Eurock '96, Barla (ed.) 1996 Balkema, Rotterdam.

ISBN 905410843 6

Shear behaviour of joint roughness with two types of asperities

Comportement Scherverhalten au cisaiJlement de la rugosite des joints avec deux types differents d' asperites von Trennflachenrauhigkeit mit zwei Arten von Rauhigkeitsformen & T. Suzuki
- Department ojCivil Engineering, Kansai University. Osaka. Japan

H. Kusumi, K. Nishida

ABSTRACT: It is considered that the surface profile of rock joint roughness considerably affects the shear behaviour of rock joints. Irregular joint surface consists of various asperity shapes and gradients, and it seems t hat the shear behaviour might be dominat e d by the large gradient a sp e ri t i e s, bUI the mechanism is not enough clarified. We made nine irregular triangular plaster specimens wh ichi n c lude two t y P e s 0 f t ria ngul a I' asp c ri tie san d subj ec I e d I h e m to di reel sh e a I' t e s t s. The res ult s show that. when t h e asperities of the s p e c im e n s are not sheared. the shear behaviour depends on the large gradient asperity. When the two phenomena of shearing and sliding are simultaneously observed, the shear strength of the joint roughness depends on the number of the large gradient

a sp e ri t i e s.
RESUME: On c o n s ide r e que l e profil s up erf i c i e! de la r ugo su e des joints ro c h eux un e influence considerable sur Ie comportement de c i s a il le m c n t des joints. Lcs surfaces desjoints i r r e gul i er s so n t fo rm e c s par des a sp e r i t e s avec d i If e r e n t s formes e t gradients. c t iI p a r a it que Ie comportment de c i sa il le m e n t est do m i ne par les a sp e r i t e s avcc les plus grandsgradients, m a i s Ie mecanisme n 'est pas complCtment c la rif ie . No us avons fait n e uf specimens triangulairs de p l a t r e , qui p r e s e m e nt deux t yp e s d ta sp e ri t e s t r i a ngul a i r e s , e t nous les a v o n s so um it a des essais de c i s a il lc m e n t . Lesresultants m on t rcnt que. quand les a sp e r i t e s n e sont pas c i s a il l e e s Ie comportement de c i s a il le m e n t depend des '''1'0riI0s av c c plus !,'!"and gradient. Quandles deux phenomenes de c i s a il l e m c n t et de g l i s se rn e n t sont "b,crl0, s im u n a u e m e n r , la resistance au c i sa ii le m e n t de la r ugo si t e des joints depend du n o m bre (j'asperites avec grand gr a di en t .

ZUSAMMENFRASUNG: Es wird angenommcn, dal3 das Ob e r fl a c h e n pr o I'i l von Fc i st re n n f la c h e n ra uh i gk e i t das Sc h e rv e rh a l t e n derselben betriichtlich beeinfluflt. U n r e gc lm a Bige Fe l s tr e n n f lach cn besitzen unterschiedliche Rauhigkeitsformen und gradienten, und es scheit, dafl das Scherverhalten von den gr o Bc n Rallhigkeits!,'!"adienten be h e rr sc h t wird,wobeidieWirklUlgsweise j e do ch nichot geniigend ge k l a rt i st Es wurdcn neun un r e ge l m a lfige , dr cj cc k s f'o r m i ge Gi p s mo de l le h c r gest e ll t , die z wi e Arten von dreieckigen Rauhigkeiten da r s t e l l e n , we l c he da ra uf'h i n d i r e k t e n Scherverhalten unterworfen wurden . Die erhaitenen Werte zeigen, dafl da s 'Sc h e rv e r h a lt e n von den gr o Be n Rauhigkeitsgradienten a bh a n gt , ralls die Ra uh igk e i t e n del' Modelle n i c h t geschert sind. We n n die zwie Ph a n o m e ne des Scherens und Gleitens gleichzeit ig beobachtet we r den , dann h a n gt d e r Scherwiderstand del' T'r e n n f l a c h e n ra uh i g k e i t von der Anzahl der grol3en Rauhigkeitsgradienten abo

I INTRODUCT

ION

The characterizations of rock joint's surface profile affect the shear strength and t h e shear bc h a v i o ur of rock joint. However, it is not clarificd which factors of the joint roughness uc p c nd o n t h e shearstrcngth of rock joint. This problem has been t he subject of invest igat ion

for many years and indeed numerous shear models have been proposed(e.g. Patton 1966; Ladanyi and Archambault 1970; Jaegar 1971; Barton and Choubey, Kodikara and Johnston 1994). In these joint model, Ko di k a r a and Johnston carried out the direct shear test with the artificial specimens of irregular triangular rough joint, and tried to the s i m ula t ions of the

127

stress-

strain

cur v e an d the dilatancy

behaviour.

However, because these investigations were do n e for the be t wee n I' 0 c k surf ac e and con ere t e surface, this simulation can not be applied to t he pure rock joint. In this paper, the effects of asperity angleand of the number of large gradient asperities composed of rock joint surface on the peak and residual shear strength of rock joint are discussed. The rock joint specimens are making from the plaster and combine two types triangular asperity, and nine i rre gul a r triangular and three regular triangular specimens arc applied to the direct shear test under three different normal stresses. As the results of these experiments,it is recognized that the shear behaviour of the joint roughness consisted of combined two t y p e s a sp e ri t i e s can be distributed into three modes which is based on the sheared condition of asperities and the dilatancy behaviour, and t hat when the shearing and sliding of a sp e ri t ics is simultaneously observed during direct shear test, the increase of the number of large gradient asperities bring about the higher peak shear strength.

0 0

'"

o
n

",-

I.
Fig.1 Dimension

l."

100.0

~I
specimen

of regular triangular

~ '"

2 SPECIMEN
0

T he specimens us i n g t h e experiment make from the m a t e ri a l which mixed plaster.fine grain sand and water, these weight are in the ratios 1.1 :0.6. After pouring this material into the mold, these specimens are curing for two weeks under 20 temperature and 20% less humidity conditions. The shapes of specimens can be classified into four types, from within these, two are intact and saw cut specimen. The shape of other specimens show Figure 1 and Fig ure 2. Fig u re lin d ica t est h e s hap e 0 f regular triangular joint model(it is named by Ri-5), and the gradient of triangular i is I 0 0 ,20 o and 30 c res p ec t i vel y, and e a c h spccimen calls RI 0-5, R20-5 and R30-5. Table 1 shows the dimensions of regular triangular specimens. Figure 2 indicates the shape of irregular triangular specimens, these consist of different two triangulars, and these joint profiles are determined by the number of large gradient asperities. For example, the joint profile which haven pieces(n=J-3) ofi,,=30
1

~
",0

;<:j

. .

i"

"/0

'0 "0

~
in < I." 100,0

'" ~
Fig.2 Dimension
unil

ill

~I
specimen. for asperity of each

of irregular triangular

Table regular

I.

Hcight

and length specimen.

triangular

Height specimen
R10-5

length
f (111m)
21l.0

h (mm)
1.76

R20-5
R30-5

3.64
5.77

20.a
20.0

ria ngul a r and (5-n)

pieces

of i,=20

triangular

is named R20-30-n. can be named by Therefore, in case

In general, "Ri,-ib-n" of the

each specimen where i, ib.

<

ir r e gul a r triangular

specimen, the joint profile which is applied to this experiment are RIO-20-n,RI0-30-n and R2 0-30-n (n= 1-3 ).T he tot a I 0 f these specimens
are nine.

128

r,50
E ~ 40
01/

"" ~
t.,
0)

30

:;; 20
OJ

~ 10
.c
VI

"
0)

2 Shear Displ.tccmcut

3
LJ

4 (nun)

::

2
1.5 a~kg~ a ~/=,2

S
> C
u

~ ~ . 05 ~

is
ro

0
0

~-2
Shear Displaccrncm u (nun)

<=

-0.5 Fig.3
3 TESTING

Testing

apparatus
AND PROCEDURE

MACHINE

FigA

Shear displacemcn normal displacement

u versus shear stress for R20-30-1.

and

Figure 3 shows the direct shear machine developed for testing triangular specimens. The shear box consists of moving box (left hand) and fixed box (right hand ). and two boxes separat i n g on shear zone. Fur t her. the inner box exists in each s h e a r b o x , andafterthe specimen puts into inner bo x .th e shear test can bestarted. The shear and normal load are applied on vertical and horizontal direction respectively. The direct shear test is done by i h c strain control method under the normal 1 'tress of I 0.5.0 and 10.Okgf/cm . t h e shear speed beingO.1 mm/% for the all of specimens.

30 ,t h e rc f o re it is considerd that two phenomena simaluteniously o c c ur t h a t are both of the shearing of large gr a di cn t asperity and the S iIi di n g a Ion g I he sm a II gr a d i en t asp e ri t y , and this shearbehaviourcallsto type 0 .l n case of a " ~I 0.Okgf/cm1, the initial peak of shear
U

st ress is o bse rv e d at a shear displacement of 0.7mm. and subscn que n t l y , the maximum shear strength is obtained at a sheardisplacement of 2 . 7 m m. Its e ems t hat t his be h a v i 0 uri s c a used by the shearing of two different asperities. The in it ial peak c o m c s out from the shear of large gradient asperity. the maximum shear strength is given by t he failure of all the asperit ies, and this shear behaviour calls to type ill It is recognized that the shear behaviour of other specimens can be classified into the abovethree types in the region of the normal stress under this experimental condition. Figure 5 shows the idealized relationships bet ween shear st ress, normal displacement and shear displacement of three shear behaviour type. The dilatancy angle v of each shear behaviour can be presented by as follows; Type Type I IJ
V=7lb

SHEAR

CHARACTERIZATION

OF

EACH

SPECIMEN Figure 4 shows the relationships between shear st re ss.n o r m a l displacement and shear displacement for R20-30-1 specimen under e a c h norm a 1st I' e ss. In cas e 0 I' f1 ,,~ I . 0 k gf / c m ' shear stress - shear displacement curve is like a plastic deformation. This behaviour occurs only the sliding of asperity because the dilatancy angle v is measured to almost 30 which equal to the inclinat ion of large gradient asperity, I angle v and this shear at behaviour bet ween call 20 to type and Incaseof takes a ,,~5.0kgf/cm1,thedilatancy

ia~v<ib types of each irregular

Type ill: v< i, The shear behaviour

129

II

II

"I

II

u (a)

(a) v v

(a) v

VI'

-a,

o
II

o
u
II
II

o
II

(b)

(b)

(b)

Type
Fig.5 Idealized relationships between for each shear behaviour type. shear stress

Type 2
r normal displacement

Type 3
v and shear displacement u

Table

2.

Shear behaviour specimen

type of irregular

behaviour observed.

of and

both

type

Il

and

type

ill Iype

arc ill

triangular

under each normal stress.

I he specimens

presented

specimen

RI0-20-1 R 10-20-2 R J 0-20-3 R 10-30-1 R 10-30-2 R 10-30-3 R20-30-1 R20-30-2 R20-30-3

normal stress a " (kgf/cm'l 1.0 5.0 10.n [] I f] [] I IJ [] I f] [] I IJ [] I IJ f] I IJ f] I III I IJ III [] I III

are only R20-30-n under (J n =1 O.Okgf/cm2 Therefore, when the surface conditions of specimen which the garadient of asperity i, is comparatively large, and high normal stress is loaded on the specimen, the type of shear behaviour is becoming
10

ill.

It is recognized

that the classification of shear behaviour type depends on the m a gn it tide 0 f asperit y gr a di cn t and of normal st ress.

5 EFFCT

OF LARGE

GRADIENT

ASPERJTY

triangular which is summarized behaviour = I.Okgf/cm2 of

t
r (J

specimen under each normal st ress classified i n t o the shear typcs arc in Table 2 In this t abl e, the shear of all the specimens under (J u belong to type the I ,and behaviour in condit of all ion the

,,=5.0kgrlcm2,

specimens indicate riangul a r specimen e s: tinder

(J

type IJ . When the i rr e gul a r applied to the direct scar the sh e ar Y

The factors of joint shear behaviour are number of the similar is constituted by h o m paper, I he relationshipe of asperity and peak rock joint and large proportion occupied discussed.

asperity which affect the gradient, height and the sh a p e a sp e r i t y ifthejoinl o ge n i o us material. In this bet ween large gr a di en t and residual strength of gradient asperity whose on joint surface are

,,=IO.Okgf/cm2,

130

0.8 0.6

/::;

o
.......

RIO-20-11 RIO-30-11 R20-30-11

;

0.8
.
"\~""

a o
/::;

0.6

RIO-20-11 RIO-30-11 1120-30-11

.R3ii~5
. j .

v,"-

0.4 0.2 0 0

i:,.

..~.

"," 0.4
0.2 0 6 0 2
II ........

t/..Q...,.
11

Cb..... ~.....

.jiI(j~ 6

Fig.6

~,versus

n for type

1 (" ,,= I.Okgllcm ').

Fig.7

~,versus

n for type

IT ("

,,=5.0kgflcm').

0.8

a
/::;

RIO-20-11 RIO-30-11

0.8 0.6

v,"-

0.6
0.4

","

0.4 0.2

0.2

o
~,versus

3
11

3
II

Fig.R

n for typc

IT ("

,,=IO.Okgf/cm').

Fig.9

~,versus

n for type III ("

,,=IO.Okgf/cm').

5.1

Peak

shear

strength

Figure 6 shows the ralationship between Sp and the number of largegradient asperity n , andthe specimens included in this figurc belong to shcar behaviour type I ,and the condit ion of normal stress"" is 1.0 kgf/cm' Where thc notation .,At. and. present Sp of RI0-5, R20-5 and R30-5 respectively, and Sp can be Obtaincd by the follows equation; Sp

asperity n , Sp of the both specimens have a tendency to increae. RI0-20-n specimen'sSp is almost constant as the number of largegradient asperity n increases, and it's constant value is nearly eqaul to Sp of R20-5 The shear behaviour type of R20-5 under " =1.Okgf/cm' belongs to type I , therefore the Sp of RI0-20-n and R20-5 is almost equal because the dailatancy behaviour induced by only sliding of asperity is owing to the same asperity diffrent RIO-30-n behaviour not type inclination 20' The Sp of R30-5 is behaviour compared with those of and R20-30-n, because the shear of R30-5 and under" ,,=I.Okgf/cm' type is

(TI'-T,,,,)

., - T
where r
p

(I)
mr)

is di s t r ibut e d to

IT

As

the

peak

shear

strength

of each of saw-cut of intact

irregural triangular r 'm: the maximum specimen r ,m: the maximum

specimen shear strength shear strength

these results, behaviour of

it is recognized that irregular triangular

the shear specimens

Specimen In this figure, Sp values of RI0-30-n and of R20-30-n indicate almost the sa m e through n=I-3 because the da i lat a n c y behaviour of type 1 30' is only for sliding the large up along gradient the inclination gradient ih = asperity. Further,

which indicate type I is subject to the magnitude of inclination for large gradient asp e ri t y and ii's n umber. Figure 7 and 8 show the relationship between Sp and n of which the specimens present type IT behaviour under a ,,=5.0 and 10.0kgf/cm' respectively. On the figure 7, the both Sp of Rl0-20-n and RIO-30-n which have small gr a d ien t asp c ri t y con s is ted 0 f i, = lOt a k e a Imost the same value throuth n=l, 2 and 3. Because, it isconsideredthat the largegradient asperities

increaseing

t he number

of large

131

2.5 2
1.5

2.5

a /:}

RIO-20-11 RIII-10-1l /1211-111-11

a /:} o

RIO-20-11 RIO-10-1I R20-10-11

..............................

.. R20-5 ...,......R30"

",.

1.5

0.5

0.5

...0.
6

. ~"O.~~
.

";'R20~~5

,..
6

o
/I

o
/I

Fig.IO

8,. versus n for type

I (()' ,,=1.0kgf/cm~)

Fig.11

8, versus

n for typc

IJ

()'

,,=5.0kgf/cnl~).

2.5
2 1.5

2.5

a
'"

RIII-20-11 RIO-10-1I

2 1.5
~ . .

",.
0.5

.............
o o

;
Gl
...............

8 .............................. R}O:5

~..

p,
0,5

o
, ,

.............................

IUO: .

.........:.~~g:5
,
5

............ P o

.
6

.. R20-5 5
/I

i R20-5
/I

Fig.12

8, versus

n for type

U ()' ,,=IOOkgf/cm~).

Fig.13

S, versus

n for type

111 ()' ,,= I O.Okgf/cm ~)

are

sh e a rd a s t he dailataney

angle

vex

isis in the

region of ia~ v'< ib. In case of figure R, the relationship between Sp and n indicates almost the same to figurc 7, and in detail. these Sp of RI 0-30-2 and RI 0-30-3 exceed those of RI 020-2 and RI0-20-3 by a few Further, the increasing tendency of this relation is marked co m p are d tot hat of figurc 7. It is considered h a t the shear characterization for type IJ dc p c nd s on the magnitude of normal stress, and that thc factor of joint asperity produced peak shear strength is not large gradient a s p c ri t y but small gradient asperity in. Figure 9 represents the relationship between Sp and n for the specimens which the shear
t

as the both asperities are shear st rength of irregular in d i ea ted specimen. t y P e ill is lowe
I'

sh e a rd, but the peak triangular specimen t han t hat of in tact

5 . 2 Res i du a Ish

e a I' s t I' eng t h

Figure 10-13 showthe relationship between Sr and n under the same shear behaviour type and the same normal stress. Sr is given by the follows equation.

behaviour

indicates

type

ill,

the

normal

strcss where irregular cut r triangular r c s idua l shear specimen residual shear st rengt of h of saw-

under this shear type is I 0 Gk gfvc m ". As the characterization of dailatancy on type ill sat isfies the condit i o n m e n t io n e d previously, it seems that t he all a sp e ri t i e s of one specimen are sh e a rd, and this phnomenon can be confirmed by t h c dailataney curve during shear test and the observation of joint surface of specimen after shear test. On this figure, it is recognized that the Sp value of sp e c im e n s are almost constant regardless of the n value. This shear behaviour is like a oneofintaet specimen

r." specimen

strength

r" residual shearstrength of intact specimen. In case of Sr for each shear behaviour type, increasing the number of large gradient a sp e ri t i e s , the Sr of almost specimens excepted RIO-20-n that the of type increase

I increase.
of number of

It

is considerd large gradient

132

___

a'pnit ics brings about higher residual shear st rcngt h under t he constant normal st ress because t he joint surface of i r r e gul a r triangular specimens inregion of t he residual shear condition are bccoming to be more rough. Espccially, the r e s i dua l shear strengths for the all specimcnsofn=3 cxcepted Rl 0-20-3 e x c e ed that of intact specimen. Thcreforc it is rccognized that t h e rcsidual strength of joint which arc constituted by two types triaugular aspcritics depend on the number of largc b'radient asperity On RI0-20-n reprcscnted Flgurc lOt he r e la t i o n s h i p bet we e n SI and n IS completely diffent against the o t h e r sp e c im e n s , and Sr of this specimen undcr the condition of figure 10 indcates the low v a l ue in comparison with that of intact specimen. Undcr IT ,,=1.0 kgf/cm', the maximum gradient of asperity on intact sp c c i me n aftcr shear t e st is over 20
0

50

-----.-

---r0

RIO-S R20-S R30-S R20-30-1 R20-30-2 R20-30-3

~ l"'IE 40
U :--

0
6

::s
...

on 30
20 10 8

10

12

lkgt/cm2)
Fig.14 Relationshipe
(J

between
I

rand
p

for R20-30-n

and R.-5.

thcreforc it s e e m s that this causcd which the gradient of Surface of intact specimen t c st is bigger than that aspcrity of RI0-20-n undcr

shear behaviour is a sp e ri t y on shear after d i r e ct s h e a r of large gr a di en t

(J

7 CONCLUSIONS The shear behaviour of rough rock joint consisted of two triangular asperities can be distributed in t h ree types, and the first behaviour type is the sliding along the inclination of large gradient a sp e ri t y , the second p r e s en t s t h e both o f the sliding along the inclinat ion of small gradient asperity and the shcaring of the largc gradient asperity, thc third is the shearing of all asperities. Thc peak shcar strength of joint in accordance with each shear behaviour represents its own t e n den c y , especially, it is recognized that the second behaviour typc has the correlation be t wee n the peak shear strength and the number of large gradient asperit ics.

,,=1.0

k gf'/c m '.

6 FAILURE

CURVE

Figure 14 shows the failure curves of R20-30n , RI0-5, R20-5 and R30-5. Thc shear bchaviour of R20-30-n include t h e all shear types under each normal stress, and as is obvious from Table 2, the shear behaviour type undcr e a c h normal st ress is
IT IT

,,= Lu k gf'/c m ' :Typc ,,= 5.0kgf/cm2 :Type

IT
REFERENCES Barton,N.R. and Ch o ube y , V.: Shearstrength of rock joints in theory and practice, Rock Mechanics, Vol. 10, pp.I-54, 1977. Dight, P.M. and Chiu, H. K.: Predict ion of shear behaviour of joints using profiles, Int.J.Rock Mech.M in. Sci. &Geomcch. Abst r. ,Vo I. 18, pp.369-386,1981. Huang,S.L. and Oelfke,S.M.: Applicability of fractal characterization and modcling to rock joint profilc, Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.& Geomcch.Abst r.,VoI.29,pp.89-98, 1992. H aberfield,C. M andJoh n st on, I.W.: A me c h an i st i cally-based model for rough rock joints, Int.J. Rock Mech.M in. Sc i.&Geomech .Abst r. VoUl ,pp.279-292, 1994. Kodikara,J. K.andJohnston,I.W. :Shear behaviour of i r r e gul a r triangular rock-concrete

IT ,,=IO.Okgf/cm' :Type ill In this figure, it is rccognized that the failurc curvcs of each regular triangular sp e c im e n are rcmarkable difference in accordance with the inclination of asperity. When the shear

behaviour indicates type (undcr (J =1.Okgf/cm2), the peak shear strengths of Irregular triangular sp e c im e n s crows near that of R30-5. When t h e shear behaviour indicates type IT (under (J ,,=5.0kgf/cm'), those peak shcarstrengths case of type gather ill (under around that of R20-5.ln 2 (J ,,=10.Okgf/cm ), the

peak shear st r e ngt hs 0 f these spec irn e n s sca t ter, and those exists between thc peak shear strength of R20-5 and that of R30-5. It is clarified that from these failure curves, the each shear be h a v io ur type i n di ca t e s rell1arkably the differcnt characterization.

133

JO in is.: n t.J. Rock Mech. M in. Sci &Geo me c h , Ab st r.,Vol.3 1,pp.313-322, 1994. Ladanyi,B. and Archambault,G.: Simulation of shear behaviour of a jointed rock mass, Proc.11 thSymp.RockMech.,AIME. pp.105-125,1970.

134