577/6553 Mathematical Methods / General Mathematics G 2014/s1

Lecture 2 Functions 2
Dr Peter Vassiliou

Week 2

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The straight line - (sec. 1.1)

In the USA they use the Fahrenheit temperature scale and in Australia we use Celsius. What is the relationship? Its a straight line relationship!

The formula expressing degrees Fahrenheit (F) as a function of degrees Celsius (C) is 9 F (C) = C + 32. 5 Graph looks like:

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200

150

100 F 50

20 C

40

60

80

100

F as a function of C

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The straight line

In this example and in others the relationship is given by a linear model. i.e. F (C) = mC + b. More generally f (x) = mx + b or y = mx + b. The graph of such a function is always a straight line. Number m is said to be the slope or gradient of the line. Number b is the y-intercept. Example: f (x) = 2x 1

The equation of a line

The slope of a straight line passing through the points A(x1 , y1 ) & B(x2 , y2 ) is vertical rise over horizontal run m= y2 y1 x2 x1

Example. What is the equation of the straight line containing points A(1, 2) and B(2, 3)?

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Exercises with lines

Find the equation of the line with slope 2 and that goes through the point (1, 3).

Find the equation of the line containing points A(2, 3) and B(4, 7).

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Parallel lines
The lines y = mx + b and y = nx + a are parallel if and only if m = n. Find a line parallel to y = 3x + 2 that passes through the point (2, 2).

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The lines y = mx + b and y = nx + a are perpendicular if and only if mn = 1. Find the line perpendicular to y = 2x + 3 that passes through the point (1, 2).

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Intercepts
The x-intercepts are the points where the graph crosses the x axis.

Given a function, how can we nd the x- intercepts?

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The y-intercepts are the points where the graph crosses the y axis.

If we have a function, how can we nd the y-intercepts?

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Exponential Function - (sec. 2.1)

An exponential function is a function of the form: y = f (x) = bx where b > 0 and b = 1.

Are the following exponential funtions? 3x , 5x , x2

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Graph of an exponential function

What is the domain and range of an exponential function? If b > 1: for example, f (x) = 2x

x If 0 < b < 1: for example, g(x) = ( 1 2)

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Exponential function rules

Let b > 0. Then for all x, y
1

bx .by = bx+y

bx by

= bxy

(bx )y = bx.y

(b.c)x . = bx .cx

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x (b c) =

bx cx

b1 = b

b0 = 1

bx =

1 bx

x = (1 b)

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One-to-One Functions
We say that a function is one-to-one if and only if for each different input gives different outputs. Example f (x) = x3 is one-to-one

Example f (x) = x2 is not one-to-one if the domain of f is a < x < a for any a > 0.

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Horizontal Line Test

If we have a graph of a function, the horizontal line test can tell us if the function is one-to-one. Horizontal Line Test (a) If there is a line parallel to the x-axis (a horizontal line), that cuts the graph at least in two points, then the function is not one-to-one. (b) If each horizontal line cuts at most in one point of the graph, then the function is one-to-one.

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Inverse functions
Given a function f (x) where for each input we get an output, the inverse function of f is a function f 1 , that for each output (from f ) gives us an input from f .

Example. Degrees Fahrenheit (F) as a function of degrees Celcius (C): F = 9 5 C + 32. What if we know the degrees Fahrenheit and we want degrees Celsius? Then we compute 9 the inverse of the function C 5 C + 32.

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Example. What is f 1 if f (x) = 9 5 x + 32?

Example. What is f 1 if f (x) = 1 x 1?

Do all the functions have an inverse?

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Theorem: A function has an inverse if and only if the function is one-to-one. This means If a function has an inverse then it is one-to-one. If a function is one-to-one then it has an inverse.

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If we have a function that is not one-to-one (therefore it doesnt have an inverse), we can reduce its domain enough, so the function becomes one-to-one.

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Graph of f 1
If we have the graph of f (x) we can graph f 1 (x). The graph of f 1 (x) is the reexion of f (x) respect the line y = x.

Denition. The range of a function is the set of all its outputs. range of f = domain of f 1 domain of f = range of f 1

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Examples.

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Logarithmic functions - (sec. 2.2)

The inverse of the exponential function is the logarithm function. Denition: y = loga x if and only if x = ay .

ie. y = loga x is the inverse function of y = ax and the function y = ax is the inverse of y = loga x.

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Examples:
1

log2 x = 4, what is x?

loge (x + 1) = 7, what is x?

1 ) = y, what is y? log3 ( 27

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How to graph the logarithm function?

What is its domain and range? If a > 1, for example, y = log2 x

If 0 < a < 1, for example, y = log 1 x

2

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