HW09 statics: in which we solve 4, 10, 21, 30, 42, 44, 48, 49 of chapter 12.

Chapter 12, Problem 4: An archer's bow is drawn at its midpoint until the tension in the string is equal to the force exerted by the
archer. What is the angle between the two halves of the string?

The FBD appears both graphically and algebraically as,

solve for
0 sin sin 2 sin
A
x
F A T T A T u u u = = =

(1.1)

The condition A T = subsequently implies
1
1
2
sin 30 u

= = . Geometry implies
1
2
90 120 o u o = = .

chapter 12, problem 10: The system in Fig. 12-26 is in
equilibrium, with the string in the center exactly horizontal.
Block A weighs 40 N, block B weighs 50 N, and angle | is
35. Find (a) tension T
1
, (b) tension T
2
, (c) tension T
3
, and (d)
angle u .

(a) The tension
1
T can be determined by the equation
1
0
y
F =

at the point where string-1 terminates,

1
solve for T 1
1, 1 1
40N
0 cos 49N;
cos cos 35
A
y y A A
w
F T w T w T |
|
= = = = = =

(1.2)

(b) The tension
2
T can be determined by the equation
2
0
x
F =

at the point where string-2 meets string-1,

2
solve for T 2
2, 1, 2 1 2 1
0 cos0 sin sin (49N)sin35 28N;
x x x
F T T T T T T | | = = = = = =

(1.3)

(c) the tension
3
T is obviously the Pythagorean resultant of the forces
2
T and
B
W , as can obviously be seen by writing the x and y
force-balances at the point where string-2 meets string-3,

3 2 3, 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3, 3, 2
3 3,
0
(28 ) (50 ) 57 ;
0
x
x
x y B y
B y
F T T
T T T T W N N N
F W T
= = +
= + = + = + = +
= = +

(1.4)

(d) The angle of string 3 (measured from vertical) is
1 1
28
tan tan 29 .
50
x
y
T
T
u

| |
| |
= = =
|
|
|
\ .
\ .



chapter 12, problem 21: The system in Fig. 12-36 is in
equilibrium. A concrete block of mass 225 kg hangs from the
end of the uniform strut of mass 45.0 kg. For angles
30.0 | = and 45.0 u = , find (a) the tension T in the
cable and the (b) horizontal and (c) vertical components of the
force on the strut from the hinge.


(a) Two angles for later convenience: (1) the angle between the cable and the strut, o, and (2) the angle between the strut and any
vertical force, |,
45 30 15; 90 45 45; o u | | = = = = = (1.5)

Denoting M = 225 kg and m = 45.0 kg, and as the length of the strut, we compute torques about the hinge. Let into the page be
negative, and out of the page be positive; using the right hand rule. The struts CM-coordinate is at / 2, so the massive struts
torque is as if the whole mass of the strut is concentrated there,

( )
( )
2
1
2 solve for T 3 2
0 sin ( )sin ( )sin sin
sin sin
sin 6.63 10 ;
sin sin
i i i T Mg strut CM
r F T Mg mg
Mg mg M m
T g N
t u o | | t t t
| |
|
o o

= = = + + = + +
+ +
= = =

(1.6)

(b) Despite the complications (i.e., three torques) of the above-analysis, the only two elicitors of reaction-forces at the hinge are T,
Mg, and mg; of these, only T has an x-component (specifically, a negative-x component),

3
0 cos = cos30 = 5.74 10 N;
x x x x x
F T F T F F T | = = + = +

(1.7)

(c) As advertised in part-b, the forces -Mg, -mg, and -T
y
show up in the y-directions force-balance,

solve for F
3
0 sin30 5.96 10 N;
y
y y y y
F F Mg mg T F Mg mg T = = = + + =

(1.8)

chapter 12, problem 30: In Fig. 12-44, an m = 50.0 kg
uniform square sign, of edge length 2.00 L m = , is hung
from a horizontal rod of length 3.00
h
d m = and negligible
mass. A cable is attached to the end of the rod and to a point
on the wall at distance 4.00
v
d m = above the point where
the rod is hinged to the wall. (a) What is the tension in the
cable? What are the (b) magnitude and (c) direction (left or
right) of the horizontal component of the force on the rod from
the wall, and the (d) magnitude and (e) direction (up or down)
of the vertical component of this force?
(a) The cable-tension T exerts a torque that keeps the sign of mass m (which exerts torques at points
1 k
x d L = and
2 k
x d = (as
indicated) from falling; algebraically (and assuming the force of gravity is divvied up in half between the two points at
1 2
, x x ),

1 1
solve for T 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
,1 ,2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
2
0 sin ;
sin
hinge T g T g g
x mg x mg
Tx x mg x mg T
x
t t t t t t u
u
+
= = = = =

(1.9)

The angle u in (1.9) is given by geometry, which says
1 1
4
3
tan tan
v
h
d
d
u

= = . Using this in (1.9),

( )( )( )
( )( )
2 2
1 1
1 1
2 2
1 2 2 2
2
50.0 kg 9.8 m/s 1.00 m (50.0 kg)(9.8m/s )(3.00 m)
= 408 N;
sin 3.00 m 0.800
mgx mgx
T
x u
+
+
= = (1.10)

(b) Equilibrium of horizontal forces requires that the horizontal hinge force be

( )
1
4
3
0 cos cos 408 cos tan 245 ;
x x x x x
hinge
F N T F T F T N N u u

= = = = = =

(1.11)

(c) The direction of the horizontal force is rightward (rather obvious).

(d) Equilibrium of vertical forces requires that the vertical hinge force be

( )
1
4
3
0 sin sin 408 sin tan 163 ;
y y y y y
hinge
F N T F T F T N N u u

= = = = = =

(1.12)
(e) The direction of the vertical force is upward.

chapter 12, problem 42: In Fig.12-5 and the associated sample problem, let the coefficient of static friction
S
between the
ladder and the pavement be 0.53. How far (in percent) up the ladder must the firefighter go to put the ladder on the verge of sliding?

Let x be the horizontal distance between the firefighter and the origin O (see the figure) that makes the ladder on the verge of sliding.
The forces on the firefighter + ladder system consist of the horizontal force
w
F from the wall, the vertical component
py
F and the
horizontal component
px
F of the force
p
F on the ladder from the pavement, and the downward gravitational forces Mg and mg ,
where M and m are the masses of the firefighter and the ladder, respectively.

Since the system is in static equilibrium, the net force acting on the system is zero. Applying Newtons second law to the vertical and
horizontal directions, we have

net ,
net ,
0
0 ( ) .
x w px
y py
F F F
F F M m g
= =
= = +

Since the ladder is on the verge of sliding,
px s py
F F = . Therefore, we have

( )
w px s py s
F F F M m g = = = + .

In addition, the net torque about O (contact point between the ladder and the wall) must also vanish:
net
0 ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
3
w
O
a
h F x Mg mg t = = + + =

.
Solving for x, we obtain

( / 3) ( ) ( / 3) ( ) ( / 3)
w s s
hF a mg h M m g a mg h M m a m
x
Mg Mg M
+ +
= = =

Substituting the values given in the problem statement (with
2 2
7.58 m a L h = = ), the fraction of ladder climbed is

( ) ( / 3) (9.3 m)(0.53)(72 kg 45 kg) (7.58 m/ 3)(45 kg)
0.848 85%;
(72 kg)(7.58 m)
s
h M m a m x
a Ma
+ +
= = = ~ (1.13)

Chapter 12, Problem 44: The figure shows the stress-strain
curve for a material. The scale of the stress axis is set by s =
300, in units of 10
6
N/m
2
. What are (a) the Young's modulus
and (b) the approximate yield strength for this material?
(a) The Youngs modulus is given by
6 2
10 2
stress 150 10 N/m
slope of the stress-strain curve 7.5 10 N/m .
strain 0.002
E

= = = =
(b) Since the linear range of the curve extends to about 2.9 10
8
N/m
2
, this is approximately the yield strength for the material.

Chapter 12, problem 48: Figure 12-57 shows the stress
versus strain plot for an aluminum wire that is stretched by a
machine pulling in opposite directions at the two ends of the
wire. The scale of the stress axis is set by s = 7.00, in units of
10
7
N/m
2
. The wire has an initial length of 0.800 m and an
initial cross-sectional area of 2.00 10
-6
m
2
. How much work
does the force from the machine do on the wire to produce a
strain of 1.30 10
-3
?


Since the force is (stress area) and the displacement is (strain length), we can write,

( )( ) ( )
max
0
6 2 3 7
2
1
( )
2
1
2.00 10 0.800 1.00 10 7.00 7 10 0.0560 ;
2
f
dx
W dW F dx A A d A
N
m m J
m
c
o o c c c o

| |
= = = = = A
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
} } } }
(1.14)

chapter 12, problem 49: In Fig. 12-58, a 103 kg uniform log
hangs by two steel wires, A and B, both of radius 1.20 mm.
Initially, wire A was 2.50 m long and 2.00 mm shorter than
wire B. The log is now horizontal. What are the magnitudes of
the forces on it from (a) wire A and (b) wire B? (c) What is the
ratio d
A
/d
B
?


writing these dimensions,

3 3
, ,
1.20 10 ; 2.50 ; ; 2.00 10 ;
A B A f A A B A f B B
r r r m L m L L L L L L m

= = = = = A = + = A = (1.15)

The log is now horizontal means the final lengths are the same, which well just call L,

, ,
;
f A f B
L L L = = (1.16)

(a) Let F
A
and F
B
be the forces exerted by the wires on the log and let m be the mass of the log. Since the log is in equilibrium,
0 ;
y A B
F F F mg = = +

(1.17)

Noting that wire A originally had a length L
A
and stretches by AL
A
, in which we use (1.16) and E o c = ,

2
,
; ; ;
A A A A B B
A A A B B B
A f A
F L F L F L
E E L E L A r
A L A E A E
o c o c t
A
= = A = = A = =

(1.18)

If is the amount by which B was originally longer than A then, since they have the same length after the log is attached,
A B
L L A = A + . Using (1.18) in this statement, and subsequently solving for
B
F ,

solve for
;
B
F
A A B B A A
A B B
B B
F L F L F L AE
L L F
AE AE L L
A = A + = + = (1.19)

Putting (1.19) into the force-balance (1.17), and subsequently solving for
A
F ,

solve for
0 ;
A
F
A A B
A A
B B A B
F L mgL AE AE
F mg F
L L L L
| | +
+ = =
|
+
\ .
(1.20)

Putting numbers into (1.20), in which we use
2
A r t = ,

2 3 6 2 9 2 3
3
(103kg) (9.8m/s ) (2.50m+2.00 10 ) (4.52 10 m ) (200 10 N/m ) (2.0 10 m)
866N;
2.50m 2.50m+2.00 10
A
m
F
m

+
= =
+
(1.21)

(b) From the condition F
A
+ F
B
mg = 0, we obtain

2
(103kg) (9.8m/s ) 866 N 143N.
B A
F mg F = = =

(c) The net torque must also vanish. We place the origin on the surface of the log at a point directly above the center of mass. The
force of gravity does not exert a torque about this point. Then, the torque equation becomes,

solve for /
143N
0 0.165 ;
866 N
A B
d d
A B
A A B B
B A
d F
F d F d
d F
t = = = = =

(1.22)

chapter 13, problem 8: In Fig. 13-33, three 5.00 kg spheres
are located at distances d1 = 0.300 m and d2 = 0.400 m. What
are the (a) magnitude and (b) direction (relative to the
positive direction of the x-axis) of the net gravitational force
on sphere B due to spheres A and C?

Using F = GmM/r
2
, we find that the topmost mass pulls upward on the one at the origin with 1.9 10
8
N, and the rightmost mass
pulls rightward on the one at the origin with 1.0 10
8
N. Thus, the (x, y) components of the net force, which can be converted to
polar components (here we use magnitude-angle notation), are

( ) ( )
8 8 8
net
1.04 10 , 1.85 10 2.13 10 60.6 . F

= Z

(a) The magnitude of the force is 2.13 10
8
N.

(b) The direction of the force relative to the +x axis is 60.6.

chapter 13, problem 13 (||16): Figure 13-37 shows a
spherical hollow of diameter R inside a lead sphere of radius
R = 4.00 cm; the surface of the hollow passes through the
center of the sphere and touches the right side of the
sphere. The mass of the sphere before hollowing was M =
2.95 kg. With what gravitational force does the hollowed-out
lead sphere attract a small sphere of mass m = 0.431 kg that
lies at a distance d = 9.00 cm from the center of the lead
sphere, on the straight line connecting the centers of the
spheres and of the hollow?


If the lead sphere were not hollowed the magnitude of the force it exerts on m would be F
1
= GMm/d
2
. Part of this force is due to
material that is removed. Superposition: We calculate the force exerted on m by a sphere that just fills the cavity, at the position of the
cavity, and subtract it from the force of the solid sphere.

Compute the mass of the hollowed-out sphere: The cavity has a radius r = R/2. The material that fills it has the same density (mass to
volume ratio) as the solid sphere, that is, M
c
/r
3
= M/R
3
, where M
c
is the mass that fills the cavity. The common factor 4t/3 has been
canceled. Thus, the mass is,

3 3 3
4 1
2 3 2 2 2
1 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 3
4
1 1 1 3
( )
;
8
R R V R M
M M M M M
V R R R
t

t
= = = = = = (1.23)

The center of the cavity is d r = d R/2 from m, so the force it exerts on m is

( )
1
8 1 2
1 2 2 2 2 2
1
1 2
2
; ;
m m
G Mm GM m GM m GMm
F F
r d r
d R
= = = =

(1.24)

The force of the hollowed sphere on m is,

( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
1 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
2 2
11
9
2 2 2
4 10 m
2 9 10 m
1 1 1
= = = 1
8 8 1
(6.67 10 )(2.95 kg)(0.431 kg)
1
1 8.31 10 ;
(9.00 10 m)
8 1
R
d
m
kg
GMm
F F F GMm
d d
d R
N
N

| | | |
| |
| |

\ . \ .
| |

|
= =
|

\ .
(1.25)