ABSTRACT

The objective of this project is to provide an automatic railway gate at a level crossing replacing the gates operated by the gatekeeper. It deals with two things. Firstly, it deals with the reduction of time for which the gate is being kept closed. And secondly, to provide safety to the road users by reducing the accidents. By the presently e isting system once the train leaves the station, the stationmaster informs the gatekeeper about the arrival of the train through the telephone. !nce the gatekeeper receives the information, he closes the gate depending on the timing at which the train arrives. "ence, if the train is late due to certain reasons, then gate remain closed for a long time causing traffic near the gates. By employing the automatic railway gate control at the level crossing the arrival of the train is detected by the sensor placed near to the gate. "ence, the time for which it is closed is less compared to the manually operated gates and also reduces the human labour. This type of gates can be employed in an unmanned level crossing where the chances of accidents are higher and reliable operation is re#uired. $ince, the operation is automatic, error due to manual operation is prevented .Automatic railway gate control is highly economical microcontroller based arrangement, designed for use in almost all the unmanned level crossings in the country.

INTRODUCTION
In this project we are concerned of providing an automatic railway gate control at unmanned level crossings replacing the gates operated by gate keepers and also the semi automatically operated gates. It deals with two things. Firstly, it deals with the reduction of time for which the gate is being kept closed. And secondly, to provide safety to the road users by reducing the accidents that usually occur due to carelessness of road users and at times errors made by the gatekeepers. By employing the automatic railway gate control at the level crossing the arrival of train is detected by the sensor placed on either side of the gate at about %km from the level crossing. !nce the arrival is sensed, the sensed signal is sent to the microcontroller and it checks for possible presence of vehicle between the gates, again using sensors. $ubse#uently, bu&&er indication and light signals on either side are provided to the road users indicating the closure of gates. !nce, no vehicle is sensed in between the gate the motor is activated and the gates are closed. But, for the worst case if any obstacle is sensed it is indicated to the train driver by signals '()*+ placed at about ,km and -./m,so as to bring it to halt well before the level crossing. 0hen no obstacle is sensed 1())2 light is indicated, and the train is to free to move. The departure of the train is detected by sensors placed at about -km from the gate. The signal about the departure is sent to the microcontroller, which in turn operates the motor and opens the gate. Thus, the time for which the gate is closed is less compared to the manually operated gates since the gate is closed depending upon the telephone call from the previous station. Also reliability is high as it is not subjected to manual errors.

R1 & R2 R3 & R4 . SG1,SG2,SG3 & SG4 . B M L

$ensors on the track, placed at about % km from the gate to detect the train arrival on either directions. Sensors on the track, placed at about - km from the 1ate to detect the train departure on either directions $ignals placed by the side of the track to indicate the train driver about the closing of the gate Bu&&er, an audio signal to warn the road user about the approach of train. 3otor for gate operation. 4ight signal to warn the road user.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The detailed description of the working of the above model can be e plained under various heads.

i)Initial Signal Display

$ignals $1-, $1,, $15 and $16 are placed near the gate each at a specified distance. $1- and $16 are placed at ,7m on either side of the gate whereas $1, and $15 are placed at -./m from the gate. The train may be approaching the gate in either direction. $o all four signals are made ()* initially to indicate that gate is open and vehicles are passing through the gate. The road user signals are made 1())2 so that they can freely move through the gate bu&&er is made 8!FF9 since there is no approach of train and road users need not be warned.

ii) T!ain A!!i"al D#t#$ti%n

*etection of a train approaching the gate can be sensed by

means of sensors (-, (,, (5 and (6 placed on either side of the gate. In a particular direction of approach, (- is used to sense the arrival while (5 senses the departure of train. In the same way, (, senses the approach and (6 the departure respectively in the other direction of train arrival. Based on the vibration of the track as the train approaches the sensor works. The sensor comprises of an I( transmitter, I(

receiver, a comparator and a transistor switch. I( transmitter gives I( rays whose wavelength depends upon the vibration of track that corresponds to the input fre#uency. If fre#uency increases its wavelength increases and thus reduces the resistance of the I( receiver. It reduces voltage drop across the receiver. Its output voltage is the difference between this voltage drop and input voltage to the sensor. This is fed to the comparator whose reference voltage is based on the threshold fre#uency which is minimum fre#uency caused by a slow train. Thus, the comparator produces :-,; saturation when it senses a train and <-,; if not. =orrespondingly, a transistor switch produces <%; and /; respectively. This is transmitted employing F3 to the microcontroller. iii) &a!ning '%! R%a( Us#!s> At the moment the train arrival is sensed on either side of the gate, road users are warned about the train approach by ()* signals placed to caution the road users passing through the gate. ()* signal appears for the road user once the train cuts the relay sensor placed %7m before the gate. A bu&&er is made !2 as a precautionary measure for the road user and that nobody should enter the gate at that moment. iv+S#nsing '%! )#*i$l#s> 4aser light is used as a source and 4*( as a tool for sensing purpose. 0hen light strokes on 4*( its resistance decreases and when light does not strike 4*( its resistance remains at normal value. This change of resistance of 4*( is used for sensing by the micro controller AT.?s.,%5 by the use of compensation. If there is no vehicle in between or beneath the gates, then the laser light from the source falls on the 4*( since there is no obstacle. $ince there is no vehicle or obstacle, signal is made 1())2 for the train to pass through

the gate. The same is applied for in the other direction and $15 and $16 are made 1())2 and gates are closed. *ue to some unavoidable circumstances, if there is a sudden breakdown of a vehicle between the gate , then the light from laser source does not fall on 4*(. It indicates the presence of vehicle and the signal for train should be made ()* in order to slow down the train to avoid collision. Then the obstacle should be warned to clear the path. v+ Gat# Cl%sing Op#!ati%n> !nce the microcontroller senses that there is no vehicle inside, then it automatically produces the signal to operate the motor through relay circuit and hence close the gate for the passage of train. 0hen any presence of obstacle is sensed, AT.?$.,%5 gives signal for obstacle to clear the path and once the path is cleaned, motor is operated to close the gate. Actually rotary motion occurs in a motor. This rotary motion is converted to linear motion of the gate using a gear. vi+ Signal '%! T!ain> 0hen the path is clear inside the gate, 1())2 signal is produced for the train when there is any obstacle , signal is made ()* for the train in order to slow down its speed before % 7m from the gate. Another signal placed at -./ m before the gate, when it is still ()* when train approaches if then provisions if then provisions should be stop the train. vii+T!ain D#pa!t+!# D#t#$ti%n> *etection of train departure is also done using relay techni#ue as e plained under the head of train arrival detection. Train departure sensing is done by sensors (5 and (, respectively considering the directions of train approach. viii+ Gat# Op#ning

0hen the train departure is sensed by the sensors, signal is given to the 3icrocontroller which operates the motor in reverse direction and the gates are opened. !nce the gate is opened signal for road users are made 1())2 so that the vehicles can pass through the gate. i +,ig* Sp##( D#t#$ti%n The advantage of calculating the velocity of train is, if the speed of the train crosses a limit i.e. if it is traveling at an over speed then the passengers are alerted using a by activating a bu&&er. The system basically comprises two I( 4)*: @hotodiode pairs, which are installed on the railway track at about - meter apart, with the transmitter and the photodiode of each pair on the opposite sides of the track. The installation is as shown in the block diagram. The system displays the time taken by the train in crossing this distance from one pair to the other with a resolution of /./- second from which the speed of the vehicle can be calculated as follows> Sp##( -./p*) 0 Distan$#1Ti/# As distance between the sensors is known and constant, the time is counted by the microcontroller and from this information, we can calculate the speed.

COM2ON3NT US3D
3icrocontroller AT.?$.,%5 (elay , *= 3otors 6 I( $ensors pair 4)*s =omparator 435,6 !scillator (esistors I= A./% *iode Battery 2i:=ad

COM2ON3NTS D3TAILS MICROCONTROLL3R D3TAILS

The microcontroller used here is a common . bit Atmel microcontroller AT.?s.,%5.It is a low:power, high: performance =3!$ .:bit microcontroller with-,7 bytes of In:$ystem @rogrammable 'I$@+ Flash program memory and ,7 bytes of ))@(!3 data memory. It has 5, programmable input output lines.

'3ATUR3S
B -,7 Bytes of In:$ystem @rogrammable 'I$@+ Flash @rogram 3emory C $@I $erial Interface for @rogram *ownloading C )ndurance> -/,/// 0riteD)rase =ycles B ,7 Bytes ))@(!3 *ata 3emory C )ndurance> -//,/// 0riteD)rase =ycles B ,.A; to %.%; !perating (ange B Fully $tatic !peration> / "& to ,6 3"& 'in - and , 3odes+ B Three:level @rogram 3emory 4ock B ,%E .:bit Internal (A3 B 5, @rogrammable ID! 4ines B Three -E:bit TimerD=ounters B 2ine Interrupt $ources B )nhanced FA(T $erial @ort with Framing )rror *etection and Automatic Address (ecognition B )nhanced $@I '*ouble 0riteD(ead Buffered+ $erial Interface B @rogrammable 0atchdog Timer

IR S3NSORS
A Infra (ed sensor 'I( sensor+ is an electronic device that measures infrared 'I(+ light radiating from objects in its field of view. @I( sensors are often used in the construction of @I(:based motion detectors'see below+. Apparent motion is detected when an infrared source with one temperature, such as a human, passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature, such as a wall. All objects emit what is known as black body radiation. It is usually infrared radiation that is invisible to the human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose. The term passive in this instance means that the @I( device does not emit an infrared beam but merely passively accepts incoming infrared radiation. GInfraH meaning below our ability to detect it visually, and G(edH because this color represents the lowest energy level that our eyes can sense before it becomes invisible. Thus, infrared means below the energy level of the color red, and applies to many sources of invisible energy MOTOR DRI)3R

"ere we used 4,?5* to drive the motors .whatever signals it receives from the microcontroller on the basis of that it will drive the motors ":Bridge controls the direction of rotation of a *= motor. Imagine an ":Bridge as an array of four switches, as shown below>

$implified ":Bridge

Iou can alter the states of these four switches in order to manipulate the voltage across the motor, and through that the direction of current flow and rotation of the motor. In Fig you can see that all the switches are open, and the motor terminals are disconnected from the circuit. This state will allow the motor to spin freely.

$- and $6 closed

If we close two of the switches, $- and $6 as show in Fig ,.,, the motor terminals are connected to the voltage supply, and a potential difference across the motor is created, which will cause the motor to begin rotating in one direction.

$, and $5 =lose

2ow, if we open $- and $6 again, and close $, and $5 as in figure ,.5, the voltage across the motor is switched around, and this will cause the opposite direction. 0hat happens if we leave $- and $, open while $5 and $6 are closedJ The motor terminals will be short circuited. This will cause the motor to brake, and rapidly slow down.

$hort =ircuiting

2ow, what will happen if we close $- and $5 at the same timeJ This will cause a short circuit from ;< to ground. This is known as K$hoot ThroughK The motor will not spin, and e cessive current will flow through the switches, wires, and power supply. In a 3osfet ":Bridge, this can cause 3osfets and batteries to overheat and free trapped smoke, or even e plodeLL This is dangerous, and you should avoid short circuiting your h:bridge like this ."ere is a simple motor driver circuit using the 4,?5* 3otor driver .

The above provided circuit can be controlled manually as well as by using microcontroller or a personal computer. DC MOTOR A direct current '*=+ motor is a fairly simple electric motor that uses electricity and a magnetic field to produce tor#ue, which turns the motor. At its most simple, a *= motor re#uires two magnets of opposite polarity and an electric coil, which acts as an electromagnet. The repellent and attractive electromagnetic forces of the magnets provide the tor#ue that causes the *= motor to turn.

IC 4567
4567 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of A. series of fi ed linear voltage regulator I=s. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give the fi ed voltage output. The voltage regulator I= maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The in A. indicates the fi ed output voltage it is designed to provide. A./% provides <%; regulated power supply. =apacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.

Pin Diagram:

C%/pa!at%!

LM324

The 435,6 series are lowMcost, #uad operational amplifiers with true differential inputs. They have several distinct advantages over standard operational amplifier types in single supply applications. The #uad amplifier can operate at supply voltages as low as 5./ ; or as high as 5, ; with #uiescent currents about oneMfifth of those associated with the 3=-A6- 'on a per amplifier basis+. The common mode input range includes the negative supply, thereby eliminating the necessity for e ternal biasing components in many applications. The output voltage range also includes the negative power supply voltage.

'#at+!#s
B $hort =ircuited @rotected !utputs B True *ifferential $tage B $ingle $upply !peration> 5./ ; to 5,

Input ;

4ow Input Bias =urrents> -// mA 3a imum '435,6A+ Four Amplifiers @er @ackage Internally =ompensated =ommon 3ode (ange ) tends to 2egative $upply Industry $tandard @in outs )$* =lamps on the Inputs Increase (uggedness without Affecting device operation 2=; @refi for Automotive and !ther Applications (e#uiring Fni#ue $ite and =ontrol =hange (e#uirementsN A)=MO-// Oualified and @@A@ =apable These *evices are @bMFree, "alogen FreeDBF( Free and are (o"$ =ompliant

ALGORIT,M
ST32 1> $tart. ST32 2> $et the variables. ST32 3> 3ake initial settings of the signals for the train and road users. ST32 4> =heck for the arrival of the train in either direction by the sensors.If the train is sensed go to $T)@ % !therwise repeat $T)@ 6. ST32 7> 3ake the warning signal for the road users and set the signal for the train. ST32 8> =heck for the presence of the obstacle using sensors. If there is no obstacle go to $T)@ A. !therwise repeat $T)@ E. ST32 4> =lose the gate and stop the bu&&er warning. ST32 5> =hange the signal for the train. ST32 9> =heck for the train departure by the sensors. If the rain sensed go to ne t $T)@. !therwise repeat $T)@ ?. ST32 16> !pen the gate. ST32 11> 1o to $T)@ 5. ST32 12> $top.

'LO& C,ART

'UTUR3 3N,ANC3M3NT

'UTUR3 3N,ANC3M3NT

This project has satisfactorily fulfilled the basic things such as prevention of accidents inside the gate and the unnecessary of a gatekeeper. But still the power supply for the motor operation and signal lights. It can be avoided and a battery charged by means of a solar cell. It can be used directly during the daytime and by charging the battery during night. "ence this arrangement can be used in remote areas where the power supply can9t be e pected. The obstacle detection part can be implemented using Fu&&y logic. As it thinks in different angles or aspects, the system works still more efficiently. T,3 LAST &ORD: The idea of automating the process of railway gate operation in level crossings has been undertaken. As the system is completely automated, it avoids manual errors and thus provides ultimate safety to road users. By this mechanism, presence of a gatekeeper is not necessary and automatic operation of the gate through the motor action is achieved. 3icrocontroller AT.?s.,%5 performs the complete operation i.e., sensing, gate closing and opening operation is done by software coding written for the controller. The mechanism works on a simple principle and there is not much of comple ity needed in the circuit.

R3'3R3NC3S
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