IC ENGINES

ENGINE
A device transferring one form of energy to another
Most engine transform thermal to mechanical
HEAT ENGINE
-Thermal energy to mechanical
Types
Internal combustion engine
External combustion engine
Internal combustion engine
Combustion within the engine
Eg. Diesel engine
External combustion engine
Combustion outside the engine
Eg. steam engine
ENGINE COMPONENTS
Cylinder
Vessel in which a pist on makes reciprocatory motion
Piston
cyIindrical component fitted into the cylinder
movable
c0mbustion chamber
space cnclosed between the cylinder head and the piston top
place where there is increasing pressure due to combustion built up
inlet and exhaust valves
inlet valve for regulating the incoming charge
exhaust valae for discharging the combustion products
spark plug
initiates combustion in SI engine
located on cylinder head
connecting rod
inter connects piston and crank shaft
transmits gas forces from piston to crank shaft
crank shaft
converts reciprocatory motion of the to the useful rotary motion at
the output
enclosed in a crank case
DEFINITIONS
Cylinder bore
Inner diameter of the cylinder (mm)
Dead center
The position at which the direction of the piston is reversed at either the
end of the stroke
Top dead center/inner dead center
Piston is farthest from the crank shaft
Bottom/outer dead center
Piston is nearest to the crank shaft
Stroke (L)
The distance between the TDC and BDC (mm)
Displacement (or) swept volume (Vs)
Volume swept by the piston while moving from one dead center to the
another
Vs =L*A=PI*D*D*L/4
Clearance volume Vc
Volume of the combustion chamber above piston when is at TDC
Compression ratio (r)
r = Vt/Vc=(Vs+Vc)/Vc = 1+(Vs/Vc)
where Vt= total cylinder volume piston is at BDC
Vc= clearance volume
4 stroke
SPARK
IGNITION(SI)
PETROL ENGINE
COMPRESSION
IGNITION(CI)
DIESEL ENGINE
r = Vt/Vc=(Vs+Vc)/Vc = 1+(Vs/Vc)
where Vt= total cylinder volume piston is at BDC
Vc= clearance volume
IC ENGINES
4 stroke
SPARK
IGNITION(SI)
PETROL ENGINE
COMPRESSION
IGNITION(CI)
DIESEL ENGINE
2 stroke
SPARK
IGNITION(SI)
PETROL ENGINE
COMPRESSION
IGNITION(CI)
DIESEL ENGINE
INVENTION
SI engine -- NICHOLAUS A OTTO
CI engine -- RUDOLF DIESEL
4 stroke SI engine
4 strokes in one cycle
--2 Revolutions of piston
In 4s engine 5 events are completed
suction
compression
combustion
expansion/power
exhaust
one stroke-180 crank rotation
four stroke-720 crank rotation
the 4 strokes are
suction or intake stroke
compression stroke
expansion stroke or power stroke
exhaust stroke
Suction stroke
Piston moving from TC to BDC
Inlet valve opens
Exhaust value closes
Charge is taken into the cylinder
Combustion stroke
Piston moves from TDC to BDC
Inlet valve and exhaust valve closes
Entire cylinder volume is compressed to clearence volume
At the compression stroke,mixture is ignited with the help of an
electric spark
Burning process occurs at the constant volume
Burning process -> temperature -> 2000c
Pressure increases due to heat realse
Expansion or power stroke
TDC-> BDC (due to high pressure of burnt gases force)
Inlet valve and exhaust valve- closed
Useful strokepower is obtined
Pressure and temperature increases
Exhaust stroke
BDC to TDC
Inlet valve closed and exhaust vale open
Pressure falls to atmospheric level
Burnt gases are swept out of the cylinder at the atmospheric
pressure
At the end the stroke exhaust valve closes
Some residue gases get trapped in the clearence volume
Residual gases mixes with the flesh charges forming its working
fluid
In 4s CI engine
Air alone is sent in
Diesel is sprayed with nozzle and fuel pump arrangement
Due to high compressipn ratio (16-20:1), self ignition occours
2 stroke engines
Instead of valves ports namely inlet port, exhaust port and transfer
port
Compression stroke merged with suction stroke
Power stroke with exhaust stroke
All strokes un one revolution
1 power stroke in one cycle
Functions
EP opens first
BDC-> TDC, IP opens entry of air, simultaneously compression
and combustion takes place
TDC->BDC, charge moves through tranfer port burnt gas moves
through EP
When BDC->TDC, TP closes first and then EP closes during
compression
Process then gets repeated
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FOUR STROKE AND TWO STROKE ENGINE
Four stroke engine Two stroke engine
One power stroke in two revolutions 1 power stroke in 1 revolution
Heavier flywheel needed Lighter flywheel needed
Power produced is less Power is large for same size of the
engine (theoretically twice practically
twice Practically 1-3 times)
Lesser cooling and lubrication
Lesser wear and tear
higher cooling and lubrication
higher wear and tear
Initial cost is more Less
v high v low
Thermal high, part load is
better
Thermal low, part load is poor
Used when efficiency is needed Used when low cost compactness,
light weight are needed
Eg. In cars, buses, trucks, poer
generators
Two wheelers and hand sprayers
Cycle of operation
Based on the cycle of operation IC engines are classified as
otto cycle engine
heat addition at constant volume
also called CI engine
diesel cycle engine
heat addition at constant pressure
also called SI engine
TYPES OF IGNITION SYSTEM
SI engines need external energy stroke to produce spark
Two types 1. Battery ignition
2. magneto ignition
Battery ignition system
Energy from 6v to 12v battery charged by dynamo
Ignition switch- turns on or off
Ballast resistor- regulate the primary current
Ignition coil- source of ignition
Energy- a magnetic core of soft iron and 2 insulated conducting coils
Contact braking-making and braking of primary circuit
Spark plug- two electrodes with gap across which high potential develops
Magneto ignition system
Own generator to provide energy
Replaces all part of battery except spark plug
Rotating magnet-produces high voltage
Three types of magnet
Rotating armature type
Rotating magnet type
Polar inductor type
In the first type
Armature rotates, magnet stationary
In the second type
Magnet revolves, winding stationary
Working principle same as the battery ignition system
With cam, primary circuit flux change=> high voltage
Best system for high voltage
Battery ignition system Magneto ignition
Need of battery Magnetic system
More maintenance problem Less
Quality of spark is good Quality is poor during starting
As speed increases, efficiency
decreases
As speed increases, efficiency
increases
Bulky Compact
Expensive Less expensive
Used in cars, light commercial
vehicles
Racing cars two wheelers
ENERGY FLOW THROUGH ENGINE
Fuel fed into combustion chamber
Energy generated inside is indicated power to drive the piston
Here losses due to radiation and to the coolant
Energy passes to the crank shaft (expansion)
Here losses due to bearing friction, pumping termed as the frictional losses
Unaccounted losses
Remaining useful energy- brake power
ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
Indicated thermal efficiency

it
=
ndcutcd powc IP (k]S)
PucI powc PP (K]S)
where FP= total fuel consumption * calorific value
brake thermal efficiency

bt
=
bukc powc BP (k]S)
PucI powc PP (K]S)
mechanical efficiency

m
=
bukc powc BP (k]S)
ndcutcd powc PP (K]S)
=bp/(bp+fp) =
bt
/
it
Volumetric efficiency

v
=
muss o] u tukcn dung u stokc
mux.muss tut cun bc tukcn
max. Value of
v
= 85%
mean effective pressure
average power inside the cylinder based on calculated/ measured
output
imep = indicated MEP
bmep =brake MEP
indicated power =
Pmcp L A N K
60000
brake power =
Pbmcp L A N K
60000
where L = stroke length (m)
A = area of piston (m^2)
n = speed (rpm)
N for 2S N/2 FOR 4S
K = No. Of cylinders
Mean piston speed = 2LN
Specific fuel consumption
SFC = TFC/ power
If power bp then brake SFC
ip then indicated SFC
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SI ENGINE AND CI ENGINE
SI engine CI ENGINE
Otto cycle Diesel cycle
Fuel: gasoline ,highly volatile, self
ignition temperature high
Diesel oil, non volatile fuel, low self
ignition temperature.
Carburettor to introduce fuel Fuel pump and injector
Ignition system with spark Plug Self ignition due to high compression
ratio
Compression ratio is 6 to 10 16 to 20
High speed engines due to light
weight
Low speed engines due to heavy
weight
Thermal efficiency is low Thermal efficiency is high
throttle control quantity of mixture Air quantity not controlled
MAGNETO MOTIVE SYSTEM MAGNETO MOTIVE SYSTEM
COIL IGNITION FOR A FOUR CYLINDER ENGINE COIL IGNITION FOR A FOUR CYLINDER ENGINE COIL IGNITION FOR A FOUR CYLINDER ENGINE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BATTERY AND MAGNETO INGNITION SYSTEM
S.NO BATTERY IGNITION SYSTEM MAGNETO IGNITION
SYSTEM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Battery is necessary. Difficult to
start the engine, when battery is
discharged.
Maintenance problem are more due
to battery.
Current for primary circuit is
obtained from battery.
A good spark is available at the
spark plug even at low speed.
Occupying more space.
Commonly employed in cars and
light commercial vehicles.
Efficiency of the system decreases
with the reduction in spark intensity
as engine speed rises.
No battery is required and there is
no problem of battery discharge.
Less due to no battery.
Magneto.
Quality of spark is poor during
starting.
Less space.
Mainly used in racing cars and
two wheelers.
Efficiency of the system improves
as the engine speed rises due to
high intensity spark.
LUBRICATION-NECESSITY OF LUBRICATION
1. Frictional force between sliding and rotating components like bearings,
piston, valve ears etc so wear and tear occurs.
2. Due to friction , when temperature is so rise seizure of the engine takes
place.
3. Large amount of input also required to overcome the friction.
TYPES OF LUBRICATION:
1.FILM OR PERFECT LUBRICATION:
Two rotating parts are completely separated by a thin film
of lubricants.
2 .BOUNDARY LUBRICATION:
Not so as above. ie. Incomplete separation.
PURPOSE OF LUBRICATION:
1. To reduce power loss due to friction.
2. To minimize wear and tear.
3. To provide cooling effect and to remove heat from various parts and
hence seizure of engine is avoided.
4. To form an effective seal between piston ring and cylinder walls and thus
escape of gases are prevented and hence power losses are avoided.
5. To carry away impurities.
6. To provide cushioning effect and hence shock is absorbed and hence
noise level is reduced.
QUALITIES OF LUBRICANTS:
1. Resistance offered by it to the deforming forces.
oil 1/Tr when oil is so decreased due to high temperature. film lubrication
is changed into boundary lubrication. In general high loads and large clearances
requires high oil whereas high speed requires low oil.
2.OILNESS:
Property of an oil to spread and attach itself firmly to the bearings surfaces.
In general oiliness should be high to avoid wear and tear.
3 .FILM STRENGTH:
Oil film strength should be high to withstand high loads.
4. FLASH POINT AND FIRE POINT:
Minimum temperature of oil at which flash (vapour) is formed .oil burns
continuously when flame is brought. In general flash point of oil must high.
Always fire point is greater than flash point.
5. VOLATILITY:
Defined by vapourisation of oil at high temperature.
6. STABILITY:
Ability of an oil to resist oxidation. Stability should be high.
7. NON CORROSIVENESS:
Nature of oil.
8. DETERGENCY:
Lubricating oil should act to clean the engine.
9. EMULSIFICATION:
A good lubricating oil must not emulsify when water is brought
into contact.
10.FOAMING:
Minute air bubbles are held in oil .it reduces mass flow rate of oil and
increases oxidation . so oil should be free from foaming.
11.INSOLUBLE RESIDUE:
Lubrication oil should not have any insoluble residues like free
carbon.A good lubrication oil should be non toxic and cheap. No single
have all these requirements.
TYPES:
ENGINE LUBRICANTS
SOLID SEMISOLIDS LIQUIDS
Graphite and milk stone greases mineral oils
,

Animal
Animal and vegetable oils
obtained during crude
petroleum
distillation.
METHODS OF LUBRICATION:
a) FOR ENGINE BEARINGS:
1) Gravity feed lubrication
2) Wick lubrication
3) Ring lubrication
b) FOR ENGINE PARTS
1) Splash lubrication
2) Pressure lubrication
3) Petroil lubrication
FOR ENGINE BEARINGS:
1) GRAVITY FEED LUBRICATION
:
This method is used where the shaft are rotating in stationary bearing.
FOR ENGINE BEARINGS:
GRAVITY FEED LUBRICATION
This method is used where the shaft are rotating in stationary bearing. This method is used where the shaft are rotating in stationary bearing.
2). WICK LUBRICATION:
Oil is taken to the parts by means of capillarity action and syphon action.
3). RING LUBRICATION:
Used for lubricating horizontal bearings.
2). WICK LUBRICATION:
Oil is taken to the parts by means of capillarity action and syphon action.
3). RING LUBRICATION:
Used for lubricating horizontal bearings.
Oil is taken to the parts by means of capillarity action and syphon action.
FOR ENGINE PARTS
SPLASH LUBRICATION
Used for small output engines. Lubricating oil is filled in the crank case
. during each revolution of the crank the connecting rod balancing through the
mass of the oil. Due to thud the oil is flung off or splash oil to the piston and
cylinder walls and connecting rod small end thus lubricating the parts.
PRESSURE LUBRICATION:
Oil is employed to the various parts under the pressure
developed by the pump.
PETROIL LUBRICATION:
It is done by mixing lubricating oil with petrol. The crank can itself is
used as a compression chamber for the air fuel mixture. It cannot be employed
as a reservoir of the oilunlike in the wet sump system
SPLASH LUBRICATION
Used for small output engines. Lubricating oil is filled in the crank case
. during each revolution of the crank the connecting rod balancing through the
mass of the oil. Due to thud the oil is flung off or splash oil to the piston and
connecting rod small end thus lubricating the parts.
PRESSURE LUBRICATION:
Oil is employed to the various parts under the pressure
developed by the pump.
PETROIL LUBRICATION:
It is done by mixing lubricating oil with petrol. The crank can itself is
used as a compression chamber for the air fuel mixture. It cannot be employed
as a reservoir of the oilunlike in the wet sump system
Used for small output engines. Lubricating oil is filled in the crank case
. during each revolution of the crank the connecting rod balancing through the
mass of the oil. Due to thud the oil is flung off or splash oil to the piston and
connecting rod small end thus lubricating the parts.
Oil is employed to the various parts under the pressure
It is done by mixing lubricating oil with petrol. The crank can itself is
used as a compression chamber for the air fuel mixture. It cannot be employed
COOLING OF IC ENGINE
NECESSITY OF COOLING :
Total heat 100%
%B.P 30
%HLCW 30
%HLEG 40
TOTAL 100%
Heat due to combustion in 2500 C .platinum has high melting point melts
at 1800 C. so to avoid over heating , cooling is required.
Distortion of the engine components due to high thermal stress set up.
Lubricating oil is broken in the absence of cooling.
Seizure of the components.
Higher temperature, lower efficiency.
PROPERTIES OF EFFICIENT COOLING SYSTEM:
1). Only 30% of heat generated in the combustion chamber should be removed
otherwise efficiency is lowered.
2). It should remove heat at a fast rate when engine is hot. During starting of the
engine the cooling should be very low.
SYSTEM OF COOLING:
1). AIR COOLING:
Used in motor cycles , scooters , small cars.
Circulating fan is also provided.
No corrosion as in liquid cooling or clogging of radiator.
Simpler , less cost.
DISADVANTAGE:
Non uniform cooling, higher working temperature, have limited size,
produce more noise, gives less petrol economy, used for lower output engines.
WATER COOLING:
1)DIRECT OR NON RETURN SYSTEM
Where plenty of water is available. Water is not reused.
2)THERMOSTAT COOLING:
System operating at low speed .so large quantity of water is required.
3)IMPELLER THERMO SYPHON SYSTEM:
Used in automobile cars , bus , heavy trucks.
Flow of water by convection and by using pumps.
When pump fails , thermo syphon takes care.
2)THERMOSTAT COOLING:
System operating at low speed .so large quantity of water is required.
3)IMPELLER THERMO SYPHON SYSTEM:
Used in automobile cars , bus , heavy trucks.
Flow of water by convection and by using pumps.
When pump fails , thermo syphon takes care.
System operating at low speed .so large quantity of water is required.
IMPORTANT COMPONENTS:
1)RADIATOR
To cool down hot water from the engine.
2).FAN AND PUMP:
To increase rate of flow mounted on the impeller .used to cool the hot
liquid comes from the engine.
3)THERMOSTAT
Used to maintain minimum temperature in the engine. When the
temperature is high , it dont permit the water in the engine to flow into the
radiator.
4)FULL PUMP CIRCULATION
Water vel is more than thermo syphon
. Less quantity of water is required.
IMPORTANT COMPONENTS:
To cool down hot water from the engine.
To increase rate of flow mounted on the impeller .used to cool the hot
om the engine.
Used to maintain minimum temperature in the engine. When the
temperature is high , it dont permit the water in the engine to flow into the
4)FULL PUMP CIRCULATION
Water vel is more than thermo syphon or impeller thermo syphon system
Less quantity of water is required.
To increase rate of flow mounted on the impeller .used to cool the hot
Used to maintain minimum temperature in the engine. When the
temperature is high , it dont permit the water in the engine to flow into the
or impeller thermo syphon system
EVAPORATIVE COOLING:
Hot vapour from engine after absorbing latent heat flow up gets
condensed then flows to the cylinder jackets .
Only 40% water is required ,When compared to other system .
Hence a small radiator is required.
Efficiency is reduced.
DEFECTS IN COOLiNG SYSTEM:
Loss of coolant from the system due to leakage , evaporation.
Over heating of the coolant.
Over cooling due to thermostat.
Pump noise.