' to indicate whether they are close or far' in space or time' from the spea$er in the moment of spea$ing. !hey also indicate whether they are replacing singular or plural words. Some grammars describe them as members of the class of function words called #determiners#' since they identify nouns and other nominals. #(%i"# 2singular3 and #(%e"e# 2plural3 refer to an ob%ect or person .,4R the spea$er. #(%at# 2singular3 and #(%o"e# 2plural3 refer to an ob%ect or person further 4W4Y. )or example*

!his is unbelievable. " In this example' #this# can refer to an ob%ect or situation close in space or in time to the spea$er. !hat is unbelievable. " In this example' #that# can refer to an ob%ect or situation farther in space or in time to the spea$er. !hese are unbelievable. " In this example' #these# can refer to some ob%ects close in space or in time to the spea$er.

!hose are unbelievable. " In this example' #those# can refer to some ob%ects farther in space or in time to the spea$er.

Po"ition

+efore the noun. +efore the word ;one;. +efore an ad%ective < noun. 4lone when the noun is ;understood;

Exam le"

: : : :

Who owns that house0 2distant 5 physical 3 Is this &ohn;s house0 2near 5 physical 3 !hat;s nothing to do with me.. 2distant 5 psychological 3 !his is a nice surprise= 2near 5 psychological 3 : ossessive ronoun : Relative ronoun : Reflexive ronoun

ronouns /emonstrative pronoun Interrogative ronoun ersonal ronoun

IN(ERRO+R*(IVE PRONOUN
Definition: 4n interrogative pronoun is a pronoun used in order to as$ a (uestion. Some of them refer only to people' li$e #who# and others refer to people and ob%ects' etc li$e #what#. !hey do not distinguish between singular and plural' so they only have one form. Interrogative pronouns produce information (uestions that re(uire more than a #yes# or #no# answer. )or example* > What is her phone number0 > What do you want0 Interrogative pronouns are* #%at, #%ic%, #%o, #%o"e, #%om. In addition' these pronouns may ta$e the suffixes -ever and -"oever. Form": 4s we can see in the next table' these pronouns could act as a sub%ect' ob%ect or possessive in a sentence.
Sub%ect who which that whom 6b%ect ossessive whose

#&*( can be used to as$ about ob%ects or people. )or example*

What time is it0 What is your name0 What do you want0

#&I/& can be used to as$ about ob%ects or people. )or example*

Which chair are you tal$ing about0 Which %umper do you li$e0 Which is your mother0

#&O can be used to as$ about people )or example*

Who are you0 Which is your mother0 Who has been sitting in my chair0

#&OSE can be used to as$ about a possession relation. )or example*

Whose is this boo$0 Whose car did you drive here0

#&O) can be used to as$ about people.It is less usual and more formal than #who# )or example*

Whom did you phone0 )or whom will you vote0

NO(E: ,ither #which# or #what# can also be used as an interrogative ad%ective' and that #who'# #whom'# or #which# can also be used as a relative pronoun. )or example*

!he man 0%om she chose will do a wonderful %ob.

Exam le" Who is in charge0 Which wants to see the dentist first0 Who wrote the novel Roc$bound0 Whom do you thin$ we should invite0 What did she say0 : : : : ronouns /emonstrative pronoun Interrogative ronoun ersonal ronoun : : : : ossessive ronoun Relative ronoun Reflexive ronoun Reciprocal pronoun

PERSON*L PRONOUN

Definition: ersonal pronouns refer to the person who is doing the action or to whom the action affects. In that way we distinguish two types of personal pronouns* ersonal #Sub%ect ronouns# and ersonal #6b%ect ronouns#.
Per"onal Pronoun" Sub%ect form 6b%ect form ?e You him her it us you them

I You He she it we you they

Per"onal Subject Pronoun" We use the ersonal Sub%ect ronouns to refer to the person who is doing the action of the verb or the verb spea$s about. 4 sub%ective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the sentence. )or example*

&hon is listening to music. @A He listens to music every day. " In this case' #he# substitutes #&hon# which is the sub%ect of the sentence. 4re you the delegates from ?alagawatch0 4fter many years' they returned to their homeland.

Per"onal Object Pronoun" We use the ersonal 6b%ect ronouns to refer to the person whom the action of the verbs affects. 4n ob%ective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase . )or example*

Seamus stole the sel$ie;s s$in and forced her to live with him. " !he ob%ective personal pronoun #her# is the direct ob%ect of the verb #forced# and the ob%ective personal pronoun #him# is the ob%ect of the preposition #with.# /eborah and Roberta will meet us at the newest cafB in the mar$et. " Here the ob%ective personal pronoun #us# is the direct ob%ect of the compound verb #will meet.# -hristopher was surprised to see her at the drag races. " Here the ob%ective personal pronoun #her# is the ob%ect of the infinitive phrase #to see.#

4 personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person, number, gender, and case. : : : : ronouns /emonstrative pronoun Interrogative ronoun ersonal ronoun : : : : ossessive ronoun Relative ronoun Reflexive ronoun Reciprocal pronoun

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
Definition: We use the ossessive ronouns when we want to substitute a group of words that are indicating a possession relation.
Subject I You He She It We You !hey Po""e""ive ?ine Yours His Hers Its 6urs Yours !heirs

)or example*

!his is my boo$. " In this example' we can substitute #my boo$# for the possessive pronoun #mine#. @A !his is mine. !his is your dis$ and that;s mine. " ?ine substitutes the word dis$ and shows that it belongs to me.

4 possessive pronoun indicates it is acting as a subject complement or a subject of the sentence. )or example*

!he smallest gift is mine. !his is !our". " Here the possessive pronouns acts as a sub%ect complement. &i" is on the $itchen counter. (%eir" will be delivered tomorrow. Our" is the green one on the corner. " Here the possessive pronoun acts as the sub%ect of the sentence.

Note * ossessive pronouns are very similar to possessive ad%ectives. )or example*

You can borrow my boo$ as long as you remember that it;s not yours. @A !he possessive #my# depends on the noun #boo$.# @A !he possessive #yours# is a pronoun which stands in the place of #your boo$#. When you drive to ?anitoba' will you ta$e your car or theirs0 @A !he possessive #your# depends on the noun #car.# @A !he possessive pronoun' #theirs'# stands in the place of the noun phrase' #their car.# : : : : ossessive ronoun Relative ronoun Reflexive ronoun Reciprocal pronoun

: : : :

ronouns /emonstrative pronoun Interrogative ronoun ersonal ronoun

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REL*(IVE PRONOUN
Definition: We use the relative pronouns to refer to a noun mentioned before and of which we are adding more information. !hey are used to %oin two or more sentences and forming in that way what we call #relative "entence"#.
Relative ronoun" Who' Whom' !hat' Which whoever' whomever' whichever

For exam le:

eople 0%o spea$ two languages are called bilingual. " In this example' the relative #who# introduces the relative sentence #spea$ two languages# that describes or gives more information about the noun #people#.

Relative ronoun": Subject or Object 4s the relative pronouns relate to another noun preceding it in the sentence' they connect a dependent clause to an antecedent 2a noun that precedes the pronoun.3 !herefore' relative pronouns acts as the sub%ect or ob%ect of the dependent clause. )or example*

!he chef 0%o won the competition studied in aris. " Here' #who# relates bac$ to 2or is relative to3 the noun #-hef#. #Who# also acts as the sub%ect of the dependent clause and the verb #won#. @A !he dependent clause* who won the competition. @A !he independent clause* !he chef studied in aris. !he shirt t%at -arl bought has a stain on the poc$et. " Here' #that# relates bac$ to 2or is relative to3 the noun #shirt#. #!hat# is also the ob%ect of the verb #bought#. @A !he dependent clause is* that -arl bought. @A !he independent clause* !he shirt has a stain on the poc$et.

Referrin3 to eo le: #%o, #%om, #%oever, #%omever !hese pronouns ta$e a different case depending on whether the relative pronoun is a sub%ect or an ob%ect in the dependent clause.

4.

Subjective ca"e 9se the sub%ective case when these relative pronouns are the sub%ect 2initiating the action3 of the dependent clause* #%o, #%oever )or example*

.egotiations were not going smoothly between the two leaders' 0%o made no bones about not li$ing each other. " #Who# relates bac$ to the noun #leaders# and is the sub%ect of the dependent clause and the verb #made#. ?ost wor$ers' 0%oever was not employed by the auto manufacturer' toiled at one of the millions of little minnow companies.

22

" #Whoever# relates bac$ to the noun #wor$ers# and is the sub%ect of the dependent clause and the verb #was employed#. Objective ca"e 9se the ob%ective case when these relative pronouns are the ob%ect 2receiving the action3 of the dependent clause* #%om, #%omever )or example*

!his is the approach ta$en by %ournalists' 0%om some consider to be ob%ective. " #Whom# relates bac$ to the noun #%ournalists# and is the ob%ect of the verb #consider#. !he sub%ect of the dependent clause is #some#. !he three representatives' 0%omever the committee chooses' should be at the meeting tomorrow. " #Whomever# relates bac$ to the noun representatives and is the ob%ect of the verb #chooses#. !he sub%ect of the dependent clause is #-ommittee#.

Referrin3 to a lace, t%in3 or i'ea: #%ic%, (%at When using relative pronouns for places' things or ideas' rather than determining case' the writer must decide whether the information in the dependent clause is essential to the meaning of the independent clause or simply additional information. When information is critical to the understanding of the main clause' use That as the appropriate relative pronoun and do not set the information off by commas. )or example*

Russian generals have delivered a message t%at is difficult to ignore. " #That# relates bac$ to the noun #message# and is necessary for the reader to $now what #message# the sentence is about. !here is another factor t%at obviously boosts the reputation of both of these men. " #That# relates bac$ to the noun #factor# and is necessary for the reader to $now what #factor# the sentence is about.

When information is not critical to the understanding of the main clause' use # Which# as the appropriate relative pronoun and set the information off by commas. )or example*

!he toughest intramural fight of all for -linton was the .orth 4merican )ree !rade 4greement' 0%ic% he undertoo$ a full year before the DEEF election. " #Which# relates bac$ to the noun #agreement# and the information following it is not necessary for the reader to $now what #agreement# the sentence is about. -linton refused to head toward the center on affirmative action and abortion' 0%ic% are the two most sacred issues to the traditional liberal wing of the party. " #Wich# relates bac$ to the noun #affirmative action and abortion# and the information following it is not necessary for the reader to $now what #affirmative action and abortion# the sentence is about.

When referring to more than one place' thing or idea use these relative pronouns* Whatever, Whichever )or example*

!he three approaches' 0%ic%ever wor$s is fine' produce a more ambiguous picture of a man. " #Whichever# relates to the noun #approaches# and the information contained within the commas is additional' not critical information. 4ny excessive profits' 0%atever exceeded accepted limits' would attract the notice of representatives. " #Whatever# relates to the noun #profits# and the information contained within the commas is additional' not critical information. : : : : ossessive ronoun Relative ronoun Reflexive ronoun Reciprocal pronoun

: : : :

ronouns /emonstrative pronoun Interrogative ronoun ersonal ronoun

RE/IPRO/*L PRONOUN
Definition: We use the reciprocal pronouns to indicate that two people can carry out an action and get the conse(uences of that action at the same time. !here are two reciprocal pronouns*
Reci rocal ronoun" each other one another

!hey enable you to simplify sentences where the same general idea is expressed two or more times. For exam le:

6n their wedding day &hon gave ?ary a gold ring and ?ary gave &hon a gold ring. " 9sing the reciprocal pronoun' #each other#' this could be rewritten* @A 6n their wedding day ?ary and &hon gave eac% ot%er gold rings. eter and ?ary $issed each other. " In this example #each other# indicates that both people involved in the action of #$issing# got the result' $isses' at the same time.

If you need to refer to more than two people' say the students in a classroom' then we could use the reciprocal pronoun' #one another#. For exam le:

!he students in this classroom cooperate with one anot%er. !he teachers gathered to congratulate one anot%er on the year;s conclusion.

What is a Pronoun3
A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun. Nou use pronouns like &he,& &which,& &none,& and &you& to make your sentences less cumbersome and less repetitive.

Krammarians classify pronouns into several types, includin# the personal pronoun, the demonstrative pronoun, the interro#ative pronoun, the indefinite pronoun, the relative pronoun, the reflexive pronoun, and the intensive pronoun.

Personal Pronouns
A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thin# and chan#es its form to indicate person, number, #ender, and case.

2u%Bective Personal Pronouns

A su%Bective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is actin# as the subject of the sentence. he subjective personal pronouns are &I,& &you,& &she,& &he,& &it,& &we,& &you,& &they.& In the followin# sentences, each of the highlighted words is a subjective personal pronoun and acts as the subject of the sentence$ I was #lad to find the bus pass in the bottom of the #reen knapsack. +ou are surely the stran#est child I have ever met. ,e stole the selkie,s skin and forced her to live with him. %hen she was a youn# woman, she earned her livin# as a coal miner. After many years, the& returned to their homeland. We will meet at the library at 7$7@ p.m. It is on the counter. Are &ou the dele#ates from Qala#awatchp

;%Bective Personal Pronouns

An o%Bective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is actin# as an object of a verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. he objective personal pronouns are$ &me,& &you,& &her,& &him,& &it,& &us,& &you,& and &them.& In the followin# sentences, each of the highlighted words is an objective personal pronoun$ (eamus stole the selkie,s skin and forced her to live with him. he objective personal pronoun &her& is the direct object of the verb &forced& and the objective personal pronoun &him& is the object of the preposition &with.& After readin# the pamphlet, /udy threw it into the #arba#e can. he pronoun &it& is the direct object of the verb &threw&.

he a#itated assistant stood up and faced the an#ry dele#ates and said, &5ur leader will address &ou in five minutes.& In this sentence, the pronoun &you& is the direct object of the verb &address.& 'eborah and "oberta will meet us at the newest cafG in the market. )ere the objective personal pronoun &us& is the direct object of the compound verb &will meet.& Kive the list to me. )ere the objective personal pronoun &me& is the object of the preposition &to&. I,m not sure that my contact will talk to &ou. (imilarly in this example, the objective personal pronoun &you& is the object of the preposition &to&. Ahristopher was surprised to see her at the dra# races. )ere the objective personal pronoun &her& is the object of the infinitive phrase &to see.&

Possessive Personal Pronouns

A possessive pronoun indicates that the pronoun is actin# as a marker of possession and defines who owns a particular object or person. he possessive personal pronouns are &mine,& &yours,& &hers,& &his,& &its,& &ours,& and &theirs.& -ote that possessive personal pronouns are very similar to possessive adjectives like &my,& &her,& and &their.& In each of the followin# sentences, the highlighted word is a possessive personal pronoun$ he smallest #ift is mine. )ere the possessive pronoun &mine& functions as a subject complement. his is yours. )ere too the possessive pronoun &yours& functions as a subject complement. )is is on the kitchen counter. In this example, the possessive pronoun &his& acts as the subject of the sentence. heirs will be delivered tomorrow.

In this sentence, the possessive pronoun &theirs& is the subject of the sentence. 5urs is the #reen one on the corner. )ere too the possessive pronoun &ours& function as the subject of the sentence.

4emonstrative Pronouns
A demonstrative pronoun points to and identifies a noun or a pronoun. & his& and &these& refer to thin#s that are nearby either in space or in time, while &that& and &those& refer to thin#s that are farther away in space or time. he demonstrative pronouns are &this,& &that,& &these,& and &those.& & his& and &that& are used to refer to sin#ular nouns or noun phrases and &these& and &those& are used to refer to plural nouns and noun phrases. -ote that the demonstrative pronouns are identical to demonstrative adjectives, thou#h, obviously, you use them differently. It is also important to note that &that& can also be used as a relative pronoun. In the followin# sentences, each of the highlighted words is a demonstrative pronoun$ This must not continue. )ere &this& is used as the subject of the compound verb &must not continue.& This is puny0 that is the tree I want. In this example &this& is used as subject and refers to somethin# close to the speaker. he demonstrative pronoun &that& is also a subject but refers to somethin# farther away from the speaker. hree customers wanted these. )ere &these& is the direct object of the verb &wanted&.

Interrogative Pronouns
An interrogative pronoun is used to ask 1uestions. he interro#ative pronouns are &who,& &whom,& &which,& &what& and the compounds formed with the suffix &ever& (&whoever,& &whomever,& &whichever,& and &whatever&). -ote that either &which& or &what& can also be used as an interro#ative adjective, and that &who,& &whom,& or &which& can also be used as a relative pronoun. Nou will find &who,& &whom,& and occasionally &which& used to refer to people, and &which& and &what& used to refer to thin#s and to animals.

&%ho& acts as the subject of a verb, while &whom& acts as the object of a verb, preposition, or a verbal. he highlighted word in each of the followin# sentences is an interro#ative pronoun$ Which wants to see the dentist firstp &%hich& is the subject of the sentence. Who wrote the novel "ockboundp (imilarly &who& is the subject of the sentence. Whom do you think we should invitep In this sentence, &whom& is the object of the verb &invite.& o whom do you wish to speakp )ere the interro#ative pronoun &whom & is the object of the preposition &to.& Who will meet the dele#ates at the train stationp In this sentence, the interro#ative pronoun &who& is the subject of the compound verb &will meet&. o whom did you #ive the paperp In this example the interro#ative pronoun &whom& is the object of the preposition &to.& What did she sayp )ere the interro#ative pronoun &what& is the direct object of the verb &say.&

Relative Pronouns
Nou can use a relative pronoun is used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause. he relative pronouns are &who,& &whom,& &that,& and &which.& he compounds &whoever,& &whomever,& and &whichever& are also relative pronouns. Nou can use the relative pronouns &who& and &whoever& to refer to the subject of a clause or sentence, and &whom& and &whomever& to refer to the objects of a verb, a verbal or a preposition. In each of the followin# sentences, the highlighted word is a relative pronoun.

Nou may invite whomever you like to the party. he relative pronoun &whomever& is the direct object of the compound verb &may invite&. he candidate who wins the #reatest popular vote is not always elected. In this sentence, the relative pronoun is the subject of the verb &wins& and introduces the subordinate clause &who wins the #reatest popular vote&. his subordinate clause acts as an adjective modifyin# &candidate.& In a time of crisis, the mana#er asks the workers whom she believes to be the most efficient to arrive an hour earlier than usual. In this sentence &whom& is the direct object of the verb &believes& and introduces the subordinate clause &whom she believes to be the most efficient&. his subordinate clause modifies the noun &workers.& Whoever broke the window will have to replace it. )ere &whoever& functions as the subject of the verb &broke&. he crate which was left in the corridor has now been moved into the stora#e closet. In this example &which& acts as the subject of the compound verb &was left& and introduces the subordinate clause &which was left in the corridor.& he subordinate clause acts as an adjective modifyin# the noun &crate.& I will read whichever manuscript arrives first. )ere &whichever& modifies the noun &manuscript& and introduces the subordinate clause &whichever manuscript arrives first.& he subordinate clause functions as the direct object of the compound verb &will read.&

Indefinite Pronouns
An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun referrin# to an identifiable but not specified person or thin#. An indefinite pronoun conveys the idea of all, any, none, or some. he most common indefinite pronouns are &all,& &another,& &any,& &anybody,& &anyone,& &anythin#,& &each,& &everybody,& &everyone,& &everythin#,& &few,& &many,& &nobody,& &none,& &one,& &several,& &some,& &somebody,& and &someone.& -ote that some indefinite pronouns can also be used as indefinite adjectives. he highlighted words in the followin# sentences are indefinite pronouns$

=an& were invited to the lunch but only twelve showed up. )ere &many& acts as the subject of the compound verb &were invited&. he office had been searched and ever&thing was thrown onto the floor. In this example ,&everythin#& acts as a subject of the compound verb &was thrown.& %e donated ever&thing we found in the attic to the woman,s shelter #ara#e sale. In this sentence, &everythin#& is the direct object of theverb &donated.& Althou#h they looked everywhere for extra copies of the ma#a+ine, they found none. )ere too the indefinite pronoun functions as a direct object$ &none& is the direct object of &found.& Qake sure you #ive ever&one a copy of the amended bylaws. In this example, &everyone& is the indirect object of the verb &#ive& .. the direct object is the noun phrase &a copy of the amended bylaws.& Kive a re#istration packa#e to each. )ere &each& is the object of the preposition &to.&

Reflexive Pronouns
Nou can use a reflexive pronoun to refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence. he reflexive pronouns are &myself,& &yourself,& &herself,& &himself,& &itself,& &ourselves,& &yourselves,& and &themselves.& -ote each of these can also act as an intensive pronoun. Each of the highlighted words in the followin# sentences is a reflexive pronoun$ 'iabetics #ive themselves insulin shots several times a day. he 'ean often does the photocopyin# herself so that the secretaries can do more important work. After the party, I asked m&self why I had faxed invitations to everyone in my office buildin#. "ichard usually remembered to send a copy of his e.mail to himself. Althou#h the landlord promised to paint the apartment, we ended up doin# it ourselves.

Intensive Pronouns
An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used to emphasise its antecedent. Intensive pronouns are identical in form to reflexive pronouns. he highlighted words in the followin# sentences are intensive pronouns$ I m&self believe that aliens should abduct my sister. he !rime Qinister himself said that he would lower taxes. hey themselves promised to come to the party even thou#h they had a final exam at the same time. >ritten by Heather 'acFadyen

REFLE$I%E PR&N&'NS
* "tu'ent a3e b! +ina Lee

subject reflexive subject reflexive pronouns pronouns pronouns pronouns singular 1st person 2nd person 3rd person plural we you they ourselves yourselves themselves

I
you he she it

myself yourself himself herself itself

Choose the correct reflexive pronouns to complete the sentences. 1) He only thinks of ___ . 1) 2) She looke oneself 2) yourself 3) himself 4) itself

at ___ in the mirror. 1) herself 2) herselves 3) himself 4) himselves

!) "om

the #ork ___. 1) Tomself 2) himself 3) hisself 4) itself

$) % must speak to your father ___. 1) itself 2) herself 3) himself 4) yourself

&) %t #as 'ary ___ #ho met him in the park. 1) itself 2) herself 3) himself 4) yourself

() She #ent there ___. 1) )) "he oor opene 1) *) He solve at herself ___. of itself 2) by itself 3) of herself 4) by herself 2) at itself 3) by itself 4) by herself

the problem ___. 1) himself 2) herself 3) itself 4) itselves

+) , ne#born animal can-t take care of ___. 1) 1.) He i itself 2) yourself 3) yourselves 4) oneself

his home#ork #ithout any help. 3) He does his homework by itself.

1) 2)

He did his homework by himself.

He did he's homework by himself. 4) He does he's homework by itself. You have orre t answers out 1!

!ronoun$ he day !ronoun$ sure some

!ronoun$ empty we !ersonal pronoun$ they none

!ronoun$ who very 'emonstrative pronoun$ them these

"elative pronoun$ which no one 5bjective case$ he him

(elect the correct version 'an !enn, who leads the #an#, denied the char#es. 'an !enn who leads the #an# denied the char#es. (elect the correct version After they had run out, they started to use ours. After they had run out, they started to use our*s.

Pronouns Test
I. P-R2;< 8 PR;<;C<2
Fill in the correct personal pronouns(
4. (he is very handsome. I envy qqqqq. 6. hey are not reliable. )e doubts qqqqqq. 7. I tau#ht her. qqqqqqqq learned it from qqqqqq. 9. %e asked for his advice. qqqqqq advised qqqqqq not to come. :. )e dislikes her, and qqqqqq hates qqqqqq0 itrs evident. <. Nou should be there on time. I want qqqqq to come on time. =. (he is En#lish0 qqqqq #ave me lessons in En#lish. >. hey are our friends. %e invited qqqqq to the party. ?. It was him who wrote this letter. I reco#ni+ed qqqqq by qqqqq handwritin#. 4@. 'id you see the snakep o Nes, I saw qqqqq and qqqqq saw qqqqq. 44. %herers omp o hatrs qqqqq over there. 46. %herers my mapp o I left qqqqq on the desk. 47. ;ook at that bird. qqqqq always comes to my window. 49. %hat time is qqqqqp o qqqqq is four. 4:. %ho is thatp o qqqqqrs me.

4<. )i, it is so nice to see qqqqq a#ain. 4=. qqqqq doesnrt matter. 4>. qqqqq is not a boy, qqqqq is a #irl. 4?. Nou object to our visitin# qqqqq, donrt youp 6@. Nou are not #uilty of qqqqq, are youp

II. P;22-22I?- PR;<;C<2

Fill in the correct possessive pronouns(
4. his book belon#s to me. his is qqqqq book. 6. %hose book is thatp It is not qqqqq. 7. he cat ate qqqqq food. 9. (he took out qqqqq purse and #ave it to me. :. A friend of qqqqq #ave me that toy. <. his is their car. hat car is qqqqq too. =. Qay I introduce to you one of qqqqq collea#uesp >. )as anyone here lost qqqqq booksp ?. Every season is beautiful in qqqqq own way. 4@. hey would like a house of qqqqq own. 44. Irll try qqqqq best, I promise. 46. Each country has qqqqq own customs. 47. )e is #oin# to be late. %ould you mind qqqqq comin# a bit laterp 49. ;end me qqqqq pen, Irve lost qqqqq. 4:. hey like it. Itrs a favourite habit of qqqqq.

III. 4-=;<2TR TI?- PR;<;C<2

Fill in the correct demonstrative pronoun(

4. %hat is qqqqqp 6. qqqqqrs how he does it. 7. hey talked about qqqqq and qqqqq. 9. qqqqq is his book, isnrt itp :. qqqqqrs why they accepted his proposal. <. qqqqq is Ann speakin#. =. After qqqqq they decided not to come. >. qqqqq will do. ?. Irll take qqqqq books. 4@. )ers been waitin# qqqqq three weeks. 44. (he went to qqqqq doctor and qqqqq, no result. 46. qqqqq rooms are better than qqqqq. 47. Irm tired out. qqqqqrs why Irm #oin# home early. 49. Keor#e likes Qary, but she doesnrt like him. qqqqqrs what annoys him. 4:. he en#ine starts and the li#ht #oes on. qqqqqrs when you press the button. 4<. he book qqqqq I spoke of belon#ed to me. 4=. qqqqq was the bi##est mistake in his life. 4>. %hat is all qqqqqp 4?. qqqqq is what I think. 6@. qqqqq will help her to come in time.

I?. I<T-RR;5 TI?- PR;<;C<2

Fill in the correct interrogative pronouns(

4. qqqqq is speakin#p 6. qqqqq children are theyp 7. qqqqq were you talkin# top 9. qqqqq do you meanp :. qqqqq did you receive it fromp <. qqqqq book did you takep =. qqqqq one do you preferp >. qqqqq employees took their vacation in Qayp ?. qqqqq do you take me forp 4@. qqqqq is the news todayp 44. qqqqq is she likep 46. qqqqq of the boys do you like bestp 47. qqqqq money is thatp 49. qqqqq are the people she is speakin# withp 4:. qqqqq is it made ofp 4<. qqqqq car was stolenp 4=. qqqqq is the 8rench for sdo#tp 4>. qqqqq dau#hter are youp 4?. qqqqq did you sayp 6@. qqqqq are these toysp

?. R->8-DI?-'-=P, TI0 PR;<;C<2

Fill in the correct re"lexive)emphatic pronouns(

4. %hat will you do with qqqqq this mornin#p 6. hey were whisperin# amon# qqqqq. 7. %e should seldom speak of qqqqq. 9. I drive the car qqqqq. :. 'id you see the mana#er qqqqqp <. I often walk by qqqqq. =. he cat that walks by qqqqq. >. he house qqqqq is not worth much. ?. )e has the habit of talkin# to qqqqq. 4@. )e cut qqqqq. 44. (he told me the news qqqqq. 46. he machine works by qqqqq. 47. )e examined qqqqq in the mirror. 49. hey are makin# fools of qqqqq. 4:. (he stretched qqqqq out on the sofa. 4<. uehave qqqqqv 4=. (he lives by qqqqq. 4>. )elp qqqqq to coffee. 4?. Qake qqqqq at homev 6@. )e qqqqq conducted the interview.

?I. R-0IPR;0 8 PR;<;C<2

Fill in the correct reciprocal pronouns(

4. ;ove qqqqq qqqqq. 6. hey chattered to qqqqq qqqqq about fashion. 7. hey were lookin# for qqqqq qqqqq. 9. %hy do you deceive qqqqq qqqqqp :. hey dislike qqqqq qqqqq. <. he two reports contradict qqqqq qqqqq. =. hey pretended not to notice qqqqq qqqqq. >. hey are devoted to qqqqq qqqqq. ?. %e missed qqqqq qqqqq while bein# on holiday. 4@. hey #et on well with qqqqq qqqqq. 44. hey #reeted qqqqq qqqqq with kisses. 46. %e all know qqqqq qqqqq. 47. hey i#nored qqqqq qqqqq for some time. 49. hey are afraid of qqqqq qqqqq. 4:. Are they in love with qqqqq qqqqqp 4<. hey fi#ht with qqqqq qqqqq. 4=. )elp qqqqq qqqqq in learnin# En#lish. 4>. hey are ideally suited to qqqqq qqqqq.

?II. R-8 TI?- PR;<;C<2

Fill in the correct relative pronouns(
4. he man qqqqq was here is a doctor. 6. ake the book qqqqq is on the table.

7. %ith qqqqq are you talkin#p 9. he boy qqqqq is readin# a book is my son. :. qqqqq eats must pay. <. he ni#ht qqqqq we went to the theatre was very warm. =. )e doesnrt know the people qqqqq live next door. >. I have books qqqqq I must read. ?. %e had a river in qqqqq we could swim. 4@. I have some letters qqqqq I must write. 44. )e was the first man qqqqq reached the top. 46. he Jueen Eli+abeth is the lar#est ship qqqqq has been built on the Alyde. 47. he last person qqqqq leaves the room must turn out the li#hts. 49. )ere are some accounts qqqqq you must check. 4:. (how me qqqqq you have in your hand.

?III. I<4->I<IT- PR;<;C<2

Fill in the correct inde"inite pronouns(
4. herers qqqqq milk in that ju#. 6. (he wanted qqqqq stamps but there werenrt qqqqq. 7. hey canrt have qqqqq more strawberries0 I want qqqqq to make jam. 9. here is qqqqq ice.cream left. :. 'id she tell you qqqqqp <. here is hardly qqqqq milk left. =. (he wonrt lend you qqqqq money. >. I havenrt seen qqqqq yet.

?. here is qqqqq wron# with this car. 4@. his has qqqqq to do with me. 44. Nou have money and I have qqqqq. 46. he child refused to let qqqqq feed her. 47. hey didnrt make qqqqq mistakes. 49. he event was marked by qqqqq. 4:. Nour health comes before qqqqq. 4<. Am I supposed to take qqqqq she washes upp

E-+2F
I. 4. her0 6. them0 7. (he, me0 9. )e, us0 :. she, him0 <. you0 =. she0 >. them0 ?. him, his0 4@. it, it, me0 44. him0 46. it0 47. It0 49. it, It0 4:. It0 4<. you0 4=. It0 4>. It, it0 4?. themBhimBher0 6@. it. II. 4. my0 6. mine0 7. herBhis0 9. her0 :. mine0 <. theirs0 =. myBour0 >. hisBher0 ?. its0 4@. their0 44. my0 46. its0 47. his0 49. your, mine0 4:. theirs. III. 4. thisBthat0 6. hat0 7. this, that0 9. hisB hat0 :. hat0 <. hisB hat0 =. that0 >. hat0 ?. theseBthose0 4@. these0 44. this, that0 46. hese, those0 47. hat0 49. hat0 4:. hat0 4<. that0 4=. hat0 4>. thisBthat0 4?. hisB hat0 6@. hisB hat. I?. 4. %ho0 6. %hose0 7. %ho0 9. %hat0 :. %hom0 <. %hose0 =. %hich0 >. %hich0 ?. %hat0 4@. %hat0 44. %hat0 46. %hich0 47. %hose0 49. %ho0 4:. %hat0 4<. %hose0 4=. %hat0 4>. %hose0 4?. %hat0 6@. %hose. ?. 4. yourself0 6. themselves0 7. ourselves0 9. myself0 :. himselfBherselfByourself0 <. myself0 =. itself0 >. itself0 ?. himself0 4@. himself0 44. herself0 46. itself0 47. himself0 49. themselves0 4:. herself0 4<. yourself0 4=. herself0 4>. yourself0 4?. yourself0 6@. himself. ?I. 4. one another0 6. each other0 7. one anotherBeach other0 9. one anotherBeach other0 :. one another0 <. each other0 =. one another0 >. each other0 ?. one another0 4@. one another0 44. one another0 46. each other0 47. one another0 49. each other0 4:. one another0 4<. each other0 4=. one another0 4>. one another. ?II. 4. who0 6. which0 7. whom0 9. who0 :. %ho0 <. that0 =. who0 >. that0 ?. which0 4@. that0 44. who0 46. which0 47. who0 49. that0 4:. what.

?III. 4. someBno0 6. some, any0 7. any, some0 9. no0 :. anythin#0 <. any0 =. any0 >. anythin#0 ?. somethin#Bnothin#0 4@. nothin#0 44. none 46 anyone0 47. any0 49. everyone0 4:. everythin#0 4<. everythin#. nompiled by Helen oisun$o

2elf'TestF pronouns
Thin$ &ou understand pronouns3
1. "hi h of the followin# senten es are orre t$ %ill and me listened to the speaker with interest. They had to hoose between him and &. %arry and he were the best of friends. %i# 'o# ran after (nne and &.

6. Enter the correct choice in the text box below each sentence. Qy brother has always been able to read faster than (me, I).

It was (he, him) at the front desk.

Qa##ie ran after /ohn and (I, me) when we took her bike.

7. ry your hand at +ho and +hom in the sentences below. A#ain, enter the correct choice in the text box below each sentence. (cott is the one (who, whom) causes the most trouble around here.

'o not ask for (who, whom) the bell tolls.

"osa Qontero is an author (who, whom) I enjoy readin#.

5ne of the steaks (who, which) I #rilled looks a little rare.

he teacher (who, whom) everyone hates has decided to resi#n.

(o how was itp nse your incorrect responses to #uide you throu#h another review. "eturn