8

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Morphology According to Fromkin and Rodman (1998:69), morphology is the study of the internal structure of ords, and of the rules !y hich ords are formed" #he meaning of morphology is the science of ord forms" $no ing a language implies kno ing its morphology" %f you ask ordinary people hat the smallest unit of language is, many ould

pro!a!ly say the word" &o e'er, in fact, many

ords can !e !roken do n into

smaller units, and e refer to one of these smaller units as a morpheme. According to (eterding and )oed*osoedarmo (+,,1:6), morphology is concerned ords can !e !roken up into morphemes" According to &aspelmath (+,,+:1) in his !ook -.nderstanding /orphology0, he gi'es three definitions of /orphology, they are: 1" /orphology is the study of internal structure of ords +" /orphology is the study of systematic co'ariation in the form and meaning of ords" 1" /orphology is the study of the com!ination of morphemes to yield ords" From the theories a!o'e, this research uses the theory of morphology according to &aspelmath" #his research defined morphology as the study of ords ith the ay that

structure, systematic co'ariation in the form and meaning of com!ination of morphemes !ecome ords"

ords and the

2.2 Morpheme /orphology as a su!2!ranch of linguistics deals ith the internal structure of

ord2forms" #he !asic units of analysis recogni3e in morphology are morphemes" 4onsider, for e5ample, the ord2form masakin. #his can !e segmented to sho its

constituent elements thus: -masak-in, each of these segments has its o n form (or set of form), its o n meaning, and its o n distri!ution" 6one of these segments masak-in can !e further su!di'ided into smaller segments kind of hich function in the same

ay as they do7 each of these represents a morpheme" A morpheme may !e

di'ined as a minimal unit of grammatical analysis (8yons, 1968:1817 /atthe s, 199::1121+)" According to ;tage!erg (1991:8<), a morpheme is a short segment of language that meets three criteria: 1" %t is a ord, or a part of a ord that has meaning" +" %t cannot !e di'ided into smaller meaningful parts its meaning or ithout meaningless remainders" 1" %t occurs in differing 'er!al en'ironment meaning" ith a relati'ely sta!le ithout 'iolation of

1,

According to &aspelmath (+,,1:16), morphemes can !e defined as the smallest meaningful constituents of a linguistic e5pression" #he segmented" For e5ample, the ords are easily

ord nonton (watch), !oth the prefi5 n- and the stem

tonton represent a morpheme" %n the most cases, the relation !et een form and meaning is =uite straight for ard (simple): parts of meaning" >5ample: tulis ? rite@ cuci ? ash@ !acB ?read@ n2ulis ?to rite A2uci ?to ash@ di2tulis ? ritten@ di2cuci ? ashed@ tulis2in ? rite it@ cuci2in ? ash it@ !aca2in ?read it@ ord forms !ear different

m2!acB ?to read@ di2!acB ?read@

From the theories a!o'e, this research uses the theory of morpheme according to &aspelmath" #his research defined a morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of linguistic"

2.2.1 Kinds o Morpheme 1. Free Morpheme According to 4 ;tage!erg (1991:89), a free morpheme is one that can !e uttered ith meaning" Free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone as an

independent ord7 it cannot !e attached to another morpheme or ord such as makan (eat), gede (!ig), temen (friend), and others" Francis $atam!a stated in his !ook (1991: :1) that many contain a root standing on its o n" Roots, ords

hich are capa!le of standing

11

independently, are called free morpheme, for e5ample: Free morpheme pBntu (door) *alan ( alk) !alB (!ed) pBCBn ( ant) laki (man) cBt (paint)

#he free morphemes are e5amples of le5ical morphemes" #hey are nouns, ad*ecti'es, 'er!s, or ad'er!s" paCkBC (room) tBsi (spoon) pBci (/uslims hat) DnoE (girl) marB (mad) sDnDC (happy) !au (smell) konFng (yello ) kasi (gi'e) tukDr (change) *oget (dance) makan (eat) !Dntar (a moment)

2. !o"nd Morpheme According to 4 ;tage!erg (1991:89), !ound morpheme cannot !e uttered alone ith meaning" %t is al ays anne5ed to one or more morphemes to form a ord" ords, !ound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone as an ord, !ut must !e attached to another morpheme or ord" For e5ample,

%n other

independent

affi5es such as an, in *ual2an (sell), tidur2an (lay) and another are al ays !ounds" #his research defined a free morpheme as a morpheme that can stand alone independently and has le5ical meaning" A !ound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone, it must !e attached to another morpheme and has grammatical meaning"

1+

2.# Word #he definition of ord according Richard (198<:+1) ord is the smallest of

the linguistic units hich can occur on its o n in speech or riting" According to /atthe s (1999:19) traditionally, a ord is the smallest of units that make up a sentence, and marked as such in riting" Gord is unit of language that comes meaning and consists of one or more morphemes hich are linked more or

less tightly together and has a phonetically 'alue, typically a ord ill consist of root or stem and 3ero or more affi5es sentence" Hased on Fromkin and Rodman (1998:69), ord is a particular string of sound hich is united ith a meaning or a unit of languages that sym!oli3e or communicate meaning" ;o if meaning" #his research uses the theory of ord according to /atthe s" %n classifying ord as something that should e learn a!out ord, e learn !oth the sound and their related ord can !e com!ine to create phrase, clause, and

the data, this theory is useful" #his research defined a

!e unit of language that has meaning, consists of one or more morphemes hich has a phonetically 'alue and part of a sentence"

2.$ Allomorph According to )ayne (1999a:+,2+1), an allomorph is one of t o or more complementary morphs hich manifest a morpheme in its different phonological or

11

morphological en'ironments" #he allomorphs of a morpheme are deri'ed from phonological rules or morphophonemic rules that may apply to that morpheme" According to Fromkin and Rodman (1998:+9<), an allomorph is an alternate phonetic form of a morpheme" According to I@Jrady (1999:1+,), an allomorph is the 'ariant forms of a morpheme" From all those theories a!o'e, this research uses the theory of allomorph according to )ayne" #his research defined an allomorph as one of many complementary morphs hich sho a morpheme in different en'ironment and the

e5ample of allomorph is found in the pronunciation of the plural morpheme s in >nglish" %n Heta i language, the e5ample of allomorph is found in the pronunciation of the prefi5 nasal N-" #his prefi5 nasal has fi'e allomorphs, KmK, KnK, KAK, KCK and KCDK" tanya !a a cari am!il rusak 2 2 2 2 KnanyaK (to ask) Km!a aK (to !ring) 2 KAariK (to look for)

KCam!ilK (to take) CDrusak (to !reake)

2.% A i&es According to &aspelmath (+,,1:18), ord2forms in an inflectional paradigm ith a concrete meaning and are

generally share (at least) one longer morpheme

distinguished from each other that they, in addition, contain different shorter

1:

morphemes

ith an a!stract meaning are called affi5es" Hased on the position of

!ound morphemes against free morphemes, these affi5ation processes can !e differed from prefi5es, infi5es, suffi5es and circumfi5es" #his research suffi5es and circumfi5es" According to 4 ;tage!erg (1991:91), an affi5 is a !ound morpheme that occurs !efore or after a !ase" #here are t o kinds of affi5ation, prefi5es and suffi5es, !oth of hich researchers ha'e already met in passing" 4 ;tage!erg (1991:9+) stated ill discuss prefi5es,

that prefi5es are those !ound morpheme that occurs !efore a !ase, as in m-!Dli (to !uy), P-maFn (player)" )refi5 is an affi5 that is *oined !efore a root or stem" &ere are kind of prefi5es in Heta i language: a" )refi5 nasal 62 ?acti'e transiti'e@ !" )refi5 di2 ?passi'e@ c" )refi5 kD2 ?unintentional@ d" )refi5 !D2 ?intransiti'e@ e" )refi5 sD2 ?nominal@ f" )refi5 pD2 ?agent@ ;tage!erg (1991:91) also states that suffi5es are !ound morphemes that occur after a !ase, for e5ample !uat2an (made) and tanya2in (ask)" #here are only t o suffi5es in Heta i language, suffi5 Lan, and -in. Hased on Francis $atam!a !ooks entitled Morphology (1991: ::)" affi5 is a morpheme, hich only occurs An

hen it is com!ining to some other

1<

morphemes or morpheme such as root or stem or !ase" #here are three types of affi5es: a" )refi5" A prefi5 is an affi5 hich is attached !efore a root or a stem or a

ord !ase like di2, n2, and kD27 di2!ukB (opened), n2anyB (to ask), kD2!ukB (opened unintentional)7 !" ;uffi5" A suffi5 is an affi5 com!ine after a root or a stem or a ord !ase

like Lan, 2in, and 2nya7 makan2an (food), !antu2in (help), rumB2nyB (his house)7 c" %nfi5" An infi5 is an affi5 inserted into the root itself" From the theories a!o'e, this research uses theory affi5es according to &aspelmath" #his research defined an affi5 as a shorter morpheme meaning and can occur after, !efore or after and !efore a root" According to Heard (1998:6+), circumfi5es are affi5es that come in t o parts" Ine attaches to the front of the ord, and the other to the !ack, for e5ample in Heta i language, k--an" %t applies to the root gd (!ig) to form a noun kgd yan (too !ig)" Affi5 morpheme can also !e di'ided in to t o ma*or functional categories, namely deri'ational affi5es and inflectional affi5es" ith a!stract

2.%.1 In le'(ion)l )nd *eri+)(ion)l A i&es ;uch !ound grammatical morphemes are called inflectional morphemes7

16

they ne'er change the syntactic category of the they

ords or morphemes to

hich

are com!ine" #hey are al ays com!ining to complete

ords, stated !y

Mictoria Fromkin and Ro!ert Rodman in their !ook entitled !n "ntrod#ction to $ang#age (1998: 91)" For e5amples: 62 ?acti'e@ tulis %write& (M) n2ulis %to write& (M)

kD2 ?unintentional@ cuci %wash& (M) kD2cuci %washed #nintentional& (M) di2 ?passi'e@ 2in ?causati'e@ !agi %gi'e& (M) di2!agi %is gi'en& (M) !aca %read& (M) !aca2in %ask someone to read& (M) ord class of the !ase le5eme2

(eri'ation patterns commonly change the

i"e" nouns can !e deri'ed from 'er!s, ad*ecti'es from nouns, and so on" (eri'ation is not rele'ant to the synta5, hich stated !y &aspelmath on his !ook

entitled (nderstanding Morphology (+,,+: 68)" For e5ample: 1" (enimonal 'er!s (62M) ka!ar %news& sikat %)r#sh& tamu %g#est& +" (ead*ecti'al 'er!s (A2M) !aAak %a lot& cakDp %)ea#ti*#l& !aAakin %making a lot& cakDpin %making )ea#ti*#l& ka!arin %report& Aikat %wipe o#t& namu %'isit&

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puti %white&

putiin %making white&

2., Tr)nsposi(ion According to Andre is another type of deri'ation ;pencer and Arnold /"N icky (1998:<<) transposition hich reflects a simple change of category ithout any

functional change" For e5ample: a" makan %eat& !ecome makan2an %*ood& !" sapu %)room& !ecome A2apu %sweep& (M26) (62M)

c" gDndut %*at& !ecome gDndut2in %make *at& (A2M)

2.- Morphologi')l Pro'ess o A i&es in !e().i L)ng")ge According to /atthe (1991:1+<), a morphological process is a means of

changing a stem to ad*ust its meaning to fit its syntactic and communicational conte5t" %n the /orphological process of the 'er!s, there are three categories that the researcher is going to discuss ith their marker: they are 'er! to 'er!, noun to 'er!

and ad*ecti'e to 'er! hich com!ine ith inflectional affi5es or 'er!al affi5es"

2./ A i&es m)r0ing o(her .ord 'l)ss 2./.1 1o"n (o +er2 Pre i&es3 4" i& )nd Cir'"m i&es 1" nasal 62 ?acti'e transiti'e@ mac#l from pac#l ?hoe@

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+" !D2 ?intransiti'e@ 1" di2 ?passi'e@ :" kD2 ?unintentional@ <" Lin ?causati'e@ 6" 6 L in ?repetiti'e@ 9" di L in ?passi'e@

)tam# from tam# ?'isitor@ dipak# from pak# ?nail@ kc+t from c+t ?paint@ sap#in from sap# ?!room@ c+tin from c+t ?paint@ dilapin from lap ?rag@

2./.2 Ad5e'(i+e (o +er2 4" i& )nd Cir'"m i&es 1" Lin ?causati'e@ +" 6 L in ?repetiti'e@ 1" di L in ?passi'e@ panasin from panas ?hot@ itmin from itm ?!lack@ digd+in from gd+ ?!ig@

2.6 Word Cl)sses Gord classes in modern linguistics are distinguished largely !y using e'idence from distri!ution and form" A ha'e characteristics in common, and ord class is a collection of ords, hich

hich are gi'en a collecti'e name, some ord depends on its ord ord ord

e5amples are noun, 'er! and ad*ecti'e" #he position of the class" #here are different classes of phrases,

hich contain different

classes (Fa!! and Routledge, 199:: 11)" Gord classes di'ided into function and content ord"

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2.6.1

F"n'(ion .ord According to Fromkin and Rodman (1998:69) other syntactic categories

include grammatical

ords of function

ord, or a

ord

ith grammatical mean" #he

mem!ership is fi5ed and can !e listed con*unctions, like and and or, prepositions, like in and o*, articles, like the and a,an, determiners, pronouns, like " and he, and au5iliaries, like can and will.

2.6.2

Con(en( .ords According to Fromkin and Rodman (1998:69), in >nglish, 'er!s, nouns,

ad*ecti'es, and ad'er!s make up the largest part of the 'oca!ulary, they are the content ords of a language, hich are sometimes called the open class ords to these classes" ords

!ecause e can and regularly do add ne

2.17 8er2 According to Ro!ert Oar!er and /arry 8aine Oar!er (1991: :),

traditionally a 'er! is a ord that can e5press action or a state of !eing and there!y it tells us hat noun or pronoun does or hat it is" %f the 'er! tells us hat a noun or

pronoun does, it is an action 'er!: -emak lagi masak noh di dapur (mother cooks in the kitchen)"0

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According to Jreen!aum (1991:96), 'er!al affi5es (or, more simply, a main 'er!) are a ord that can !e the main ord in a 'er! phrases and is often the only

'er!" 4ertain affi5es are added to nouns or ad*ecti'es to form main 'er!s" &ere are a fe common 'er! affi5es ith ords that e5emplify them: n- %acti'e transiti'e& - n#lis (write), n#kr (change), n#ang (po#r) )- %intransiti'e& di- %passi'e& -in %ca#sati'e& - )la.ar (st#dy), )lan.a (shopped), )rnang (swim) / diam)il (take), di)ac+ (read), - ik#tin (*ollow), )liin ()#y), )awain ()ring)

2.11 1o"n According to Ro!ert >" Oar!er and /ary 8aine Oar!er (1991:+) a noun is a ord used to name something, for instance, a person, a place, a thing, or an idea" According to ;idney Jreen!aum (1991:91) a noun is a only or main ord in a ord than can !e the

ord phrase" Ge cannot identify all nouns !y their form, !ut typical

certain prefi5 can !e added to 'er!s or ad*ecti'e to make nouns" &ere are fe noun prefi5 ith ords that e5emplify them: pD2 ?agent@ 2an ?noun@ : pDAaAi, pDtani, pDlaut : maBnan, minuman, caBran

According to Hauer (1998:1:) a noun is a

ord that can occur as the su!*ect

or o!*ect of 'er! or the o!*ect (complement) of a preposition or noun is a ord can !e

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modified !y an ad*ecti'e and can !e used people, animal, places, things or a!straction"

ith determiners" 6oun typically refers to

2.12 Ad5e'(i+e According to Ro!ert >"Oar!er and /ary 8aine Oar!er (1991:8) in there is a ord hich modifies (or descri!e) a noun or pronoun" #he riting

ord is an

ad*ecti'e, a ord that modifies nouns and pronouns"

2.1# Morphophonemi' According to Fromkin and Rodman (1998:+9<), the rule that determines the phonetics form of the plural morpheme is a morphophonemic rule, !ecause its application is determined !y !oth the morphology and the phonology" According to )ayne (1999a:+,), a morphophonemic rule has the form of a phonological rule, !ut is restricted to a particular morphological en'ironment" /orphophonemic rules are sensiti'e to their en'ironment, unlike phonological rules" Ghene'er morphological information is re=uired to specify the en'ironment for an allophonic rule, the rule is morphophonemic" /orphophonology (also morphophonemic, morphonology) is a !ranch of linguistics hich studies:

#he phonological structure of morphemes"

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#he com!inatory phonic modifications of morphemes hich happen hen they are com!ined

#he alternati'e series hich ser'e a morphological function"

For e5ample: #he prefi5 K62K has the allomorphs PCQ and PAQ: Kn2K R kasi Casi (to gi'e) Kn2K R campur Aampur (to mi5) From all of the theories a!o'e, this research uses theory of morphophonology according to )ayne"

2.1$ Prod"'(i+i(y According to &aspemath (+,,:19) a morphological rule or pattern is said to !e producti'e if (and to e5tent that) it can !e applied to ne !ases and ne formed ith it" ords can !e