1

SESSION 3
Short Circuit Calculations, Unsymmetrical Faults
Leonard Bohmann, Michigan State University
Elham Makram, Clemson University
2
Short Circuit Calculations
Leonard Bohmann
Michigan State University
3
Line to Ground Short
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
4
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
t
A
m
p
s
(
k
A
)
Short Circuit Fault Currents
high frequency transient
dc offset decaying sinusoid
5
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
Short Circuit Fault Currents (continued)
v(t)
X(t)
R
] e ) t cos(
) t [cos(
) t ( Z
V
) t ( i
then
) t ( jX R ) t ( Z
) t cos( V ) t ( v
if
) t ( X
t R
0
m
m

+
+ =
+ =
+ =
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
6
dc offset
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
(

+ + =

X
t R
0
m
e ) t cos( ) t cos(
Z
V
) t ( i
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
7
Variable magnitude
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
t
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
) t cos(
) t ( Z
V
) t ( i
m
+ =
8
Reactance of Synchronous Machine
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
t
r
e
a
c
t
a
n
c
e
(
p
u
)
X'
d
X"
d
X
d
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
9
Use sub-transient reactance to calculate
fault currents
worst case for when CB is opening
Do not calculate dc offset directly
use X/R to approximate offset
(asymmetry ratio) at opening time
X/R is the time constant of the decay in
cycles
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
10
How do you
calculate the
fault current (I
f
)
at bus 3?
Z
T12
Z
T35
1
2
3
4
Z
G1
Z
G4
Z
T15
Z
L5
5
Z
L2
I
f
Z
T23
Z
T34
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
11
Use Thevenin equivalent
V
Th
Z
Th
3
I
f
V
Th
: open circuit
voltage
also called the pre-
fault voltage, V
f
often use 10
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
12
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
Use for:
symmetrical faults
single phase networks
three phase faults in three phase
networks (per phase equivalent)
concept for solving all faults
13
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
This method calculates the current
going into the fault
Often want the current elsewhere
in the network (through a circuit
breaker, in bus bars, in other lines,
etc.)
14
A current source, with the magnitude of
the fault current, placed at the fault, has
the same effect on the rest of the circuit
as the short circuit.
V
f
Z
Th
3
I
f
V
f
Z
Th
3
I
f
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15
Adding a current source to
the original circuit has
the same electrical
effect as adding it to
the equivalent circuit
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
V
f
Z
Th
3
I
f
Z
T12
Z
T35
1
2
3
4
Z
G1
Z
G4
Z
T23
Z
T15
Z
L5
5
Z
L2
Z
T34
I
f
16
All the voltages and all
the currents can be found
using the new circuit.
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
Z
T12
Z
T35
1
2
3
4
Z
G1
Z
G4
Z
T23
Z
T15
Z
L5
5
Z
L2
Z
T34
I
f
Use superposition:
Use the original sources
(or assume currents are 0
and voltages are 10)
Use just the current
source, gives changes
due to the fault
17
Calculation details
Bus Admittance Matrix: Y
bus
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
I = Y
bus
V
vector of current
injections
vector of bus
voltages
Z
T12
Z
T35
1
2
3
4
Z
G1
Z
G4
Z
T23
Z
T15
Z
L5
5
Z
L2
Z
T34
I
f
18
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
Z
T12
Z
T35
1
2
3
4
Z
G1
Z
G4
Z
T23
Z
T15
Z
L5
5
Z
L2
Z
T34
I
f
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
55 53 51
44 43
35 34 33 32
23 22 21
15 12 11
bus
0 0
0 0 0
0
0 0
0 0
Y
Y Y Y
Y Y
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Diagonals:
of Y connected at node
Y
22
= 1/Z
T12
+ 1/Z
L2
+ 1/Z
T23
Off diagonals:
- of Y connected between nodes
Y
53
= -1/Z
T35
19
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
Y
bus
is sparse (lots of zero)
small size
easy to build
quick algorithms to manipulate
20
Bus Impedance Matrix: Z
bus
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
V = Z
bus
I
vector of current
injections
vector of bus
voltages
Z
T12
Z
T35
1
2
3
4
Z
G1
Z
G4
Z
T23
Z
T15
Z
L5
5
Z
L2
Z
T34
I
f
Z
bus
= Y
bus
-1
21
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
55 54 53 52 51
45 44 43 42 41
35 34 33 32 31
25 24 23 22 21
15 14 13 12 11
bus
Z
Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
Z
bus
is a full matrix
slow to invert
slow to manipulate
avoid using if
possible
Diagonal element is the Thevenin
Impedance at that bus
Z
33
is the Thevenin Impedance at bus 3
22
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
To find the change in voltages due to
the fault current at bus 3:
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(

0
0
I -
0
0
V
V
V
V
V
f
55 54 53 52 51
45 44 43 42 41
35 34 33 32 31
25 24 23 22 21
15 14 13 12 11
5
4
3
2
1
Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z
23
To calculate current in line 2-3:
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
23 T
3 2
f 23
Z
V V
I

=
1
2
3
4
Z
T23
5
I
f
I
23f
24
Asymmetry ratio: S
Method calculates the RMS worst case
of the 60 Hz component
this is needed to set protective relays
For circuit breaker selection, need to
know the total RMS current (60 Hz
and dc offset)
Circuit breakers are rated on symmetrical
fault current, assuming an X/R ratio of 15
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
25
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
( )
R X
t 2
ac
RMS
R X
t 2
ac RMS
2
R X
t
ac
2
ac RMS
2
dc
2
ac RMS
2 1 is S(t) where t S
I
I
2 1 I I
I 2 I I
I I I

+ =
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ =
e
e
e
Asymmetry ratio
26
Calculating X/R
Equations presented are
for a single order system
For higher order systems,
ignore R and find
equivalent X,
ignore X, and find
equivalent R
Actual decay is typically
quicker than this
approximation
Z
T12
Z
T35
1
2
3
4
Z
G1
Z
G4
Z
T23
Z
T15
Z
L5
5
Z
L2
Z
T34
I
f
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
27
Algorithm
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
Calculate Thevenin Impedance
Calculate current into fault
Find the needed elements of Z
bus
(not all
of them)
Find the needed changes in bus voltages
Find the line currents of of interest
Find the dc offset
28
Example
The oneline drawing of a system, along with Z
bus
are shown below.
j 0.08 pu
j0.03 pu
1 2
3
4
j0.1pu
j0.1 pu
j0.025 pu j0.05 pu
j15
pu
5
j10 pu
I
f
j0.05 pu
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
pu j
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
0799 0 0429 0 0644 0 0623 0 0559 0
0429 0 0658 0 0487 0 0450 0 0334 0
0644 0 0487 0 0731 0 0675 0 0502 0
0623 0 0450 0 0675 0 0831 0 0538 0
0559 0 0334 0 0502 0 0538 0 0656 0
Z
bus
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
i) Calculate the fault current for a
three phase solid fault at bus 3.
ii) Calculate the voltages at bus 1,
2, and 3 during this fault.
iii) Calculate the current flowing
from bus 2 to bus 3.
29
Part (i): Calculate the fault current for a three
phase solid fault at bus 3.
Assume all initial bus
voltages are 10
therefore all initial
currents are 0
Use the 3,3 element
of Z
bus
for the
Thevenin impedance.
10
j0.731
3
I
f
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
pu j
j
68 13 I
0731 0
1
I
f
f
.
.
=
=
30
Multiply the negative of the fault current by elements in
the 3
rd
column to get the change in voltages
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
Part (ii): Calculate the voltages at bus 2, 3, and
4 during this fault.
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(

0
0
13.68 - -
0
0
0799 0 0429 0 0644 0 0623 0 0559 0
0429 0 0658 0 0487 0 0450 0 0334 0
0644 0 0487 0 0731 0 0675 0 0502 0
0623 0 0450 0 0675 0 0831 0 0538 0
0559 0 0334 0 0502 0 0538 0 0656 0
V
V
1
923 0
687 0
5
4
j j
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
.
.
31
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
Part (ii): Calculate the voltages at bus 2, 3, and
4 during this fault. (continued)
pu
pu
pu
0 1 0 1 V V V
0766 0 923 0 0 1 V V V
313 0 687 0 0 1 V V V
3 3i 3f
2 2i 2f
1 1i 1f
= = =
= = =
= = =
. .
. .
The voltages during the fault are the initial voltages
minus the changes in the voltages
32
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
Part (iii): Calculate the current flowing from bus 2
to bus 3.
The current is the difference
between the voltages
divided by the impedance
pu j
j
86 3
025 0
0 0766 0
I
Z
V V
I
23f
T23
3f 2f
23f
.
.
.
=

=
1 2
3
4
5
-j13.68 pu
-j3.86 pu
33
Problem
1
2
3
4
j0.1 pu
j0.1 pu
j0.1 pu
j0.025 pu
j0.05 pu
j0.05 pu
j 0.08
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
A small power system is sketched below along with Z
bus
.
a) What is the fault current for a three-phase fault to
ground at bus 3?
b) What are the voltages at busses 2, 3, and 4?
c) What is the current due to the fault from bus 4 to 3 and
from 2 to 3?
pu j
2
bus
10
404 5 106 3 422 2 174 2
106 3 658 4 634 3 261 3
422 2 634 3 534 4 044 3
174 2 261 3 044 3 783 4
Z

(
(
(
(

=
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
1
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
Unsymmetrical Faults
Elham Makram
Clemson University
1
SINGLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT
Fig.1. Single line to ground fault on phase A
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
Z
f
I
bf I
cf
I
af
a
b
c
n
0 f 2 1 0
af f a
2 1 0
1
2
0
2 1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1 0 2 1
2
0
af f f
cf bf
3I * Z V V V Or,
I * Z V Now
I I I
0 I a) a ( I Thus
I I
a)I (a a)I (a
0 I a aI I aI I a I
equations, current the From
I * Z V
0 I I
location fault at Conditions Boundary
= + +
=
= =
= + +
=
=
= + + = + +
=
= =
2
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
SINGLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT (CONTD.)
Fig.2. Sequence connection for A-G fault
I
0
To satisfy the voltage and current boundary conditions, the sequence networks should be
connected in series as shown in Fig. 2.
3Z
f
Zero
Sequence
Network
Zero
Sequence
Network
Zero
Sequence
Network
I
1
I
2
V
0
+
-
+
V
1
-
V
2
-
+
3
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
LINE TO LINE FAULT
Fig.3. Line to line fault
a
Z
f
I
bf I
cf
I
af
b
c
n
V
af
+
V
bf
V
cf
1 f 2 1
2
2
f 1
2
1
2
2
2
1 0
2 1
2
0 f 2 1
2
0
bf f cf bf
2 1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1 2 1
2
0
cf bf
af
I Z V V
a)V - (a Z a)I - (a a)V - (a
to leads This
V a aV V
) aI I a (I Z aV V a V
I Z V V
conditions boundary Voltage
I - I
a)I (a - a)I (a
0 I a aI aI I a
0 I
Thus,
I - I
0 I
Conditions boundary Current
+ =
+ =
+ + +
+ + = + +
+ =
=
+ = +
= + + +
=
=
=
4
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
Fig.4. Connection of sequence network for BC fault
To satisfy the voltage and current boundary conditions, the sequence networks should
be connected as shown in Fig. 4.
LINE TO LINE FAULT (CONTD.)
Z
f
Positive
Sequence
Network
Negative
Sequence
Network
I
1
I
2
+
V
1
-
V
2
-
+
5
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
DOUBLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT
Fig.5. Double line to ground fault
0 f 1 0
f 2
2
1 2
1
2
0 2 1
2
0
2 1
2
2
1 0 2 1
2
0
cf bf
f cf bf bf
2 1 0
af
I 3Z V - V Thus
Z ) I a aI aI
I a 2I ( aV V a V
Also,
V V Thus
V a aV V aV V a V
Thus,
V V
and,
)Z I (I V
conditions boundary Voltage
0 I I I
Thus,
0 I
location, fault at the
Conditions boundary Current
=
+ +
+ + = + +
=
+ + = + +
=
+ =
= + +
=
Z
f
a
b
c
n
+
I
bf I
cf
I
af
V
af
V
bf
V
cf
6
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
DOUBLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT (CONTD.)
Fig.6. Sequence network connection for double
line to ground fault
Considering the voltage and current boundary conditions, the sequence networks are
connected as shown in Fig. 6.
3Z
f
I
0
Zero
Sequence
Network
Positive
Sequence
Network
Negative
Sequence
Network
I
1
I
2
V
0
+
-
+
V
1
-
V
2
-
+
7
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
Example 1
Consider the power system shown in Fig. 7.
Ratings
G1 and G2: 100 MVA, 20 kV
X
1
= X
2
= 0.3 pu
X
0
= 0.04 pu
T
1
and T
2
: 100 MVA, 345/20 kV
X
T1
= X
T2
=0.08 pu
T. L. X
1
= X
2
= 0.15 pu
X
0
= 0.5 pu
Find the voltages at Bus 1 and the
currents from T
1
to P due to
(i) Single line to ground fault at P
(ii) Line to line fault at P
(iii) Double line to ground fault at P
Fig. 7. Example 1
G1 G2
T1 T2
1 2
P
T. L.
8
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
Positive sequence network
Negative sequence network Zero sequence network
Z
0th
= j0.08
j0.2213
P
j0.08 j0.5
Z
1th
= j0.2213
P
j0.3
j0.3
j0.08 j0.15 j0.08
1
P
2 j0.53 j0.38
P
j0.2213
P
j0.2213 j0.15) j0.08 (j0.3 || j0.8) (0.3 Z
0 1 V E E If
th
2 1
= + + + =
= = =
9
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
(i) Single line to ground fault
P - - T1 from components phase current The
0.15304 - (j0.8) j1.913 - Z I - V
0.42332 - (j0.38) (j1.114) - Z I - V
0.57668 j0.38) (-j1.114)( 1.0 Z I - E V
: are location fault at the components voltage sequence The
j1.9134 - I
j1.114 - I
114 . 1
0.38) (0.53
0.53
* I I
P - - T1 from components current sequence the are following The
j1.9134 -
j0.08) j0.2213 (j0.2213
0 1
) Z Z (Z
E
I I I
0 0 0
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
0
2
1 1
2th 1th 0th
0 2 1
>
= = =
= = =
= = =
=
=
=
+
=
>
=
+ +

+ +
= = =
j

a2
a1
a0
2
2
c
b
a
I
I
I
*
1
1
1 1 1
I
I
I
a a
a a
10
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
-j0.799
c
-j0.799
b
-j3.027
c
-j5.739= 3 I
0
-j2.712
j0.799 - j1.913 (-j1.114) a a(-j1.114) I
j0.799 - j1.913 a(-j1.114) (-j1.114) a I
j3.027 - j1.913 - j1.114 - -j1.114 I
2
c
2
b
a
= + =
= + =
= =
j0.866 -0.2297
) )(-0.42332 240 (1 )(0.57668) 120 (1 0.15304 - V a aV V V
j0.866 - -0.2297
) )(-0.42332 120 (1 )(0.57668) 240 (1 0.15304 - aV V a V V
0 0.42332 0.57668 0.15304 - V V V V
: are location fault at the voltages phase The
2
2
1 0 c
2 1
2
0 b
2 1 0 a
+ =
+ + = + + =
=
+ + = + + =
= + = + + =
11
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
(ii) Line to line fault
=
=
=
= =
= = =
= + =
= + =
=
= >
=
+
= >
=
+

=
+
= =
0 0.5 V
0 -0.5 V
0 1 V
5 . 0 Z I - V
0.5 j0.38) (-j1.316)( - 1.0 Z I E V
: Voltages
2.279 (j1.316) a (-j1.316) a I
2.279 a(j1.316) (-j1.316) a I
0 I
316 . 1 j P) - - 1 T ( I
316 . 1 j
) 0.53 (0.38
0.53
26 . 2 j P) - - 1 T ( I
26 . 2
j0.2213) (j0.2213
0 1
) Z (Z
E
I I
: Currents
c
b
a
2 a2 a2
1 a1 a1
2
c
2
b
a
2
1
2th 1th
2 1
j
12
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
SEQUENCE PHASE SHIFT THROUGH WYE/DELTA TRANSFORMER BANK
Positive and negative sequence impedance is independent of connection
These networks ignore phase shift
When current and voltages are transformed from one side to the other phase shift must
be considered.
Standard ANSI connection has been shown in figs. 8 (a) and 8 (b).
Fig. 8 (a) Wye/Delta Fig. 8 (b) Delta/Wye
High side Low side
I
A
I
B
I
C
Ia
Ib
Ic
A
B
C
a
b
c
nI
A
nI
B
nI
C
I
A
I
B
I
C
n:1
B C
A
b c
a
High side Low side
Ia
Ib
Ic
I
A
I
B
I
C
a
b
c
A
B
C
I
a
/n
I
b
/n
I
c
/n
n:1
B C
A
b c
a
13
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
30 V V
unit per In or
30 V 3 n a) - (1 nV ) aV - n(V ) V - n(V V
: voltage sequence Negative
30 I I
unit per In or
30 I 3 n ) a - (1 nI ) I a - n(I ) I - n(I I
: current sequence Negative
30 V V
unit, per in or
30 V 3 n ) a - (1 nV ) V a - n(V V
: volatge sequence Positive
30 I I
unit, per In
30 - I 3 n a) - (1 nI ) aI - n(I ) I - n(I I
: current sequence Positive
8(a) fig. Refer to
a2 A2
a2 a2 a2 a2 b2 a2 A2
a2 A2
A2
2
A2 A2
2
A2 C2 A2 2 a
a1 A1
a1
2
a a1
2
a1 A1
a1 A1
A1 A1 A1 A1 C1 A1 1 a
=
= = = =
=
= = = =
=
= = =
=
= = = =
14
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
=
=
= =
=
= =
=
= = =
30 V V
voltage sequence Negative
30 I I
unit per In or
30 I
n
3
) aI - (I
n
1
I
: current sequence Negative
30 V V
unit, per in or,
30 V
n
3
) aV - (V
n
1
V
: voltage sequence Postitive
30 I I
unit, per in or,
30 I
n
3
) I a - (I
n
1
) I - (I
n
1
I
: current sequence Postitive
(b) 8 fig. Refer to
a2 A2
a2 A2
a2 a2 a2 A2
a1 A1
A1 A1 A1 a1
a1 A1
a1 a1
2
a1 b1 a1 A1
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2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
=
+ =

30 - voltage Low sequence Negative ge High volta sequence Negative (ii)
30 voltage Low sequence Positive ge High volta sequence Positive (i)
: s connection Y - or - Y in general, In
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2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
Example 2
Find the currents and voltages at G1 of Example 1, due to single line to ground fault at P.
0 I
j1.9295 ) 60 (1.114 ) 120 (1.114
) 60 - (1.114 120 1 ) 120 - (1.114 240 1 aI I a I
j1.9295 - 60 - j1.114 120 - j1.114 - I I I
0 I
60 - j1.114 30 j1.114 - I
120 - j1.114 - 30 - j1.114 - I
: Currents (i)
cg
ag2 ag1
2
bg
ag2 1 ag ag
ag0
ag2
1 ag
=
= + =
+ = + =
= + = + =
=
= + =
= =
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2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE

= + =
=
= + =
= = + =
=
=
=
=
=
= =
90 1
12 . 240 577 . 0
60 577 . 0
V
V
V
*
1
1
1 1 1
V
V
V
90 1.0 V a aV V
240.12 0.577
150 0.334 - 210 0.666 aV V a V
60 577 . 0 30 0.334 - 30 - 0.666 V V V
30 0.334 - V
30 - 0.666 V
shift) phase neglecting Network sequence (from 0.3342 -
Z I V
shift) phase neglecting Network sequence (from 0.666
j0.3) (-j1.114)( - 1.0 Z I E V
: Voltages (ii)
ag2
ag1
ag0
2
2
cg
bg
ag
ag2
2
ag1 cg
ag2 ag1
2
bg
ag2 ag1 ag
ag2
ag1
g2 a2 ag2
g1 a1 ag1
a a
a a
Example 2 ( contd.)
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2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
PROBLEM #1
For the system shown below, find the currents in the transformer and generator windings in
per unit and amperes for a single-line-to-ground fault at
(i) P
(ii) R
G1
15/115 kV
P
G1
R
G: 100 MVA, 15 kV
X
1
=X
2
= 0.1,
X
0
= 0.05
Transformer:
100 MVA, 15/115 kV
X = 0.1
PROBLEMS
19
PROBLEM #2
Solve examples 1 and 2 for a double-line-to-ground fault at P.
PROBLEMS
2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
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2003 IEEE T & D CONFERENCE
PROBLEM #3
Solve examples 1 and 2 for a line-line fault at P.
PROBLEMS