Chapter8ViscousflowinPipes

Objective:todesignapipingsystem howtoestimatethepumpsize

Weneedtohaveapumptocompensate Headlossduetofriction Headlossduetoelbows,valves,and Elevationchange Figure8.1(p.408)

6.9.3.Viscousflowinacirculartube

NavierStokesequationincylindricalcoordinates

Figure6.33(p.327)

LaminarandTurbulentFlows (a)E Experiment i t t toillustrate ill t t type t of fflow. fl (b)Typical T i ldye d streaks t k

FlowislaminarifRe<2,100 FlowisturbulentifRe>3,000

Figure8.3(p.403)

Fluctuationcomponentinthevelocityofaturbulentflow

Timedependenceoffluidvelocityatapoint

Figure8.4(p.404)

Entranceregion,developingflow,andfullydeveloped flow

Figure8.5(p.406)

Pressurevariationalongahorizontalpipe,P(x)

Why isdp/dx greater attheentranceregionthan atthefullydevelopedregion?

Figure8.6(p.407)

dP/dz isconstantinafullydevelopedflow.

Relationshipbetweenwallshearstressandpressuredrop
Thiswasderivedfrom NavierStokeseq.(Ch6) Objective:toderivetheaboverelationfromtheabovesketch Assume:steadystateflow,constantdiameterpipe accelerationiszero.

Figure8.7(p.408)

Relationshipbetweenwallshearstressandpressuredrop

Figure g 8.8(p (p.409) )

Freebodydiagramofacylinderoffluid

CapillaryTubeViscometer
O Open to t Ai Air Reservoirtank 7cm Liquid Objective:todetermineliquidviscosity Given:Wecollected55gper1min. WhatisthevalueofP[Pa]? Capillary C ill tube b d=3mm 15cm WhatisthevalueofvolumeflowrateQ[m3/s]? /

Viscosity= Balancetomeasure Massflow fl rate

CapillaryTubeViscometer

PipingSystemDesign (Estimationoflossduetofriction) D i ti of Derivation ff friction i ti f factor t ( (p.415): 415) Definition Recall

Estimationoffrictionalpressuredrop usingfrictionfactor Recall

From

Where Forlaminarflow: Forturbulentflow:

Calculationprocedureofpressuredropduetofriction Step1:CalculateReynoldsnumber Step2:Determineifflowislaminarorturbulent. Step3:Determinefrictionfactor St 4: Step 4 Calculate C l l t P

Example(Laminarflow) Objective:toestimatethefrictionalpressureloss Given:Water,pipediameterd=4mm;Length=19m Averagevelocity=0.35m/s Density y=1,000 , kg/m g/ 3;Viscosity y=1mPa.s

7m 10m

Valve 2m

Step1:CalculateReynoldsnumber

Step2:Determineifflowislaminarorturbulent. Step3:Determinefrictionfactor(f=0.04) Step4:Calculatefrictionalpressuredrop(P=11,638Pa)

Example(turbulentflow) Objective:toestimatethefrictionalpressureloss Given:Water,pipediameterd=4mm;Length=19m Averagevelocity=15m/s Density y=1,000 , kg/m g/ 3;Viscosity y=1mPa.s

Pump 7m 10m

Valve 2m

Step1:CalculateReynoldsnumber

Step2:Determineifflowislaminarorturbulent. Step3:Determinefrictionfactor(f=0.04) Step4:Calculatefrictionalpressuredrop(P=11,638Pa)

SurfaceRoughnessEffectonFrictionalPressureDrop Forasmoothpipe

Foraroughsurfacepipe UseMoodychart

Page430

FrictionfactorasafunctionofReynoldsnumberandrelativeroughnessforroundpipes theMoodychartWhatisfforRe=60,000?Forasmoothpipef= F arough For hpipe i (=0.002) 0 002)f=

Figure8.20(p.434)

MinorLossduetopipecomponents(elbows,valves,Tjunctions,etc) Forasinglecomponent

Formultiplecomponents

LossCoefficientsforPipeComponents
(hL = K L V2 ) 2g

Table8.2(p.445)

Example(turbulentflow) Objective:toestimatetheMINOR pressureloss Given:Water,pipediameterd=4mm;Length=19m Averagevelocity=15m/s Density y=1,000 , kg/m g/ 3;Viscosity y=1mPa.s
Pump 7m 10m

Valve 2m

Kforelbow=0.3 Kforvalve=0.5

FrictionFactorsforLaminarFlowinNoncircularDucts Usehydraulicdiameter,definedas
2cm 1

T bl 8.3 Table 8 3( (p.448)

Example8.8:Objective:toestimatethepumpsizetodelivertheflow

FigureE8.8a E8 8a(p. (p 451)

Example8.8 Objective: j toestimatethep pump psizetodelivertheflow

Re=45 45,000 000 f=0.0215 V=8.7ft/s

Kforglobevalve=10 Elb =1.5 Elbow 15 Faucet=2

FigureE8.8a(p.451)

Figure g 8.35(p (p.460) )

Series(a)andparallel(b)pipesystems.
FundamentalsofFluidMechanics,5/EbyBruceMunson,DonaldYoung,andTheodoreOkiishi Copyright2005byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved.

Figure g 8.44(p (p.466) )

TypicalVenturimeterconstruction.
FundamentalsofFluidMechanics,5/EbyBruceMunson,DonaldYoung,andTheodoreOkiishi Copyright2005byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved.

Figure8.46(p.468)
Rotametertype yp flowmeter. (CourtesyofFischer&PorterCo.)

FundamentalsofFluidMechanics,5/EbyBruceMunson,DonaldYoung,andTheodoreOkiishi Copyright2005byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved.

Figure g 8.47(p (p.469) )

Turbinetypeflowmeter.(CourtesyofE.G.&G.FlowTechnology,Inc.)
FundamentalsofFluidMechanics,5/EbyBruceMunson,DonaldYoung,andTheodoreOkiishi Copyright2005byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved.

FigureP8.71 P8 71(p (p.477)

FundamentalsofFluidMechanics,5/EbyBruceMunson,DonaldYoung,andTheodoreOkiishi Copyright2005byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved.

Chapter12 T i lpositive Typical iti displacement di l tpumps:(a)tire ti pump,(b) humanheart,(c)gearpump.

Figure12.1(p.685)

Typicalperformancecharacteristicsforacentrifugalpumpofa givensizeoperatingataconstantimpellerspeed. speed

Figure12.11(p.699)

Schematicofapumpinstallationinwhichthepumpmustlift fluidfromoneleveltoanother.

Figure12.13(p.701)

Typicalflowsystem

. Figure12.14(p.703)

12.4.2PumpPerformanceCharacteristics

Figure12.10(p.698)

Units: 1hP =745.7 745 7W 1hP =550

IfQ=0.5m3/sandisP=20,000Pa,whatshouldbethesizeofmotor?(100%efficiency)

Pumpefficiencyisnot100%.

Ifpumpefficiencyis84%,13.4shouldbechangedto

86%

Figure12.11(p.699)

Page703

Utilizationofthesystemcurveandthepumpperformancecurve toobtaintheoperatingpointforthesystem. s stem

Figure12.15(p.703)

Example12.4
FigureE12.4 E12 4(p. (p 704) Objective:todetermineQflowrate Given:totallengthofpipe=200ft Frictionfactorf=0.02 Pipediameter=6in Pumpcurveisgiven Solution: W need We dtodevelop d l asystemcurve, whichlookslikethis.

FigureE12.4continued(p.705)

1gal=0.13368ft3

Effectofoperatingpumpsin(a)seriesand(b)inparallel.

Figure12.16(p.706)