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C.-ORIGINAL GLOSSARIES.
No. 67.
(Btatnmar
OF THE
DIALECT OF WINDHILL,
IN
THE
a Glossarial Index of
the
Words used
in the
Grammar and
Specimens.
BY
JOSEPH WRIGHT,
M.A.,
Ph.D.
Xon&on PUBLISHED FOR THE ENGLISH DIALECT SOCIETY BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., CHARING CROSS ROAR
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J.
Murray, Oxford.
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(Btammar
OF THE
DIALECT OF WINDHILL,
IN
THE
'
,
.
t j i
. ,
>
...
'
,
' >
...
>
->
Illustrated by
Words used
in the
Grammar and
Specimens.
BY
JOSEPH WRIGHT,
M.A.,
Ph.D.,
'
Nur das Beispiel fiihrt zum Licht; Vieles Reden thut es nicht.'
3Lonfcon
PUBLISHED FOR THE ENGLISH DIALECT SOCIETY BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., CHARING CROSS ROAD.
1892.
[All rights
reserved.']
,/**
(flip
Qfllol$er
was2
PREFACE
My
Grammar
has
been to furnish specialists in English philology with an accurate account of the Phonology and Accidence of one
of the
dialects.
And
in
order to
make
the
work
of scholars, I have
Phonology
fairly
taken special care to include in the complete lists of the words which are in
common
language.
volved
me
which seem to have had an abnormal development I could not always decide with certainty whether the seeming
irregularities
had
arisen
within
the
dialect
itself,
or
whether the words in question had been introduced from the literary language at various periods, or were merely
borrowings from some neighbouring dialect. These are difficulties which every writer of a scientific dialect gram-
mar has
to contend with.
But
been dishonest on
my
is
part to
The
result
that the
grammar
I
contains dozens
a3
VI
PREFACE.
explain satisfactorily, but I have nevertheless registered them in separate paragraphs, as being in common use in
the dialect and of equal importance to the English philologist.
I will
only
nose,
bied (OE.
beard) beard, ut (OE. hat) hot, friet (OE. fretan) to fret, for which we should expect in the dialect noiz ( 105, 109),
bad
On
the
grammar
will, I trust,
help to throw
besides
some
light
quantities,
showing how dialects still keep apart many vowel sounds which have fallen together in the literary language. Of
the
latter I will
a great
many
only mention a few examples, although may be found in the grammar jad (OE.
:
feet,
wak
(OE.
weorc) work, wek (OE. wyrcan) to work, meal, flour, miel (OE. msel) meal, repast,
(OE. reoht,
wright.
have generally started out from Old English^ which in some respects presents fewer difficulties to the
grammar
writer of a
modern
dialect
with
its
numerous
dialects.
Had
I,
however,
been a
specialist
probably have been able to settle many minor points which remain unsolved in the present grammar. But still, in
shortcomings in this respect, I hope that the book will be a welcome contribution to English philology.
spite of
my
many
only
PEEFACE.
satisfactory plan
Vll
was
to start out
and
it is
historically.
have
therefore
contented
myself
with
registering
the
present dialectical
this
pronunciation of the
I
purpose
have adopted, as
system in Sweet's Primer of Spoken English, which is fairly typical of the Southern pronunciation of educated people.
A comparison
view.
and English
points of
58,
interesting from
many
draw attention
to 61, 203
and
202
but
many
and French
philologists.
Any
one,
who
is
may
;
common
use
but
this respect.
have been particularly careful in will only mention one instance out of
I
many where
act,
may seem
to have
erred:
which
dialect,
one of the commonest expressions in the a regular household phrase. What mother has not
is
said to her
egien
al
naughty child hundreds of times, rid. (5i traiet akt en reit en oel ?
if te
duz Sat
In the chapter on the consonants the chief interest naturally lies in the gutturals. In this part of the gram-
mar
differ
have tried to give complete lists of the words which in their development from literary English, I mean
flik flitch,
etc.
duet dough,
Vlll
It
PREFACE.
was
mens of the
end in view I have been collecting materials for a great number of years, but various circumstances prevent me from entertaining the hope of being able to
this
With
have therefore
may
make themselves familiar with the To anyone who takes the trouble to read them
to
instructive.
The Index, which has been a laborious piece of work, contains all the words occurring in the grammar.
As a guarantee
dialect
pure and simple until I was practically grown up. In conclusion I have the pleasant task of expressing my
to
three friends
Professor
Mayhew who
Napier,
have given
me much
JOSEPH WRIGHT.
Oxford, January 1893.
CONTENTS
---
Introduction
........
CHAPTER
I.
. .
PAGE
i
Pronunciation
2-1
CHAPTER
Vowels
in
II.
12-25
CHAPTER
Accented Syllables
III.
......
IV.
.
the Vowels of
26-56
The
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Vowels
V.
..
57-67
The Vowels
in
Unaccented Syllables
68-76
CHAPTER
The Consonants
VI.
77-106
Nouns
.........
CHAPTER
VII.
107-110
CHAPTER
Adjectives
.
VIII.
.
111-11.1
CONTENTS.
PAGE
CHAPTER
Pronouns
IX.
.
116-J27
Verbs
.........
CHAPTER
X.
128-165
CHAPTER
XI.
.
166-167
69-2 1
1
Notes
......... .........
.
Glossarial Index
......
212-213
215-255
ABBREVIATIONS,
-*-
etc.
Angl.
Dan.
dial.
=
= =
Anglian. Danish,
0. Fr.
= Old French.
0. Fris.
Old Frisian.
dialect.
Fr.
gen.
French,
genitive.
Germanic.
OHG. = Old High German. 0. Icel. = Old Icelandic. 0. Ir. = Old Irish. 0. Low Germ. = Old Low German. 0. Norm. Fr. = Old Norman French.
O.N.
O.
pi.
Old Norse.
0. North.
Engl. = literary English. Low Germ. = Low German. ME. = Middle English. MHG. = Middle High German. Mid. Du. = Middle Dutch. M. Low Germ. = Middle Low
plural.
Ger-
= preterite. = pp. past participle. = singular. sing., sg. Scot. = Scotch. Swed. = Swedish. W. = Windhill. WS. = West Saxon. > = has become.
pret.
The
word denotes a
theoretical form.
Works referred
Cotgr.
to in the Grammar.
French and English Dictionary, composed by Mr. Randle with another in English and French, edited by J. Howell. Cotgrave EEPr. = Early English Pronunciation, by A. J. Ellis.
;
=A
E.E.T.S.
Etym.
Diet.
Etymological
Dictionary of
the
English
Language, by
in
W. W.
Italian
Skeat.
= A World e of Wordes, or most copious and exact Dictionarie and English, by John Florio, London, 1598. Grundriss der germanischen Philologie, herausgegeben von H. Paul.
Florio
Xll
ABBREVIATIONS.
The Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland, by J. A. H. Murray. N.E.D. = New English Dictionary, edited by J. A. H. Murray and H. Bradley. P. B. Beitr. = Beitrage zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur, herausgegeben von H. Paul und W. Braune.
Prompt. Parv. = Promptorium parvulorum sive clericorum, dictionarius Anglo-Latinus princeps, auctore fratre Galfrido, graninaatico dicto, ex ordine fratrum predicatorum, Northfolciensi, circa a. d. MCCCCXL, ad fidern codicum
recensuit Albert
Sievers,
Way, London,
1865.
OE. Gr. = Angelsachsische Grainmatik, von E. Sievers. Stratmann = Dictionary of the Old English Language, by F. H. Stratraann (new edition, by H. Bradley). Sweet, H.E.S. = History of English Sounds, by H. Sweet. Sweet, NE. Gr. = New English Grammar, by H. Sweet. Synopsis of Old English Phonology, by A. L. Mayhew. Town. Myst. = The Towneley Mysteries (printed for the Surtees Society')
.
The
following
first
list
of letters
may
be useful to those
:
without
who
= the e in German Gabe. = the i in lit. Engl. bird. = the y j you. v = the ng, n sing, song, s = the sh she. ts = the eh choose. ,, = the th thin. p "5 = the th then.
8
drink.
,,
dz = the
,,
just.
GRAMMAR
INTRODUCTION.
1.
Windhill
is
manufacturing village
in
the
(EEPr.
v. p.
var. 4. Bradford,
Of these nine
closely related to
varieties
the Windhill
3. 4. 5.
dialect
is
most
numbers
PHONOLOGY
-*-*-
CHAPTER
I.
PRONUNCIATION.
A.
2.
The Vowels.
dialect contains the following
sounds
The Windhill
vowel
Short vowels
a, a,
ai,
e,
i,
o,
u.
Long
I,
u,
oi,
Short diphthongs
ei,
ui
eu, iu,
eo,
ie,
ou
oe,
uo
Long
Note.
ao
aio,
1.
Triphthongs
iue,
ouo
For
m,
In the following paragraphs will be given a brief description of the Windhill vowel-system. For which purpose I have adopted the notation as given in Sweet's
3.
Primer of Phonetics.
to render
me
;
W. vowel sounds
3, 4-]
PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS.
the sounds far more accurately than would otherwise have been the case, had it not been for his kind assistance.
The
fied
whom
(EEPr.
Word
389-90) and the dialect words in his ClassiList (pp. 391-4), was also of some help to me.
But a comparison of his appreciation of the W. vowels with that of Dr. Sweet and my own will show that we
differ
on several minor
points.
All the diphthongs and triphthongs have the stress on the first element. In my transcription I have written io, ue, &c, but the first element is really a medium long
vowel, which stands in the same relation to the corresponding short vowel as the lit. Engl, vowel in feet does
to fit or seek to sick.
a (mid-back-wide) like the a in German Mann, but with the tongue slightly more advanced.
4.
mak
to
make, as
to ash, lacte(r)
in
Engl, father, but with slightly more advanced position After our a there is also of the tongue as in short a.
a trace of a glide (a 3 ), which however is not sufficiently developed to be conveniently represented in print.
ram room,
ai = a -f i
:
fal fold,
ban
child,
aie=ai +
ae = a + e
e:
fa,io{r) fire,
aien iron,
:
raiet riot.
PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS.
5. e (low-front-narrow) like the a in
[ 5, 6 -
the first element of the diphthong in lit. Engl, care but short. Ellis identified it as mid-front- wide, but Sweet and
myself agree in the above analysis. elp to help, bed bed, brek to break, emeu among, wes to wash, bleg blackberry, geSe(r) to gather, Sen then, sepste(r)
starling, len to lend, gezlin gosling, depj? depth, lek to leak,
to tremble,
ei=e + i:
feit to fight,
beid bead,
eu = e + u: eu
eive,
seiv.
ee = e
+ e:
to bathe,
beed
master.
6.
in
lit.
Engl, bit
lig to lie
fligd
down, wik quick, alive, in to hang, sits such, fledged, dwinl to dwindle, litl little, sili silly, ive(r)
:
ever, rik
i
smoke, divl ctewZ tsimli, chimney, simi chemise. It (high-front-narrow) like the ie in German Biene.
is
a pure long vowel, not like the ee in South. Engl, feed, which is a diphthong (ij)
:
mild mild, nit night, f 116. field, wil (adv.) well, frit fright, bild to build, imin evening, kil to cool, litnin lightning, si
sigh, ni Amee, bif beef.
ie
= i + e:
to
bied beard, iej> earth, swie(r) to swear, friet to /re, flio(r) laugh or sweer a, dried to dread, tlien clean, bried
6-8.]
PKONUNCIATION OF VOWELS.
-I-
iu = i
tliu
Hum
to
breiv, frute(r)
future,
+g
lit.
Engl,
not
salt,
moni many,
night,
oi
kotn
:
cotton,
to roast.
=o+i
f>oil to
ou = o + u.
first
element
is
low-back-narrow-
aw
in
lit.
Engl, law:
koud
grou
cold, douto(r)
daughter,
noun
to
floujn,
kouk
coke,
loup
taught, pouts
to
:
poach, skoud
to scald.
ouo = ou + 9
fouo(r) four.
oe = o
in
+ 9,
the
first
element of which
is
the
same as the o
ou
palm, soev
salve,
noetSo(r) neither,
oetSo(r) to
gooki
left
handed,
u (high-back-wide-round)
found,
like the
in
lit.
Engl,
put:
fun
ut
(pp.)
fuml
to
fumble,
butcher,
hot,
muc5e(r)
butterfly,
mother,
udder, butse(r)
buzod
nuvl novel.
like the
u (high-back-narrow-round)
in
Germ.
gut.
In
6
the
PEONUNCIATION OF VOWELS.
[ 8, 9-
a pure long vowel and not a diphthong (uw) like the oo in Southern Engl, food
dialect
it is
:
W.
sul shovel,
ui=u + i.
put.
ebun The
element of which
first
is
not the u in
element as mid-back-
narrow-round like the o in Germ. Bote, but this is cerAt first Dr. Sweet gave the same tainly not the sound.
analysis as Dr. Ellis, but he was afterwards inclined to think that it might be mid-back-narrow-round with outer
rounding like the o in Swedish sol. But this too is hardly our sound. The nearest analysis seems to me to be the
tongue position of high-back-narrow-round, like the u in Germ, gut, ou in French sou, with the lip position of mid-
back-narrow-round
pig.
ue = u +
nuoz
e.
The
first
element
to
is
in ui
nose,
smuo(r)
(mid -mixed-narrow) like the e in German Gabe, but with the tongue slightly more retracted. It is not
identical
mixed-wide.
syllables
:
J9st9d9 yesterday, stgrgk heifer, fQVQ furrow, W9ri to worry, b9d but, sp9rit spirit, val9 value. (low-mixed-narrow) like the i in with the tongue rather more advanced.
stressed syllables
:
lit.
gs grass, bk birch,
to
io -15.]
PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS.
B.
10.
b, d,
f,
The Consonants.
:
The W.
j,
g,
k,
1,
m,
v,
w,
z, z.
11.
(lip-stop-voice) like
lit.
English
b.
It occurs
initially, medially,
and
finally
ban
bleb
child,
bead
breed
to bathe,
bun
(pp.)
blister,
kubed cupboard, riubub rhubarb, uzbn husband. dub a small pool of water, nub to nudge.
bright,
12.
d (gum-stop-voice)
:
like
lit.
English d.
to
It occurs
in all positions
duef dough, di
joist,
to die,
diu
to do,
dwinl
dwindle, dzais
dlas
glass,
lit.
bodm
bottom,
fadin farthing,
wide
to
widow,
hold,
nobed
f (lip-teeth-open-breath)
:
like
lit.
Engl.
f.
It
occurs in all positions feu few, foil foal, feit to fight, nig fledge, fan (-pret) found. duefi. cowardly, woefl insipid, fift fifth, druft drought.
kaf
chaff,
14.
g (back-stop-voice)
:
like
lit.
Engl.
g.
It occurs
in all positions
geen near, direct, galek lefthand, gal the matter which gathers in the corner of the eye, guid good, goemles foolish, blegs blackberries, boged ghost, pigin small water silly,
can, flegstn flagstone,
lie
ig
mood, temper, ug
to carry, lig to
down, neeg
15.
j
to
gnaw.
lit.
English y in you. It
PKONUNCTATION OF CONSONANTS.
jest yeast, jestede yesterday, jole yellotv,
i5- r 9.
I
jun young.
teelje(r),
(back-stop-breath) like
:
lit.
Engl. k.
It occurs
in all positions
ka cow, kest
to cool,
oic.
to cast,
kei key,
koud
cold,
koul
to rake, kil
flik flitch of
frirc^.
wik
quick, alive,
bek
(gum-side-voice) like ordinary English 1. It occurs as a consonant in all positions, but as a vowel in
17.
1
leek to play, loin lane, len to lend, lonely, leelek lilac, loup to jump, olin
twilt giw7.
leetS frarw,
Aofo/
luensem
bild to build,
Examples of vocalic
are
(lip-nasal-voice) like
lit.
Engl. m.
It occurs
treml
to
must, muin moon, mat to moult. steim tremble, Imin evening, simin-dlas mirror,
mun
to bespeak,
to imxxke
a beginning, goem
heed, care.
Examples of vocalic
fipms fivepence,
m are
bodm
wiepm
iveapon,
kingdom.
19.
n (gum-nasal-voice)
:
as a consonant in all
accented syllables
on
the foot,
nub
i9-22.]
to
PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS.
nudge, noa(58(r) neither, snoa snow, inif enough, moni many, sind to rinse, wash out, spinl spindle. gan 0 #/'m, bin within, fadin farthing, runin vanning.
frozn frozen, brusn (pp.) burst, ratn rat, seldn seldom, getn (pp.) a/o, tsozn chosen, f>azn thousand.
:
(back-nasal-voice) like ng, n in lit. Engl. sing, As a consonant it only occurs in song, drink, drunk.
20.
r>
to
brokn broken, beagn bargain, Examples drukn drunk, drunken, wokn to waken.
are
:
21.
(lip- stop-breath)
like
:
lit.
Engl. p.
It occurs
initially, medially,
and
finally
to kick, penaf>
pennyicorth.
spean
to
spigot, api
elp
to help,
sweep
the
happy, apl apple, stapl staple, lop handle of a machine, saip to ooze
(gum-open- voice).
a gently trilled sound. but not so strongly as before a following vowel. This is always the case when the word containing it is used alone,
or stands at the end of a sentence.
In these positions
it is
never weakened into a mere voiced glide as in lit. Engl, fear, nor does it disappear altogether as in lit. Engl. far. In order to distinguish strong and weak r the latter is
uniformly written
(r)
in this
to reach,
to break, rer>
wrong, sare to serve, mare to turn, bare barrow, ger up to get up.
IO
PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS.
22-27.
spend money.
23. s (blade-open-breath) like the s in
lit.
Engl.
sit.
sud should,
sit sight,
seem a
speik
to speak,
candle),
koese cause-
way, brusn (pp.) burst, rast rust, omest almost, prosl thrush, as ash, ashes, guis goose, as house, oks ox, oes
horse, ius use,
24. s
she.
(blade-point-open-breath) like lit. Engl, sh in It occurs far more frequently initially and finally
:
than medially
suin shoes, simi chemise, sap shape, sak to shake, su<Se(r) to shudder, tsons chance, tseeme(r) chamber, tsiuz to choose,
fesn fashion,
to bleach,
25. t
lit.
English
t.
It occurs
in all positions
tak
to take,
temz
work zea-
weekday,
26.
fotn (pp.) fought, fiute(r) future, wate gat great, fouat fourth, ut hot, lat Z^.
lit.
thin.
Engl,
J?riap 0 <?<m-
tradict, dispute,
brop broth.
ma
J?
mouth,
^e s&m
0/ bacon.
tS
27.
lit.
English
then.
It occurs initially
the
weak
stress
:
after
vowels
27-31.]
PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS.
Sen
then.
II
tSai,
soSa(r)
vine.
v (lip-teeth-open-voice) like the v in lit. Engl, Initially it only occurs in words of French origin
:
canal,
Engl,
w in
wet.
(noun) work, wer> thong, wen when, wil wheel, wik quick, alive, warn icarm. ewea away, dwinl to dwindle, twais twice, kweot quart, kwaleti quality, swiet to siveat,
wak
cloth.
the z in
lit.
Engl, zeal,
freeze.
It is
common
uzbn husband, meze(r) measure, rizd rancid (of bacon), frozn frozen, fuzi soft, spongy, buzed butterfly, gizn to
choke,
temz
Engl,
measure.
It
dzoul
to knock, strike,
but in words
of French
origin
we have indzn
engine,
moendz mange.
CHAPTER
II.
1.
Windhill a corresponds to
88(a)
OE.
as ashes,
gam game,
sam
up,
(OE. samnian)
2.
to
mak
3.
fao8(r) father,
125
4.
Shortening of OE.
lat$8(r)
bad bad,
5.
6.
ladder.
:
Rarely shortening of OE. ea, 186 tsap chap. Lit. Engl, se in French words, 194; galek (0. Fr.
Lit.
Engl, a in French words, 195: basted bastard, Engl, ei in French words, 196
paste(r) pasture.
8.
Rarely
lit.
apren
apron.
2 3
33.1
J) 3
(through the influence of the preceding w) in French words, 202 kwaleti quality, war end to war9.
Lit. Engl, o
rant.
10. Lit. Engl, e before r in
terrier, vari very.
French words,
208
tarie(r)
e.
33.
1.
syllables
and
also
when
suffix
was
originally followed
by a
:
single consonant
+a
containing an
m, melt
1,
n, r,
to
bed
mens
neatness, set to
2.
to break,
get to
3.
g,
-o,
s,
59, 197:
beg
sank.
es ashtree,
4.
60
elte(r) halter,
gecSe(r) to gather,
5.
6.
wesp
o,
ivasp.
:
Rarely OE.
108
'Sen then,
se
wen when.
ee,
Shortening of Germanic
Shortening of OE.
less.
(W.S.
O. North,
e),
134:
7.
(i-umlaut of
a),
143:
fles flesh,
Shortening of OE.
e, de
(i-umlaut of
0),
148
bled
met met.
(
Shortening of Anglian eo
Shortening of OE.
= WS.
:
le)
192:
depf>
186
red.
14
ii.
[ 33, 34-
192:
brest
breast,
frend
friend.
12. Lit. Engl, e in
French words,
206
demek
potato
disease,
mel
to
meddle, treml
to tremble.
1
Engl, ee before g, r>, s in French words, dregr> dragon, blenkit blanket, fesn fashion.
13. Lit.
97
14.
Rarely
lit.
Engl,
in
French words,
212
lenit
1.
34.
1.
Windhill
i,
OE.
wik
to
quick, alive.
OE. e (i-umlaut of
76
:
a) before
an original
id
(now or
Jnk
to
nz),
ir>
(ME. hengen)
hang, sinz
to singe,
think.
4.
OE. y (i-umlaut of
u),
flig
(ME.
fift
fligge) fledge, ig (OE. hyge) mood, temper. 5. Shortening of OE. 1, 160: dwinl to dwindle,
fifth.
6.
u),
177
litl little,
wis
7.
wish.
se,
136
ridl riddle,
sili silly.
8.
(i-umlaut of
older
a),
145
e,
ie,
to
smoke
10.
a chimney).
192
sick.
34, 35.]
11. Lit.
in French words, 21
konsiSa(r) to
Lit.
O.
Windhill o corresponds to 1. West Germanic o in originally closed syllables and also when o was originally followed by a single consonant
35.
: ;
a suffix containing an 1, m, n, r, 100 bodm bottom, fotn (pp.) fought, lop flea, frozn frozen, olin (ME. holen) hollytree, snod smooth, tsozn chosen, J>rosl thrush.
-f
:
2.
no:
bodi body,
or r
popi poppy.
3.
OE. a preceded by
:
r>, s,
consonant, 58
exchange, wo(r)
(accented form) was, wote(r) water. 4. OE. ea(a) before Is. It, 58
solt salt.
5.
fols false,
molt malt,
cases,
58
always,
6.
80
to fetch.
7.
a,
25
:
sori sorry.
8. 9.
Shortening of OE.
6,
169
foc5o(r)
eo,
192
foti forty,
fotnit fortnight.
Engl, o in French words, 214: boni nice, pretty, dzosl to jostle, kotn cotton, poridz porridge. 11. Lit. Engl, a before n + consonant, in French words,
10. Lit.
200
12.
dons dance, ont aunt, tsons chance. Rarely lit. Eogl. ou in French words,
217
gol
[ 36, 37.
(pp.)
found, grund
ground, kudl
to
embrace,
kum
to
ug
to carry,
2.
unded hundred.
o,
i,
Rarely OE.
107
97
121
:
flute(r) to flutter,
uvm
oven.
3.
Rarely OE.
Rarely OE.
til) to.
4.
5. 6.
y,
blus
a,
to blush,
bunl bundle.
126
ut
hot,
wun
one.
Shortening of OE.
6,
plum plum,
8.
Lit.
to
Engl,
u
13
in
to
French words,
227
butse(r) butcher,
pus
9.
jmsA, put
Engl.
put.
;
French words, 226 buzed butterfly, mutn mutton, uml humble. 10. Rarely lit. Engl, o in French words, 215: nuvl
Lit.
in
novel.
0.
37.
1.
Windhill 9 corresponds to
e,
i,
Rarely OE.
81
:
2.
Rarely OE.
91
3.
113
furroiv.
4.
r,
120, (2):
weri
worry.
Engl,
i
5. Lit.
3 8 , 39-]
2.
OE.
u, 171
rast rust,
2.
slam slumber,
OE. medial
consonant,
115
and
4.
OE.
a,
ea before r
+ consonant, 61: ad
74:
hard, ban
child,
5.
warn warm.
OE.
e,
eo before r + consonant,
at heart,
dwaf
divarf,
6.
wak
189:
dalin darling,
fadin farthing. 7. O. Fr. er before a following consonant, 207 parson, savnt servant.
8.
pasn
Lit.
1.
39. Winclhill I
1.
corresponds to
2.
i
i
before Id, 92: mild mild, wild wild. before ht, 93 brit bright, nit night, sit sight.
:
3. 4.
5.
OE. medial
-ig-,
94
stil
(OE.
(adv.)
6.
7.
8.
ht,
Id,
118:
119
se,
bild to build.
e),
(WS.
0. North,
l8
9.
39-4 1
155
1 he,
wi we.
o),
10.
OE.
e, ce
(i-umlaut of
147
11.
Anglian
e,
eo
= WS.
158:
le),
150:
beliv to believe,
Rarely OE.
1,
si to sigh.
13.
OE.
eo, 187
tri ree,
wil
ivheel.
14. Lit.
Engl,
ij
in
French words,
232
u.
40.
1.
Windhill u corresponds to sul shovel, stup (ME. stolpe) Rarely OE. o, 106
:
post.
2.
Rarely OE. u, 112: bukf> (ME. bulke) bulk, e-bun (OE. on-bufan) above, wul wool.
size,
0. 41.
1.
Windhill e corresponds to OE. ser before a following consonant, 69: ges (OE.
:
gsers) grass.
2.
OE.
ir before
a following consonant,
90
bek
birch,
ped
3.
third.
104, (3)
wed
4.
113,(1): dest
durst, snet
5.
(ME. snurtin)
to snort, snore.
120, (1):
bedn
burden,
6.
murder, wek
r,
to %vork.
:
OE.
with metathesis of
161
kesmes Christ-
r,
185
get great.
41-43-]
8.
19
Lit. Engl, a in
228
fenis to furnish,
ken currant.
3.
The Diphthongs
ai.
42.
1.
Winclhill ai corresponds to
1,
OE.
156:
(ME.
2.
silen) to strain,
swaim
to
climb a
tree,
waif
ivife.
OE. y (i-umlaut
Rarely OE.
Lit.
of u), 175:
mice.
3.
i,
95
ai (accented
form)
/.
4.
paint pint
ei.
corresponds to: 1. OE. e (Germanic e, and the i-umlaut of a) in originally open syllables, 87: beid bead, eit to eat, meit meat, neiv fist, steil to steal.
ei
2.
43.
Windhill
OE. e before
Rarely OE.
ht,
86
3.
se (ea),
6y
eit (0.
eight.
4.
WS.
OE.
se,
bleits to
6.
lein to lean,
ea,
182
near.
c 2
20
44-47-
oi.
44.
i.
109:
foil foal,
J?oil to
Lit.
3.
Lit.
doit to dote,
toist to toast.
ui.
45.
1.
Windhill ui corresponds to OE. 6, 163 bluid blood, duin done, uin (ME. honen)
:
:
Lit. Engl,
uw
in
French words,
221
fool,
eu.
46.
1
.
to streiv.
2.
to
3.
seu
to sew,
tseu to chew.
m.
47.
1.
Windhill iu corresponds to
iw, 96:
tliu
OE.
ivorsted.
through. 3. OE. iw, j 59: spiu to vomit, tiuzde Tuesday. 4. OE. 6 before a following k, m, and when final, 164 iuk hook, tiuk took.
:
2.
Rarely OE. u,
116
jxriu
4749.]
to do,
iniu
:
(pi.)
enough.
OE. eow,
Lit.
190
ius
iise,
Engl, juw in French words, 237 iuz to use, viu vzem Engl,
fiut9(r) future,
7.
Lit.
uw
bliu blue,
friut fruit,
OU.
48.
1.
OE.
OE. OE.
koud
cold,
oud
old.
2.
before
ht,
10
bout
bought,
doute(r)
daughter.
3.
o,
older
6,
before ht,
67
brout brought,
f>out
thought.
4. 5.
ME. ow (OE.
OE.
-og-),
bouste(r)
bolster,
6. 7.
8.
kouk
out
holt.
OE. 6w, 166: flou to floiv, grou to groiv. O. Norse au, 184: loup to leap, jump. Rarely OE. aw, 123 out aught, soul sold.
:
9.
before a following ht, 140 tout taught. 10. Lit. Engl, ou in French words, 220: boul boivl,
d
:
Rarely OE.
to
pouts
J j.
poach.
al before
in
French words,
199
skoud
to sccdd.
49.
1.
to bathe,
eeg (OE. haga) the berry of the hauihom, neeg (OE. gnagan) to gnaw, reat5o(r) rather, speon (OE. spanan) to tcean, teom tame.
22
[ 49, 5.
ME.
ai. ei
from
OE
seg,
6$
hail, sneel
3.
ME.
ei
from OE.
eg, O.
Norse
ei,
breed (OE.
beinn) near,
bregdan)
direct.
4.
to resemble,
Icel.
Rarely
WS.
se,
e,
133
hair.
5.
Rarely OE.
O. Norse
se
(i-umlaut of
a),
141
clay.
6.
7.
ei,
127
leek to play,
week
u'ea&.
:
Lit. Engl, ei in
French words,
204
beekw bacon,
geed
9. -Lit.
meeste(r) master,
pleeste(r) plaster.
10.
50.
1.
2.
corresponds to Rarely OE. ea, se, a, 68 bied beard, ierin herring. OE. e before r not followed by another consonant, 75:
ie
:
Windhill
iej>
82
Met
to fret, riep to
reap.
5.
i,
98
flie(r)
(Norw.
dried
to
flira) to
laugh or
sneer
6.
WS.
OE.
2d,
O. North,
e,
131
se
(i-umlaut of
a),
137
5-5 2 J
8.
7,
179: briad bread, stria straw, J>riap (OE. f>reapian) to contradict. 9. OE. eo before a following r, 188: bie(r) beer, die r)
v
OE.
dear.
10. Lit.
Engl,
ij
in
French words,
French words,
231
biak beak,
11. Lit.
Engl, ia in
233:
fias
fierce,
tlia(r) clear.
08.
51.
1.
lh, Ik,
11,
lm,
lv,
62
koaf
to the taste,
calf, woaf (OE. wain) sickly to the smell, insipid boak balk, beam, boald (ME. balled) bald, poam
palm, soav
2.
salve.
ME. aw
63
104:
boan
bom, oas horse, J>oan thorn. 4. OE. aw, 23 bloa to blow, noa to know, snoa snow. goam heed, care, roat to bray. 5. O. Norse au, 184
1 :
6.
O. Fr. al before k, m,
ball.
1,
198
goaki lefthanded,
boam
balm, boal
7.
to
long open o in French words, 225 doeb daub, smeer, dzoanas jaundice, poez to kick, foatn
Lit. Engl,
:
UO.
52.
1.
2.
Windhill ue corresponds to Rarely OE. o, 105 uep hope, nuez nose, fluet to float. Rarely OE. o before a following r or r + consonant,
: :
to
smother,
24
3.
[ 5 2 -54-
+ consonant,
13, (3)
muon
to
:
mourn.
4.
5.
6.
OE.
juek yolk. OE. a before mb, 66 kuem comb, wuem womb. OE. a, 122: buen bone, duef dough, nuen none,
eol,
83
suep soap, true]? cZoA, uam home, lies, uest (OE. has) hoarse. 7. OE. 6 before a following r, 165 dlue(r) (ME. gloren) to stare, mue(r) moor.
:
8.
Lit. Engl,
kued
Lit.
tluek cloak.
10. Lit. Engl,
ue before a following
r in
French words,
222
pue(r) poor.
aa.
53.
1
.
r,
74
wae(r) worse,
OE. u before a following r, 172 kae(r) dan to bend down, sae(r) sour. 4. Lit. Engl, aue before a following r in French words,
3.
:
236
4.
The Triphthongs.
aio.
54.
1.
spire.
2.
r,
176:
54-5 6 -]
Lit.
25
3.
raiet riot,
umpaie(r) umpire.
iua.
55.
*
1.
Lit.
Lit.
:
Engl,
jiie
238
ouo.
Windhill oue corresponds to Rarely OE. eow before a following
56.
:
r,
190:
fou9(r)
four.
CHAPTER
III.
Syllables.
In treating the vowels in accented syllables it is necessary to distinguish between vowels which were originally in
closed syllables,
e. g.
to help
and
those which were originally in open syllables, e. g. OE. dagas days, etan to eat. In the former case OE. se (a), o, e,
usually appear in the W. dialect as a, o, e whereas in the latter case they have generally become ea, oi. ei. When through inflexional endings the vowels bb (a), o, e were in
OE. now
in an open one, the W. dial, has mostly generalised the vowel of the open syllable.
in a closed syllable,
now
1.
57.
the
W.
dialect.
Examples are: adl (ME. adlen, O. Icel. oola) to earn, afte(r) after, akoen acorn, aks axe am (Sievers, OE. Gr.
j
57-1
27
427) am,
am ham,
ansa(r) answer,
to
ap (ME happen)
wrap
with
midin
wiea, pret.
bad
( 373) invited,
band
6a/i,
be-gan began, blak 6Za<?&, brak broke, brakn (OE. bracce, gen. braccan) a &iraZ 0/ /em, bran (OE. brand) niu quite new, bras brass, pret. brast burst, brat (O. Ir., OE.
impudent, daft foolish, silly, cowardly, dam_(O.Icel. damr) large pond, dlad glad, dlas glass, dlazn to glaze, dlazna(r) glazier, draft draught, draft,
found, fan
conclude a bargain by paying earnest money, flaks flax, flask yZasA;, flat flat, gab (cp. O. Icel.
(cp.
to
gam
gamble,
gane(r) gander, pret. gat got, pret. ga(v) grave, jare yarrow, kaf cAo/f, kal to gossip, kan a caw, kan (unaccented form kn more frequently with assimilation kr>) can, kani knowing,
intelligent, skilful, nimble,
castle,
ca/;
kasl
krab crab, krabd (ME. crabed) angry, krabi ill-tempered, kraft era//, krak to crack, kram to cram, press
kat
c,
close together,
to
wrap up,
las
(ME.
(OE.
laett) toi^.,
late(r)
later,
wo>,
a?ia,
pan pan, paj? >t/*, pratli gently, softly, rafte(r) rafter, ram ram, rami (cp. OE. hramsa ivild garlic) having a strong
taste or smell,
,
rami
to
sao*,
sakles
28
to
[57-59-
391)
(OE. sahtlian to make peace, reconcile) to settle, skaftin shafting, skab scab, skraml scramble, skrat (ME. serattin)
to scratch, slafte(r) to slaughter, slak slack, slave(r) slaver,
spak
stand
span
to
sade shadow, saft shaft, sale shallow, sap shape, tale tallow, tan to fam, tap tap, tate(r) tatter, tlam (see N.E.D. sub clem) toYamish, tlap clap, tlate(r) to clatter,
trap trap, tsavl to nibble at, gnaw, cheiv, J>ak thatch, Sat
(see 354)
^ai, pret.
J?rast (
36J, 4) thrust.
58. a
preceded by
id,
sonant
61), g,
s (
become o when followed by Is, It swole swallow, sworn swam, swon swam, swop
barter,
to
exchange,
waken, woks wax, wonde(r) to wander, wont want, wo(r) (emphatic from 396) ivas, wot what, wote(r) water, wots watch.
to
wokn
molt malt, olt halt, solt scdt. a has also become o in omest almost, oles always, moni
fols false,
maw?/.
59. a,
followed by
g, r>, s,
has become e
ben (cp. O.Icel. banga to hammer) to benk bank, pret. bren brought, pret. den
reproached, drenk drank, pret. en
(
throiv violently,
( 367) reviled,
emen among,
pret.
gen gang, gen-wee thoroughfare, passage, kenke(r) (ME. cancren) to become rusty, krenk crank, len to to?ir/ /or, len-setl a to?i# 6e?ic/i iv#A a high back, len
(this
form
is
The younger
59,
6o -]
29
people say Ion) long, new to gnaw as a pain, nen-neel (see N.E.D. sub agnail) corn on the foot, pre ok prank, trick,
pret.
ren
( 367)
to
is
rang, ren wrong, renk rank, renl (ME. pall the hair of the head, pret. sen sang, sen
now seldom
heard
among
gradually being supplanted by son) song, senk sank, pret. slew slung, pret. slenk slunk, spenk to beat, hit, spren sprang, pret. stenk stunk, pret. sten stung, strew
Its place is
generally used) strong, pret. swen swung, swenki small beer, senk shank, pret. srenk shrunk. ten (cp. ME. tange. O.Icel. tangi sting, dagger) a sting, to sting,
(archaic, stron is
now
wen
thong, mune(r)
monger
is
a loan-word.
beg bag, bleg blackberry, breg to brag, deg (cp. Swed. dagga to bedew) to sprinkle with water, dreg to drag, fleg
flag,
to gag,
to
sink down) to distend, stege(r) to stagger, seg shag, tleg (Lowland Scot, clag) to stick to, as thick mud to the boots,
tlegi sticky, dirty (of roads), stopped
tuag,
up with
dirt,
weg
to
wegn wagon.
mes
(cp.
125)
to dash, strike
60.
many
In the following words we have e which in of the examples is no doubt the i-umlaut of a besk
:
to bask, elte(r)
(Prompt. Parv. heltir, Town. Myst. heltere, Stratmann) halter, eskod (cp. ME. aske lizard) newt, eft,
espin aspin, ets (ME. hacchen) to hatch, fest fast, getSe(r), to gather, te-geSe(r) together, kest (ME. kesten) to cast, kredl
cradle, swets (OE. swsecc taste) a small
cotton, etc., wetSe(r) whether,
has,
sample of
clotli,
wesp wasp, ev
have, ez hast,
ed had.
30
[61^64.
-I
ad hard, adn
harden,
thou art, avis(t) harvest, dan to darn, fan fern, jad (OE. geard) yard, jan yam, kat car, mak mark, pak park, spak spark, stak (always used
in combination with
am
am
some other word, as stak mad very angry, stak neekt guite naked, cp. OE. stearc strong, severe), stakn (OE. stearcian) to grow stiff, stiffen, swam swarm,
swaj? (OE. sweard) the skin of bacon, swajn swarthy, sap
sharp, tadz toivards, wad ivard, waf %vharf, wak (OE. waerc) pain, as verb 0 ctcAe, warn warm, wan 0 warn, wap warp,
wat
wowtf.
it
But
ae(r)
If,
OE.
In, Ik,
11, (1),
If:
koef
calf,
leg),
insipid to the taste. Ik boek (OE. balca) balk, beam, stoek stalk, stem, toek to talk, woek to walk, tsoek chalk.
:
11, (1)
to fcdl, foel
all,
veil,
oel
oel hall,
smoel
wool waZZ.
lv
:
lm
poem pcdm.
ME. aw
soev salve.
63.
become oe
draw, kroel crawl, loe law, moek (ME. mauk Stratmaun) maggot, oak haivk, oel awl, pret.
boud
bold,
to fold,
koud
cold,
oud
oZcZ.
64 7J
The regularly developed form oud to hold is now only used in the phrase oud on stop ! The usual form od to hold, is a
the past participle odn, where the stem vowel has been regularly shortened before the following n.
65.
ai, ei
brean
orcein,
hail,
fean (OE.
faBgen)
fain,
gladly,
fea(r) fair,
mea
(shortened in mebi perhaps, possibly) may, mean main, neel nail, peal pail, slea (a new formation from the past
participle) to slay
66.
;
tail.
a became lengthened to a before mb already in early ME., as is shown by the forms in the Ormulum. This a fell together with OE. a = Germanic ai, and has accordingly become ua (see
122) in
kuam
lam lamb
short
new formation
Ormulum
(ii.
ace. sing,
lamb
plural
Ellis'
lammbre
109).
The word-lists in
v of
Early English Pronunciation show that dialects have a short vowel in this word.
67.
t)
all
English
eighth.
83 (cp.
a has become ei in eit eight, eit' (with suspended In meits to measure the ei seems to point to an
132, 138).
OE.
68. a has
become
ia in
herring.
69. 83 (a)
grass
has become o in gas (OE. g83rs, ME. gers) and oi in loin (OE. lane lone) lane, which has had
;
become ea
But
:
see
Examples are
to bake,
but bak-stn
(lit.
32
[70,71.
bakestone) the iron plate on which oat cakes are baked, bee(r) bare, pret. bee(r) bore, bleed blade, bleez to blaze,
deel dale, dlee(r) (ME. glarin) to stare hard, dreeg (OE.
dragan)
drawl, dreek drake, eeg (OE. haga) the berry of the hawthorn (the tree is called tsiz en bried tri lit. cheese and bread tree), eeke'r) acre, eel ale, ee(r) hare,
to
eet to hate, be-eev to behave, fee(r) to fare, fleek flake, freem (OE. framian) to make a start or beginning, nitin-
to
graze,
to crave,
lame,
lee<S
(O.Icel. hlaoa)
maga) maiv, meen mane, mt-mee(r) nightmare, meet (M. Low Germ, mate) mate, neeg (OE. gnagan) to gnaw, neekt naked, neem name, preet (cp. Swed. prata) to prate, babble,
reek rake,
seel sale,
seeg (OE. sage) a saw, seek sake, seem same, skeelz scales, skreep to scrape, sneek
reetSe(r) rather,
snake, snee(r) snare, speed spade, speen (OE. spanan) to wean, spee(r) to spare, steek stake, steel (pret.) stole, stee(r)
to stare, steevz staves,
sweep
the
shade,
seem shame,
taken,
weed
to
to
to
waver.
gavlek (OE. gafoluc spear) ransak make, crowbar, (O.Icel. rannsaka to search a house) to ransack, tak (O.Icel. taka) to take, sak to shake,
:
mak
to
sakl shackle, sadl saddle, stapl staple, faSe(r) father, la<5e(r) foam, froth. On the stem-vowel in the last five words cp.
the similar double development in
German
in such
words as
Schemel, Vater, nehmen, beside Semmel, Vetter, kommen. See Paul-Braune's Beitrage, vol. ix. pp. 101-135.
I 2
73-]
33
e. 72.
West Germanic
which arose
from the i-umlaut of a(o) have fallen together in the W. dialect as also in all other Mod. Engl, dialects, at least
so far as can be ascertained
Ellis'
EEP.
vol. v.
73. e
= old
a(o)) in originally
closed syllables usually appears as e in the and also when e was originally followed
W.
dialect
by a
single
1,
m,
n, r.
Old e:
to beg,
bele to
belloiv,
bel
bell,
delf
evm
heaven, felt
kres
nest nest, nevi (OE. nefa, gen. nefan) nephew, rekr> to reckon, sel(sen) self, seldn
cress, lecSe(r) leather,
melt
to melt,
(OE. seldon) seldom,, sevm seven, skelp (ME. skelpen) to beat, flog, skep (O. Icel. skeppa) a large wicker basket for holding spinning bobbins, etc., smel to smell, smelt to smelt,
swelt (OE. sweltan) to faint, be overpowered by heat, twenti twenty, J?res to thresh, J>resld threshold, weft weft, west west, we(5e(r) (OE. weder) weather,
spek
speck,
swel
to swell,
wecSe(r) (OE.
bed
bekkr)
bend,
bed,
bef (Germ,
beck,
bend
to
benk
eg (O.
Icel.
34
eg (0.
enc?,
[ 73, 74-
egg) egg, el
Icel.
em
hespa) hasp, evi heavy, fel to fell, (ME. kempe) short coarse ivhite hairs in wool, ketl
esp (0.
kemp
kettle,
leg, lenj>
men
bill,
dignity, honour) neatness, neb net, netl nettle, pen pgTi, peni
penny, rest
sac&, sel to
se^,
send
to 6677 d,
sent
to
seTTi,
set to
set,
slek
small
coal, slek
(OE. ge-sleccan)
extinguish a
fire, etc.
to
witfA water,
^e
toto& o/
a door, spend
temsian
to strain,
sM/, tel to toW, temz (cp. OE. pass through a sieve) a coarse hair sieve,
klekia
to
of
web
web,
wed (OE.
weddian) to wed, marry, wedz wedge, wel (noun) %vell, welp whelp, ouo(r)-welt (0. Icel. velta) to fatm, cwe7\ upset,
ivhet-stone.
combination er + consonant has partly become a and partly ie. The reasons for this twofold
clear.
It is
bak
to
bark,
bakm
(OE. beorg
+ ham N.E.D.
bam
fat
to starve,
wak
(OE. steorra)
wae(r) (O.
verre) ivorse.
ienist earnest, iop earth, jied (3 feet) yard, jien yearn, lion learn.
74-81. 1
35
The following words seem to have been borrowed from the literary language ben to burn, gen (with metathesis)
:
to grin, wef>
sivorcl.
75. e
consonant: bie(r)
shear:
to
smear,
to
siuear,
:
wio(r)
to
wear, sie(r)
tae(r) tar,
mea(r) mare.
76. e (i-umlaut of
become
before original
(now o or nz)
dengia
to
in (ME. hengen, O.
Icel.
hengia)
England,
strike) to
to
inlis English,
to
mini
to
mingle, sinz
think,
win
iving.
77. e
has become
in
milk
milk, rid rid, siks six, sikst sixth, silve(r) silver, siste(r) (probably from O. Icel. syster) sister, sits such, sil (ME.
schellen, but Prom. Parv. p. 446 has schillin, Stratmann)
to shell peas, etc.,
78. e has
become
before Id
Sild shield,
79.
wild
to wield,
also
have
bizm besom, di
(ME., Ormulum degen) to die, wil (adv.) well, but see 399, wizl weazel, and gin given.
80. e has
become o
in
fots
HES.
yon, swole (OE. swelgan, ME., Ormulum swollghen) to swallow. We have oe in joen (OE. geonian,
jon
also ganian) to
yawn.
81. e has
become e
in
$6
82-89.
has become ie in
astiad instead,
Met
to fret,
bewail,
38
mourn
3-
83. 84.
juak
yolk.
ME.
ei
from OE.
become ea
breed (OE. bregdan) to resemble, act like another person, gean (OE. gegn) near, direct, lea to lay, lead laid, lean lain, reen rain, sea to say, seal sail, wea way, ewea away.
bean (0.
steak sfea&,
their.
Icel.
'Sea
bait,
nee nay,
(accented form)
+w
eive,
streu to strew.
eit
:
feit
to
87.
ei
:
beid bead, breits (O. Fris. breke) a breach, eit to eat, briad-fleik (O. Icel. fleki hurdle) a hurdle on which oatcakes are dried, meil meal-floiver, meit meat, neid to knead,
neiv (O. Icel. knefl) fist, pei (ME. pese) pea, speik to speak, bed-steid bedstead, steil to steal, steil (OE. stel) the handle
of a pot or jug, steim (OE. ge-stefnian, a-stemnian to give voice for, appoint) to bespeak, treid to tread, wei (OE. wegan)
to
lamp
or candle,
brek
to
lek (O.
Icel. leka)
leak.
1.
89.
OE.
bid
to invite to
89.]
37
bill,
bingr) a bin, bit a bit, bits bitch, biznes business, blind blind, blis bliss, brim (ME. brimmen, cp. O. Icel. brimi burning heat) to put the
O.
Icel.
boar
to the sow,
brin
to bring,
to
dig
to dig,
dim dim,
dis
dish, di($0(r)
(ME. diderin)
drink
fidl fiddle, fikl fickle, film film, fin fin, find to find, fine(r)
finger,
fis fish,
fit
ready, prepared, flik flitch, flik9(r) 0 gidi giddy, gift gri/^, gilt (OE. gilte, O.
to begin,
grind
to
in,
grind,
i
im Aim,
it it, it
whoop(ME. kitte) a
(ME. kitelen) to tickle, krisp crisp, lid lid, lig (OE. licgan) to He clown, lik to lick, lim limb, lip Zi>, liv to live, liv9(r) liver, midl middle, miks to mice, mil-deu mildew, mint mint, mis to miss, mizl-tuo mistletoe, mist mis, mits much,
nibl to nibble, niml nimble, nit (OE. hnitu)
a small water-can,
to prick, prikl
p. 433,
Prom. Parv.
Strat-
mann) sieve, ridn ridden, rift (ME. riften) to oeM, rim ri^?!, rind rmcZ, rin w&gr, rin to ivring, rinkl
rist wrist, rizn risen, ritn written, sift to
si/if,
eructate,
tvrinkle,
sikl sickle,
sink
to
sm&,
skift to
s^i/if,
re-
slink to slink, slip to sip, slipi slippery, slitn (pp.) s#, smitl to infect,
slid,
sinicSi
smithy, spil to
s/>z7Z,
spin
s^m^, stink
38
89-94.
(OE.
swilian) to rinse, wash out, swilinz thin liquid food for pigs, swim to swim, swi to swing, sift chemise, silin shilling, sin shin, sip ship,
tick, til to till,
to shrink, tik
tin tin,
tit, titi
breastmilk, tlim to
chicken, tsildo(r)
climb,
tlir>
(only used in the plural, for the sing, ban is always used) children, tsin chin, twig twig, twin twin, twiwkl to tivinkle,
twist twist, pik thick, friendly, in love with,
thistle, ]?rift thrift, Sis this,
]>vo
thing,
J>isl
wik
to
wida ividow, widower, moving) quick, alive, wik w;ee&, win to tvin, wind wind, wind
ivith,
wi
wind, winde window, winto(r) winter, wink to wink, wispe(r) to whisper, wisl to whistle, wit wi, witl (ME. f>witel) Zcm/e carving knife, wits witch, wizn (OE. wisnian
to cfrn/ 16>) to wither.
90. ir
+ consonant
bok
bod
bird,
birch, gsl
J>ed
ed
f>eti
Aer<i, tsets
(but
to
third,
thirty,
wol
91.
has become e in
yes, .storek,
(OE.
tserop to chirp.
92.
wild wild.
sing,
has been lengthened before Id: mild mild, But tsilde(r) (only used in the plural, for the
used) children, owing to the following suffix.
iht has
ban
93.
is
ME.
become
it:
shortened in fotnit fortnight, plit plight, sit sight, slit slight, tit tight, weit (OE. gewihte) has been influenced by
wei
to
weigh.
94. Medial
stil
in
sti sty,
ladder,
(OE.
95-iooJ
95.
i
39
see
in
ai
(accented
form,
350)
/.
become iu
tliu
string or worsted.
97.
i
has become u in
cud, rus
rush, tul
to.
98. i
has become
io in: flie(r)
(Norw.
flira) to
laugh
cSiez these.
has become e in
lenit
OE. o
= West
Germanic
o) in originally closed
remained o; and also when o was originally followed by a single consonant + a suffix containing an 1, m. n, r
syllables has usually
:
blob (see N.E.D.) a bubble, bidb, bodm bottom, boks box, bore to borrow, brokw broken, bro]? broth, dof to undress,
dog dog, dokrD (OE. docce) a dock, dolt lump of dirt, don to dress, drop drop, dzogl (cp. ME. joggen) to shake, flok
(ME. fogge) aftergrass, foks fox, fole to follow, fond (ME. fonned, pp. of fonnen be foolish) fond, fotn (pp.) fought, frog frog, frost frost, frof> froth, frozn frozen, god god, gospl gospel, kob-web cob, kod cod, kof cough, kok
flock, fog
cock,
kokl
cockle,
cp. O.
Swed. kollops)
kope(r) copper, kroft (OE. croft) a small field, krop crop, kros cross, loft loft, lok lock, loks small pieces of wool which have been detached from the fleece, lop
slice (of bacon),
(OE. lopp) flea, lopod (ME. lopren coagulate) clotted, covered with dirt, lopsto(r) lobster, lost lost, lot lot, mos
moss, mof> moth,
short sleep,
nok
40
to
10O-IO4.
oft oft,
offal,
years wool of a sheep, oks ox, olo hollow, olin (OE. holen) the holly-tree, twig of the hollytree, on (accented form) on, op to hop, opm open, ote(r) to otter, otsad orchard, ovl AoveZ, plot plot, poks ^o.^ prod
often,
first
prick, goad,
leg of a
rok
pair of trousers, slot (ME. slot) bolt of a door, smok smock, snod (O. Icel. snoomn smooth (of hair)), smooth, even, snodn to make smooth, snot snot, sod sod,
spoken, spot spot, stok stock, stop to stop, sop s^o^>, sot sAo, sotn (pp.) shot, tlog a shoe with wooden soles, tlok the com-
mon
toj9,
black
beetle,
cto,
tlovm
cloven, top
topin (ME. topping) the front part of the hair of the head, topi to fall over, tot a small beer glass, trodn trodden,
]?rotlen) to _press
(ME.
on
the
windpipe,
:
wovm
woven.
101.
daughter, rout
( 100)
wrought.
We
fought.
102.
rain-bow,
reen-bou
103. ol
+ consonant
has become ou
bolt,
+ consonant boul
:
bowl,
fouk
folk,
goud
out
gold,
holt,
kouk
N.E.D. sub. colk) coke, cinder, kout mbud-wap a mole, stoun stolen, toul toll.
colt,
(accented form) would and u in sud (accented form) should and oe in noop (ME. nolpen
But we have o
in
wod
(1)
The development of o before a following r 09: boon born, fook fork, koen corn, te-moen
:
to-
104-109.]
41
morrow, moon, moonin morning, noob north, oon horn, oes horse, stoom storm, swoon sworn, soon shorn, soot
short,
(2)
uo
suffocate.
spo(r)
105. o
has become uo in
to
juok yoke, uop hope, nuoz nose, puok (OE. poca) sac&, puoni pony, puost (OE. post from Lat. postis) post, ruoz a rose, stuov stove, suok to soak,
belch, retch, fluot float,
kuov
cove,
suop (OE. sopa sup, small quantity (of or beer, etc., tsuok to choke.
Note.
ivater))
little
tea
Most,
if
not
all,
literary language.
106. o has
become u in a post.
become u in
It is
smuk
to
glove, fluto(r)
kiss,
to
very probable that the u in some of these words goes back to OE. y ( 121), as has been
oven.
uvm
Academy, May
7,
"Sen
then,
wen when.
109.
bole) bole of a tree, foil foal, goit (ME. gote) channel, mill-stream, koil coed, pigcoit (OE. cot, cote) pig-sty, loin (OE. lone) lane, loiz (OE.
become
oi
ME.
losian) to lose, moit mote, oil hole, roid (mostly used in the
plural roidz)
a clearing
(of
ivood), soil
(OE.
sol)
ground,
42
[109-111.
earth, soil (OE. sole, Lat. solea) sole, tlois (OE. close)
field, toidi
very small,
]?oil
(OE. J?olian
to
endure)
to give
ungrudgingly,
110.
J>roit throat.
:
bodi
Short u has generally remained unchanged bluoe(r) to cry, weep, buk buck, bul bull, bulek bullock,
ill.
:
bun
(pp. of bind)
found, grunsil groundsel, grunt to grunt, grumble, find fault, grund ground, grunz (pi.) sediment, be-gun begun, gust gust, guts (OE. gutt) entrails, belly, ju young, krudl (cp. ME. cruddin) to curdle, krudz (ME. crudde) curds, krum crumb, krumpl
to
crumple, kudl
to
cuff,
kum
to
come,
kunin cunning, kup cup, lug (ME. luggen, Swed. lugga to lug, drag) to pull the hair of the head, lu lung, luv
mumble, mun (accented form, O.Icel. muna will, shall) must, musl mussel, num numb, nut nut, pluk to pluck, pund a pound, rudi ruddy, rur> tvrung, skuft the
love,
muml
to
nape of
slun slung, sprun sprung, spun spun, stubi (cp. O.Icel. stubbi stock of a tree) short and stiff, stump stump), stun to
stun, stur> stung, stut (cp.
stutter,
ME.
summer, sumet (lit. somewhat) something, anything, sump a puddle or dirty pool of water, sun son, sun sun, sunde Sunday, sukn sunk, sur> sung,
some, sume(r)
sum
shrunk, sun
to
shun,
III-H6.]
43
tub (ME. tubbe) tub, tug (ME. tuggen) to tug, plod, tuml to tumble, tun tun, tun tongue, tup (ME. tuppe) a ram, tusk tusk, tsuf proud, haughty, ug fo carry, ugli 1^2/, ug (see Notes and Queries i. 10. 400, Nov. 18, 1854)
cluster,
(ME. huls) bean-swads, unded hundred, unde(r) under, uni honey, unt to hunt, UE>e(r) hunger, pune(r)
hip, ulz
thunder,
(pp.)
wud wood, wulzi ivollen, wun (pp.) wound, wun won, wund ivound, wundefr) wonder.
u has become u
in
:
112.
e-bun (OE. on-bufan) above, mufin muffin, pul to pull, sulde(r) (this word has been influenced by the literary language. Most old people still say suoe(r) )
O.Icel. bulki) bulk, size,
shoulder,
wollen).
113.
(
1
before a following r. dest durst, kes to curse, skef scurf, snot (ME.
snurtin, cp.
Low Germ,
snurten
murnan, but
114.
is
muen to mourn. It is highly muen has nothing to do with OE. simply muen to moan ( 122).
:
fal
u underwent early lengthening, and then had the same further development as old u ( 171) in: and
115.
/i
to bounce,
u has become iu
from,
on account of
44
[117-121.
y-
i-umlaut of u) has generally become i bizi busy, brig bridge, brim brim, brimstn brimstone, did did, didl (cp. OE. dyderian) to cheat, din din, dip to dip,
117.
= the
dizi dizzy,
fil
to fill, flig
(ME.
fligge, cp.
OHG.
flukke able
MZ,
hyge mind) mood, temper, ipin a cloth placed round the hips of
(O.Icel. lyng) heather, lisn to listen,
children,
lm
&m, pile pillow, pit pi, rig (OE. hrycg) back, rigin r^G"e of a house, sil s^, sin sin,
miZZ, nit to
ka-slip cowslip, snift to sm^f, scent, stint to sm, tlik (OE. clycc(e)an, see N.E.D. sub clitch) to seize, snatch, catch hold,
tlip to clip,
trim
to rmi,
in thin.
it
:
118.
flit
119.
y has become
before Id
120.
(1) e:
to
draw
or
^><mr
/or anyone), hop birth, edl hurdle, fast /mtf, gedl girdle, kenl kernel, mej>e(r) to murder, meki mirky, set s/m^, ted (cp. OE. tyrdel, Stratmann) fatrd,
ott^
wek
to
beri to
6im/
(cp.
OE.
to
worry,
fig-wet figwort.
121.
y has become u
in
blus
to blush,
bruslz
bristles,
muk
muck, stubl
stubble, sut
trunl trundle.
122-125.]
45
2.
122.
in the
W.
dialect is
ue
brued broad, buen bone, bue(r) boar, buet boat, buef> both, druen drone, druev (noun) drove, duo doe, duef dough, duefi.
cowardly, duel dole, fuem foam, gued goad, gruen to groan,
e-gue ago, guen gone, gue(r) gore, guest ghost, guet goat, kruek to croak, lued load, burden, luef loaf, luen loan, eluen alone, luensm lonely,
gruep
to grope,
to go,
muen
(OE. msenan,
to
ME. msenen,
no,
manen)
stroke,
so,
to
nuen
to
none, rued
struek
tue
toe,
tuen
(lit.
owe 0/ ^wo, ue
uek
uel ivhole,
uem
aw
wue
m>e.
has become oe
moe
0 ?now;,
noe
But we have ou
to owe,
out (OE.
125.
as,
ask, alide
(OE. halig-dseg)
46
[125-131.
holiday, lavrek (OE. lawerce, ME. laveroc) lark, spatl (OE. To e in mes mash, cp. 59. spatl) spittle.
And
But
this
word has
become u
ei
(
in ut hot,
a)
wun
one,
wuns
:
once.
127.
O.Norse
= OE.
has become ee
feok
week
not absolutely necessary to assume that these words are of Norse origin they may be regularly
weak. It
is
;
developed from OE. facen, lacan, wac with early shortening of the a before the following k, cp. words like leits leech
( 132), teits teach ( 138),
origin.
:
128. a has
become
en an, e
a,
The following words remain unclassed poul pole, probably an early borrowing from the lit. language the same is probably the case with rees race, swip to
129.
;
pret.
Germanic
130.
1
se.
Germanic
se
= WS,
se,
greedy, imin (OE. sefnung, ME. sefening) evening, nidi needle, rid to read, sid seed, slip to sleep, strit street, sip sheep, tsiz cheese, ]?rid thread.
in:
gridi
131. It
has become ie in
brief) breath,
fie(r) fear,
iernd errand,
jie(r)
repast, swiel
gutter (of a
wiepm weapon,
wheeze.
132-140.]
132.
47
Before c(k) it became shortened to e, and then underwent the same further development as old e in open
syllables ( 87): leits leech, speits speech.
133. It
has become ee in
ee(r) hair,
weev wave.
:
underwent early shortenings to e in ble(5e(r) bladder, let to let, mede meadow, red (OE. rsedde) read, sed (OE. ssede, older seegde, Sievers, OE. Gr. 214, 3) said,
134. It
slept,
sez sayest,
has become a in
has become
i
blast blast.
ridl riddle, sili silly.
in
OE.
137.
is ie
:
ee
= i-umlaut
of
a).
of a
to
mean, intend,
voheat.
swiet to sweat,
Before c(k) it became shortened to e, and then underwent the same further development as old e in open bleits to bleach, reik to cp. also 132
138.
syllables ( 87),
(2)
tsehte) taught.
48
141-149.
has become ee in
tlee clay.
142. It
either.
has become oe in
123.
See
Sievers,
OE.
underwent early shortening to e in emti empty, fles flesh, left (pret. and pp.) left, lent (pret. and pp.) lent (len to lend has its vowel from the pret.) les less, ment
143, It
meant.
144. It
was shortened
at an early period to a in
bad
bad, fat fat, latSe(r) ladder, mad mad, madlin a bewildered or confused person, stupid felloiv, rasl to wrestle, spat
(pret.) spat.
145. It has
become
never.
146. oni
manig) many.
e.
1.
147. e, the
i-umlaut of
to
6,
has become
blld to bleed,
brld
to breed,
dim
deem, fid
celan) to cool,
meet,
slk
to
(OE. kin keen, kip to keep, kwln queen, mlt to seek, slm to seem, sll sly, swit siveet, tim
kll
^our
wlp
e
to
weep.
to
before
consonant
combinations in
bled
ftept,
met
met, tern
tim
147)
poured
149.
irregular
britsez (OE.
49-1 56.]
49
weary,
2.
= older
le,
eo,
di to dye, dri dreary, litnin lightning, ba-liv to believe, nid need, sin
1
:
become
seen, sliv sleeve, stil steel, stipl steeple, sit sheet, ti to tie,
siks-tin sixteen.
Note.
in
to strip.
151. It
ied
(OHG.
152. e
nekst next.
153. It
has become ee in
ea hay
and
ei in
eit
height.
3.
Germanic
e.
let,
ie(r) here.
Here may
also
be
OE. med, older meord pa,y, reward) troublesome, tiresome, to no purpose. 4. The OE. e which arose from lengthening in monosyllables (Sievers, OE. Gr. 121).
placed
:
midles
(cp.
155.
forms
350)
1 he, ji ye,
mi me,
thee,
wi we.
1.
156.
OE.
1)
(OE. hrim
bidan)
to
has regularly become ai aidl idle, aim hoarfrost, ain hind, ais ice, aivi ivy, baid (OE.
1
:
endure, put
up
remain, bait
to
50
bite,
156-160.
soot (on the kettle), kraist Christ, laif life, laik like,
mile,
paik
pain
raip ripe, rait to ivrite, raiv (O. Icel. rifa to break) to tear, raiz to Wse, said side, sail (ME. silen) to strain through a sieve, saip (cp. MHG.
to rio'e,
sifen) to ooze or
saitS scythe,
slaid to s^c/e,
away Ae
smait
to smite,
to
swaim
to
climb
off,
up a
tree or >ofe,
swaip
(cp.
MHG.
swifen)
the
sweep
(ME. schive)
a present from
the phrase es tait as soon, comp. taite(r) sooner, rather, ME. tit, O. Icel. masc. tiSr, neut. titt) soon, twain twine,
twais
thrive,
tivice, tSai
waid
waip
to
waif wife, wail a while, time, wain twwe, wipe, wait white, waiz wise, fraide Friday,
wic/e,
157. i before
a following r
waie(r) wire.
158.
Old
appears as
in
si to
sigh (318,
to
b),
skrik
(0.
Low Germ,
shriek.
And
94.
OHG.
:
stiga) ladder,
but see
iw has become iu
underwent early shortening to i in bi (unaccented form) by, dwinl to dwindle, fift fifth, fifti fifty,
160.
i
:
flpms fivepence, linin linen, linsid linseed, women, midif midwife, wizdm wisdom.
stif stiff,
wimin
161-164.]
161. ri
51
kosmes
Christmas, kasn
162. 1
to
has become u in
:
wumn woman
ie in
sniek
sneak
e in
sterep stirrup.
o.
163.
of 6
is
ui
bluid blood,
braid brood, buin boon, buit to boot, buicS booth, buizm bosom, duin done, fluid flood, fuid food, fuit foot, guid good, guis goose, kruidl to shrink or cower with cold, fear
or pain,
kuil
cool,
confusion,
bad
temper,
profian from
Lat. probare) to prove, raid rood, raif roof, rait root, skuil
school, smuitS smooth,
soot,
spuin spoon, stuid stood, stuil soo, tuil tooZ, tuij? ooA, suin shoes, uid
164.
when
the
mod.
dialect.
briuk brook, iuk hook, kriuk crook, link to look, niuk nook, riuk rook, siuk shook, tiuk took. buk book, and kuk cook have been borrowed from the
:
literary language.
blium bloom, brium broom, dlium gloom, dium doom, gium gum, lium loom. biu bough, diu to do, final in the mod. dialect (c) When
(b)
Before
s?eit\
tiu
bu
sftoe
form suin
163.
6 appears as
E 2
in inif (sing.)
enough.
52
165-171.
become U9 before
mue(r) moor.
:
r: dlue(r)
(ME. gloren)
166.
6w
has become ou
to stow.
dlou
grou
to
grow, stou
167. oht
125),
became oht already in OE. (Sievers, OE. Gr. and has become out in the W. dialect, cp. 101
become ou in
skoup
scoop.
6.
To o
blosm blossom,
kom
sod shod, tof tough. bru(5e(r) brother, dluv glove, duz dost, does, (b) To u munde Monday, munf> month, mutSe(r) mother, sluf (OE.
(OE. com)
:
170. 6 has
Wednesday.
u.
171.
ban
bound generally used in the sense of going, as wie(r) to ban ? where art thou going ? am ban dan tloin / am going
doivn the lane), bra brow, bran brown, bat (OE. butan, beutan) ivithout, o-bat about, dan down, dast dust, dlami
(not the
is
dliumi
64) sad,
downcast, drazi drowsy, fal foul, ugly, ka cow, krad crowd, lad loud, las louse, mas mouse, maj? mouth, na
now, ram room, rast rus^, prad proud, sak to sitcfc, saj> south, slam (OE. sluma) slumber, sprat (cp. ME. sprute, M. Low Germ, sprute) to sprout, srad shroud, tan foww,
I71-I77-]
cloud,
53
tSa
tlad
trast
(ME. trusten)
to
trust,
u has become
ae before a following r
ae(r)
(accented form) our, kae(r) dan (ME. eouren, Swed. kura to coiver) to bend down, sit down, sae(r) sour, sae(r) shower. But we have in j^ezde Thursday.
173.
to
u was
shortened to
Icel.
at
an early period
to get oneself
in
buask
ready)
from place place singing and playing for money, druft drought, duv dove, fus fuss, kud (accented form) could, plum plum, ruf rough, uni-sukl honeysuckle, sup to drink, sup, suv to shove, Jmm thumb, ulet owl, up
go about
to
up, u<5e(r) udder, uz (accented form) us, uzbn husband. It has been weakened to e in the unaccented particle bed
but.
y.
175. y, the i-umlaut of u, has
become
ai
aid hide,
skin, aiv hive, braid bride, brain brine, drai dry, draip to
lice,
become
aie(r)
maie(r) mire.
:
177. It
idn (pp.
littles
underwent early shortening to i in filj? filth, from which was formed a new present id to hide),
(retained only in the
game
of lits on gets
lit.
brass buttons,
any kind.
Two
lits
54
t77~I 8 3-
(?)
has become
in J>rust to thrust.
3.
The Diphthongs.
ea.
179.
ie:
biem beam,
bried bread, died dead, dief deaf, death, driem dream, e-gien again, against, ied head,
iep heap, ie(r) ear, iest east, ieste(r) Easter, lied lead, lief
leaf, be-lief belief, nie(r) near,
steep,
OE.
(OE. J>reapian
to
hew, feu
But we have oe
supposes a form
in roe (OE.
( 123).
1
hreaw) raw
which pre-
hraw
181. It has
become
in
The
latter
literary language.
(OE. heah) high, nei (OE. neah) nigh, near. The ME. forms heh and neh would
182. It
:
has become ei in
ei
ei,
see 87.
has become ee in
flee
(OE.
flean, Skeat,
Etym.
184-190.]
184.
55
Icel.
loup (0.
hlaupa)
in:
silly,
to leap,
goem
(0.
and 09
goemles
care, attention,
gat great.
Shortenings of ea efo(r) heifer, lek leek, red red. (a) To e in latSe(r) lather, tsap chap. (b) To a in
186.
: :
:
eo.
187.
bi bee, bi (ac-
cented form)
fli
glee,
find fiend,
to creep,
lit
krip
II to lie, lif
light,
ni knee, niz (0. Icel. hniosa) to sneeze, rid reed, ril reel, prist priest, si to see, siS to seethe, sniz to sneeze, tliv to
cleave, trl tree,
be-twin between,
\>l
thigh,
three,
^0 choose ( 366).
:
bie(r)
189. Before r
+ consonant
it
became shortened to e
already in ME., and then had the same further development as old e before r + consonant ( 87): dalin (OE. deorling, ME. derrling) darling, fadin (OE. feoroung, ME. ferthing)
farthing.
190.
iu
griu grew,
56
[.
190-193.
rue, sniu (377) it snowed, tliu clew, triu true, triuj? truth, siu sowed, priu. threw.
But in the following words we have eu which points to an old eaw ( 1 80) eu yew, seu to seiv, tseu to chew. We
:
have ouo in: foue(r) (OE. feower, but ME. fower, which
fouet (OE. feowerSa) fourth, fouetin (OE. feowertene) fourAnd ao in jao(r) (accented form) your. This last teen. word has been influenced by ao(r) our, 172.
191.
su (accented form)
192. (a)
Early shortenings of eo
:
frend friend, step-facSe(r) step-father. Anglian eo ( = WS. le) has been shortened to e in depj> depth, ten ten.
e in
To
fell,
(b)
(c)
three,
lit.
tivo (or)
(d)
se So
lit.
J>repms threepence.
Elision of
193.
e.
The e
is
and
triph-
thongs
finally
and the next word begins with a vowel thus guo but gu uem go home, me ai may I, but mee wi ( 393), noo but a no im I know him, and similarly for the others.
CHAPTER
IV.
W.
been taken as the starting point. The transcription of the lit. English vowel sounds is based on that given in Sweet's Primer of Spoken English, pp. 7-8,
has, in
cases,
most
and
is
as follows
13
58
6
94-197-
98-204. J
198. al has
59
11,
cp. 6%.
326) left
cp.
64
skoud
to scald.
has become o before a following n in dons dance, ont aunt, trons trance, tsons chance, t&ont chant.
201. a has 202. a has
become e in
redis radish.
lit.
language has become o through the influence of the preceding in kwaloti qucdity, kwari stone-quarry, warond to ivarrant,
it
walop
flog.
(cp. Fr.
galoper
to
203. ar in the
ee,
was pronounced
;
words in the ME. period cp. 61. beobo(r) barber, beedz barge, beegn bargain, beeto(r) to barter, deet to dart, eot art, skill, geed guard, geodn garden, geoto(r) garter, keod card, keokos (Fr. carquasse, Cotgr.)
differently in Engl,
and
Fr.
body, carcase, kweot quart, kweote(r) quarter, peodn pardon, pe3l parcel, peet part, peetno(r) partner, skeelot
scarlet, tseedz charge.
appears in
the
W.
dial, as eo:
bale, beoli
(bum-
beoli, cp. O. Fr. baili) bailiff, boot to abate, bleom blame, bree (ME. braiin, O. Fr. breier) to beat, pound, deendze(r)
danger, deenti dainty, deot date, deovi affidavit, eobl able, eedz age, eom to aim, intend, eensn ancient, feed fade, feel
60
204-206.
resemble in appearance or manners, fleam flame, gee ^a^/, ingeedz to engage, greenz (pi.) malt which has been used in
breiving beer, grees grace, greet grate, keedz cage, kees
case,
lees
Z<xce,
meesn mason,
>afe,
plees place, pleat plate, prea (but pre-oe (i) )ra2/ te) to
pray, preet
to prate,
seem
seem, Ancren Riwle seim, OE. seime adipe, Ps. lxii. 6, E. E. T. S. No. 92, from O. Fr. sain) lard, seent (but before
names
tleem
to claim, treel
(Fr.
trailler) to
aVow/,
treen
vew, weet
Note.
to wew'tf.
is
contrary
lit.
kontr^eri.
we have
as the
chair.
language
e.
lit.
remained in the
epidemic)
W.
dialect
bezl to embezzle,
demek
pota to disease,
demekt diseased
e-seml
to assemble,
fend
to
cloth,
fezn
(Fr.
letis lettuce,
mel
meddle,
pleze(r) pleasure, prentis apprentice, sens sense, ses assessment, tax, spekteklz
mend
to
2o6-2Il.l
spectacles,
61
treml
konsan
concern,
sergeant,
tlak clerk,
samen vament
a: arend (O.Fr. errant) notoriously bad, sare (rarely sav) to serve. On sare see Behrens, Beitrage zur Geschichte der franzosischen Sprache in England, p. 91. ie in: ieb herb, and e in: tseri
cherry.
208. e has
we have
r in tarie(r)
(ME. terrere)
But
pie(r) pear.
209. e has
to
enjoy,
to engage,
ink ink,
lints
lentils,
triple,
and
J?ribl
threefold
210. e has
become a in
sub
celery in N.E.D.
1.
211.
W.
dialect
dine(r) dinner, dizml dismal, finis to finish, gimlek (this word has now almost gone out of use, its place being taken
by
gimlit) gimlet, gizn to choke, gizn (Fr. guisern, Cotgr. sub gesier) gizzard, konsitSe(r) to consider, limit limit, list
list,
list
to
ministe(r) minister,
62
[2II-3l8.
pinion opinion, piti pity, rivo(r) river, siol single, siSez scissors, skripto(r) scripture, tift (cp. ME. tifien from O. Fr.
tifler
to
adorn) condition,
state,
twilt quilt.
212.
i
has become e in
and a in krakit
cricket (game).
O
214.
Lit.
boni nice, Engl, short o = W. dial, o pretty, dzoli jolly, dzosl to jostle, kolo(r) collar, kotn cotton, lodz to lodge, mot, moti (French motte, Cotgr., edit. 1673)
:
a mark
oke-daik (Fr. oker Cotgr.) small stream of iron-water, ona(r) honour, rok
at quoits, obstakl obstacle,
o has become
in
Engl. oi = W. dial, oi: boil to boil, dzoi joy, dzoint joint, o-noi to annoy, koit quoit, coit, loin loin, moist moist, moiste'r) moisture, noiz noise, oil oil, oint 216. Lit.
ment ointment,
soil soil,
oiste(r) oyster,
ground, spoil
to spoil,
vois voice,
ou (written oa) = W. dial, o in: gol (only used in the game of lits en gets 177, O. Fr. gaul)
217. Lit. Engl,
in
bruots brooch,
oo, oa)
= W.
dial,
uo
rueg
219 225.1
63
oa)
= W.
dial, oi in:
narrow,
ou
in:
coillir) to
soudze(r)
poultice.
element of the
W.
diphthong
is
See
7.
(written 00) = W. dial, ui: buit boot, foil fool, gruin (ME. groin, O. Fr. groing) snout of a
221. Lit. Engl,
uw
pig.
222. Lit.
dial,
ue: pue(r)
long open 6 sound (written or before a following consonant) = W. dial, uo in fuedz forge, fuos
223. Lit. Engl,
:
force,
kued
cord,
puoto(r)
porter.
But we have
foafit to forfeit,
And
225. Lit.
oo in
Engl, long open 6 (written au, aw) = W. dial. doab (ME. daubin, O. Fr. dauber) to daub, smear,
(Fr.
dzoom
jaumbe, Cotgr.) the side %)Ost of a door or chimney piece, dzoenes jaundice, froed fraud, koese causeway, poo paiv, poez (0. Fr. poulser, posser)
sauce.
to kick,
soos
implying that
it is
shrewd
and
witty beyond
its years.
64
226-228.
226. Lit.
Engl,
(written u,
o,
ou) = W. dial, u:
busart) butterfly, dzudz judge, dzust just, frunt front, gruml to grumble, gulit
butn button, buzed (0. Fr. dlutn glutton, dubl double, duzn dozen,
to bulge,
channel for water, gute(r) gutter, guzl to swallow greedily, krust crust, krus to crush, kule(r) colour, kumfet
gullet,
comfort,
kumpni company, kuntri country, kupl couple, kusted custard, kustm custom, kuve(r) to cover, kuzin, kuzn cousin, muni (a commoner word is bras) money, muwril mongrel, musted mustard, mutn mutton, muzl muzzle,
nume(r) number, plume(r) plumber, pulp pulp, rikuve(r)
to
sudn sudden,
sufe(r) to
suffer,
supe(r) supper truk trunk, tsuk to throw, pitch, tun tun, tuts uml humble, unien onion, ur>kl uncle. But we have foisti fusty.
227. Lit. Engl,
sumen
summon,
after labials)
= W.
dial,
push, put
But we have
pulpit.
siuge(r)
sugar,
see
310,
puilpit
consonant) = W. dial, e, pick out small pieces of straw, etc. from flannel or cloth, distib to disturb, dzeni journey, fenis to furnish, fnite(r) furniture, ken currant, nes nurse, pes purse, ten
to
turn,
tenep turnip, et
to hurt.
229-234.]
65
ai.
Engl, ai (written i ie, y) W. dial, ai ed-vais advice, ed-vaiz to advise, e-plai to apply, fain fine,
229.
Lit.
frai to fry, kontraiv to contrive, krai cry, nais nice, pai pie, paint pint, prais price, praiz to lift with
rice,
lever, rais
and leelek
lilac, still
remain
= W.
dial, aie:
dizaie(r) desire,
violet.
riot,
231. Lit.
Engl,
:
ij
(written ea,
appears in
the
W.
dial, as ie in
beast,
ease, nies
niece, niet
appecd, pies peace, plied to plead, pliez to please, riel real, riezn reason, risiet receipt, recipe, risiev to receive, siekrit
secret, sies to cease,
e<x,
wa.
dial. 1 in: bif beef, e-gri to
= W. = W.
W.
ie in
Engl,
ij
dial, ei in:
preach.
66
ai in
:
234-238.
ee in
i
konseet conceit,
in
e in
mezlz measles.
au.
235. Lit. Engl,
au (written
on,
W.
to
dial
as a
al to howl,
counsel, kant to
freshment or money, mant to moult, paSe(r) powder, rand round, sand sound, noise, stat
stot/i, ta-il (also tail)
^o^r,
va
ww.
au appears
as
in
truzez trousers.
as: ae(r) &<mr, divae(r) to devour, flaefr) flower, flour, pae(r) power, tae(r) tower.
dial,
au9 = W.
juw.
237. Lit. Engl,
is
juw
:
iu in the
W.
dialect
(written eau, ue, u, ui, ew, iew) biuti beauty, diu due, diuti duty,
future, ius use, iunoti unity, iunien union, iusfl useful, iusles useless, iuz to use, miul mule,
fiuil fuel, fiute(r)
donkey, miuzik music, piu pew, pius puce colour, rif iuz to refuse, siut smtf, stiupid stupid, viu view.
But we have a in
kakume(r) cucumber.
JU8.
238.
Lit.
manure,
piue(r) pure.
239, 240.]
67
UW.
239. Lit. Engl,
uw
friut
fruit,
griuil
gruel,
rikriut
to
recruit,
riubub
ua.
240.
Lit.
Engl.
uo=W.
dial,
me
siue(r)
sure,
CHAPTER
V.
In the latter
case,
when an
1,
m, n followed,
it
1.
a.
242. a.
In
initial syllables
followed
by the
principal
accent
words containing
this prefix
ebun
above,
afraid,
efued
to
against, egri to
because,
elaiv
in action, at work, egien again, agree, egue ago, ekin akin, ekos (also kos) alive, eluen alone, emeo among, enent
annoy, eplai
to
opposite, enoi to
estied
salute,
instead,
ewee
away,
meniue(r)
manure,
seliut
te-moen to-morrow.
to educate,
ekuodinlai accordingly,
2 43-]
VOWELS
b.
IN
UNACCENTED SYLLABLES.
preceded
69
principal
243.
In
syllables
by
the
accent
testiculi,
galep
slice
gallop, gimlek gimlet, kesmes Christmas, kolep of bacon, koese causeway, kubed cupboard, kusted
to
custard,
lilac,
loped
clotted,
covered
with
dirt,
mare
to
orchard, omest almost, oles always, sakles silly, foolish, sare to serve, siene senna, simetri cemetery, siSez scissors,
spitek spigot, seped shepherd, sterep stirrup, tenep turnip, ulet owl, unded hundred, vale value, winde tvindoiv.
follow,
mare
pile
sparroiv, swole
shalloiu, tale
swole swallow, sade shadow, sale tallow, wide widoiv, wile ivilloiv.
ame(r) hammer,
skute(r)
to
spill,
to
shudder,
In compounds, some of which have been given above beekes bakehouse, koiles coalhouse, wakes union, uvrk:
house,
wate
(lit.
70
243-245.
hand-
baked backward, fored forward, tadz towards, forsdis rather forward, oekod awkward, opef> halfpenny ivorth, penef> pennyworth, sumot something, anything.
2.
i.
244. a.
In
initial syllables
accent
indzoi to enjoy, irogeedz to engage, disiet deceit, disiev to deceive, ministe(r) minister.
245.
:
b.
principal
accent
avis(t)
harvest,
blanket,
bulit
bullet,
damidz
enough, pi. iniu, ferin foreign, fotnit fortnight, gulit water channel, karit carrot,
damage,
lenit linnet, letis lettuce, olin holly, posnit saucepan, puilpit pulpit, pultis poultice, salit salad, sporit spirit, rebit
rivet, redis radish.
taW;?/,
bodi
frocfa/,
emti empty, evi heavy, eri hurry, row, disturbance, kani knowing, intelligent, skilful, nimble, leadi ZacZ^/, meri
dizzy,
merry, moni many, nevi nepheiv, oepni halfpenny, but oapaj? halfpenny worth, oni em;?/, peni penny, but pene]?
rudi ruddy, sili siZfo/, slipi slippery, sori sorry, snikit a smaZ passage, stati statue, sabi shabby, simi chemise, tali to agree, )>eti
softly,
weri
jilaced
round
shafting, sperinz Ae
liquid
245-247-]
of the head, runin running, and similarly in all present participles and words ending in the lit. language in -ing.
3.
246. a.
by the
principal
accent
kros across, levm eleven, pinien opinion, prentis apprentice, sailm asylum. bezl to embezzle, bake tobacco, kos because, lans allowance,
bat without, beat
to abate,
list to enlist, livo(r) deliver,
to
ap-
deevi affidavit,
247.
b.
demok
(lit.
cent
kumpni
company,
(lit.
narrow uncovered
passage, gruml to grumble, kanl candle, ketl kettle, kredl cradle, kudl to embrace, sil single, smitl to infect, spinl
spindle, J?iml thimble, uinl humble.
Vocalic
buism bosom, evm heaven, fadm fathom, fipms five pence, kustm custom, luensm lonely, wizdm wisdom, wise, wiepm iveapon.
bodm
bottom,
Vocalic
72
247-249.
indzn engine, iolnd England, fotn (pp.) fought, foetn fortune, mutn mutton, pidzn pigeon, ratn rat, savnt servant, seldn seldom, slidn
(pp.) slid, tsozn chosen,
Jmzn thousand.
Vocalic
beeg bargain, beekn bacon, brokiD broken, dok dock, drukw drunk, drunken, rek to reckon, spokr> spoken,
sukr> sunk, tuekrD token, ugr>
/zip,
to
waken.
Svarabhakti.
248.
1, r,
and a
galek (O. Fr. gale) left hand, following consonant in sterek (OE. stirc, also styric) heifer, tsarap (ME. chirpen)
to chirp.
Particles.
The following is a fairly complete list, arranged alphabetically, of words which have weak forms caused by
the sentence accent.
Any
other
except when it begins the sentence: drje (deje) }>iiok il (el) diut ? do you think he will do it? but wile diut, J?ir>k je ?
will he do e
;
it,
do you think ?
(ev,
omitted entirely, or perhaps rather has disappeared through assimilation thus a dunt I have done here fun is the pp. and not it, we funt we have found it
ev, e) is often
; ;
the pret., ice found it is we fant. a /. Chiefly used in direct assertions: found them.
a fan
em /
249.]
73
abed yes but abed Sa men ger up suin yes but thou must get up soon.
am, aim, im
/ am.
aim,
:
am
im
in subordinate sentences
hie(r)
/ am
not going
to stop here,
im
wil inif if
am
well enough.
bi= 1. 2.
bed
be: wil Se bi
be ivith
them ?
bin been.
but.
.
:
d = 1 had
ad / had.
te
= 2.
Sad e
diut
thou ivowldst
kum?
do you think he
come?
t)
does, dost
J?a
duz thou
but dus te
dost thou
?
it,
but wis ev
em
vje
e= 1.
e boni
ban a pretty
child.
= 2.
= 3. = 4.
= 5. = 6.
on
e Si rig
on thy
back.
o/(may be used
:
pound
of apples.
Through
on
is
that
a being also the unaccented form of on, it often happens used where we should expect ov, as tosf on em the half of
them.
74
[ 249.
it
od or ted tak 9
:
lot it
would take a
lot.
om
or rather
:
m (vocalic) them
en an
on apl an apple.
on or rather n (vocalic) = 1 and Doed on Eols George and Alice. it wor guid on it was a good one. 2. one
.
:
:
e'r)=i.
or.
= 2.
t=i.
are.
at.
et
uom
a
at home.
si ot
:
= 2. = 3.
that
(cj.):
im rer> I see that I am wrong. im ot sed sua he who said so, dan trued those whom we saw
ev=
1.
= 2.
ez
have (weakest form before vowels): tSe med ev d it bi na they might have had it by now. of (before vowels) toef ev e keek the half of a
:
tea-cake.
= 1. = 2.
us: giv ez e tufri give us a few (lit. two or three). he has wen ez west isen when he has washed
:
himself
= 3. = 4.
is
going.
fe(r) for.
fre from.
i=i. in:
tas
in
the house.
= 2. I = 3.
(in
subordinate and
:
interrogative
sentences,
see a)
get
it.
I have
i
it 1 if i
ger
it
if
sez he says.
into into.
iz his,
but
is
a mer
iz
mu$e(r)
249.]
75
je
= i. = 2. = 3.
you,
your (before consonants). you are (before consonants) je ban, aje? you are
going, are you
?
jet = i. = 2.
yet.
you
it
al sel jet
will
sell
you
it.
ked could,
ko
1
(vocalic
r>)
can
t5a
ko
sea
wot
likest.
al I'll, wil
we
will, etc.
me= 1. me gi(v) me e feu give me a few, = 2. may: ame wek wol i drop fer
i"
out ta keez
may work
until
I drop
carest,
med men
might. or rather
mn
:
(with vocalic n)
= 1 must = 2. man
.
mi my.
ne(r)=i. nor. = 2. than (after a comparative), net, nt (the form net is seldom used.
nt) not,
s
is
us
lets
em
let
us have
them.
s, si
:
Sasl,
it.
should, shoiddst:
it.
(in subordinate
and interrogative
76
[249.
t=i.
= 2. = 3.
ta,
it.
to.
there
1.
(Sez
:
there
is,
$e =
thee
a spak te
= 2. = 3.
they:
mun
:
tSe tSe
they (are):
7 spo&e to thee. stop ? must they stop ? mien se rits they are not
tSe
tSe
so rich.
it.
wen
= 5.
Si thy.
v Aave
wiv
sint
we have
seen
it.
why. The unaccented form of wai, cp. a beside ai J, wol beside wail while, until. It is always used when
speaking in an encouraging manner to a person t5a men trai why lad, thou must try.
:
wa
wa
lad,
we = 1. we:
sal
we gue ?
shall
we go ?
= 2.
= 3. = 4.
wed
wi =
1
.
our (before consonants) we fatSe buits our father's boots, but we soe wer ont we saiv our aunt.
we
(are)
we ban
:
te d'len
we are going
to the
Glen.
was, were
would.
with.
= 2. = 3.
wol
z
1
we
until, unaccented
.
= = 2.
is: iz he is.
has, hast
tSaz
thou hast,
CHAPTER
THE
VI.
CONSONANTS.
The Semi-vowels.
W.
a. Initially.
250.
to ivipe,
OE.
initial
to
w
w
waip
ivork,
weed
wade, wee(r)
spend money,
wak
:
woef
appears as
weeve(r)
some words and v in others, just as in the lit. language warend to warrant, weedz ivage, weet to ivait, walop to beat, flog, vari very, viel veal, vois voice, voitSe(r) a large clothes*
In words of French origin
:
we have
basket.
combination
wr
rait to tvrite,
ren wrong. Examples for wl- are wanting. It has also generally remained in the OE. combinations
hw, dw,
dwindle,
knife,
)?w,
tw, sw, as
wheel,
dwinl
to
dwaf dwarf,
witl
J?witel)
(OE. J>wang) thong, wak twice, twot pudendum fern., swiet to sweat, sweep handle of a machine.
weo
yS
THE CONSONANTS.
:
[ 250, 251.
kw
wod
do
would, as al gue
if he could.
will go, id
it,
kud
cud, sued
sump a puddle
tu
Medially.
Medial
w + final vowel
have become e
after consonants
swole (OE. swalwe) swallow, spare (OE. spearwa) sparrow, jare yarrow, wide (OE. widwe) widow, widower.
aw > oe aw >oe
123.
bloe to
bloiv,
noe
to
know, sloe
sloiu,
snoe snow,
eow,
ew > eu
:
to strew, 85.
eaw >eu
to
hew, 180.
eow >iu, eu
seu
eu yew,
to sew, 190.
iw>iu: spiu
to
spew, 159.
6w>ou:
251.
:
dlou
to glow,
grou
to
grow, flou
to floiv, 166.
has disappeared in words compounded with ward bakedz backivards, fored forward, oeked aivkivard, tadz towards, 243 as also in those compounded with
;
worth:
pennyworth, siks-
has also disappeared in midif midwife, oles ahvays, sumet (et may here however be the rel. pr.) something,
It
:
252-256.]
THE CONSONANTS.
79
J.
252.
OE.
initial j,
mostly written
:
g,
ji,
French
u,
lit.
Engl.,
appears in the
medially, and
W.
dial, as
:
initially,
finally
viu
vieiu,
237.
The Liquids.
1.
has generally remained unchanged lap to wrap up, lat late, lig to lie down, loin lane, Hum loom. boeld (ME. balled) bald, molt malt, fild field, mild mild,
254. 1
:
dzoul
to
a candle).
If,
OE.
For examples see 62, 198. To these add omest almost, oeminak almanac, oemend almond. For examples al has become ou before a following d.
lm,
11,
For
sonant in
has also disappeared before a following conwits (OE. hwele) ivhich, sits (OE. swelc) such,
397) would,
buk
It
bulk, stup
80
THE CONSONANTS.
(
256-260.
sud, sed, st( 391) should, sant shall not, s wite ? ( 397) ivilt thou? wient will not.
391) shall,
fa,ute) fault,
mat
(cp. Lat.
1
mutare)
in the dialect
forms.
257.
Consonantal
1,
when
it
came
:
to stand finally,
For further
examples see
247
b.
r.
a gently (not strongly as in Scotch) trilled sound, has only remained intact before a following
258.
r,
which
is
vowel
ram
brek
to thrust, press,
rizd rancid
bri
to bring,
furroiv, sore sorrow, sare to serve, vari very. r has probably been lost in aim (OE. hrim ?) hoarfrost.
Before a following consonant it has entirely disappeared ban ( 61) child, bied ( 68) beard, wak ( 74)
259.
:
work, bek
90) birch,
boen
( 104, 1)
born,
bued
( 104, 2)
board, dest ( 113, t) durst, bej) ( 120, 1) frrA, aien ( 157) iron, dalin ( 189) darling, kweet ( 203) quart, savnt
(
223) order,
ken
swear, but
swears.
Note. The above list contains one example only of the various vowels which have been influenced through the absorption of the r; for full lists
of examples, see the paragraphs enclosed in parentheses.
260. r,
finally
in
the
modern
260-264.]
the
THE CONSONANTS.
it is
word containing
of a sentence.
used alone, or stands at the end In these positions it is never weakened into
lit.
We appear altogether as in lit. distinction between peo pay, and pee(r) pair, ka
and
when
the next
going
aje
ban
are you
to stare
Examples of
In addition to the examples in which r has undergone metathesis in the lit. language as, bed bird, ban
261.
to
burn, brit bright, frit fright, 00s horse, J?d third, we have brust to burst, gen to grin, gas (also OE. gsers) grass,
gesl gristle, get great,
262. r
to christen.
The Nasals.
m.
has generally remained unchanged muml to mumble, muin moon, mistl cow-house, mizl to drizzle (of
263.
rain),
mun
must,
mud
crowded, crammed.
kakume(r) cucumber, niml nimble, treml to tremble, tseeme(r) chamber, tuml to tumble, uml humble. brim to put the boar to the soiv, gam to gamble, krum
garni lame,
to
pick up.
after consonants
:
m has
become vocalic
film film,
bodm
is
bottom,
fadm fathom,
kindm kingdom,
also
vocalic in
em ( = m)
them.
82
THE CONSONANTS.
n.
265. Initial
[265-271.
nate(r) to
gnaw,
it
266.
When n
W.
dial.,
has generally undergone no change dwinl to dwindle, kanl candle, sind to rinse, wash out, spinl spindle, J>une(r)
thunder.
Medial n has disappeared before s in unaccented syllables without compensation lengthening estied instead, Robisn Robinson, Adkisn Atkinson.
267.
:
268.
finally
it
final in
OE.
ain (ME.
nine) hind, bin (OE. binnan) within, bleen blain, boil, gruin a pig's snout, don to put on one's clothes, len (OE.
lsenan) to lend, nuin noon, olin holly, speen (OE. spanan)
to
wean.
269.
after dentals
and sibilants
eensn ancient, fesn fashion, fezn pheasant, frozn frozen, miln (OE. myln) mill, ratn (0. Fr. raton) rat, seldn (OE.
seldon) seldom.
270.
247
b.
n has become
lation
happen) perhaps, flpms fuvepence, J>repms three For further expence, etc., opm open, wiepm weapon.
(lit.
apm
amples see
247
b.
evm
woven.
even,
seven,
uvm
oven,
wovm
271.
.
n has become
vocalic
r>
after gutturals
weg wagon.
271-277.]
THE CONSONANTS.
8$ J
brokr> broken,
(weak form of
stakw
buekn (ME. bolkin) to retch, belch, k kan can, akn diut / can do it), spokro spoken,
to stiffen,
wokn
to
waken.
in e on,
i
272.
n generally disappears
in.
It
It has
halfpenny worth.
has also
am
not,
It has generally
dialect
to
remained in accented syllables in the W. bi (0. Icel. bingr heap) bin, briiD to bring, drink
drink, i (ME. hengen) to hang, li (0. Icel. lyng) heather, tez tongs, pin thing, Jnok to think, weu thong. fme(r) finger, never fmg8(r) as in lit. Engl., iolis
English, mir>l to mingle, u9(r) hunger, sil single.
Note.
lit.
with king.
has disappeared through assimilation before the following kn in the pp. of verbs ending in r>k drukn drunk, drunken, suk sunk, slukn slunk, srukn shrunk.
274. id
:
But
see 368.
275.
276.
r>
a building, midin (ME. midding) dunghill, runin running, and similarly in all present participles.
written n in OE., only occurred before x u the palatal forms of g and c. _r <\&7yvK
277. Palatal
r>,
,
"*'
84
In the
THE CONSONANTS.
277-281.
W.
dial, it
lit.
Engl.
(OE. sengan)
to singe.
The
Labials.
P.
278.
p has remained
in all positions
pak a kind of
wood for
the bonfire
on
the fifth of
November, preet
to prate, babble,
put
to
put.
to
wean.
dolep
lump
beat, flog,
lop flea,
kep to catch {a ball), k^apsfe renderings of lard, noep (ME. nolpen) to hit on the head.
taken place as in
lit.
Engl, in
b.
280.
in the
W.
dialect
ban child, bef (ME. beffin) to cough, bek beck, ber> (O. Icel. banga to hammer), to throw, hit violently, bid to invite to a
funeral, boged ghost, brig bridge, bun bound. bleb blister, blut5e(r) to tveep, generally used in the phrase te blu<5e(r) en rue(r) lit. to blubber and roar, gab (cp. 0. N.
to
nudge,
b has disappeared after m: kuem comb, lam lamb, tlim to climb, wuem womb. Also in sumdi some 281.
body.
282,283.]
282.
lit.
THE CONSONANTS.
b never occurs between
oseml
to
85
1
m
to
or
r,
as in
to
Engl.
assemble,
fuml
fumble,
muml
mumble, niml nimble, rami to ramble, trenil tuml to tumble, piml thimble, uml humble.
tseQme(r) chamber.
to tremble,
f.
283.
OE.
was used
= Mod. (
1.
= Mod.
Initially
f.
was
voiceless
and corresponds
manic
2.
ft,
Medially it was voiced, except in the combinations fs. See Sievers, OE. Gr. 192.
Finally
it
it
ff.
3.
was probably
corresponded to Germanic B. But when OE. f came to stand medially through being followed by a case, or personal ending, etc., it was voiced, thus wif wife, gen.
wifes, pret. sing, geaf /, he gave,
pi.
even when
geafon.
In this case
the
W.
dial.,
like
lit.
We
flumaks
to
si^ongy.
sift
belch, eructate,
to sift,
to dive,
draiv to drive,
duv
dove,
evm
heaven, ivafr) ever, kav to carve, kuav cove, livo(r) liver, neiv (0. Icel. knefi) fist, nive(r) never, raiv (O. Icel. rifa to break) to tear, siv sieve, stav to starve, stuev stove, seav to
shave,
suv
weiv
to
weave.
86
ev, ev, have,
THE CONSONANTS.
and
liv to live are, of course,
[283-286.
not directly developed from OE. habban, libban but from the forms without gemination, as hafa'S he has, hsefde he had, liofatS
he
lives, lifde
he lived.
lit.
It has disappeared as in
hast, has, elte(r)
ez
head, kroal to
(OE. healfter) halter, enent opposite, ied crawl, oak hawk, leadi lady, load lord, wimin
ebun
above,
oue(r) beside ove(r) over, nio(r) beside nivefr) never, and generally also in the present gi, pret. ga and e, 9 have,
when the next word begins with a consonant. The voiced spirant has become b in rebit
dial,
3.
rivet, if
the
word
etymologically the same as the lit. Engl. word. delf stone quarry, kaf chaff, oaf half, ruif roof, tf
is
]?if thief,
turf,
aiv hive, faiv five, greev grave, twelv Vwelve. f has disappeared in oepni halfpenny, 9 of, sel, sen self
:
284. t9 to appears as t9v when the next with a vowel t9v 9 man to a man.
word begins
The Dentals.
t.
remained
taid feast-time,
teem
tame, temz (ME. temse) hop-sieve, teu (OE. teawian) to work zealously, toe a marble of any kind, toidi small,
little,
til) to.
:
286.
Medial
unchanged
286-290.]
THE CONSONANTS.
8j
antra (OE. antefn) anthem, getn got, nati neat, tidy, dexterous (of old people), ratn rat, tluste(r) cluster.
It has
become d
in
bodm
It has
become
dropped between
bristles,
and a following
or
in
wisl
but
mistl (0. Icel. mjalta-sel shed for milking) cow-house. brusn (pp) burst, fasn to fasten, lisn to listen, ouo-kesn
overcast,
ts
gloomy (of the sky), J?rusn (pp.) thrust. > ss > s in wisnde Whitsuntide. Whitsunday
288. The
in French words
is
wisnde
sunde.
lit.
ts in
has
fortune,
kriete(r)
creature,
moisture,
neete(r)
When
came
W.
dial.,
:
or
was
rift
(OE. f ifta)
fifth,
to fight,
to meet,
out
it,
kot staples of
entangled
net,
(OE.
wet
wet.
verbal forms ending in t preceded by a short vowel, appears as r when the next word begins with a vowel. We regularly say amit im ivri dee I meet
290.
t in all
:
The
88
THE CONSONANTS.
every
[290-297.
him
day
i"
me wun
let,
get
to
me
one, ger
up
sur
to shut, etc.
put, sar sat, ser to set, sir to Also in all the present participles, as
pur
gerin getting.
Note. This phenomenon EEPr. vol. v. p. 420.
is
See
The same is also the case with the pronoun wot ivhat wotste dun ? ivhat hast thou done? but wor iz it ? ivhat is it?
:
291. t has
become d in
abed yes
butterfly,
but,
bed
but,
prad
Adkisn Atkinson,
It
omes
beast)
cow,
293.
At
is
vament vermin.
d.
295. Initial
d has remained
daiv
to dive,
deu dew,
dreet to
'
don
to dress,
drawl.
296.
:
Medial d has also generally remained uninde(r) to hinder, midin (ME. midding, Dan. dunghill, midl middle, nidi needle, ridn riden,
saddle, redi ready.
changed
fidl fiddle,
297. Intervocalic
d followed by
r in the
next syllable
297-301.]
THE CONSONANTS.
:
89
to
has become S
dic$0(r)
ble<5o(r)
bladder, blu(5e(r)
cry,
weep,
(ME. diderin)
fodder,
get5e(r) to gather, te-getSa(r) together, itSa(r) hither, konsi<5o(r) to consider, lafce(r) ladder, moit5a(r) to
ponder, be anxious
su'Se(r) to
together,
uc5e(r)
udder,
basket,
void)
a large
clothes
dialect.
The law
order.
Note.
good when an
or r has disappeared
before the d:
socSa(r) solder,
mcSe(r)
murder,
oecSe^r) to
The S in
in
became rd
298.
:
( 306, 2)
and then
ft
by
d never
occurs between
1,
r,
as in
lit.
to
d has disappeared
in
ansem handsome,
anil
groundsel, gran-facSe(r), gram-fatS9(r) lanloed landlord, unded hundred, but undat grandfather, (by assimilation of dt) hundredth.
handful,
grunsil
bid
to invite to
to hold,
oud
old,
have generally remained a funercd, find to find, grund ground, od pund pound, roid a clearing (of a wood),
dial,
W.
sind
eyed.
to
rinse,
wash
out,
wund a wound,
after
blier-id blear-
301.
d has disappeared
in
90
and
also in the pret.
THE CONSONANTS.
['
301-306.
to find,
wind
also
to
and pp. of the verbs bind to bind, find ban, bun fan, fun wan, wind, thus
:
wun.
d has
been
dropped in
skafl
scaffold,
skaflin
scaffolding.
302.
is
hind, ban (0. Icel. thou going ?, len (OE. lsenan) to lend.
never pronounced in ain (ME. nine) buenn) going, as wie te ban ? where art
304. d
is
araigne) spider,
305.
drand
drown.
t
d has become
in
wate
day, wesit worsted, st the weak b9-int behind, the t is probably due to the
for similar
in frunt front
examples see Paul-Braune's Beitrage, xiii. p. 590. In the phrase iust te wod or wed to be wont or willing, the t
is
oa iust te
bit
wed
diu e bit e
wak
of work.
h
306.
OE.
in
p,
also written
tS,
was a
voiceless spirant
like
Engl, thin, initially, finally as also medially except probably between voiced sounds. Between voiced sounds it was probably voiced like the th in lit.
lit.
the
th
Engl, breathe. See Sievers, OE. Gr. 201. We shall here adopt the following order 1. Initially. 2. When the sound or its further development has remained
:
medial in the
W.
dialect.
3.
When
it
36.]
THE CONSONANTS.
dialect.
91
the
W.
now
Fifty years ago f for p and v for $ were quite general throughout the Township of Idle, but they have now practically disappeared except as
an individualism.
When
were regularly used among the younger Windhill people, but f and v were still generally used in Thackley and Idle, which are only about a mile distant I well remember how we used to twit the from W.
cS
Thackley and Idle people about their pronunciation of these sounds fakle Thackley, fink think, fid third, leev
:
barn, smivi smithy, etc. 1. p has remained voiceless except in pronouns and the adverbs derived from them
:
to
give ungrudgingly,
(OE.
]?reapian to
rebuke) to contradict,
dispute.
In the pronouns and the adverbs derived from them there originally existed double forms the stressed forms
:
S.
The W.
dial., like
on the pronouns
tSa
rel.
pr.
and
is
et
which
is
Sem
(mostly
;
em)
Sen
then, etc.
The
def. art. is
generally
and
is
word, thus tman the man, toudn the old one, tkoilz the coals. We make a clear distinction between teebl table
and
and
eit'
and the
latter is a
suspended
t.
S has
92
become
t in
THE CONSONANTS.
306-309.
the nom. of the second pers. sing, of the pers. pronoun when used interrogatively and in subordinate sentences ( 350) es-te ? hast thou ? sal-te ? shalt thou ? wi:
te ? wilt thou
kante diut
canst thou do
it ?
J?a
kr>
gue
wen tot redi thou canst go tvhen thou art ready. in wak to beat severely, see p has disappeared before
(OE. J>wang) thong. Occasionally the p is omitted in the pres. tense of J>mk, as a i-ok I think.
2.
weo
foam, froth,
make
bald)
snooenn smooth
(of hair),
smooth, even.
t5
has disappeared in
Icel.
moek
and
besk (O.
baoask)
to bask.
3. baj> bath, diej> death, ficop froth, go}? girth, ielf> health,
buiS booth,
lee<5
smuitS smooth.
It
307.
s,
z in
muns
months, tluez
308.
clothes.
And
also in
wi
with,
The d in beed
to
to bathe
fluenced
by weed
end in
wade.
second, J?ed
309.
third, all
39, 3 r .l
first, fift
THE CONSONANTS.
fiffca) fifth,
93
(OE.
(OE. twelfta) twelfth, after the analogy of which have been formed fouet (OE. feowertSa) fourth, naint ninth, tent
tenth* etc.
Sibilants.
S.
310. Initially
and
finally as
between voiced sounds) OE. s was a voiceless spirant like the s in Mod. English sin. Medially between voiced sounds it was possibly voiced like the s in Mod. English
rise.
204.
The development
that of f (
of s in the
W.
:
dialect is parallel
with
283) and p ( 306), so that we shall here 1. 1. When distinguish the three positions Initially. the sound has remained medial in the W. dialect. 3. When
the sound
was already final in OE. or has become final in the W. dialect. Here two subdivisions are necessary
according as
spirant.
1.
we have now
283.
the voiceless
or
the voiced
Cp.
Initial s has
:
sonants
sam up
to
pick up,
seem
lard, set to
to stretch,
wash
smuiS
the skin
of bacon,
sweep
the
handle of a
machine.
s (?) s
she.
has also remained before u in French words, whereas in the lit. language it has become s siuge'r) sugar, siue(r)
:
sure.
94
2.
THE CONSONANTS.
C 310, 311.
bizm Medially between voiced sounds we have z besom, biznas business, buzed butterfly, dlazn to glaze, fezn
:
spongy, mizl to drizzle (of rain), rizd rancid (of bacon), rizn risen, jpazn thousand,
soft,
to wither.
ii
remained before
lit.
become
z in the
possible that it may have been influenced by saitS scythe, just as mud might (verb) has probably been influenced by
kud
could,
and beed
besk
to
to bathe
by weed
to
wade.
s
kesn
rust (O.Icel. rost) rest, repose, trast to trust, J>rosl (OE. Jrostle) thrush. 3. as house, dlas glass, dzais (O.Fr. giste) joist, gis #eese,
to
to wrestle,
to fasten, kist
chest,
kes
to
curse,
kus Hss,
mas
tSis
(pi.
mais)
mouse,
muns months,
to.
anz hands, bleez blaze, duz c?08if, ctoes, but dus te ? dost thou? greoz 0 graze, iuz to use, loiz (OE. losian) to lose,
nuez
sieve,
ruez
rose,
tluez clothes.
is
Final z
as
iz,
very
Aou
common
/*<xs,
is, tSaz
uz
us, never
us
has disappeared in: pei (ME. pese) pea, ridl (ME. redels) riddle, simi chemise, tsori (O.Fr. cerise)
cherry.
312.]
THE CONSONANTS.
95
The Gutturals.
C.
312.
Germanic
k, generally written
c in OE., re-
mained a guttural initially before the guttural vowels a, a, o, 6, u, u and their mutations e, se, e, e (ce), y, y, but became
a palatal before the palatal vowels
(
se,
se
= OHG.
a),
e,
e
ie
= Germanic
i,
and
their mutations
(=i-umlaut of ea eo), ie (i-umlaut of ea, eo). Medial c and cc remained a guttural before a following a, o, u, but became palatal when an i or j originally
followed, as sec(e)an
= Goth.
sokjan
to seek, )?ecc(e)an
from
many
e.
g.
secan
535,
cald cold.
See Sweet,
HES.
i.
pp.
836-41.
1.
neid
to
has remained before r: kraps the renderings of lard, kreev to crave, krinz to cringe, kriuk crook, kroe craw.
It It
has become
before
(Lowland
tlim
ball of string or
worsted, tliv to cleave, tloe claw, tloek to scratch with the fingers or claivs, tlok to cluck, tlomp to tread heavily, tluek
cloak, tluej) cloth, tlueve(r) clover,
k has disappeared
in
96
2.
THE CONSONANTS.
Initially before vowels.
[312.
ka cow, kaf chaff, kaind kind, kait kite, kanl candle, kat cart, kav to carve, keek bread of every kind, kee(r) care, kei
kek hemlock, kemp (ME. kempe shaggy) small coarse white hairs in wool, kep to catch (a ball, etc.), kest (ME.
key,
"^gsijdirkgate (but tsets church), kenl kernel, kes to curse, kesmes Christmas, kil to cool, kil (OE. cwellan) to kill, kiln &iZw, e-kin akin, kin A;ee?i, kindm (OE. cynedom) kingdom, kin-kof (cp. ME. kinken to pant,
kesten) to
cast,
kettle,
ketl
gasp),
whooping cough, kip to keep, kist a chest, box, kit (ME. kitte, cp. Mid. Du. kitte) a "pail, kitl to tickle, kitl to
bring forth kittens, kitsn kitchen, koef calf, koel to call, kal 0 gossip, koen corn, koit coa, koud cold, kouk (see NED. sub colk) coke, kout co, kubed cupboard, kud (OE.
cwidu)
cu(i,
kuom
comb,
kuk
cooA;,
kum
to
come.
gnaw, chew,
tsoek chalk, tsoul (ME. chavel, O. Low Germ, kafal) lit./a/w, only used in the phrase tsik en tsoul saieZ of two people walking closely together, tsuek to
cheese, tsiuz to choose,
Initial sc.
scab, skaftin shafting, skelp
Icel.
skab
flog,
(ME. skelpen)
to beat,
skeppa) a large wicker basket for holding spinning bobbins, skeelz scales, skef scurf, skai sky, skift to shift, remove, skil skill, skin skin, skoup scoop, skuft the
skep (O.
nape of the neck, skuil school, skul skull of the head, skute(r) to spill, skraml to scramble, skreep to scrape, skrat (ME.
scrattin) to scratch,
skriem
to
Low Germ,
Low
shell,
scricon) to shriek.
sak
to
shake,
sait
cacare,
(ME. schive, M.
Germ, schive) a
slice,
312.1
THE CONSONANTS.
seem shame,
97
446 has schillin) to shell peas, sin shin, sip ship, siuk shook, sop shop, sot shot, sut &7m, su.(5e(r) to shudder, suv to shove, srenk shrank,
shear, sil
si, s
shoidd.
4.
When
final in the
W,
dialect.
cockle,
esked
(cp.
ME. aske
kokl
mix,
sikl sickle,
woko
to ivaken.
kitsn kitchen.
When
beck,
c or its
dialect.
bek
ditch,
fleki
beek
to bake,
brek
to break,
dreek drake, fleek/a/je (of snow), bried-fleik (0. hurdle) a hurdle on which oat-cakes are dried,
iuk hook, kok
to lick,
flik
hitch,
ik (cp. Low Germ, hieken) to cock, lavrek lark, lek to leak, leek to
play, lik
mak
to
make,
muk
muck, nek neck, niuk nook, nok to knock, pak bundle, pluk pluck, prik to prick, reek rake, reik to reach, rik smoke,
eak
to suc&,
sek
sac/s,
coed, slek
to
dirty, untidy person, sneek snake, snek (ME. snekke) latch of a door, spek speck, speik to speak, steek stake, suek to soa/c, tak to to&6. tik
fo'c/*;,
seize,
catch hold,
the tuick of
a lamp
or candle,
wak
(noun) work,
wek
to
uw/v,
wik
(O. Icel.
alive.
98
book
balk,
THE CONSONANTS.
beam, took
to talk,
C3 12 3*3.
,
benk
to think.
to hit,
Jnnk
bak
bark,
bok
drench.
ets to hatch, fots to fetch, kruts crutch, lats Zfc7L leits ^ec/i,
meits
cricket, pits pitch, sits siwA, speits speech, stits stitch, strets
fo stretch,
(cp.
swets (OE. swsecc a tete) a sample of cloth, tlets O. Icel. klekja to hatch) a brood of chickens, teits to
wots
to
watch.
Final
sc.
cp.
busk
to
place singing
and
fish,
Res
flesh, fvesfreth,
Swed. paska) to knock about, smash, dash, res rash, wes wash, wis to wish.
sc has
become
s in as
has disappeared through assimilation in kegot kirkgate, kin-kof whooping cough, beside kink (ME.
313.
kinken
cough (of whooping cough), wato work day, kd >kt >tt >t) week day. r>ks>r>s in the (lit. phrase Jnns to? thinkest thou? as ednt'e out to (e) dunt,
to
pant, gasp)
to
hadst not thou ought to have done it, thinkest thou?) don't you think you ought to have done it? Manypeople pronounce it as if it were J>ir> ste ?
}>is
to?
(lit.
3 I 4,3 I 5.]
314.
THE CONSONANTS.
The
relation, if any, of bleg, plural
99
blegz, to
blackberry
is difficult
to explain.
It
may
be that blakberi
became blagberi by assimilation, and that then beri was dropped, blag would regularly become bleg in the W.
dial., see
59.
g-
g was a voiced spirant before both vowels and consonants. Before guttural vowels and their
315.
OE.
initial
mutations
before
se
(cp.
312) it
was a guttural
212),
i,
spirant, as also
(Sievers,
(
OE. Gr.
vowels e
was a palatal At a later period the guttural spirant became an spirant. = explosive before consonants, guttural vowels, and y ( ie), ea, eo, ea, eo,
= Germanic
umlaut of
remained.
u), e
i-umlaut
English
I.
of 6)
On
see Sweet's
New
Grammar
it
817-8,
and Kluge in
Paul's Grundriss
pp. 843-4.
was a voiced spirant. After And when geminated n (=) it was an explosive. ex(written eg) it was also a voiced guttural or palatal plosive according as it was originally followed by a guttural
Medially between vowels
or palatal vowel.
During the OE. period final g became h vowels and r, 1, Sievers 214.
1
.
Initial
g before consonants.
:
It
has disappeared before n neeg to gnatv, nat gnat. It has remained before r: gesl gristle, gree grey, grin
green,
cast,
dlas glass, dlium gloom, dlue(r) (ME. gloren, Swed. glora) to stare, dlumpi sidky, morose.
IOO
2.
THE CONSONANTS.
Initially before vowels.
it
[ 315.
as in
lit.
to gape,
geet gate,
young female
%vater channel,
yeast,
juek
3.
yolk.
When
g or
its
become
final in the
W.
dial.
seg has
eal
mean main,
neel nail, peal pail, sleen But we have sed see 65.
sail.
See 84.
ig has
beeome
stil, sti
But we have
saitS
sail
from
sigj?e
from sigelian to drain tltrough a sieve, ig cannot have become 1 at a very scythe,
early period in the North, otherwise it would have become ai like old i. Cp. also Easther, A Glossary of the Dialect of
sile
and
stigh.
floun floum.
fal fowl,
ug has become a
4.
kal cowl.
When
the
g, eg,
become
final in
W.
dialect.
315.]
a.
THE CONSONANTS.
IOI
g has combined with the preceding vowel along with which it has become a long vowel or a diphthong. seg dea day, mea (emphatic form) may.
:
ag
droe
to
ag
seg
lou low, ou
:
kei
&e?/,
nei to neigh.
eg
wea
sti
ivay,
wei
weigh.
ti to tie.
> >
eg
!g
:
sti
ladder.
boiv.
og
6g biu bough, driu cZrew, iniu briad? /ias thou enough bread?
:
sli sly.
ug
yg
sa sough,
drain
to bow, sa
:
drai dry.
:
eag
(pi.
in) eye.
fll yfo/, li
eog
b.
fli
to fly,
1
to tell
lie.
After
we have
a, i
bele to
galas
After r
we have
a, i
bora
to
borrow,
ri worry. sorrow, bari berry, beri to ^u?*?/, has become in unaccented c. Final ig syllables
bodi
foe??/,
dizi dizzy, evi heavy, moni many, oni cmt/j rudi ruddy. have f in duef dough, duefi cowardly, lit. doughy, d.
We
dwaf dwarf,
Me
an
offended
druga)?)
bakm
a
(OE. beorg
horse.
the collar of
(pi.)
102
e.
THE CONSONANTS.
The W.
to
C 3
5-3 J
7.
dialect has g
drawl, eeg tke_berryjof_ the hawthorn, ig (OE. hyge mind) mood, temper, meeg maw, neeg to gnaw, seeg
dreeg
saiv.
beg bag, big big, great, breg to brag, brig bridge, brigz a trivet, in brewing, to put across a tub to support the hopsieve,
deg
(cp.
Swed. dagga
to
bedew)
to besprinkle ivith
(ME. eggen
ixi.uk
l->
incite,
urge on, eg
fri g
egg,
nig (ME.
fligge, cp.
co ire,
pull the hair of the head, mig midge, og the wool of a sheep ivhich has been shorn for the first time, pig pig, prog ivood collected for the
to lug,
drag)
to
fire
on
the fifth of
to tug, plod,
weg
wag.
f.
The W.
dialect has
dz in
ame(r) sledge-hammer, wedz ivedge. inz hinge, krinz g. Palatal ng has become nz
:
sinz to singe.
h. bai
(OE. bycgan)
to
(OE. secgan)
tion.
(OE. lecgan) to lay, see say are from the forms without gemina-
to buy, lee
h.
316.
OE.
initial
h was an
in
was a spirant
like
h has disappeared
in the
W.
dialect
3 I 7-3 20 -l
THE CONSONANTS.
to
I03
ap (ME. happen)
ivhole,
wrap
ut hot.
loaf.
loup ( O.Icel. hlaupa) to jump, luef (OE. hlaf) nit (OE. hnitu) nit, nut (OE. hnutu) nut.
ri (OE. hring) ring, riuk (OE. hrdc) rook.
wie(r) where, wiet
wheat,
ivhen,
wot
318. b.
Medial and
c,
final
eit eight, eit height, feit to fight, reit right, streit straight,
weit weight.
brit bright,
lihte)
/ze
flit
fowfcgrs
frit fright,
lit
Z/#7^
lits
wright} sit s/</^, slit slight, tit &</A. bout bought, brout brought, doute(r) daughter, out aught, out ought, nout naught, rout wrought, sout sought, tout
ei
but
efe(r)
(OE. heahfore)
but
Phonology,
814,
soe Ae
satv,
thigh.
fere (OE. furh, ME. furh, furwe) furrow, ole (OE. holh, ME. holwe) hollow.
319.
c.
h has become
f in
Beside
sio:,
J?riu
<i.
(OE. J>urh)
we have
:
also
J>rif
through.
320.
hs has become ks
nekst
tteatf,
oks
o.s,
siks
woks
to gf^ow.
104
THE CONSONANTS.
321-325.
There therefore treated along with the other consonants. only remain to be added a few examples of k, g, s, ts, dz.
k.
322.
k has remained
coillir) to rake,
koese (0. Norm. Fr. causie) causeivay, keed card, kees case, keisn (lit. occasion) need, necessity, kontreeri contrary,
kreek
to creak.
skoud
to sccdd, skeelit
kwaleti quality, kwari stone quarry, kwaiet quiet, kweet quart, keekes body, carcase, blewkit blanket, blerck
blank, ik ink, rer>k rank,
lilac,
pi.
beak, leelek
fact,
paik
but
faks.
tl
trietl
The change of initial kl to tl is quite regular in native English words also ( 312, ), but trietl is the only example I know where medial or rather final kl has become tl.
1
324.
kw
has become tw in
literary
word
originally, but I
offer
a satisfactory explanation of the exact relation in which they stand to each other.
1
ciu,*
326-329.]
THE CONSONANTS.
105
in the corner of the eye (see Florio, s.v. cispa a kind of waterish matter in sore eyes, called of some Gowl. Or it is
cispi waterish or
gowly
eyes),
left
hand,
used in the
game
of lits
en gets
77),
grant grant,
a.
regularly have s in cases where the lit. language has this sound fesn fashion, pesn passion, redis radish.
327.
We
finis finish,
d*.
dz has generally remained in words where the In the W. dial, dz also occurs lit. language has this sound. after n dzais joist, dzeles jealous, dzeli jelly, dzoul to
328.
:
dzoem
a door or
dzoenes jaundice, eedz age, damidz damage, fuedz forge, indzoi to enjoy, lenwidz language, pidzn
chimney
piece,
dz has become d in: Doed George, Dued Joe, Duez, Duezi Joshua, doi joy, darling, a pet word applied to This last word gives a clue to the explanation of children.
329.
106
THE CONSONANTS.
[ 3 2 9,
33.
the change, which is no doubt due to the imperfect pronunciation of children being imitated by grown-up persons.
originally
still is,
and then
after-
grown-up persons.
ts.
regularly have ts in the same words in which the literary language has it: tsapl chapel, tseedz
330.
We
tse9me(r) chamber, tsari cherry, tsimli chimney, tsois choice, tsons chance, tsont chant.
to charge,
ACCIDENCE.
CHAPTER
NOUNS.
VII.
Plurals in -z,
331.
-z, -s.
Nouns ending
las
;
in
s, s, z,
add ez
to form the
plural,
as
lass
lasez,
fees
face
feesez,
but
;
as
nuez
edz hedge
edzez,
dzudz
judge dzudzez.
332.
Nouns ending
z,
in a
:
other than
add
z,
as
day
But nouns
ending in -nd,
(-r) lose
the -d,
(-r)
Nouns ending
s,
than
diej?s,
s,
add
kap
maj?
mouth
waf wharf
108
NOUNS.
333-337-
But nouns ending in f preceded by a vowel or diphthong (except ui) which was long in OE., and nouns originally ending in -If change the f into v and add z in the plural, as
luef loaf luevz, naif knife naivz, koef calf koevz.
2.
Plurals in -n.
334. There are only three nouns which have -n in the plural I eye in, oks ox oksn, su shoe suin.
:
3.
Plural in
335.
-r.
of this class
is
tsilde(r)
children.
is
banz, and
4.
use ban, the plural of which in more general use than tsilde(r).
we
These are
mais,
tuij? tooth
tij?,
wumen
5.
Singular and Plural alike. 337. as ash, ashes, Us fish, fishes, sip sheep.
Nouns expressing time, space, weight, measure, and number, when preceded by a cardinal numeral, as iz net
bin sin fe ten
its
jie(r) he
jiez
sin
we
sin
similarly with
munj> month, wik week. Koevle three miles from Calverley, but mailz
there,
J>re
J>re tSie(r)
miles
from
lit.
and similarly
ten
pund
9 meit ten
tSe
pounds
of meat, cp.
Engl, a ten-pound
note, but
we punz
ont weested
pounds of it wasted, and similarly with ans tu ounce, stuen stone, unded weit hundred weight, etc. kweet et best two quarts of the best {ale), siks gain six
there %vere
but skuez on
em
338.339-1
6.
NOUNS.
109
Miscellaneous.
338.
Some nouns
a
mode in
spinning, lits lungs of animals, loks small pieces of wool which have been detached from the fleece, mezlz measles,
noilz the short hairs taken out of the wool by the
combing
vjood),
now
scissors,
of marriage, tenz tongs, truzaz trousers. Others have a different meaning in the singular and the plural, as brig
bridge
pi.
brigs bridges,
trivet to
put
across
a tub
to
support the hop-sieve, green grain greenz malt which has been used in brewing beer, grund ground grunz sediment.
Nouns with double plural endings are them in belasaz bellows, galesaz braces,
:
rare,
but
we have
stepsez steps.
is
generally used, as a
beasts)
moni now ?
bias eje
na?
hoiv
many
coivs
(lit.
have you
poridz porridge, always, and broj? broth, frequently, require the plural form of the verb as Sem poridz worent
ez guid ez
cSa
out ta
to
have been.
The sign of the genitive both singular and plural is generally omitted when one noun qualifies another the two nouns thus forming a kind of compound, as "Semz
339.
mi mi
boots
s,
father's boots, but tbuits e tlad faSez the boots of the boy's
IIO
father,
NOUNS.
[339.
s
8em banz
mother.
not followed by another noun, the gen. singular and plural have the same form as the nom.
the genitive
When
The only exceptions are that nouns which end in -vz in the plural have -fs in the gen. singular, waifs tuife's, and the two umlaut-plurals men, wimin have sing, manz,
plural.
wumenz,
CHAPTER
VIII.
ADJECTIVES.
1.
The
Articles.
340.
lit.
The
indefinite article e a,
en an,
differs
from
Engl, in so far that e may be used before both vowels and consonants. It is equally right to say av etn e or en apl / have eaten an apple. In nidiet idiot and noreisn
:
the
inclef.
els
noreisn?
what
is
the
meaning
of this
oration)
:
Engl, newt for ewt. Observe the phrase steet I was in such (an) a state.
341.
The
tman
the
man,
tguid enz take the good ones, tloed e tmane(r) the lord of the manor, a duent noe wot tman did wit / don't know
with
it,
/ know
with
When
t or d,
the
the only trace of the article is that t and d become suspended or popularly expressed lengthened. We make a
clear distinction
between teebl
table
and
the gloom.
I 1
ADJECTIVES.
[ 341, 342.
eit'
however always use tSe before loed when it means God, as <Sez nuebdi bad cSe loed en mi, noez wot iv ed te baid there is nobody but the Lord and myself, know what I
have had
to suffer.
We
So (never
t) is
:
ue
ivho,
such expressions as ue 8e divl did (Sat ? who the devil did that ? wot $e enment duz e wont ? what the
wot
ivhat, in
hangment
wit
i"
does he
want
what
tSo
eminent
it.
did
don't Jcnoiv
the
Note.
in the use of t
and
tJa in
wrote to Mr. Bradley, the Joint Editor of the New English Dictionary, who is thoroughly conversant with the Sheffield dialect and from his kind communication I learn that the
distinction in the Sheffield dialect
is practically the same as in my own. I venture to quote the following extract from his letter, which will be found interesting and instructive. 't' lord o' t' manor (decidedly). When " Lord " means God, the association of liturgical and Bible reading
But I have, generally cause the full pronunciation (fia) to be used. though rarely, heard t' Lord, in rather off-hand, irreverent speech and "Lord knows" without any article at all is common enough. don't
;
did wi'
it
(certainly
A
not
"Ba
What
"Ka,
(always
the hangment, What the devil, What the plague, etc. never t or omitted). know who t' man wor (certainly
2.
Comparison of Adjectives.
The comparative is formed by adding -e(r) and the superlative by adding -ist to the positive. This rule also holds good for familiar adjectives of two or more But unfamiliar adjectives of more than one syllables.
342.
jun young,
uelsm-e(r),
jur>e(r),
jumst or
;
uelsm
wholesome,
uelsm-ist
biutifl
343,344-1
343.
ADJECTIVES
III
larly as in
Engl.
f
bad bad
il ill
wa9;r)
betefr)
wast
guid good
lat late
litl little
moni many
mits
much
nio(r) near
Note.
The use of vari before adjectives is the same as in lit. Engl. vari guid very good. But instead of using vari we sometimes repeat the adjective with ez as guid ez guid very good, dak ez dak very dark.
: :
114
ADJECTIVES
345-349-]
ADJECTIVES.
I 1
sixth, tivelfth,
tions
made
those ending in -nth are new formaafter the analogy of such forms as fourth, OE.
and
all
feowercSa.
346.
first
begin the game. The boy who calls out fori has turn. The order is fori first, seki second, bgdi
toa
is
alabaster
it is
used for a marble of any kind. When made of marble or called a wait ali, if streaked with red veins a bluid ali
;
when made
made
of
when
347.
Fractional numerals:
kweate(r) quarter, 9
peat at 9 fouo(r) a fourth, 9 bd or wun pe9t at 9 bri a third, and similarly tu J?dz or tu peots at 9 bri
fouet or
tivo thirds,
wun
pund
Multiplicatives
twice,
]?ri
349. d.
Numerals
ler
in composition
(or) three,
a few, as
om
ev 9
tu]?ri let
CHAPTER
PRONOUNS.
IX.
1.
Personal.
350.
First Person.
Singular.
Norn. ai
Obj.
;
Plural.
wi, (wi,
(a, i)
we)
ml. (me)
uz, (ez, s)
Second Person.
Nom.
Obj.
ji, (ji,
J s '(j9 )
je)
o%(oe)
35.
PRONOUNS.
in parentheses.
I 1
They
;
are far
more
is
older than
a,
it
became
ai,
whereas a
is
the
weak form
wol
until,
wa
of
the
Examples of the first person are muni gue wi je ? must I go ivith you ? sali et temoen? shall I have it to-morrow? if id nobed e bit 9 bras, a wodnt (or ad net) diu sits wak if I had only a little brass
(noun) while, wai.
(money), I ivould not do such work, al kum on si je, wen i ger e bit e taim / will come and see you, ivhen I get a bit
of time, as e
i
dun ina /
tloin
feiu, tSe
em me a
me
it ?
(that)
thou wast
the hill,
here,
til
sud wa len im
should we lend
him
wol wa
kum
im
ask him, se J>enkt ez fa tpeanz wid tean wit she thanked us for the pains we had taken with it. The
let
us or
me
z in the strong
form uz
is
never voiceless as
it
is
in
lit.
only used when it is attached enclitically to a preceding voiceless consonant. The strong form ta and the weak forms ta, ta can only be used interrogatively and in subordinate sentences, as
Engl.
s is
met?
wilt thou
lend
me
it ?
wies te
kum
J?riu ?
(lit.
come
through) ivhere do you come from ? kan te diut bi <5isen ? canst thou do it by thyself? wen tet redi wil send Set ichen
ivill
send thee
it.
as or asl gi
t5e
(e)
a halfpenny if thou oepni if te elps helpest me, Sat nuen se wil es te wo[r) thou art not so well
shall give thee
me, /
l8
PEONOUNS.
[35.
as thou wast, Sal (never tal or tel) find im et iz wak thou At first sight one might be wilt find him at his work. inclined to assume that the forms ta, te have arisen from
assimilation with verbal forms ending in
396) durst art, out (394) oughtest, dest (frequently des 390) but these are the three solitary instances in which the
-t, e.
g. at (
second person singular ends in -t where assimilation could take place. See the personal endings ( 385). It is far more
from their unaccented probable that the forms have arisen If this is right then the def. art. position in the sentence.
t
has a similar origin. However the t of the article arose, I certainly do not believe that it is a clipped form of Sat
that,
regularly used as a demonstrative ( 354), but the latter are never as a rel. pronoun or conjunction
which
is
wi ma expressed by et ( 356, 401). am ban to tak tSe / am going to take thee ivith me. ji or jo sed ot im it rew
you said
ivhat did
that
am
you say
to
him ? wil
will
jol
you pick up those e to diu bat na wol setedo you have eaten
sam mo tSem tluoz up ? clothes for me? jov etn ool tmeit suo
je
all the
meat
ji)
so
you
si mi fa<Se(r), as im to kum uom if you see my father, ask him to come home, wi soo jo i tmiln ive saw you in the mill.
The old objective form of the second person plural has entirely died out cp. on the other hand the disappearance
;
in
Modern English of the old nom. ye except in liturgical The pronoun of the and the higher literary language.
second person singular not so general now as
is
it
still
it is
was twenty years ago. When I was a lad the following was the rule tSa was used in every case except that ji was used (1) in addressing strangers,
:
grown-up people, or as a mark of respect to masters and old people; (2) children in addressing their
especially
35-]
PRONOUNS,
;
II9
other's acquaintance
ji
parents
(3)
people
after they
in speaking
to each other.
The masc. of the third person singular is the only pronoun which has not at least two forms for the obj. case, im is no doubt used as a weak form so as to prevent confusion with
the obj. case of the plural,
word.
English Grammar ( 1068) gives the following explanation for the lit. Engl, form she the old demonstrative seo became shd through
difficulties.
Dr.
Sweet in
his
New
intermediate stage seo(sjoo), then shd became contaminated with the old personal pronoun heo, which gave rise to the form sheo which would regularly become she in
the
This explanation may or may not be right for the lit. language, but a form sheo could not possibly become su, but only si in the W. dial, as also in the other
dialects
Ellis,
Mod. English.
cp.
EEPr.
On
taining
u from
lit.
language. On the various origins of W. u see 40. the present the form su she still remains a riddle.
For
The
strong form o*em is from OE. Seem (Sam), the dat. plural of the demonstrative pronoun se, seo, Sset, whereas the weak
forms em,
are from
dat.
plural of the
personal pronoun he, hec, hit. Examples of the third person are:
iz
ied
it
wen
120
PRONOUNS.
[35.
wer et jar as he heard it when he was at your house, tiznt main it is not mine, eze funt ? has he found it ? gimet give me it, estet ? hast thou it 1 wots e dun wit? what has he done
with
a bad temper, su or se olas wesaz a tmunda she ahvays washes (the clothes) on the
it ?
suz in a
mad
ig she is in
esa or es sa sarad tpigz ? has she served the pigs ? se kumz stop until she comes, Sed or Sad a gin ma
ten silin fot they would have given me ten shillings for it, wil Se sum bi ia(r) ? will they soon be here ? t5el suin bi iar if
Sa
kum
reit
uam
jam /
will
sell
je diu
bat
am ? can you do
without them ?
hardly possible to give a very clearly denned and accurate rule for the use of the weak nominative forms
It is
:
a,
i,
wi
ji
Su
;
Se beside
;
we
je
se
Se.
The former
and the
i
set is
latter in interrogative
I and
making
the other pairs are, and when the one form and when the other is used, seems to depend upon sentence rhythm.
The
al
persons
is
wes me na I will wash myself now, am dzust ban me / am just going to dress myself, i lead im dan
he lay doivn in the field,
set tketl
don
tf lid
kum
fored lad en
sit
Se dan an al
will set
sit (thee)
down and I
lit.
tea).
We
i.
Engl,
the nom.
its
mi,
J>i,
e(r),
im, uz,
ji,
Sem,
it is
i
Semz em
et
him, us, you, them. want those are the ones that I ivant.
me,
thee, her,
Note
350-35 2 .]
2.
PRONOUNS.
121
When
went
the verb refers to different persons, as im on mi he and I went, Bil en imz guen dan trued Bill and
we
we and
3.
the subject of the principal sentence is separated from the predicate by a subordinate sentence, as im
:
When
did Sat out te en he who did that ought to be hanged, uz ets dun se mits for im me gue te d'ogz fer out i keez we
et
so
go
to the
dogs for
2.
Possessive.
351. a.
fcai, (tSi)
Conjoint
mai, (mi)
my
iz, is
ae(r), (we(r))
our
your
his
her,
oee 'r), (oe(r)) their. The weak forms are in parentheses. As in the personal pronouns so also here the weak forms are far more fre-
quently used than the strong ones, mi, "Si, cSe(r) are from the Middle English weak forms mi, tSi, oer, and not Modern
weakenings of the strong forms otherwise we should have had ma, oa for our mi, <Si, see 350. we(r) has been
;
formed from we
je(r)
:
:
we
we(r).
consonants and
house, iz
is before voiceless
iz mucSe(r) his
it
mother,
is
koit his
the
child's)
b.
it
ied
waks
head aches.
352.
Absolute
its,
main mine,
122
353.
353-1
PRONOUNS.
123
Such a variety of forms must be quite modern, and is probably due to importation from neighbouring dialects. The -sen-forms are far more common than either of the
other two.
EEPr.
v. pp.
the following forms -sen at Bradford, Leeds, Dewsbury, Rotherham, Sheffield, Wakefield. In this division of dialects no -self-forms seem
to be
known.
-sel, -seln,
and -senEEPr.
all
and comparative
dialect specimens
results, -sel is the
v,
and South Ainsty, where we find -sen. The North North Midland, West North Midland, and South North Midland dialects have only -sel. The Border Midland
shire)
which embrace the county of Lincolnshire, have only the -sen-form. The -sen-form does not seem to occur south of Lincolnshire, -self is regularly found without
dialects,
exception in
dialects
all the
Eastern dialects.
except at
have
-self, -zelf,
N.E. of Hereford) we find -sel and in Western Dorset -zel. The North Border Southern, Mid Border Southern, and
South Border Southern dialects have only -self. In the East Southern dialects, which embrace almost the whole
of Kent, with East Sussex, examples are
-saaf, pi. -saavz occurs at
Faversham (eight miles W.N.W. of Canterbury). The Northern West Southern dialects In the Southern West Southern diaregularly have -zel. For the lects all three forms, -sel, -zel, and -self, occur.
Western West Southern
dialects
24
PRONOUNS.
dialects
[ 353, 354-
seem to have
-self,
but more
certain, as only
one example
Docklow
miles E. S. E. of Leominster). For the North Western dialects there is only one example given in Ellis, viz. -sel
for
Pulverbach (seven miles S.W. of Shrewsbury). wesen, etc. have been formed from the weak possessive
is itself
There
no difference in meaning or usage between wesen and wesenz, Sesen and desenz. jesen is used for the sing, and
plural yourself, yourselves, but jesenz yourselves has always
a plural meaning.
seem
4.
Demonstrative.
Sat that
354.
Sing.
'Sis
this
Sem
those
and Siez are often followed by ie(r) here, and Sat, Sem by Sie(r), there, as Sis ier as wonts e lot e tlienin this house wants a lot of cleaning, dus te laik Siez ie(r)? dost
thou like these? a kant
meat,
i
ga me Sat Sie koit he gave me that coat, Sem Sier aplz kost tupms those apples cost twopence, Semz vari guid bed Siez ez or e bete(r) those are very good but these are
better.
Sem
is
the only
word used
for those, a
355, 356.]
PRONOUNS.
25
5.
Interrogative.
355.
Neut.
who
uem whom is never used in the W. dialect. we have also wor, on which see 290.
6.
Relative.
pronoun is expressed either by et for all genders and numbers, or by ue for the masc. and et is invariably used when the fern., wot for the neuter,
relative
356.
The
antecedent
wot.
is
:
Thus
et
i
expressed in other cases we always use ue, im et sed suez rer> he ivho said so is wrong,
;
tman
et
i
man whom I
gav e pund e aplz tul ez etn em oel the lass to whom I gave a pound of apples has eaten them all, tkoilz et te
bout dan
down
guid the coals ivhich thou boughtest in Windhill are very good, did je si tSem et did it ?
i
Windil
e vari
did you see those who did it ? cSem men et te so(e) i trued wer on trant those men ivhom thou sawest in the road were
on
the spree.
/ know who has done it, we no(e) uez it iz we know whose it is, a noe wot te sez I knoiv what thou say est, a ken or kr> ges ue tSaz bin wi I can guess with whom thou hast been, a duent beliv wot e sez I don't
a no(e) uez dunt
believe ivhat he says
;
wed
(et) i sez
/ don't
The
believe
a word
often omitted
tman
soe the
man
(which) he bought.
126
et is of
PRONOUNS.
[ 356, 357.
Norse origin and was originally only used as a conjunction with the meaning of that. But already in Old Icelandic it came to be used both as a relative pronoun and
conjunction just as
it still is
in the
W.
dialect: a 110(0) et
im
tgeot
See Noreen,
40a.
et oc-
pronoun in the Northern English dialects so The early as the thirteenth century, see J. A. H. Murray, Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland, p. 194.
curs as a
rel.
It
may
is
never used in
pronoun or as a conjunction.
7.
Indefinite.
357.
sum
some,
(lit.
someivhat) some-
thing, anything.
out aught, nout naught, nought. inif, pi. iniu enough: gim(e) e feu, nee
t5az
ed iniu give
me
afeiv,
you
enough bread?
feu few, ivri every, oel
other.
oetSe(r)
els else,
sits
such,
uoe(r)
(OE. awSer)
either, noecSe(r)
Cp. 123 and see Sievers, OE. Grammar, 346, 348. oni (OE. senig) any, onibodi anybody, moni (OE. monig, manig) many. The o in oni is due to the influence of the o
in
moni.
gible to
je oni
The following question would be quite unintellianyone but a North countryman ez or ez oni on
:
on je ? inquired a man of a company of persons, after asking two or three of them individually for a match, lit. has any on you any on you ? i. e. has any of you got one?
tuen
(lit.
the one)
357-1
PRONOUNS.
27
one of you has done it. Strong form wun (nom.), weak form en (obj.) one, pi. enz ones, wun enutSe(r) one another,
weak form ne no, nuebdi nobody nuen none has no weak form, nuen is often used in the place of net am nuen ban / am not going, Sat nuen tfuil et te liuks you
nue,
; :
to be.
whoever, wotive(r) or
tsiuz-wot
(lit.
choose-
what) whatever.
CHAPTER
VERBS.
358.
X.
into
Strong and
terite
Weak according
two great
classes
and past participle. Besides these two great classes of strong and weak verbs, there are a few others which
will be
treated
under
the
general
heading
of
Minor
Groups.
by means In order to facilitate the use of the book for of ablaut. philologists I have sub-divided them into seven classes and have adopted the order given in Sievers' Old English
359.
their preterite
Grammar,
382-97.
great many verbs which were strong in OE. are now weak in the dialect on the other hand a few, which were
;
become strong.
The
lists
contain
all
the strong verbs in general use. When two forms of the preterite and past participle are in existence, the less usual
one
is
enclosed
in
brackets.
Some
verbs,
which now
usually have a
weak
mourned.
is
There
the
preterite
Engl.
359-361.]
VERBS.
129
the past participle of all classes have, as a rule, been reguBut larly developed from their corresponding OE. forms. the preterite of some classes, second, are new formations
pret. of the fourth
e.
g.
first
and
made
360. The preterite and the past participle of weak verbs end in -ed, -d, -t. See 380-3. Many verbs, originally
weak, have both a strong and a weak past participle. See 380-3.
Strong Verbs.
361.
Injin.
OE.
W.
ai
aid hide
baid endure
bait bite
daiv dive
dlaid glide draiv drive
kontraiv contrive
raid ride
rait ivrite
raiv tear
raiz rise
slaid slide
Pret. Sg.
Tret. PI.
364-367.]
Engl., the
VERBS.
131
(u
lit.
= v)
from O. Fr.
in the
become kontraiv
W.
365.
Infin.
132
4.
VERBS.
367.
stem vowel was followed by two consonants other than a nasal, 1, r, or h + a consonant. Sievers,
the
When
OE. Gr.
1.
The same
and
4.
with the
7,
3<>J
134
of Norse origin, e.g.
VERBS.
[3 68
Icel.
drukkenn), sukn (0. Icel. sokkenn), and that the remaining k- verbs may have followed the analogy of these. This is a point well
drukw
(0.
worth investigating, but of the five verbs ending in -r>k in the present and preterite, Ellis has unfortunately only the pp. of drink, and I have accordingly read through all his
Word -lists, Dialect tests, and Comparative Specimens to see how far the form without medial k> in the pp. extends. The following is the result The medial is retained in
:
all
Western, and Southern dialects, with the exception of South Devon (Ellis, p. 163), which is probably a mistake on the part of Dr. Ellis' informant.
the Eastern, All the Border Midland, Southern, North Midland, Western
(pp.
334 and 351). In the Eastern North Midland division to which my own dialect belongs the form without medial is found at Huddersfield, Halifax, Dewsbury which have
drufen, at Keighley, Bradford, Leeds, Rotherham, Elland, and Calverley where the nasal has disappeared before the following k but medial k> occurs at Barnsley, Sheffield, and
;
S.
W.
of Huddersfield).
In the East
Northern division, Mid Yorkshire, North Mid Yorkshire, New Malton, Lower Nidderdale, Washam River district, South Cleveland, North East Coast, Danby and Skelton in Cleveland, and Whitby, all have the form without medial
k>,
but Market Weighton, Holderness, Malton, Pickering, and The Moors, Sutton and Goole retain the medial
guttural nasal. All the West Northern dialects for which there are a great number of examples in Ellis lose the
368,
369J
VERBS.
*35
except at Upper Swaledale. The same is also the case for the North Northern dialects, except that at Newcastle-on-Tyne the medial e> seems to exist (Ellis, p. 647).
medial
dialect districts in
Scotland only forms without medial are registered. It is however important to note that Dr. Murray, The Dialect
of the Southern Counties of Scotland, has pp.
drunk beside
drukken, and only slunk, stunk, sunk, schrunk (serynkit). This would certainly seem to favour the idea that our
drukn
is
of Norse origin,
verbs have been formed after the analogy of it. In feet fought the vowel of the singular seems to have
been carried over to the plural at an early period. The The short o in the latter form then became generalized.
pp.
is
On
quite regular ( 100). the forms brust, brast, brusn see Sweet,
NE.
Gr.
1354,
and on
cit.
J>rust
(ME.
see loc.
1348.
i.3&
370.
VERBS.
[370-372.
To
kum
(OE. cuman)
come,
kom
(kam),
kum
(kumd).
371. wie(r)
weak
verb,
bio(r), sie(r).
Similarly swie(r) (OE. swerian, pret. sing, passed over from the sixth class into this.
swor) has
The ee
in the preterite
is
due to
levelling.
The vowel of
the pret. singular of strong verbs was often extended to the plural already in ME. Then this a being in an open
syllable
out into the singular so that the preterites with ee in this and the fifth class are really generalized plural stem-forms.
The old
pret. pi.
form with
the dialect, 130. form. The same is also the case with the a in the pret. of verbs of Class V.
would have become 1 in On the other hand, brak is the old sing,
se (e)
372, 373-]
i.
VEEBS.
137
spreid was
sprsedde).
a weak verb in OE. (sprgedan, pret. The pp. of this sub-division have been formed
The
after
pi.
pret.
the
analogy of weiv, etc. The OE. form sing, would have become # lt ( 130).
4.
seton
Instead of gin I have very often heard gen, which no doubt due to the influence of etn, getn.
373.
is
138
VERBS.
373-376.
Gr. 1370, the lit. form dug does not occur until towards the end of the Early Modern English period (1 500-1 650). The pp. dugn is also sometimes heard.
3.
was
originally a
weak
verb.
The
pp. stuk
may owe
To
its
NE.
Gr. 1376.
374.
(OE. seon)
see,
pret.
so9
= Old
North, gesen.
375.
Infln.
377-38
140
VERBS.
[380,381.
Paragraphs 381-3 contain a fairly complete list of verbs which either differ from literary English in the preterite and past participle, or are interesting from other
points of view. When the pret. or pp. has two forms, the less usual one is enclosed in brackets.
Class
381.
I.
The
preterite
and past
the present ends in -t or -d. But a few verbs with short stem-vowels, whose present ends in -t, have the same form in the pret. and past participle and a few -ed
;
when
others with a long stem vowel in the present have a short vowel in the pret. and pp.
Infill*
Pret
P.P.
bended (bent)
belt (bilded)
bend bend
blld build
blld bleed
bended (bent)
belt (bilded)
bluid bleed
brid breed
et
brided (bred)
et (tod)
brided (bred)
et (etn) f Ided (fedn)
hurt
fid feed
f Ided (fed)
grund grind
kest cast
lied lead
grunded
kest (kested) lieded (led)
grunded
kested (kesn) lieded (ledn)
melt melt
melted
melted
od hold
send send
skrat scratch
oded
(eld)
sended
skrated
(sent)
spend spend
suit shoot
spended (spent)
suited
spended (spent)
suited (sotn)
kost
cost
kost (kosted)
kost (kosted)
kut cut
kut
kut (kutn)
381,382.]
142
Infln.
VERBS.
Pre.
[382.
P.P.
ben burn
briu brew
dial deal
bend
briud
dield (delt)
bend
briud (briun)
dield (delt)
driem dream
er>
hang
heiv
eu
driemd (dremt)
er>d
eud (eun)
fild (felt)
til feel
ie(r)
Aear
ied
ied
leed
leind
len ZewcZ
lien learn
liev Zeave
lig lie
lend
liend
lievd (left)
ligd
loizd (lost)
lend
liend
lievd (left)
ligd
loizd (lost)
down
loiz fose
mien mean
nil &^ee
miend (ment)
nild (nelt) rind
miend (ment)
nild (nelt)
riu
me
see say
sel seZ
sed
seld
seu sew
siez seise
seud
siezd (seez)
seud (seun)
siezd
smel
srtiell
smeld
speld
spild
smeld
speld
spild
spel spe^
Spil 8%
spoil spoil
spoild
spoild
streu s^rew
streud
streud (streun)
swel sweW
seev shave
sweld
seevd
sweld
seevd
seud
sud
teld
3^2, 383.]
VERBS.
Pret.
tluetSd
143
Infin.
tluecS clothe
P.P.
tluetSd
tseu chew
tseud
wok
gue go
bai
went
bout
delt, felt, left, lost,
guen
bout
buy
ment, nelt, and in Class III krept, slept, swept, are the literary forms which are now very commonly used among the younger people.
The forms
regularly use lee, leed, leed (lean) in speaking of a hen, pigeon, etc. but in other cases lee and lig are equally used transitively or intransitively without any distinction
;
We
bed wol brekfes(t) taim / will lie in bed until breakfast time, al lig me dan 1 will lie (me) clown, al lig it e tflue(r) / will lay it on the floor, Se leed
in
meaning
al lig
or ligd
too late
wol
tSe
we
te lat fe
(Se
wak
for their work, wi ligd or leed ez dan we lay clown, Sev leed (ligd or leen) oel tbleem a mi they laid all the
blame on me.
Class
383.
t
III.
The
preterite
and past
when
t.
the
than
Infin.
Pret.
P.P.
elpt
elp help
elpt
kats catch
katst
katst
krip creep
kript (krept)
kus
kiss
kust
reikt
slipt (slept)
kust (kusn)
reikt
slipt (slept)
reik reach
slip sleep
swip sweep
swipt (swept)
swipt swept
144
384-386.]
Infinitive
VEEBS.
H5
no special ending just
as
The
infinitive has
in
lit.
Engl.
Paradigms.
146
VEEBS.
387.
CO
w CO
H
00 CO
388,389.]
VERBS.
147
C.
a.
Minor Groups.
Preterite-Presents.
it
has been thought advisable I have added the affirmative and interrogative forms with
On
by
1.
strong form kan, weak forms ken, ko. Pret. strong form kud, weak ked. The weak form k is mostly used in combination with the personal pronouns.
389. Pres.
Affirmatively.
Present.
Sing.
ai, a, i
Plur.
or
kan
"
wi,
ji,
we
kan or k
5! 5J
oa, ta, te
'
je
tfe, tS
su, se
i
)
oee,
5)
'1
Pret.
ai, a, i
kud
,,
or
ked
,,
wi,
ji,
we kud
,,
or
ked
.,
oa, ta, te
je
"See, Se,
Se
su, se
,,
Pret.
ai, a, i
kanet or kant
etc.
kudnt or kednet
etc.
l 2
148
VERBS.
[3 8 9, 390.
Interrogatively.
Present.
Sing.
Plur.
kan
ai, a, i ?
kan
wi,
ji,
we ?
Sa, ta, te ?
1, Q? l39r
je ?
"
ee,e,eP
su, se ?
Pret.
kud
ai, a, i
kud
wi,
etc.
we ?
etc.
Pres
Pret.
ai, a, i ?
kanet or kant
etc.
kudnt
ai, a, i ?
etc.
infin.
and past
part.,
unless, as is more probable, the use of kud, ked, in such cases, is due to the contamination of two constructions, as a
ius te
if id
7"
i"
icsed to be able to
do
it
it,
ad e dunt
if
I had been
able.
2.
dare.
This verb presents no special peculiarities. I shall therefore only give the first person singular of each tense in The final t regularly disappears in the pret. before use.
390.
weak form de only occurs in the the following negative. phrase a de see / dare say.
Present.
ai, a, i
ai, a, i
Pret.
ai, a, i ai. a,
i,
dae(r)
dest
darent
desnt
daer
ai, i P
ai, i ?
dest
ai, i ?
ai, i ?
darent
dlsnt
391.1
VERBS.
149
3.
shall.
sal,
391.
weak
si, s.
Pret. strong
Affirmatively.
Present.
Sing.
aij
a sal
,
aisl,
asl
ais,
tSa
as
sal
tSasl
Sas
1
/
,
sal
Isl
is
i
\
sesl
i
See,
tSe, (Se
sal
su, se sal
stisl,
Pret.
ai, a, i
sud or sed
!
wl,
we sud
west
or sed
aist, ast
t5a, ta,
wist,
ji,
te
sud or sed
i
je
sud or sed
tSast
1,
jist,
jest
sud or sed
|
J
1st
sud or sed
su, se
sud or sed
sust. sest
*5o
VERBS.
[39L
Sing.
ai,
ai,
Plur.
.
a saint
a sant
/
1
wi,
we
sant
aisl, asl
net
wisl,
wesl net
ais,
as net
'
wis,
ji,
wes net
net
Sa saint or sant
Sasl, Sas net
1 1
je saint or sant
jisl, jesl
jis,
jes net
saint, sant
isl, is
net
JJ
slnet
susl, sesl
net
(Sees, Ses,
Ses net
Pret.
ai,
a sudnt
-\
wi, wi,
ai,
wist,
etc.
Interrogatively.
Present.
sal ai, a,
55
sal wi,
5,
we
Sa, ta, te ?
1,
ji,j?
See, Se, Se ?
e?
55
.} su, se ?
Pret.
sud
ai, a, i
sud wi,
5,
we ?
Sa, ta, te ?
55
ji,je?
See, Se, Se ?
1,
e?
su, se ?
39 J 392.]
,
VEEBS.
Interrogatively with not.
151
Pres.
saint, sant ai, a,
etc.
i
Pret.
?
sudnt
ai, a,
etc.
There
forms
s,
is
no and
difference in
si,
st
sed,
meaning between the weak but only in usage. The former are
never used except in combination with the personal pronouns, as aset bi te-moon I shall have it by to-morrow,
8est e
guen
if t5ed
been able,
tmen
they should have gone if they had si (never s) et the men shall have it, Si fa$e
kud
sed gim(e) e feu thy father should give me a few. But the difference in use between s and si, st and sed in combination with pronouns seems to be due to sentence rhythm.
4.
must.
392.
To express
sity dependent
upon
men which
wak duin bi te-nit / must get my work done by to-night, je men tel im wen e kumz et as bi bak ina you must tell him vohen he comes that I shall be back presently, mun i
gue wi je
?
mun, men is sometimes used to express may, can, as tSa men J?ir>k wot te laiks bed tSal e te diut you may think what you like but you will have to do it, mun tSe stop ? may mean either must they stop? or may they stop? The weak form med ( 393), which generally means
might,
is
mun,
as su sed
tSe
med
diu bat out she said they must either eat that or do without anything.
oetSer eit tSat e
mun
is
of
Norse
mono,
later
munu
152
shall, will, pres. sing,
VEEBS.
[392,393.
munum,
pret.
mon, later mun, pi. monom, later munda. The verb presents no peculiarities,
is
given here.
Plur.
Sing.
ai, a, i
mun
or
men
or
wi,
we mun
or
men
muent
wi,
,j
munet
or
muent
ai, a, i ?
munet
or
mun
1.
ai, a, i ?
mun
wi,
we ?
muent
munet
muent
munet
or
we ?
it
For must we use must, which has no weak form, when implies a logical or natural necessity, as tSa must bi e
Jnwks im ban te diut you must be (surely you are) a fool if you think I am going to do it, tSem et sed tSat must bi rer) i <Ser ied those who said that must be wrong in their
fuil if te
In these and similar cases mun, men is never used. Cp. Se must kum <5is wee = Lowland Scotch thay byd cum thys way with Se men kum <5is wee = Lowland Scotch thay
heads.
mcen cum
the former implying that there is no other road, the latter that they are under personal restraint
this
way
On
Dialect of
the
may.
weak me. Preterite mud is a new formation strong form mud, weak med. made after the analogy of sud should, kud could.
393.
Affirmatively.
Present.
Sing.
ai, a, i
Plur.
or
mee
etc.
me
wi,
we mee
etc.
or
me
393, 394.]
VERBS.
Pret.
53
Sing.
ai, a, i
Plur.
or
mud
etc.
med
wi,
we mud
etc.
or
med
Pret.
meent
154
VEEBS.
[395-
b. have.
weak
v, e.
Pret. strong
od.
The present forms e, e are regular only before consonants as e dun ina I shall have done presently, a sed e guen bed fe tSi I should have gone but for thee but we always say, ai ev em I have them, as et or ev it / shall have
:
it.
In combination with the pronouns we now use the v form before consonants, as a or av dun I have done.
The vowel disappears in the weak forms ev, ed when preceded by the nom. of the personal pronouns, av i" have, wlv we have, etc. ad sin im / had seen him, but tmen ed And sometimes the verb sin im the men had seen him. disappears altogether, as a faiv on em / have five of them,
tSe
guen uem they have gone home, tSe stoun em they have but wi or we stolen them, wi or we funt %w have found it See 249. fant we found it. The final -z in the second and third persons singular
;
becomes
if tes te
-s
Affirmatively.
Present.
ai,
Sing. a, i ev or e
Plur.
)
j
/
I
aiv, av, iv
wi we ev wlv wev
ji,
or e
je ev or e
\ jiv,
jev
e,
ez
j
)
iz,
ez
j
(
<
tSe,
Se ev or e
su, se ez
1
'
suz, sez
395.1
VERBS.
Pret.
155
Sing.
156
VERBS.
Interrogatively with not.
Pres.
Pret.
C 395-
evnt
ai, a, i ?
ednt
ai a,
;
etc.
etc.
of the present, given above, are only used in combination with the personal pronouns, in other
cases
we
z,
in the second and third person singular, as <5em menz bin vari guid te me those men have been very good to me, tladz
have given me something, uz ets dun se mits for im we who have done so much for him, ez cSem
ez gen
me sumet
the boys
men
men
guen bad
The same also applies to the first person, as its mi ets dunt it is I who have done it, mi ets ed se mits te baid I who have had so much to endure. The endings -z, -s for the whole of the singular and plural are now chiefly confined to the verbs have and be
have the apples gone bad?
(except the second person singular). With other verbs we now generally only use these endings in combination with the relative pronoun et, as
Sem men
well
;
diu
tSe
wak
men do their work very wak tbest those are the men
this is the
who do
work
the best.
Although
normal
usage, I have often heard the -z, -s forms used under the same circumstances as they are for the verb have. In the
older stage of the dialect the endings -z, -s must have been used for all verbs in the manner they are still used for
have.
Already in OE. the Northern dialects had the plural ending -as beside -acS, e. g. bindas beside bindatS.
As
it
may
how
The
and
-s
EEPr.
v.
395-1
VERBS.
157
second and sixth sentences contain the point in question. The sentences are Few men die because they are (2) laughed at.' In the dialect specimens this is often rendered
'
:
as if
it
were
at.'
men who
given below, this sentence will be referred to as without relative and ending, without
laughed
In the
statistics
ending, with relative and no ending, with relative and ending. The sixth sentence is (6) And the
relative with
'
:
any of you that laugh now.' Western Mid Southern division at Tedbury with rel. and ending -z at Ledbury and Much Cowarne without rel. and ending, but (6) with rel. and endings -s -z at Eggleton rel.
old
herself will tell
:
woman
;
with ending -z. Eastern Mid Southern at Hamstead Norris without rel. and ending, but (6) rel. without ending
:
Southampton and (6) with rel. and ending -s. at Banbury without rel. with ending -z, and (6) with rel. and ending -s. Mid Border Southern at Handborough rel. and endings -z, -s. Southern Border Southern no examples.
:
:
to
Winchester without
East Southern
(6)
with
rel.
Faversham without rel. and ending, and and no ending. Northern West Southern at
:
at
Wellington (West Somerset) (6) with rel. and no ending. South West Southern at Iddesleigh without rel. and ending, and (6) with rel. and no ending, the same also in
:
South
Devon.
Western West
Southern
:
no examples.
no examples. West Eastern at Aylesbury (p. 1 90) father and mother r> ( = are) lame. Mid Eastern at Ware without rel. and ending, and
South and North Western divisions
:
:
and no ending, the same also for Mid BedfordSouth and North Eastern shire and East Haddon. divisions no examples. East Eastern in South Norfolk, East and West Suffolk without rel. and ending, and (6)
(6)
with
rel.
with
rel.
and no ending.
58
:
VERBS.
[395.
no examples. Southern North Midland at Stalybridge without rel. with ending -n, and (6) with rel. and ending -s at Glossop with rel. and ending -n, and (6)
Lincolnshire)
:
and vr along with the pres. part. at Chapel-en-leFrith (2 and 6) with rel. and ending -n. Western North Midland at Skelmersdale (2 and 6) rel. and endings -z, -s
with
rel.
;
:
Westhoughton without rel. with ending -z, and (6) with rel. and iz along with the pres. part. at Leyland without
at
;
with ending -n at Burnley without rel. with ending -z, and (6) with rel. and -s along with the pres. part. Northern
rel.
;
with
rel.
and ending, but (6) at Goosnargh without rel. and ending, but and iz along with the pres. part. Eastern
:
North Midland
ford, Leeds,
rel.
and
(6)
with
and endings -z, -s but at Sheffield without rel. and Western Mid ending, and (6) with rel. and no ending.
Midland
:
and
(6)
with
rel.
and
the same at Shrigley at Tarporley (6) with rel. and ending -n at Burslem (6) with rel. and ending -s.
ending -n
at
;
and
(6) rel.
rel.
Taddington at Ashford
rel. rel.
-n,
-z,
pres. part.
;
at Winster
rel.
(6)
and endings
-z, -s
ai
Ashbourne
with ending -z, also without rel. with ending -z, and (6) with rel. and ending -s at Brampton (2) and (6) with rel. and ending -n at Repton (2) and (6) with rel. and endings
; ;
-z
and
-s.
no
at Cannock Chase examples. Eastern South Midland without rel. and ending -n, but (6) with rel. and ending -n at Dudley without rel. with ending -z at Ather;
;
rel.
;
without
rel.
and
ending
at
rel.
Waltham
and
no
395.3 ending.
VERBS.
East Northern
rel.
:
159
at
-z,
without
-s.
with ending,
South Ainsty and Holderness and (6) with rel. and ending
Mid Yorkshire, North Mid Yorkshire, New Malton, Lower Nidderdale, Washburn River, South Cleveland, North East Coast, and Market Weigh ton, all have (2) and at Upper (6) with rel. and endings -z, -s. West Northern
:
for
with ending -s at Hawes, Kirkby, Lonsdale, Dent, Sedburg, Kendal, Orton, Kirkby Stephen, Crosby Ravensworth, Langwathby, and Keswick, we have the form without
rel.
with ending
-z
but at Lower-Holker-in-Cartmel,
Coniston,
Long
Sleddale,
Temple Sowerby,
Clifton,
Holme
;
and ending at Milburn, Ellonby, and Upper Swaledale with rel. and ending -z. All the dialects in this division have for (6) rel.
rel.
with ending -s except at Coniston, where we have with reL and no ending. North Northern at South Shields (6) with
:
and ending -s at Newcastle and Berwick-upon-Tweed without rel. and ending, and (6) with rel. and no ending. The Lowland division at Bewcastle, Hawick, Edinburgh,
rel.
;
:
rel.
and with
and ending, but for (6) with rel. and no ending. The above are the only comparative specimens of the Lowland division given in Ellis. But Dr. Murray, The
rel.
(6)
with
rel.
and ending
-s
at Stranraer
and
Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland, pp. 21 1-2, states that the plural and first pers. singular without -s are
when the verb is accompanied by its proper pronoun; when the subject is a noun, adjective, interrogative or relative pronoun, or when the verb and subject are
only used
separated
by a
all persons.
me
who
l6o
VEBBS.
[395,396.
supplied Dr. Ellis with the comparative specimens for Stranraer and Wick have given inaccurate versions with
regard to the verbal endings. The probability is that Dr. Ellis has misunderstood the versions, because in a note (p. 683) he distinctly says that he took down the two
versions hurriedly,
finer
c.
be.
396.
present,
The vowel disappears in the weak forms of the and when followed by a consonant the verb dis-
appears altogether in the plural, as wil gue wen tot redi we will go when thou art ready, tSer at it egien they are at but tSe ban uem they are going home, W9 selin em it again
;
et oepni e
kweot we are
-z
quart.
The
nuen guid
is
Affirmatively.
Present.
Sing.
ai, a, i
Plur.
\
am
im
}
J
I
wi,
we
ae(r)
aim, am,
tSa at,
w!(r), we(r)
te at
j
( ji,
je ae(r)
1 j!(r), je(r)
e iz
j
iz,
ez
IZ,
See,
c5e,
So ae(r)
SU
SO IZ
suz, sez
397.]
VERBS.
Pret.
16 1
ai, a, i
Plur.
wi,
we
wo(r) or wo(r)
etc.
Infin.
bi,
be
Pres. Part,
bi-in
Past
bin
Affirmatively with
Present.
not.
Sing.
l62
VERBS.
Pret.
397-
Sing.
Plur.
wor
ai, a, i ?
WOW1,
?
WOW9 ?
?
WOJl,
WOJ9
Interrogatively with
Present.
not.
am9t
atnt9
iznt
ai, a, i ?
ant wi,
we P
atncSa,
?
atnta
ant
9 ?
!
ji,
J9 P
i,
iznt su, S9 ?
ant Se9,
Pret.
(5e, tSe
wornt
ai, a, i ?
wornt wi, we
etc.
etc.
tuas,
is
The above forms of the present are mostly used in combination with the pronouns, in other cases we generally use iz, 9z, z. s, cp. 395, as tkoilz iznt dun jot the coals
on
9m dan
oem
lots
of
them doivn
very good ones, tladz 92 or 9 ban wi J9 the lads are going with you, tSez fouks ots or 9t 9r ol9s grumlin there o,re people who are always grumbling, mi 9ts S9 pugli / ivho
am
who
so poorly,
cSl
9ts
nout te diu
9 bit thou,
d. will.
its
strong form wil, weak 9l which loses vowel in combination with the pronouns.
397. Present,
397.]
Preterite,
VEEBS.
strong form wod,
163
ed, the
as
ad len
it,
tSat,
vowel in combination with the pronouns, bad a kant diu bat it dzust na / ivould lend
thee
ed
fots
if je ast
em
just now, tladz wed or the lads ivould fetch it, if you asked
it
them.
wod,
to be
wed
is
used as an
infin. in
the phrase
ius te
wod
formerly wont or willing to do a thing, as tSe ius te wed elp me na en 'Sen they were formerly wont or willing to help me now and then, wod is also in common use as a
past participle, a
done
it
ked e dunt if id wod / could have But see the end of 389. if I had wished.
kud
or
Affikmatively.
Present.
ai,
Sing. a wil
j
Plur.
j
I
wi,
wil,
ji,
we
wil
ail. al
wel
ta, te
<5al, tal,
I,
wil
j
je wil
jel
tel
}
\ jil,
e wil
el
j
II,
1
f
See,
tSe, tSe
wil
sa, se wil
sal, sel
va
Pret.
ai, a, i
wod
te
or
wed
or
aid, ad, id
tSa, ta,
} j
wod
or
wed
1
|
j
j
[
jed
wod
ed
wed
or
Id,
j
( )
See,
tSe, t5e
wod
or
wed
su, se
wod
wed
Sad, sed
64
VEEBS.
[397,398.
not.
Affirmatively with
Present.
ai,
Plur.
wi,
we
wilnt or wient
etc.
Pret.
ai, a, i
wodnt
^
J
wi,
INTERROGATIVELY.
Present.
wil wil
ai, a, i ?
tSa,
wil wi,
)
we ?
ta, te ?
.,
wita, wite ?
_
>
j
+m
\
J
wilji,je?
wil
Pret.
t5ee, tSe, tSe ?
wil su, se
wod
ai, a, i ?
wod
wi,
etc.
we ?
etc.
Interrogatively with
Present.
wilnt. wient ai a
etc.
i
not.
we ?
Pret.
wodnt
ai, a, i ?
wodnt
wi,
we ?
etc.
etc.
e.
do.
its full
is
398.
gation like
As an independent verb diu has any other verb. The pret. did
39 8 -J
VERBS.
165
persons singular and plural. Present part, diu-in, which has been reformed from the inf., otherwise we should
Present
When
we have
person singular and for the plural strongform diu, weak forms de, di. When do is used affirmatively as an auxiliary verb it has, of course, no weak
forms.
Present.
Affirmatively.
ai,
Sing. a, i diu
Plur.
wl,
ji,
we
diu
Sa, ta, te
'
duz
i
je diu
tSe, tSe
su, se
duz
See,
diu
Interrogatively.
diu
ai, a, i ?
duz
duz
su,
duse
is
Se, tSe ?
The verb do
tions as in
lit.
Engl.
wot
?
Jnnste, sal
we gue ?
lit.
what
we go
wod
e diut, J?ik je ?
would he
do
it,
do you think?
See 249.
APPENDIX.
++-
CHAPTEK XL
Adverbs, Prepositions, and Conjunctions.
I.
ADVEEBS.
Adverbs of manner and degree: The adverbs of manner mostly end in -li, as adli hardly, oekedli awkwardly but we have the stress on the suffix in siueli
399.
i.
;
a how, a-ivo(r) old people say amive(r) however which seems to have been contaminated with asemive(r) howsoever,
Icel.
sem apm
;
happen),
me
bi perhaps,
nobed
lit.
always, omest almost, tiu too, also (instead of tiu we very often use en oel lit. and all, it wor e vari guidn en oel it
too,
aim ban on
oel
am
going
too),
oel
mi boon deez
thing in all my bom days but its oel vari wil it is all very ivell, suz nuen se wil te-dee she is not very well to-day. sue, weak form se so. Instead of sue we often use (Sat, as
i
we
Sat
se
we
Sat
week wol
se
kudnt
(lit.
ivhile) she
The adverbs
why
To express
399-401.1
APPENDIX.
tiu,
011
167
<5is
also
fo(r),
we
use
o
oel, thus is
wots
guen
fo(r) ?
why has
fo(r)
:
efon'tf fowoitf
Adverbs of place
forms
Adverbs
tffo's i??ie,
jet yet,
na now, nive(r) never, oft often, sin siwce, suin soon, to-dee to-day, te-moon to-morrow, te-moen-tnit to-morrow
(the) night, te-nit to-night, cSen then,
:
wen when.
Affirmative and negative particles ai yes (jes is also used but it is not so common as ai), nee no (nou no has been
we
cp. 357.
2.
PREPOSITIONS.
400. afte(r) after, be-fue(r), e-fue(r), fue(r) before, be- twin, twin between, bi, weak be by, be-int behind, bin
ev (before vowels) of, e-bat, bat about, without, e-bun, bun above, e-gien, gien against, e-lere e along of, on account of, e-men among, e-nent opposite, e-said,
ivithin,
e,
dan down,
e,
stied e instead
of, fo(r)
for, fre,
from,
in, i
in
(i
is
very
common
near,
nobed
except,
on (weak form
to, J?riu, pro wi under, up up, with, wioat withthrough, from, unde(r)
out.
3.
CONJUNCTIONS.
401.
addition to
The following are the chief conjunctions in those prepositions and adverbs which may be
68
:
APPENDIX.
[ 401.
used as conjunctions bed but, be-kos, kos because, en and, et that (Sat is never used as a conjunction in the dialect), if
if,
nor
(after
comparao(r), e(r)
ner
J>out better
than I thought),
or, Soe although, wol until, that (stop wol e kumz so/j wn^ Ae comes, se we Sat badli wol Se f>out sed nive mend
she
was
SPECIMENS.
It
was
mens
a
originally my intention not to give any speciof the dialect in this volume, but to reserve them for
second which was to contain a complete glossary of such dialect words as are not in use in the Modern literary
this
With
end in view
a great vent me from entertaining the hope of being able to publish them for some years to come. I have therefore
of years
;
number
decided to give a few specimens in the present volume, trusting that they may be found useful to those readers
make themselves familiar with the To anyone who takes the trouble to read them
to
instructive.
a great quantity of stories and poems printed in the dialect, but as they stand they are practically
There
is
worthless for the purposes of this book. The transcripAll the specimens tion is neither accurate nor consistent. given here are from printed sources. To number III.
have added the original in order to show the kind of transcription usually employed in such books. III. (The Yorkshireman's Comic AnThe sources are
I
:
nual,
1884, pp. 37-38), IV. (ditto, 1885, pp. 14-17), V. (ditto, 1882, pp. 24-26), VI. (Yorkshire Sketches, by Wil-
liam Cudworth, pp. 1 1 17), VII., VIII, IX. (Dialect and other Poems, by Ben Preston, pp. 31-33, 11-12, 1-10).
70
SPECIMENS.
I.
Comparative Specimen.
See
Ellis,
EEPr.
vol. v. p. 7*.
In
this
the forms in parentheses in the literary English Specimens in order to facilitate the reading of the dialect versions.
1.
wel, ne9b9(r), ji 9n
?
im me
bug]? laf at
'Sis
niuz 9 main.
U9 ke9z
"Sats
no9Sgr
i9 ri9 "Si9(r).
2.
feu
men
?
wi no9, du9nt W9
?
wot S9d
mak 9m
its
n9t vari
laikli, iz it
as9nriv9 $i9z 9 tfaks 9 tkeos, su9 dzust od J9 din, frend, 9n bi kwaigt wol iv dun. akio
3.
!
4.
J?riu
9m
rnif,
5.
tu9l
piio
fr9
tfst
sum $9senz,
se9
$em
a
fouks 9t went
[se9f] siu9r
)7at
did,
9t tjutoist
9t
wuns,
isen, 9 gt lad 9 nain, niu is faftg voiz $0(9) it 'wo S9 kwi9r 9n skwigkin, 9n ad trast im
sun
a *wod "Sat
6.
9n toud
wum9n
bat mits
9sen
tel oni
bo-S9(r), if jal
69?
7.
wen
ast
i
a(r),
tu 9
J?ri
taimz
sits [gn] 9
point 9z
wot
Jniok J9
SPECIMENS.
171
I.
Comparative Specimen.
Well, neighbour, you and he may both laugh at this news of mine. Who cares? That is neither here nor
1.
there.
Few men die because they are laughed at, we know, don't we ? what should make them ? It is not very likely,
2.
is
it?
3-
Howsoever these are the facts of the case, so just hold your [din] noise, friend, and be quiet till I have done. Hearken
!
some of [them] [sure] certain I heard them say those folks who went through the whole thing from the that did I, [sure] safe enough, first themselves,
4.
I am
That the j^oungest son himself, a great [lad] boy of nine, knew his father's voice at once, though it ivas so queer and squeaking, and I would trust him to speak the truth any day, aye, I ivould [that].
5.
6.
And
if
the old
woman
you any
too,
won't she
[at
me when
asked
her,
to be
wrong on
over, did she, and she ought not such a point as this, what do you think ?
172
8.
COMPARATIVE SPECIMEN.
wel oz a wo
se(o)-in, *sud tel jo, a,
wior on
wen
&o fan
d rukiD and
ot so koolz or uzbn.
9.
su sweo 0 so(o)
im wi
or
oon
tas,
dan
ot
tkoonor
jon
loin.
10.
wo
ban, or
ruorin o'weo, sez su, for ool twold laik litl las in friot.
puoli
1 1
on
jad
fro
J?riu
tbak
wol tketl wo boilin fo t'io, wun fain wik sin kum tnekst J?ozdo. aftonuin, nobod
12.
brit
sumor
13. on,
biznos
up duont wont
di jo noo ? a nivo liond no muo no 'Sis to to*deo, os siuor oz mi neom z dzon sepod,
"Sat
on a
na
14.
on su(o)
am ban uom
to kro(o)
to
mi
supo(r).
guid
nit,
on
duont bi so redi
Sis "Sat
ouor
bodi O'gion,
wen
tooks
tuSo(r).
15. its
weok
fuil ot preots
bat riozn.
on
ftats
mai
last
wod.
guid bai.
COMPARATIVE SPECIMEN.
8.
73
Well as I was saying, she would tell you, how, where, and when she found the drunken [hound] that she calls
her husband.
She swore she saw hirn with her own eyes, lying [right] stretched at full length, on the ground, in his good
9.
Sunday
coat, close
by the door
of the house,
down
at the
corner of
10.
yon
lane.
[roaring] whining away, says she, for all the world like a [poorly barn] sick child, or a little [lass]
girl in
1 t
.
He was
a
fret.
came
that happened, as she and her daughter-in-law through the back yard from hanging out the wet
And
clothes on [the] a
12.
washing day.
[the] tea,
[since]
While the kettle was boiling for bright summer afternoon, only a week
next Thursday.
one fine
ago come
And, do you know? I never learned [no] any more [nor] than this of that business up to to-day, as sure as my name is John Shepherd, and I don't want to either, there
13.
now
going home to [my supper] sup. Good night, and don't be so [ready] quick to crow over a body again, when he talks of this that or t' other.
14.
And
so I
am
15. It is
weak
without reason.
And
that
is
my
last
word.
Good
bye.
74
SPECIMENS.
n.
Dialect Test.
See
Ellis, p. 8*,
(p. 389),
and compare the version given below with the one in Ellis which contains several strange mistakes both in the version and
it.
the notes to
is
for phonetic
word
list
which
The classified philological purposes is not very great. also The contains mistakes. many (pp. 391-4) only way in I can account for these inaccuracies is partly through the hurried
and
manner in which the dial, test and classified word-list were taken down and partly through their not having been revised.
su(a) a sea meats, j 8 si kuinin fra tskuil jonda(r).
i.
na
at
im
2.
J?riu
and
said a twea.
siuar rnif, tban z
3.
guan
streit
up
4.
wia
si
druko
diaf
wiznd
fela
(more
commonly
5.
tsap) a
tneam
a tomas.
wi
oal no(a)
im vari
wTl.
teits a nat ta
6.
diu
it a*gian,
pua
fio
7.
liuk! iznt
it
triu?
SPECIMENS.
175
II.
Dialect Test.
1. So I say, mates, you see now that I am right about that little [lass] girl coming from the school yonder.
She is going down the road there through the red gate on the left hand side of the way.
2.
Sure enough, the [barn] child has gone straight up to the door of the wrong house,
3.
find
that
5.
We
all
know him
very well.
it
6.
Won't the
!
again,
poor thing
7.
Look!
Isn't it true?
76
SPECIMENS.
III.
Greas, las,
it
war
am
n9t
wun
;
9 tsu9t t9
9z 9 riul
gu9 peilin up 9n dan dircin fouk ou9(r), $a no9z 'Sat. wot *ai wont is pias 9n kwaietnas,
let
b9d
5
if
fouk wi9nt
#
me
ev
it
[or et], al
9z oni
9
wumen wod 9t 9d 9r 09n we9 t9 banz t9 mak 9n mend fo(r), niv9 ne9m
*ai
uzbn
9t niv9
fta
wed W9
wo(r).
no9 wot 9 gat wesin ai ev ivri wik 9 lot 9 muki smoks 9n skats, 9t J9 m9 boil 9n bet9 boil, 9n $en bi
no9z 9z wil 9z
10 niali 9z
bad 9z wen
J9 ba'gan.
*Se
du9nt ko9l
it
tgrigzi
miln
f9 nout.
bak
at
9 mu9(r).
a olos put
i
9n get up
faiv a-tlok
15
tmoanin, a*fua Ben an tbanz guaz ta -Sa wak, an gets tsetpan a'geat, an z ivri tlat at suin afta brekfas taim, if $az a guid draft, far if ftaz wun ]?i mua nar a*nu"Sar
at
maks Ben
Sats
liuk blak
its a lot a
az wil az
iv
noan
bi.
misen.
wol
"Sis
apmd wi war
na an
las,
az guid neabaz az
nld
wi
mud
frats a bit
"Sen
oua tbanz
fa
$at
slaps na.
sumtaimz
an
if tal
an giz aa Dzoni sum rea bad wiv nivar ed na bo'Sa ta mian out wol
av a
badiv ma,
las,
av dun mua
fa 'Sat $ia
nar
if
sad bin
mi oan
sista(r).
a neg-lektad mi oan
wuman uam ta
,}
77
III.
t'battle
Ay, Grace, I'm nut one
lass, it
o'
0'
t'tloaze lines.
ovver a bit of a tloaze cord.
wor
all
t'soart to
;
fowk ovver, as a rule peace an quietness, but if fowk weant let me hev it, I'll mak' 'em sit up for it, as onny woman wod 'at hed her awn 5 way to mak' i' t'world, an' a lot o' barns to mak' an' mend for, nivver name a husband 'at nivver blackleeaded a grate Thah knaws as weel or weshed a winda sin' wed we wor. as I knaw what a gurt weshin' I hev ivvery week a lot o' mucky smocks an skirts, 'at ye may boil an' better 10 They boil, an' then be nearly as bad as when ye began.
Tuesday's awlus been t'greasy miln for nowt. weshin' day for these six year back or more. I awlus put t'tloaze to steep t'neet afore, an' get up at five o'clock t'barns goes to ther wark, an' i' t'mornin', afore Ben an
don't call
it
my
15
set-pan agate, an' hez ivvery claht aht sooin after gets brekfast time, if ther's a gooid druft, for if thers one
t'
'at
it's
a lot
20
my way
o'
weel as I've knawn it mysen. Whol this We mud fratch a bit nah an' as gooid nabors as need be.
then ovver t'barns
strill
for
that Susey
o'
hers
a reyt tay25
of a lass, an'
nah.
theer
woman
nor
if
shoo'd been
my awn
178
SPECIMENS.
weot on
25
wen
taimz
so
we
wen
ligin in 9 tlast
ban
av swild
tpasiclz
duznz
wen
its
bin 9 ton
soz
9n a
to
wont9d
u
gu9
;
suz 9
grand 9n
t9
gu9
t9 tmitin,
iz "Sat
b9d a obs
9n
al
se(9) o-gion, 9t
$em
9n guid 9z olos
twast wen $0
30
rekd up. a wuns niu 9 pasnz dout9r 9t didnt no(9) a t9 fre9m t9 we 9 pot up, on so k9d b9d J9 duont no(9) fesn t9 gu9 t9 t'sapil ivri sund9 i twik.
u(9) is
kum
9m
reit;
9n
if
onibodi k9d 9
teld
ni9,
Me9ri Dzeglz 9d 9 dun 9s su ez dun t9 ast 9 ]?roon d'istlat i 3o fe9s 9n teld 9ni $0 W9 nu9n
mo
wik
sin 9t
35
wot 0 out
t9 bi.
9
t9 bi sed fot.
$es
sum
fouk 9d disi9v
wel, 9z a
jio(r), f9r
maiklskoup,
telin $0,
fte s9 dip.
W9
av obs west
o t'iuzd9 "Sis
moni
wen
iv getn
9m $9 sund9
40
mak
nout 9
wesin
9n
beokin t9-ge$9r 9t
su9 tiuzd9
z
tbak
end
de9,
twik,
wen
it.
J9 S9d bi tli9nin.
mai
9n su no9z
kum
J9st9d9, a gat
up
9t faiv 9'tlok, 9z
9n went at
t'lugs
it
laik 9 09S
J?out
wol
$en
a tiuk
45
ku9d on
it ?
wod
niu
to
boliv
it ful
ad bi getin o tuj?ri J?iioz at. bod, Meori od guon on putn or oon kuod at
a kod adli bo*liv mi oon
o*fuor
i
on getn
tluoz.
in.
a nivo
ool
mi
laif,
su(o)
'
a guoz up
c
tul or,
sez,
wots tmionin
^is laik
f
tmionin
it
wot ?
50
'
sez, oz inisnt oz
'
stuft miul.
didnt to no(o)
did,'
sez.
'
apm
su
'
sez,
on
apm
reit to iio
;
mai
'
tluoz at
oz 'Sa ez to
^ain.'
'Sis
netld
mo
su(o) a sez,
^a nooz
TBATL
ft
T LU3Z LAINZ.
Jg
glected my awn hoam to wait on her when shoo wor liggin' in o' t'last barn I've swilled t'passidge dozens o' times
;
when
care
o'
it's
an' I
30
when
shoo's
Shoo's a grand
un
I'll
to
go to t'meetin', shoo
'at
awlus
be say ageean, so pure an' gooid is awlus t'warst when they come to be reyt reckoned up. I once knew a parson's dowter 'at didn't knaw hah to frame to wesh a pot up, an' shoo could
said, an'
'at professes to
them
35
feshan to go to t'chapel ivvery Sunday i' t'week. Bud ye doan't knaw who is sahnd whol ye've bottom'd 'em reyt
;
onnybody could ha' teld me three week sin' 'at Mary Jaggles wod ha' done as shoo hez done to me, I sud ha' 4 thrawn t'dishclaht i' ther face an' teld 'em they wor noan
an' if
be.
But
ther's
nowt
to be said for
it.
wor tellin' tha, I've awlus weshd o' t'Tuesday a monny year, for I like to go aht a bit of a Monday, when I've gotten 'em ther Sunda' tloaze brushed an' sided
Well, as I
this
45
I
o'
mak' nowt
Well, a fortnit sin' come 50 yesterday, I gat up at five o'clock, as ushal, an' went at it like a horse whol abaht brekfast time. Then I tewk
my
knaws
it.
thowt
I'd
it?
be gettin' a toathree things aht. Mary hed goan an' putten her
o'
awn
tloaze.
I could hardly 55
knew
'
'
Wed'
my
o'
so I goes up tul her, an' I says, this like ? T'meanin' o' what ?
life,
'
Didn't ta
knaw
'
Happen
I did/ 60
shoo says,
'
an'
happen
suppose I've as mitch This tloaze aht as tha hez ta hing thine.'
I didn't,
'
bud
'at
Tues-
l8o
vari wil at tiuzde z
tlats 9 'Sain at 8
55 tul?'
'
SPECIMENS.
mai
dee,
9n su(o)
al ]?eiok
$9 te get
'
$em
U9 t9 to9kin
tul,'
'
su sez.
s e
'
fta
sez,
su9 let
n9 bo^9(r).'
-Sis
rand 9n su
sez,
av 9z
si
mits reit t9
grund 9n
tak
a
9n al
$9
fat 9-fu9r al
if t9 duznt,'
'
9m
'
al pul 9rn
dan
6o sez.
sez.
it ?
if t9
duz
'
'Sal
get
'Si
topin puld,' su
'
9n U9l pul
a sez
U9l pul
it,
Me9ri Dzeglz ?
wo nu9n
flegd
on
9(r),
n9r oni
-Sal si U9,'
su sez,
W9
sum 9n mad,
"Sisen, J9
'Sa
JiiD
'
m9
;
oud
U9 kudnt
t9
kip
ai.
'
65
wun ?
4
'
su sez.
d'istlat
up wi
'
tbroj?
reio
i
sez
U9 senz $9 banz at
'
regz
-
sez Su.
U9 z
sez.
$9r i9d
sez ai.
'Sa at,
3en a
ku9d wi
it
in 9
b9d ad n9 suin9
tloio
b9*gun 9 se9gin wi
it
n9 S9 rus9z at
m9 wi
brus 9n
ramz
ad
a
it
int9
9
mi
sits
9n
muki
b9d
9n
w9 nu9n ban
rubin
it i
t9 bi bet, su(9)
i
a fotst mi 09n
loio brus,
75 aft9
tsludz
it.
Me9ri "Sen
fotst o peglful 9
sudz 9n
9m
tfe9s.
bi
80
'Sis
wot ed
on
it 09I
a dugnt no(9)
a9
Ben ednt
apmd
t9
kum
l8l
thenk tha to get them clahts o' thine aht o' t'road as sooin as ta can.' i Who're ta talkin' 65 tul ? shoo says. Thah knaws varry weel who I'm talkin' I so let's hev no bother.' Then shoo turns tul/ says, rahnd an' shoo says, I've as mitch reyt to this grund an' to that tloaze-post as thah hez, an' I'll see tha fat afore I'll tak' 'em dahn, so nah thah knaws.' I'll pool 'em clahn if 70
day
is
my
day, an so
'
I'll
'
'
'
'
If ta does thah'll get thy toppin' ta doesn't/ I says. pooled/ shoo says. 'An' who'll pool it?' I says; 'who'll
'
'
pool
I
it,
Mary
Jaggles
an' I
sitch like. Thah'll flayed on her, see who/ shoo says, so get into t'hahse wi' tha.' I wor 75 some an' mad, thah may be suar, so I says, Get into
' ' '
wor noan
tul her to
show her
shoo says. Who boiled Who sends ther barns t'dishclaht up wi' t' broth ? says I. aht i regs % says shoo. Who's reng i' ther heead ? says I.
' '
who
starved t'cat
{
'
'
Who
'
'
'
Thah
belengin' tha,' shoo says. I worrant bahn to stand sitch langwidge as that
art, an' all
onny
longer, so I
threw
my
gat t'carvin' knife. Then I flew at her cord wi' it in a Bud I'd no sooiner begun o' sawin' wi' it nor shoo 85 jiffy. rushes at me wi' t'long brush an' rams it into face, for
my
I
all it
wor covered
wi'
an'
muck.
I'd sitch a
mucky
ta
wor
o'
born.
Bud
went
wor noan
bahn
to be bet, so I fotched
it
i'
my awn
rubbin'
t'sludge
t'middle
t'road I
ivvery reg 'at shoo hed hingin' aht wi' it. Mary then fotched a pailful o' suds an' threw 'em over ahr doorstuns, bud I gat a piggin' full o' t'same soart o' stuff an' let her A reggalar crahd hed gotten rahnd hev' it fair i' t'face.
kept singhr' aht all soarts 0' low stuff, an' what 'ad ha' been t'upshot on it all I don't knaw if ahr Ben heddant happened to come hoam to his brekfast
by
95
just then.
*
What's up nah
'
says Ben
82
1
'
SPECIMENS.
it
wots up na ? sez Ben su(o) a at war ektorin 9*we9 laik mad ivri bit
;
9 t'aim.
wuns Ben
$e
9n beiod
9m
slap
on t9v
9r 09n dugstnz.
W9r
9 bit 9
kwai9tn9s Sen
f9r 9 bit,
9*gi9n t9v iz
wak.
in 9
wail 9t
aft9(r), a-iv9(r),
a popt mi i9d
lain
9n 09I mi tlu9z
9r as,
i
W9
ligin 9 tflu9(r).
i
a faigd up 9n a
fe9S
went t9v
dan
tres
!
mi
'
9n put
tlats
su(9) 9Z
'
kudnt get
tlu9z
in.
'
al
mak
!
$9 pe9
-
f9 'Sis, J9
a sat9d
J?riu tkei-oil.
t9 gu(g) 9n
95 9
sam mi
mak on up 9n wes 9m
su sat9d bak, 9n ad
ou9r 9 gi9n.
wot 9d
tel
;
kum
it
i
b9d
kom dan
tas.
wi
bu9j? ed t9 drai
W9
tlugz
wen
boilin
100
nit
kom
re9dz.
w9
if
fle9d
S9d
bi 9 boni rump9s, f9
Ben w9
wi
wi
kom
9n J?ri9tnd t9 kil 9m if iv9 ^9 legkt wi sez a9 Dik. wir 9z guid 9z ji ftem jnioz oni mua(r). b9d ja9 mu"S9z 9 bad 9n suz ban t9 bi te9n t9 tlokup,' sez
9m
'
in
9 tlat9(r),
'
Me9riz juroist las. J^iioz gat t9 sits 9n 9 pits, indid, wol a9 Ben went 9n ofgd tu9l famli, big 9n litl, at te feit. a-iv9(r),
105
Me9ri uzbn z
9 nais
9n
kwai9t sugt 9v 9 tsap, 9n av nout t9 wodnt 09^9 mel n9 mak. 9n Sats wot
wiv getn
no9z.
tul,
9n a wis
kum
9(1*)
b9d as niv9
!
fg-giv
niv9 wol
liv
tnasti guidtse9clzd
f9-nout
aftgr 09I 9t iv
dun
for 9r 9n oal,
9n niv9
no
or 9 09pni pis.
wornt
wel, if
it
'Sat 9
nok
ot d'u9(r)
!
J^out it wo(r).
kum
?
in.
iznt Me9ri
$a
sez
$a
]?out it
W9 wednzd9
9n
TBATL
ft
TLU3Z
LAINZ.
183
100
t'time.
although shoo wor hectorin' away like mad ivvery bit o' For once Ben tewk my side, an' he tewk her
ivvery thing just as it wor, an' beng'd 'em slap on to her awn doorstuns. Theer wor a bit o' quietness then for a bit, an' I gat my awn cord full o'
tloaze, an' t'cord, an'
to his wark.
In a
105
while at
my
hahivver, I heeard a laughin' noise, so I popt heead aht o' t'door, an' theer if t'owd besom heddant
after,
goan
an' .cut
I
my
my
to
tloaze
wor
liggin' o'
t'floor.
fired
up
i'
'
an'
went
slammed
t'door
my
face an' put t'latch dahn so as I mak tha pay for this, ye tresh
'
!
no
shoo sharted back, an' I hed to go an' sam my tloaze up an' wesh 'em ovver What 'ucl hev come to pass if it heddant turned agean.
!
'
Mak' on
'
aht to be a wet day I can't tell; bud it com' dahn like cats an' dogs, an' we both hed to dry wer tloaze i' t'hahse.
115
be a bonny rumpus, for Ben wor boilin' wi' rage. If onny o' Mary's barns com' near ahrs shoo fotched 'em in wi' a clatter, an' threaten' d
neet com' I
to kill 'em if ivver they laikt wi' them things 'We're as gooid as ye!' says ahr Dick.
When
wor
flay'cl there' d
120
mother's a bad un; shoo's bahn to be ta'en to t'lockup,' says Mary's youngest lass. Things gat ta sitch a pitch,
indeed,
an' little, aht to feyt. Hahivver, Mary's husband's a nice, 125 quiet sort of a chap, an' I've nowt to say agean him, an'
An'
that's
what we've
hah we
sal
oanly knaws.
;
Bud
I'se
com' on t'next Tuesday the Lord nivver forgive her nivver whol
; !
After all 'at I've done for 130 t'nasty gooid-for-nowt her an' all, an' nivver charged her a hawpney piece.
ot t'door
!
thowt
it
wor.
Come
it
Well,
if it isn't
1
Mary
Weddinsday
I don't
knaw
An' thah wants to be reyt? what we've hed to fall aht abaht
wor So dew I.
an' I've 135
184
3a wonts
tJ 5
SPECIMENS.
t9 bi reit
;
su9 diu
ai.
W9V ed
to fool at O'bat
wumen
on av
ot
on av dzust bin se(o)in ot if ivo $9 war kum in wi 3o. av J?out out o*bat it wo 31.
frendli tsat
i
bin evin
bit
fati
wi Gre9s
io(r).
tketl z on,
keok
Dzemesko sumwi9(r).
drop
185
''at
wor a woman just been say in' 'at if ivver theer owt abaht it wor thee. Come in wi' tha.
hevin' a bit ov a friendly chat wi
on, an' I've a fatty cake
i'
1
Grace here.
T'kettle's
drop
o'
Jamaica
t'oven, an' I dar' say theer's a somewheer. Sit tha dahn, lass. 140
IV.
TKUKU TLOK.
a
wo dan
ot Lidz
reofto
drai afto
apmd
pop intov
;
wio 'So wo ban to bi o rafl for o kuku tlok. a do seo jol noo wot o kuku tlok iz a-ivo(r), its o tlok ots getn o oil i tfeos ont wior o bod pops at ivri aor on sats kuku na it o\stiod o straikin, on sats wuns ivri oof aor oz wil. wo tseom ot 'Sis rafl oz it iz ot ivri uSo(r) $e wor ool
' '
io
wontin to bi twino(r). $e wo nioli ool juid tsaps ot wor in, on ot o'bat sevm o*tlok $e bo-gan o mustrin to'ge"So(r). wol 'So wo weotin "Sio for orn ool tonin up, 'Se kod took o nout am siuor ai si win it/ sed Ned o nobod Sis kuku tlok. 'Sal not win Sis,' sed Krako(r). av not bin in oud Bilz.
'
' *
o rafl jot
'
-Sat
tlok
'
am
tset,'
Dzim
Tano(r).
diol
on
15 mis-teon,'
to fots
it.'
sed juio Stroobori, kos av kum ]?ri mail popos t'aim kom ot last for om to sak, on if jod nobod
sin
om
eioin
on
t'eobl to si
]?out 'So
on Bili
20 o'tlok
wot numoz wo tond up, jod aktii swobo tbeosin. trafl wor ouor ot last,
to bi twino(r).
it
wen
(o)levm
wo taim
to bi skiftin, suo
wor o kuku tlok, on id nio sin wun o*fu0(r), su(o) it koozd im diol bit so 'So, Dzini wot iv brout trubl, oz al tel jo in i sed to twaif, oz i tlapt t'lok on t'eobl wen $0,' gat uom.
Bili didn't no(o) ot it
'
na
'
25
wior es to getn 3at Jxriu, Bili? su sed. av Bili. boni on. av nio sin wun laik ai, its
' '
'
wun
'
it,'
sed
"Sat o-fuo(r).
bod
let s bi
sapin fo bed,
getin
lat.'
al iio t'lok
TKUKU TLOK.
up
o*fuor
i
87
went
for
neol on tarno(r).
3
after od uid it
;
went to bed wot "So eioment s 'Sat ? sed Bili. sumot sat kuku am siuor a iod sumdi sat neo, ai kant tel,' sed Dzini.
'
up o'gion twool, 9n set tpendlom wegin, Se bod ^ed nuon bin in moni minits o'fuo fto iod
' '
'
'
'
suo did ai, Bili,' sed twaif. Bili gat up, kuku,' sed Bili. i liukt ool strak lit, -Sen went dan-tsteoz. up on dan,
'
tkubod on tkoil oil, bod kod find nout, went on gat into bed o-gion. in bit i iod kuku
'
'
'
35
io $0, Dzini,' i sed, twelv taimz. -Sats pleon rnif, bi on at strak bed, lit, ran dan-tsteoz, gat dzumpt gum
'
!
od tpuokor on bo*gan to unt up on dan o-gion. a kio si nout dan io(r), Dzini,' i sed, afto liukin up on dan for o*bat ten minits, dzust f II if 'Soz onibodi undo tbed.' neo, bi Sat nuon gum, Bili briio tlit on kum on liuk fo Sisen.'
'
'
'
'
fleod,
a to
l
wol
bo'ginin to bi fritnd isen, on diSerin kod adli od tkanl i tstik. bit fleod,' neo, am not
?
'
sed
Bili,
'
su sed,
se(o) ot
twelv o-tlok
its
ot nit s t'aim 45
ot bogOdz bo'gin to
'Sat
nok
o*bat,
on
wor i'nif fo Bili. tkanl flopt at tstik, on on tumid into bed oz if sumdi wor aftor im.
rust upsteoz
'
00,
moSo(r)
skriomd Dzini, Jniokin Bili od sm sumot. Bili kuvod iseln ouo tiod wi t'luoz on krept dan to tbodm id getn tbed. so fao dan ot wun ov is fit uid bit ouo tbodm, on tkitlin bi-in upsteoz on wontin sumot to leok wi, gat od Bili tuoz
wi
1
it tlooz.
'
J?ivz
Bili satod, oz i dregd iz leg up. moSo(r) skriomd Dzini, os su kuvod o*sen ouo tiod. nooSor
!
'
'
on om dost
'
sto
'
!
'
for o'bat
ten minits.
las.'
'
ot last
Dzini sed,
55
Bili
Bili
'
od
'Si
din
oontod, Bili
am
siuor
it iz,'
mundo moonin.
boliv
*
a nio bodivd
felt
*
bogodz
o fuo(r),
bod a kio
'
it
na, bo-kos av
las.'
ai e fo siuo(r),
it
felt
'
wun
'
sed Dzini.
su sed.
a kant 60
tel.
on gat od mi tu(o) bit sin.' Dzini flopt ouo tiod O'gion, on Bili Jniokin sod sin sumot, flopt ouo tiod tiu. in bed bit, ivrijuio bi-in kwaiot, Dzini popt or iod at
kom
88
'
SPECIMENS.
Bili,
O'gion.
65 sed
a wis
it
wo moonin/
'
su sed.
'
suo diu
it
'
ai,'
am
9z wil 9Z
it
ad bin driomin.'
,
W9 nu9
dan-
slip.'
$e
bu9]? Ie9d
9n
'
ivri|?iiD
sat9d 9-gi9n. jonz tseom din o-gion,' am siuor its dan-tsteoz. gu(o) on ev o-mr$o liuk.' 70 su sed tstik it tumid at a duont noo wio tkanl iz/ i sed
tste9z.
kuku.
'
W9 W9
so
kwaigt
"Se
k9d
'
i9 t'lok tikin
'
'
sumwio(r).'
wel,
itl
nuon
bi faor of ; get
up on liuk
fot.'
Bili gat up, went on iz anz on niz, on na Dzini od uid frok tfluo fo tkanl.
75 t'op
tsteoz,
on Bili
fte
i
apmd
to tuts
om wen
i
wor untin
into
'
v
fo tkanl,
on
kom
tumlin on im.
dzumpt
bed
! '
80
tuSo said. m So(r) nokt iz waif at skriomd Dzini, on su opmd twindo on sated kelp ]?ivz plismon ot wo dzust pasin, ]?iiDkin sumot wo reiD i tas, wot s to diu io(r) ? i sed. brast d'uor opm on went in.
wi
sits fuos ot
'
!
'
'
onibodi ^io(r) ? Dzini satod. a kan i i sed, oz i sut d'uo to kip onibodi fro gu-in at. kos "Soz oo'So J?ivz wol Bili gets lit,' su sed,
'
kan jo
'
'
si
si i
'
d'ak
V
i
stop $io
'
bogodz
tas.'
Bili gat
lit,
on im on tplismon
siotst buo)?
upsteoz
'jo fo*gat t9 liuk und9 tbed/ 85 sed Bili. 9*we9 tplism9n went upste9z, 9n Bili 9n twaif krept aft9r im. nout wo fun undo tbed, suo tplismon sed ot
"So
'
must
'
bin nriVteon.
o-gien.
wol
'So
tplismon, tu steps ot wuns, on siots wo "Sen meod i ivri 90 Bili on twaif krept aftor im.
kuku
dan
kom
niuk on koono(r), Tvm undo t'iopot on tsoltselo(r), bod nout wo fun. 'Ses sumot kwior o*bat Sis,' sed tplismon. tl 'e jo ivor iod Ses sumot vari kwio(r),' Dzini sed.
'
'
sits
dinz oz ftem
tas o-fuo(r)
'
tplismon
ast.
'
nivor o*fuo
to
'
95 to-nit,'
Dzini sed.
bi os
twaif, on gu-in oz wait oz o sit, as bi rand O'gion in o*bat on ao(r), on al liuk in/ bod i wo feon to Bili on twaif krept upsteoz get at, on 'Sev not sin im sin. o-gion, on dzust oz $ed getn into bed $e iod kuku wuns
fleod oz oo'So Bili
'
TKUKU TLOK.
'
89
muo(r).
1
wel, Sis kaps ool at i ivar iad tel on/ sed Bili. 100 its tlast nit i -Sis as fa mi,' sed Dzini. a wodnt stop ior
'
if 'Sad let
ma
liv rent-fri.'
o-gion, iz
it,
las,
wi
nu(o) ius gu-in dan-tsteaz c kio find nout ? neo, wi mod dzust oz
its
'
-
'
wil stop wio wo aor on kip wokio wol moonin.' Se wispod to wun on'uSo wol tu o tlok, on Sen Se iod kuku twais.
'
'
105
'
bi
!'
Bili sed,
sit
on
it olos
sanz
tseom
kio
dan-tsteas
bit
on
si if i
diu, Bili,'
su sed.
i
trokin
it
bad
suin
fel
wen
noaSa(r), fa sad guan ta slip tiu. on findin id bin slip, i dlanst rand tas, J?rl o-tlok,
soo
nout.
in
bit tbod
kom
at on satad
'
kuku
'
]?ri
taimz.
taim, on 'Sen i up gat up tul it wen it satod tseknd taim, on wen it satod guid liuk at it wol it popt in on wo sut up. t]?od taim id Dzini Dzini av 00, av fun So at ot last, ev i ? i sed. fun tbogad at kum dan an liuk at it.' wot iz it, Bili ? bad getn inta t'lok,' sed Bili. Dzini kom su sed. its an Bili went ta t'lok on traid to opm d'uo Sen dan-tsteaz,
Bili kest iz in at t'lok
wen
iod
it fost
115
'
'
'
'
120
wio tbod wo(r), bad i kudnt manidz it. a Sa eioments ez it getn Sia(r) 1 Dzini sed. nea, a kan nat tel,' sed Bili. Se buaj? traid ta get at tbad wol oof past J?ri, wen it popt at on satod kuku,' on Sen went in o'gion. Bili traid to get
'
'
'
'
od ont bod
3
'
it
wo
bi
gum
)/iiD
i
sed
Bili,
f
Sat on oud fesnd raskl, bad Sal apm nat bi sa nead wen taz bin wel, Bili,' sed twaif, a niva niu sits an
' '
125
av omast a guid maind ta nok it nek at fo fritnin oz on kipin oz wokio nioli ool tnit. kil it fost ]?iio, on let s e no muo boSo wi it.' tlast ot i iod o*bat Bili on is
a
laif.
mi
130
kuku
at.
tlok,
wo
fiksin
fantn for
toil
it to
driiok at on, on
it
boks for
it to eit
at on, O'said
wiar
kept popin
it
iod
V.
U3 Z T3
"Sis
BI
TME3ST3(r)
oz 8
kwesn
ot oft
kumz up
fo dis'kusn,
on wen
-
9 niuli
wed kupl
sumtaimz a loio wail o bat it. i mi juio deoz, wen a wo wokin ot tmiln, niuz wo brout into tniokanik sop ot Sam Wilmon on An Aris wo ban to bi wed os
es to di'said it fte
tnekst sundo.
"Sis
niuz
wo
ot brokfos taim, on suo wen wod getn naisli set dan to wo moonin miol oud Dik Tsori seio at to Sam wot, a ges 'Sat
'
io
ban to bi wed tnekst sundo.' wa,' sed Sam, am Jniokin o sumot o tsuot.' wel, na,' sez oud Dik, if to mionz to gu(o) on smui'Sli on bi o api man, duont spoil $i waif wi pamprin o sik ban, bod bo'gin os to mionz to kari o(r), oz if so wor on if to duznt, 'Sal e to riu. ot tvari taim ot oud Dik wo givin 'Sis od'vais to Sam, o lot o wed wimin od ge'Sod rand
'
'
'
'
An
15
na, An, las, duont wotivo reits; up gi weo if to wuns bo-ginz to nukl under il mak tul im on ins. kunrpliot sleov on drudz on fto its olos tbest weo to bo*gin oz wo hrtend to kari on.' its oft bin sed ot fouk rekioz nout odvais unles 'So guo tov loojor on peo siks on
i
Aris
tweivin seed, on
"Se
sed tov
fo
-Si
'
o(r),
to duz, si ot to stanz
20
eitpms fot bod buoj? Sam on An J?out tod'vais ^ed getn wo rent deoz on wedin deoz *wil kum ot last, woJ> aktin on.
;
3oo lanloodz on braidgriumz J?iioks ^e kum on ot sneol on wen tnekst rand on An mundo kom Sam moonin galop, wo man on waif. its siks o*tlok bi 'Sis wots -Sain,' sed
'
25
a Jmok its o bat taim to gat up on let tfaio(r).' a wo dzust Jniokin,' sed An, ot -tad leod reo^o to loio, get up wi 'So, -Sal find sum kinlin i tuvm. a man e "Si to get up,'
Sam,
'
'
'
'
sed
Sam
'
;
es to fo-getn
wot
to sed jostodo
didnt to promis
U3
to luv, onar
-
T3 BT TME3ST3(r)
'
191
sed An,
'
pra'pead ta diu oal i promist,' bad a bodi kant diu ivrijnio at wuns, al luv an 3
?
an a bea
'
am
ona 3a na,
if tl
man
Sam,
koal
'
ma
get up an lit tfaia(r), an wen tketl boilz 3a dan-tsteaz an al a*bea 3a.' kum, kum,' sed
'
wi ma i 3is wea "Sal find at 3i mis"tak. a as 3a ta diu nout at i kant bak up wi skripta(r), " fa sant Pita sez duz waivz, nukl unda ta jar uzbnz." a ? sed An. al ba'liv it wen i si it.' 3en 3a si suin si it,' sed Sam, an i banst at a bed an ran dan-tsteaz in is &at. wol a wa rumidzin a*bat fa t'estiment, wot duz An diu bad nip inta t'lozit, sam up oal iz wata tluaz, fliio am dan ta tbodm a tsteps, bout t'seama duar i tinsaid, an 3en krip bak
if ta Jnioks ta
kio train
'
35
'
'
'
in a bit, Sam in iz ari ta get bak, gat wun a*gian inta bed. av is fit feltad in iz dudz, an fel forad, bumpin iz nuaz
a-gian tsap edz a
pesn, an
wen
3oa
i
gat
ua)>,
'
a tsteps. 3is put im intav a bit av a a gat ta tsteaz iad, an fan d'ua fest, i swear a id bin at t'sapil tnlt a*fua(r). 3ia lad,' sed 45
'
wun
An,
if tas
swoon wi t'estiment
3i and, a
wodnt
bi 31 far
oal tbras
adnd
as ta diu 3at
nobad
a ta ban ta
it,
sed Sam.
'
al liuk at
opm wen ta
d'ua an
lets
5 no(a) at tketl z boilin, its nu(a) ius getin up a-fua(r),' an kuvad ar iad up i tbed tluaz an fea kiiokt a-gian wi lafin, ta
ma An
dua gua tul wi a dampar on a mariment. wiariva kan tmadlin bi of tul ? sed su, a omast wis id getn up misen an let tfaia(r), its nua gat dzob, an if id jildad 3e wod a bin pias ba-twin az. a Jniok a iar is wist
sa iad tas
' (
!
55
fuit
kumin up
ma.
ta
si
if a pips tsteps. J?riu tlok-oil il bi eabl al rekio ta bi asllp'. sua su lead wi a feas ta d'uar
an statad a snuarin laik a pear a blaksmi]? belasaz at ad getn a bad koud. in a bit su statad up an leind on ar elbou an
akiod.
60
su iad a soft, parin noiz an na an 3en a sand az if sumat wa skratin wud. ' oa dia(r),' su sed, its nuan im, its nobad tkat at s mlcllas far a drop a milk.' it wa nu(a) ius An trai-in ta foal a-sllp, su kudnt, sua sa dond a*sen an krept
'
192
65 reit pratli
SPECIMENS.
dan
9v
wikdea.
ool
os
koud on
sailnt oz
iz
tsots
so niu id set
sul, J?iokin
of sumwio(r) bod
to
to bi sin,
bod
wato dudz
wio(r)? su
sud guo
tbodm
tjad to tkoil-
on fots
70
nou, sud
kod ev
litin tfaio(r), 00, koilz, not ot so J?out eit it suino(r), bod sud get ool redi for im, su(o) oz minit. bod, bo-oud wen so wonted bleoz in
sulfl
!
wo
fest,
on su kudnt
so
opm
it.
su
bed-ram duor vari guid laft reoli, Jniokin it wor kudnt on su bested O'sen laf. dzuok bod wen so wo band An didnt su brast bod tfun sin ufco fouk mod apm ont, if sod ed oni wak to guo tul sud at ruorin. guon to tas bod su ed no wak, sud gin tmiln, if so kod getn at
i
tas.
wen
boutod
up
liumz, fo
Sam
od sed,
'
80 las, oz loio oz
tfluo(r),
on
0
ool ot
wuns
bo*]?out or ot tnekst
duo(r), suo wen 85 pundin tfaio bak
kei ot
od
opm
$eo
sod baj?t or In
wi koud
wi
tpuoko(r).
to si
at
on steod in
;
ot
twindo
sed An,
fo
'wotivo did jor uzbn lok wa/ sed An, trai-in to laf, it jo in fo(r)V sed tneobo(r). 90 simz id fogetn mo, it iznt twenti fouor aoz jot sin wi wo tld man kant get into niu weoz ool ot wuns. a to'ge'Sofr), on
'
am lokt in,' wot wor up. wi jao kei.' tneobo ran uom
do se(o)
iz iod 95
it
od tlion
slipt iz
is
maind
ot
ed
pokit oz
iuzl.
guid bit wi tpo-petiuol muosn. on av Tvm noon im set of to tpump wi tfaio sul in iz and on "Sen kum sliiokin bak fo twoto kit. puor An sed ool $is in mori of-and weo di'siovd tvari oud lad isen, bod it didnt blind ot od
twumon
ot livd
tnekst duo(r).
'
os so
or oon as
'Sat
wumon
frats
]?iiok ot 'Sat
deo
wo
tloioist, dii-ist,
on bi on muost
ua
mizrabl dea at ivar
Ta bi TMEasTa(it)
193
ba*kum
Sam
ad past sin sa W9 boan. wot ad i diclnt kum nia far a su kudnt inradzn.
An
bait a dina(r), at givin oua taim i niva tand up, an at ten a*tlok at nit sad niva sin is feas. if sa went wuns ta tentri
end, su
went
i
undad taimz
bad
it 105
war
oal
vean.
Sam wa
twast ont
kudnt fesn ta gua slk for im, su felt az if sad nar oni a tmiln lasaz sad no(a) at Sam ad left a tvari cle(a) afta twedin dea. oal J?outs a korokrin ar uzbn an
wo(r), su
reafta di
setin
up
fa
tmeasta
wa
skatad ta twind
it
wa
;
faa beta ta
no
ten a*tlok at nit, anz kad mak, nat far a-seln, bad fa Sam. as far a su ednt etn a ma}>n oal "Sat blesid dea, na kudnt $e war a lump in a
;
na liv $at wea su(a) at afta su kinld tfaiar an mead az nais a supar az
Sam, wiar ed-i i went streit tav iz wak, gat iz brekfas an iz dinar at a kofi-sop. an at oaf past faiv at nit wondad up an dan tstrlts az dezalat an mizrabl az oni man wil kan bi. az a wa moandrin up an dan i "Sis wea i gat mikst up wi a krad a fouk oal gu-in i wun drreksn. i went wi tstriam, far i didnt kea mits wiar a went, an at last fan isen in a tsapil. in a wail an oud man, wi a feas laik an eandzilz, stuid up an preitst laik an
|>roit sa big at sa
kudnt swola
1
at oal.
as fa
115
bin an
wot ed
*i
bin diu-in
afta liavin
uam
120
an kuntri, pias ba'twTn man an man, an last av oal, pias ba'twln man an waif, it simd ta Sam az if, sumwea, toud man ad getn ta noa wot war up ba*twin im an twaif, far i liukt streit at im an teld
eandzil, preitst pias ba'twin kuntri
125
im $e sad
man
an waif, bad
at in oal Jnioz, big a litl, luv sad bi tmeasta(r). wen at a iz ta tad iz 'Sat at sofn gat tsapil juio waif, ta 13 ba'gan
Sam
eks-kiusaz far a kondukt, an aftar a desprat batl wi is praid at lastad wol adevm p.m. i ]?out id gu(a) uam an trai ta fa*get an fa*giv. wen a gat nia tentri end, i tutst a dua
mak
An so(a) im an ran step wi is fuit, an wa vari nia foalin. inta tas riioin ar anz an krai-in oa dia(r), iz drukio, iz 135 drukio.' tpua las dasnt feas im i lika(r), sua sa id a'sen
'
194
SPECIMENS.
bed not drukio, i sat im dan i tarn tseor on tfaiosaid wo warn on brit on taidi, o nais supo
in,
Sam kom
wo
redi,
tfendo(r), ivriJ?iio
i
dun
for
is
leind
bak in
dan
'
!
is tseor
on su
bit
aftor otlucSq
run
slooli
'
is feos.
i
in
An
Sarn
tond
iz iod, iz
les
nor
tik-tak so
wo
145 siotod
on
iz ni,
wi
or
amz rand
nivo
si
'
brek.
afto
;
"Sat
"Se
wo
tmeosto(r)'
buo]? sed
luv
it.
VI.
3N OUD BOIZ KEK3LEKSNZ.
1
tond
'
fifti
bi tmegz,
bod
its
taim
to bi liukin
rand
tkoonoz na, on nuo mis'tak. dzust o bit loioor on as bi wun o "Sem leoki tsaps bat sum, on stokinz ivo so mits to big, ot
Wiliom tooks
flat,
o*bat
tpleo.
it,
on Sat
s
Tz 5
wen
'
o tsap
kumz
is
to Sat,
nokt 0-bat
iz
on im
ai,
puor oud
kum-
muild on broild, on duin iz best to kip bodi on soul to"ge^o(r), on apm riod lot juio onz to elp to kari on twoligig biznos twold. aftor ool its
laik stopin ot guid beotin sop wen tsap s reikt iz oof tsons samin isen to"ge"3o laik, on sentri, oz it giz hn
10
makin wundor
balons
dzenrol balons
a
up
fit
ool iz
dun on
left
undun.
of
moni on
!
oz
bi eobl to stand it on
to Juiok "Soz
kum
nobod ior on 'Sio os fo misen, al tak tult on mak no buonz o*bat it av bin mi mu3o s sed suo reglo raskl J?riu tfost wik a wo boon, moni taim. su(o) it mun bi triu. a-ivor a kod fesn to liuk or it feos afto t'aimz sos teld mo "Sat, a kanot imadzin, on am nuon ban to dis*piut it, not ai. 'Sez moni J?azB muo bin teld tseom teol. bod liovin su(o) as nuon bi bat kumpni. dzuokin o-said, a rioli on onistli bo*liv a wor raskl i mi juio deoz. tnumor kitlinz iv frotld, duks iv traid to mak
treit said
am
wi wun.
20
piok, dorokiz teolz iv prikt, pro'savz iv stoun, tluos-kuodz iv snikt, windoz iv brokio, fati-keoks iv etn, on misdo-mionoz 25 bat numor ot od bin eioin dzob i toud fesnd taimz wen
eioin
wo
fesnobl.
ool Sioz
raiz
up
ig6
laik guosts
SPECIMENS.
kundzad
bi
$em
tu wodz
'
tond
fifti.'
a nieo
bi ]?out 9 braznt and, bod "Ses sum a mi triks al bi end if a wodnt giv 9 tos for 9 juiostor 9t eznt 9 spak 30 im sori fo na 9 divlri 9*bat im. wot if 9 duz galop J?riu 9 siut 9 tu 9 tlu9z
!
pe9 f9r 9 siut 9 ku9diroi r9r 9 wudn 9n 'Se W9r 9 trik a wuns ple9d toud skuil misis, oud Mali Begst9 wi ko9ld 9(1*). 9 re9r oud las W9 Mali i d'e9z
9 ji9(r). oni taim.
ad
reofto
bu9dz 9n bu9d skuilz W9 J?out on. su wor 9* bat tsap 9v 9 be9l 9 botni, wi 9 fe9s laik 9 raizin sun stikin at suldor mutn. su 9 t'op litl fat amz, on anz oz big oz kod noofto rid no rait, bod "Sat didnt mator i ftem deoz. su mu9 wor eobl to beok avo-keok, a-ivo(r), on -Sat wor 40 konsikwens to Mali, wel, wot bo'twin beokin avo-keok on liukin aftor o*bat twenti banz, Mali od wak set. a duont
35
bo'fuo skuil
ed to iuz getn on, if so ednt J?ibl i tavono(o) a sod keok biznos. it kom in so andi to wokio uz juio onz up wi,
45
bit ookod sumtaimz wen on kip os ]?riu fratsin. it wor Mali od bin storin t]?in uot-meil, on sudnli snigd t]?ibl at to gi sum on 9z 9 swilokor on tsaid o tfe9s. toud las wo reofto fond wopin mi, bod a drtamind to e mi rivendz, on wun
de(o)
ad
fain tsons.
"Se
Mali
wo dan
wun
fuit, ot reofto
wookin. wor peor wo vari spoild did i diu bod "So suo ti fond wot teolz on, 50 buoJ> to'geftor on a niu sod fleor iiD om ouo tband wio Mali uid or avo-keok.
kats ot toud las
up drrektli
so soo tkats
"So
kwio pgzisn.
i
mak
wopt
55 so
i
streit f9
mi wi
tj>ibl,
kumin a
soft
avo-keok on
kom
os flat oz
tmiul-oil ool in
weo, on dan bai gou, wornt $or meolok flando(r). minit. toud wumon flumd on rould
to tfluo re it
toud
las
soot leg stikin up i teo(r) tkats splutod on feot tladz on lasoz ran skamporin at into tstrlt on ai wor o*bat
O'bat,
;
wi
tfost
on om,
!
for a niu
wot od apm
!
if
60 eo dio(r), ftem
"Sioz
on
oud fesnd taimz ftez nuo sits meolokin i deoz ast laik to si tlad wi tpluk to sav sits on trik skuil buod misis wa, id bi woj? iz weit i Dziudi Barit
!
umbugz.
97
$em deaz, a W9 put prentis tev 9 gru9S9(r). na, a du9nt no(9) 9 mu9 trai-in sitiwe9sn f9r 9 lad wi 9 we9kn9s f9 swlt
stuf n9r evin trim 9v 9 gru9S9 sop 3at iz, wol 9 gets 9 regb sikn9r 9n "Sen il wis isen 9t tno9}> poul, 9 sum sits spot wi9 $9 sak ais-saklz f9 ^9 fo9nuin driiokin. litl Nati Bels9
65
ko9l 9 indu9 prentis, wits ment nout b9d wak, de(g) in 9n de(9) at, 9n sle9vin 9'we9 tu 9 J?ri nits b9*said, wen "39 w9r out t9 diu i wei-in punz 9
siug9r 9n pen9j?s 9 su9p, 9n sits laik. a didnt S9 mits ke9 f9 "Sat 9t fst, kos ad o fain tsons 9 pitsin int9 figz 9n re9zinz,
W9 mi
me9st9(r), 9n a
w9 wot $9
;o
traiflz 9
ivo(r).
its
Sat su9t, 09d, bi gou, "Sat su9t 9 kapin a suin swlt stuf gets 9Z
75
bit9r 9z go9l wen 9 tsap ez is ful swiiD at it. ai imadzin its 9'bat tsegm wi wot "39 ko9l tplez9z 9 -Sis wld i dzenrgl. a-iv9r it tiuk 9 bit 9 taim t9 briio m9 t9 tsto9leisn point,
dun sum ladz, 9n b9"fu9r it did ad re9^9r 9 kwi9r 9d*vent9(r). mi misis W9r 9 bit 9v 9 skriu, 9n k9d adli J?oil m9 i*nif t9 eit, su(e) a tiuk it at i
apm
9 bit loiD9
n9r
it
9d
80
siug9 kandi 9r out 9t i laikt i tsop, on nout bod reit, a iz 9 grou-in lad to J?raiv bat dzok? wel, it noo"S9(r).
pekis aft9 mi a brekf9s, 9n ad etn ivri mo9sl up 9t toud las put at. dsnt as f9 n9 mu9r 9r els ast 9 getn 9 fli i mi i9r-oil. ad
9t
i
felt
oofl
85
getn dond redi f9 t'sapil, f9 toud las w9 vari p9-tikl9r 9* bat i bi-in reit brout up, su sed, if so did pins me i vitlz. "Sem de9z ladz laik mi we9 bel9s-kaps wi taslz on, 9n rand
m9
krimpt kobz, 9n al stand it a W9r 9s fain 9z onibodi mi saiz, bod wot s "Sat wen 9 tsap s pinst in iz dzok. wel, it W9
getin vari ni9 tsapil taim, 9n a niu a S9d e t9 me9ts
9 Nati
i
90
tfrunt
9n twaif, b9d if jol b9'liv m9, ad "Sat kre9vin i mi k9d 9v etn 9 bit 9 rainos9i*9s, aid 9n oel. su9 wot did i diu b9d nip int9 tsop t9 get sum9t t9 lain mi stuni9k wol dino taim. a niu ad n9 bizn9s ^iqy 9 sundgz, b9d wel, a ednt uiD9(r), 'Se se9, iz 9 sap )709n, 9n bi gou its triu.
insaid a
95
bin
tsop 9 minit
' !
wen
at Dzosiuo
'
D^osiu9
-Sat
w9 mi ne9m, 9n toud
W9
sikin me,
bod
198
100
SPECIMENS.
t0 liov bat
saiv 8 sumot, su(o) a seoz od ov unikeok ot toud las ius to mak up to sel reit swit stuf it
W9 nuon ban
wo(r) slapt it into mi belos-kap at 9 tsit, on gat to d'uo dzust os tmisis wo bo'ginin to bel at Dzosiuo o*gion. su(o)
'
'
!
of wi set to t'sapil.
eo, dio(r)
it
wo
ed,
warn nioonin on a wo swiotin laik 105 brok fo fio toud las sod so'spekt sumot. a dosnt tak mi kap of, kos a wo wookin dzust i tfrunt buoj? tmeostor on roki ruod to Dzoodn, wo "Sat wook oz tmisis, bod it wor mi iod oz if it wo a wamd up a kod fil tunikeok storin no wik, bod on a mod guo, ot last wi gat to tprimitiv sop, on of kuos a ed to dof mi belos-kap. wel, wot wi twam mi moonin on mi swiotin, tunikeok wo stuk fest on t'op mi feos to "Sat iod, on wo bo'ginin to swiol dan tsaidz unikeok wig on nuo mistak. a wiont tel do'gri wol ad 115 ool id to undoguo ]uiu 'Sat dzob, bod a bleom tmisis for it ool i not findin mo dzok rnif. ann figz, av stoun moni on reozinz, on ]?iioz 'Sat suot, if ^0 kool it steilin, bod ai duont wen grou-in lad eznt rnif grub gin im, aft or iz adld it oz ai did wi Nati Belso(r). eo wel a 'Sioz ladis teolz kum 120 tov bodiz maind on a nobod mensn om to seu ot ladz rasklz oz -So ao(r) ant suo wi'Sat kooz sumtaimz. "Sez nuo tu weoz O'bat it moni on om od bi vari difrnt if "So wo reit duin tul. am Jniokin "Ses sum ov uz oud boiz ev lot to anso for i 3at biznos. bod a daront gu(o) on bit loioo(r), lot 125 $00 its kapin wot ]moz duz kum intov tsaps iod wol is smukin paip on J?iiokin o'bat bi-in tond fifti.
wo
$at.
it
wo
reoftor
VII.
red iot
up
to tfendor a
fit 9
puld mi
siot
on a planted mi
tobz.
Sen
reit
paip, a
tseo(r),
it
swu
u
reoz on
tmidnit
eo(r).
wo
io
weostod
jioz,
oz a liukt ot
"Sis
laif
on
!
ot tlaif to bi
a sed
Sa as misen, wi kumfot Sa nooSo kon liv no dl, fo Sas seovd nooS soul no bras."
to
"
15
t'lad
fluo(r),
"So,
lad,
30
mi
kook mi
pos,
Soz nuobdi bod Si to J?enk wik oudo(r), Sa gonin kos, bod wen twoldz as e bin buoj? to t'sots on to tbek."
wa
200
'Sen
SPECIMENS.
sum
dri,
25
on mi
J?outs griu oz
dak
os tnit,
tspri
wen sum drukn oud alz ot od bin on kom smin laik mad up tstrit.
wi
eo
!
'Sor
anz on $0
fit -Se
oz "Sor
amz
into teo
wo
30
raim
t'aimz ot iv dzoind
'Sat
grand oud
eo(r),
wen oud frenz ot mi said wo sin, wen mi laif wor sunsaini alido, on 'Sis wiznd oud wold wo grin.
i
35
tlit
ov
sun
40
kum
"Se
bod
ot
on
puo
litl
fa-Solos
i
kuntri
las,
wuns
sat
tsiiooz piu.
nit oz
wo
ad
;
seiD tlast
im
45
mi
feos reit
on
lips
i
wo wait on
i
or in
wo dim
wen
dzoind or
to
t'sapil jad.
on su sed
'Sa
mo,
-Si
"
Ben, a
fil
feont on
"
;
il,
am, oud lad gi on su wispod sum wodz ot i J?iiok on fo 'Se meod mo reit prad on dlad.
mon
mo
50
stil,
stail,
mo
bi tand sit
loro,
loro
wail
55
201
ad
9s
stil,
weld gets
fil
9s
koud on
9z
9n 9t taimz a
fa
S9d ad t9 sle9v at 9
Hum
9n wil
6o
twenti jio suz bin diad 9n guan, b9d wi9riv9 mi lot mo bi,
mu9 n9
wen
im
left 9*lu9n,
u ol9s
kumz bak
t9 mi.
av wist
a dip
65
W9 mi
luv 9n
las,
triu,
f9r 9 frenz,
pua
$e W9 feu 9n pu9(r)
sa niu.
70
J?iiok
if
i
iv9r
leio
wiar
9I bi
dzust t9 i9r
siio ftat
evm 9v
itseln t9 mi.
VIII.
TS03T TAIM3(r).
it
w9
i
misti on frosti en
dak
oz
buit,
9 tuod,
wen
iod t9
mi
ad nuo
laik
'
j?outs
ov
kumreod
'So
kom up
sool.
bit
ov
ban,
pegi-stik eorin
las,'
10
wot
ato, jo
?'
if 'Sat
meostor
'
a sed,
15
a sod laik om to meots ot "Si bak bod, a ges, if tod leod on ao loioor ot treod od bo'gin to bi slak.'
'
bed
meosto,' su sed, av iod tguvno swior ot iz meod nout bi t'reod fo 'Sis eod2,
ai
' !
on
iz
im
so beo
20
wol
1
kon
}>oil
to gi
weodz\
iz bildin
;
ften iz
bout on
i*steot,
on
as,
on tkost ont no mootl nooz jot if wo pins wol wo kubodz wiont peostor i kon no bod dzust stand on is fit.
eo!
mas
TSOSET TAIMtf(R).
'i
203
25
mead
9 got spriio,
;
uinz im, jo
sel
i
si,
kiio,
on "Sen
'if
wo duont wok
wi muont wok
ot ool,
30
fool,
on mi granfafto sed jostonit if it wornt fo tsoot taimoz ot tsistm od on tpliusea kum bak into tstrit.'
a liukt of on a sed,
ot tfaktri
ti
'
end
ot 'bat
mi on tmansn on tmeon
it o-pioz
laik to
oz
upodn
bi midzez laik
'Si.
ior a peotod
laf,
its
boni
kum
of
40
wo
propt bi
IX.
NAT3RIN NAN.
nua dat
jol oal 9 V ied 9*bat
09I reit 9
9n
streit
moud
fa trees 9
mak men
9n &ap,
10
ou9
tflu9(r)
9 tip-9-tU9Z J9
09,
15
n9t
9t
reitli
t9
bgd se9
im
t
a no9nt
maks
ao
tle9
it
09I iz laif,
NAT3RIN NAN.
jond props az laik a pear
a Saiksaz, jst, bi a teioz
205
25
tmegz,
wen
wa
soubar 9z 9 dzud2
av iad im koal
su(a)
am
legs.
;
evm
it,
wifcat
a sad
sea,
30
wa mit
an a dea.
weastaz liuks at tmabl god, Tgoi! a waid 3e geap, an wunda wits $e feava tmuast
a
wen
35
bogad
ar
an eap.
an sum wi envi an wi spait get fild ta #at da*gri "Sad nok iz nuaz of, if fta dast,
a giv
1
im
blak
T.
40
a
J?iioz
suma
kests a
lit
at
ta si
"5a
aa(r),
wot $a out
ta bi.
45
Admz
banz badeio
at
an liuk
moatlz
wen wa
wil,
wis find a
sumat reo.
tfoal
50
oud
Adm
at oal a
tmaind,
tkeakas, an
tfeas.
nuan sa blind bad 'Sea a fout i n3a men av sumtaimz met wi fouk
ftez
;
ko
si
at }?out
55
3a soa
wun
ftasen.
206
SPECIMENS.
en tbest o tsaps 9t taimz i tfouti
1
find -Sosen
tlas
;
av dubld neiv
"fuo to-dee
60
bod twast
i
wumQn
man,
is
ot pleogd
a went
to si
wun sumor
wen
'
eo
wa
'Si
did ivo(r)
;
wot
triot
70
to si
kum
'
sit "So
dan,
on al set tketl
on.'
'
am nuon
"Sem
tseo(r),
75
Sa nuonkeot, wi
il
to
od Si tuio?
suin bi ior a
1
]?iiok,
suo, if to
al fots
'
sit
on
lit "Si
paip,
80
i
suop
sez ai,
i
driiok.
'
oud
ai,
las,'
Siat ei
buon,
tu
on
'
reo'So lou
bif.'
'
"Sis
jior
av ed
grif.
'am not
wumon
ot oft speiks,
85
ST,
NATKRIN NAN.
1
20 J
sa stat,
ftaz nuatist ai
nuan liukt
a tjia ta
9n
90
fro tlast
bak end
na
a dea.
an wot wi siknas, wot wi grif, am duin $a mea di-pend its bin a wiari muild an teu,
95
bad na
it
ev
of,
bad, lad,
100
am am
at
j?eiokn at
im ban.
s int, ivrijnio at
wi twald, an
moni
ta lig
ma
'wot aiv
az
tak
fles
fra tliast
i
;
tas
105
mna na
kan
i
bia(r)
it iznt dzust a
taim bi tsons,
tjio(r).
nua
wa
no
twind
tstumak, triumatizm,
i
tbak,
115
av sufad matadium.
bad nuabdi
pitiz ma a Jriioks ealin out at oal ;
am
tpua sleav man tug an teu wi twak wol iva su kan kroal.
120
208
'8ii
SPECIMENS.
Dzoni z tmuast unfilin briut at iva wear a iad i wodnt weg 8 and 8 fuit if ai war oal bod died.
:
'i
125
$at rusg
W8
niv8 tman
suin bi wed,
t]?outs
ont tanz
iio
ma
sik
130
ad reader
si
8r
up
bi tnek,
8 barid wik.
if
i
sn
W8 boan
a sudnt
t8 stik 8
'
J?out 8 ta Had
]?iiok
it
ban mai
main
8 sin
135
laif,
wor
naif.
wi mi
ta briio 8
bad na
al sit
'
avfuar
speik agian
140
tas an smue(r)
an 'Sen
guid
greisas,
J?riu
wot
8
;
wind
kumz wiuwin
a
a witl at
'
d'ua snek
mi nek.
muk
145
wi
tslops
oa
wen
i
an a
150
am
kapt
NAT3RIN XAX.
'
209
tnit,
wen
Iz
bin reakin at a
at tfea(r),
at
tmeakit or
sits )7outs as
kum
into
mi
iad
155
az liftad
c
up mi
"
ai,
ea(r).
av
J?out,
lad,
wen
ta
'
kumz uam,
'Sal find
ma
uio bi tnek
an
at
'
"Sen
av me
bi J?out a'gian
160
av mutad, "if it wornt sa dak, an koud, an wet, ad gua ta tnavi a ta d'am an drand miseln ta-nit/'
ar els
'
nout
at oal
;
bad
grif,
165
at weasts
ma
dea bi dea
-
im weak,
toud tsap iad peat a wot sa sed az i kom tlompin in, an satad in a red feast readz, od 3i din.' od, rot it
'
!
170
"Sen
Nan
fiz
ba-gan
ta fro]?
;
an fium,
T75
an
'
wot,
"Sa ofld
'
liukin sliiok
"Siaz
3a niva kumz
duaz wrSin
wi bridin
'fra
"Si
ariz ia(r).
"Sain sin
180
an
wed wa
wo(r)
av tean nu(a) end a grif, an na "Sa stamps ma unda "Sa ma"Sarin ruag an ]?if.
p
tfuit,
2IO
'Sa viln, gi
'Sat de(a) at
SPECIMENS.
ma wot
brout
laik $1
185
wi wo wed,
i
an nivo
mua wi wun
bed.'
d'oudi
liftocl
tav ar in
190
on
9n
up
bi truits
9 anfl
9v 9r
e9(r),
fited laik 9 di in
duk,
195
9n sutad at
9 t'sea(r).
a9
fil
'
lit
"Si
paip a-gian
200
kum
9 'bat i-na.'
it
bad bet9r ed
if Id ni9
bin far
;
im
i
stad 9 peg
!
mai ge9t9z
fr9
wot
po9z
leg.
gat
Nanz riumatik
kom
reav,
ai>at
205
9n nuio 9n tear
i
911
sits a
wi wun
Sen
ftat
3a greav.
a tuio a'gian
iaz,
at it
went
minit su gat
viln,
210
fti
Sa
Sa, fta
sits
noaz
weaz
briraz
'
on
if
gdz az
ftiaz.
aa
tad straik
ma
stif at
wuns,
-
a stab
ma
ta
mi wot
at,
fa
fouk
215
wad noa
reit
ta at.
NAT3RIN NAN.
'unfilin briut!
I I
unfilin briut!
;
Sez nobad
a
'
wun
]uid
tsiaz
ma na
220
kan nat
ta stand
last so long.
it
iznt
at s reit
ol9s wo(r)
kriata(r).
225
kwai9t
'wun
mi
]>iio
ai
ko
sea, if t9-nlt
it lias,
laif
S9d end
110(0),
a no(a), 9t im
tgeat
230
su9,
wen im duin
fa
fo(r),
"Sa
tres.'
m9 wed
jond guid
"Sen
nout juio
Nan
puld sum9t at 9
tlad,
d'roa'r),
'
wait 9z 9 sumg
sez ai t9 Dzoni, sez Dzoni,
1
'
'wot
Sat
"Sia(r) ?
2^
its
a srad.
tiu,
;
9n kofin
kom
i
bad a swea(r)
sa seuz 9t Sat,
240
a wodnt et
su9
9S
tas
wen
S9z
miuld
kwaiat az
a mas.'
pua
'$al
'
Nan
liukt at
ma wi
:
a liuk
sa jondali
an sad
kum
ta tbarin?' 'jas,'
a sed,
'Sen bid
'
245
an as Si uiakl Ben
'
:
dio]>
p 2
NOTES.
denotes that the following syllable has the strong Before beginning stress, thus asenrive (I. 3), 'aim (I. 4). the Specimens the reader is advised to read over 249, 260,
()
The
341, 350 in the Grammar. In order to facilitate the reading of the Specimens, I have written get up instead of ger up,
wot
iz it ?
instead of
wor
iz it ?
etc.
See 290.
III.
Line
4, fot
for
it.
11, jie (
337).
17,
on forms like
22, 26, tmitin class meeting, prayer meeting. 34, nuon ( 357, 399). ^J, on wel beside wil see 399. 63, sum en mad (lit. some and mad, a very
(Sie
see 354.
common
(see
73, sits
en e
( 340).
80,
on
page 73 note).
Grace's
children.
106,
mel ne mak
109, en oel
107, tSa (see page 112). pleonastic for meddle. TI ^> Dzemeeke Jamaica rum. ( 399)-
IV.
Line
of
it.
eeles ale-house, beer-house. 3, de ( 390). 5, ont 11, Ned e oud Bilz Ned {the son) of old Bill. 14,
2,
tset ( 381). 23, setSe (lit. see thee) look! 34, dan-tsteez lit. down the stairs. 52, Bili ( 339). 38, strak ( 363).
88,
must
( 392).
128, it ( 351).
NOTES.
V. Line
( 35)-
14,
tweivin seed the weaving shed. 25, te thou ! tes thou, hast. wist hush 4-6' 56, 104, tentri end
the passage.
the
end of
136, like(r)
(lit.
liquour) drink.
VI.
muild en broild struggled hard. 25, snikt cut. 42, if se ednt e ed 32, wudn en (lit. wooden one) coffin. she had not have had) if she had not had. This con(lit. if struction only occurs in subordinate sentences, and has probably arisen from contamination with such phrases as, sud or sed e dunt she would have done it tladz ed 9 guen We generally say ad e lend jet the boys ivould have gone. if jed nobed e ast me I would have lent you it, if you had only (have) asked me. Cp. the end of 389, 397. 48, we dan e wun fuit ivas doiun of one foot, i. e. one of her legs was longer than the other. 59, kut mi stiks make myself scarce. 86, e fli i mi ier-oil a box on the ears. 93, cSat, see
Line
8,
;
399.
med
VII.
( 392).
Line 53,
is also
stail is the
lit.
The same
IX.
After line 200 the following four lines have been inadvertently omitted in our Specimen
:
sez
'
ai,
se iezifl
"Sal
en fat
and
te lift 9r of 9 tplat.'
INDEX.
[The alphabetical order in the Index
k,
1,
is
a,
b, d. e, 0,
f,
g,
i, j,
m, n, n>, o, p, r, s, s, t, \>, (S, u, v, w, z, z. The numbers after a word refer to the paragraphs in Grammar. When no number occurs after a word it means that word occurs only in the Specimens.]
the
the
akoen acorn,
aks aks
asce,
57.
1
abed yes
Adkisn Atkinson,
267, 291.
57. 1 25, 3 2. (as) to ask, aktli actually, 194, 247. al / 40zZ, 250.
al owl, 171. al to /zowZ, 235*
ali az'sfe, a/Ze?/, 194.
adl to earn, 57, 257. adli, hardly, 399. adn to harden, 61, 247.
ae(r) our, 172, 351. ae(r) hour, 236.
ae(r) are, 61.
afto(r) after, $J, 400. ai I> 95, 35ai yes, 399. aid hide, 175, 361.
amat
am
aim
anl handle, $J, 247, 298. ans ou?ice, 235, 337. ansem handsome, 299.
anse(r) ansiver, 57, 251.
2l6
antra anthem, 57, 286. anvil anvil 57.
,
INDEX.
74,
o>i
clothes),
'mm
>toto
apm
(lit.
happen) perhaps,
196.
270, 399.
bam barm,
74.
apron apron,
arend spider, 194, 304. as as&, as/ies, 57, 312, 337 as (aks) to ask, 125, 312. as house, 171, 310. asemive(r) howsoever, 399. ask dry, rough, harsh, 312. as-midin ash-pit, 57, 312.
'.
ban (pret.) bound, 57, 301. ban cMZd, 61, 259, 280. ban bam, 74. ban going, 171, 303. band string, cord, 57.
bans
to bounce, 115. banti bounty, 235. bare barrow, $J, 243.
at
/ia,
57.
6a^
feed,
57, 306.
73.
245,
bed
292.
az ou? s, 352.
bed-steid bedstead, 87. beebe(r) barber, 203. beed to bathe, 70, 308.
bad
baid
endure, put
stop,
up
with,
beekn bacon,
wait,
remain, 156,
204, 247. beel Me, 204. beeli bailiff, 204, 245. been wear, direct, 84.
bak 6ar&, 61, 312. bak to 6ar&, 74. bake tobacco, 246. baked backward, 243.
bee(r) frare, 70. bee(r) (pret.) bore, 70, 369. bees bass, 195.
beet beet
INDEX.
beete(r) to barter, 203. bef to cough, 73, 280. beg bag, 59, 31$.
be-lief belief, 179. be-liv to believe 150.
t
beg
beid
to beg, 73.
6eac, 87.
ben
to
bek
\<
beck, 73, 280, 312. bel bell, 73. bele to bellow, 73, 315. beles-cap a cap bordered or
adorned with
lace.
bi by, 160, 400. bi bee, 187. bi to 6e, 187, 396. bid to invite to
a funeral,
benk&aw&, bench, 59, 73,312. beo-up very #oocZ, excellent. besk to 6as&, 60, 306, 3 1 o, 312.
best
6es, 73,
bied beard, 68, 259biek beak, 231, 322. biem beam, 178. bien 6ecm, 179.
bie(r) to 6ear, 75, 260, 369. bie(r) beer, 188.
bies,
343.
73, 343.
beto(r)
fcefter,
biest
beast,
coiv,
231.
bezl to embezzle, 206, 246. be %, 400. bed but, 174, 291, 401.
292,338, 381.
biet to 6e, 179, 381. bif beef, 232.
big
306.
bi
gou, bi goi
oath.
kind of
to behave, 70.
be-fuefr) before, 242, 400. b3-gan began, 57. be-gin to begin, 89, 242, 315,
bi
3 6 7-
kind of oath. be-int behind, 89, 305. bi-int, bild to build, 119, 254, 381. bin within, 89, 268, 400.
bin been, 187, 396. bi na by this time, 399.
gum a
bind to bind, 89, 367. bin a bin, 89, 273. bit a bit, 89, 289.
bite(r) bitter, 89.
bi tmegs a kind of oath. bitn bitten. 89. bits 6/fc/?, 89, 312.
218
biuti beauty, 237. bizi busy, 117.
INDEX.
bodm
book
boel
bizm besom,
79, 310.
286.
beam,
62, 312.
ball, 198.
boom balm,
198.
boon 60m, 104, 259. bogod ghost, 280. boil bole of a tree, 109.
boil to 60^, 216.
box, 100.
nice, pretty, 214, 245.
to
borrow,
100,
243,
bont 60^, 103. bout bought, joi, 318. bra brow, 171.
braid bride, 175.
braidl bridle, 156.
blob
254.
bubble,
bidb,
100,
bloe
blosm blossom,
bluid blood,
381.
169, 310.
bleed,
to
i6z,
bred 6m, 148. breo to 6ea, pound, 204. breed to resemble, act like
another person, 84, 315.
07/,
wee/?,
111,
INDEX.
breits
219
60 7? e, 122.
6oc<,
a breach,
to break,
87, 312.
buen
buat
brek
3 6 9(pret.) brought, 59, 368. brest breast, 192. brid to breed, 147, 381. bried bread, 179. bried-fleik a hurdle on which oat-cakes are dried, 87,
brew
312.
bri8df> breadth, 137. brio]? breath, 131. briecS to breathe, 131, 306. brig bridge, 117, 280, 315.
247.
buk buk
book, 164.
112,
to the
bul frit^, in. buldz to bulge, 226. bulak bullock, 111, 243.
bulit bullet, 227, 245. bum-beeli bailiff, 204.
263.
bun
(pp.)
bunl bundle, 121. busk, to #0 about from place to place singing and playing for money, 174, 312. busl to bustle, 111, 287. bus! bushel, 227.
bute(r) butter, in, 243. butn button, 226. butse(r) butcher, 227. buzod butterfly, 226, 243, 291, 310.
bruets brooch. 218. bruid brood, 163. bruslz bristles, 121, 287.
brusn
brust
-d fcod, 395. -d u'ould, 256, 397. dae(r) to rto?'e, 61, 390. daft foolish, silly, cowardly,
brucSoY) brother, 169. bued board, 104, 259. buokre to 6ec7< reto/*.
5
105,
daik c^&e, ditch, 156, 312. daiv to efowe, 175, 283, 295.
361.
271.
220
dak dark, 74. dakn to enter.
INDEX.
diaf
cfea/, 179. dial deal, to deal, 137, 382. dia(r) dear, 188.
damidz damage,
338.
194,
245,
dim dim
din
^77i, 89.
to
deem, 147.
oVft, 117.
dinajr) dinner, 211. din up to reproach, revile, 76, 367, 368. dip to c%>, 117. dip deep, 187.
disiat deceit, 231, 234. disiev to deceive, 23 1 244.
,
tremble,
shiver
dein cfecm, 234. delf a stone quarry, 73, 283. delv to cfefara, 73, 283.
with cold, 89, 297. diu to cto 164, 398. diu due, 237. dium doom, 164.
;
demak
246.
potato disease,
diseased 206.
206,
demekt
toes),
(of potare-
der>
(pret.)
reviled,
^,
dlami
downcast,
371,
deu dew,
180, 250, 295. da do, 398. desnt durst not, 287. dast durst, 113, 259, 390.
dlas #Zass, 57, 310, 315. dlazn to (/to;ze, 57, 310. dlazna(r) glazier, 57. dlea(r) to stotre hard, 70.
dli a^ee, 187.
dlium gloom,
dlou
to g'tou
1
INDEX.
dlue(r) to stare, 315. dlueri glory, 224.
16,5,
221
260,
driem dream,
dlumpi
sulky, morose, 315. dlutn glutton, 226. dluv glove, 169. doeb to daub, smear, 225.
drink
3 6 7.
to
driu
<irei(;,
Doed
J
George, 329.
to
doen daivn,
3 5-
dawn, 6%
173.
drivm driven, 89. droe to draw, 63, 315, 375. drop cZrop, too. druen drone, 122. druev (noun) drove, 122.
druft drought, 174, 315. drukr> drunk, drunken, 111, 247, 3 68
-
_poo
0/ water,
dokn a dock, 100, 247. dolep lump of dirt, 278. dolt lump of dirt, 1 00. don to dress, 100, 268, 295.
dons dance, 200. doudi a scolding, irritable
Dued
Joe, 329.
woman.
doute(r) daughter, 101,318. draft draught, draft, 57, 319.
due(r)
c/oor, 113.
draic%,
drand
175, 315.
Duez, Duezi Joshua, 329. duin ctone, 163, 398. dul didl, 107.
111.
dreeg to drawl, 70, 315. dreek drake, 70, 312. dreet to drawl, 295. dreg to drag, 59, 315. dregiD dragon, 197. dregz dregs, 73, 315. drens to drench, 73, 277,
312.
dun tZo?ie, 398. dun dung, in. duv dove, 174, 283.
duz ctos, does, 169, 310. duzn dozen, 226.
dwaf dwarf,
dwinl
266, 298. dzais ^'oi's^,
to chvindle,
drenk drank,
59.
229,
292,
310,
222
dzen-rl general, 247. dzeni journey, 228.
INDEX.
eg <W, 73 3 X 55
dzoam
a door
dzogl to shake, 100. dzoi joy, 216. dzoint joint, 216, 328.
dsok food,
dzoli jolly, 214. dzosl to jostle, 214.
egriveat to aggravate, 326. ei high, 182, 318. eit 0 eat, 87, 372. eit e*V/K 67, 318, 344. eit' eighth, 67, 344. eit height, 153, 318. eiti e/#%, 344eitin eighteen, 344. eitint eighteenth, 344. eitit eightieth, 344.
el
dzoul
to knock, strike,
254,
226.
elp to help, 73, 278, 383. els else, 73, 357. elte(r) halter, 60, 283.
e have, 283, 395. eb ebb, 73. ed Ao^, 60, 395. edikeat to educate, 242.
em
end end,
73.
er> (w. verb) to hang, 59, 382. er> (pret.) hung, 59, 367.
eadz a</e, 204, 328. eag the berry of the hawthorn, 7 V3 T 5eagifai to argue, dispute, 326. eeke(r) acre, Jo, 337. eel ale, 70. eel hail. 65, 315.
erek fomfc, 59, 312. er)ka(r) anchor, 59. erckl ancle, 59.
enment
(lit.
hangment), used
:
wot tSe eoin the phrase ment ? w&atf the duce ? See page 112.
eskad
netvt, eft, 60, 312.
eem
293, 3*7ea(r; //air, 133. ee(r) hare, 70. eat r, s&i7Z, 203.
eu eu'e, 85, 250. eu to heiv, 180, 250, 382. eu yew, 90, 250. ev have, 60, 283, 395.
1
1
INDEX.
heaven, 73, 247, 283. ez hast, has, 60, 283.
a a, an, 128, 340. e on, 272, 400. 9 of, 283, 400. e he, 350. 9/iave, 283, 395. 9-bat about, without, 242, 400. 9-blidz to oblige, 229. 400. 9d had, 395. 9d tvould, 397.
223
Aem, 264, 350.
evm
9m = m
9-mant amount, 235. e-men among, 59, 242, 400. 9n a>i, 128. 9n one, 345. 9n am/, 301, 401.
9-nent anent, opposite, 242, 283, 400.
73,
171,
40 1.
"3* 24S
9 -said besides. 400.
AercZ, 90.
9-seml
282. 9-sen, -sel, -seln herself, 35$. 9-sti9d instead, 82, 242, 267,
400.
9t (rel.
pr.
and
conj.) that,
306.
9-fua(r) before, 104, 242,400. 9-ge9t in action, cd work, 70, 242. 9-gi9n again, against, 179, 242, 400. 9-gri to agree, 232, 242. 9-gu9 ao/o, 122, 242. 9-kant account, 235. 9-kin akin, 117, 242, 312. 9-kos because, 225, 242. 9-kuadinlai a ceo rd in gly, 24 2
,
356, 401. 9t to hurt, 228, 381. 9 top 9 (lit. on top of) upon. 9v have, 283, 395. 9V of, 4OO. 9-we9 away, 84, 242. 9z us, 310, 350. 9z as, 310. z tars, 352.
fadm fathom,
400.
(9)levm eleven, 8j, 344. (9levnt eleventh, 344. 9-lu9n alone, 122, 242.
fain /n?e, 229. faiv)ire, 156, 283, 344. Faklg TkacMey, 306.
fakt
224
INDEX.
fezn pheasant, 206, 269,293, 310. fed third, 306. fe-getn (pp.) forgot, 242. fenis to furnish, 228. fenite(r)/imiitwe, 228, 243,
288.
fe(r)/or, 400. fere furrow, 113, 243, 258, 318.
feri first, 346.
mi fowl,
fan (pret.) found, 57, 301. fan fern, 61. fasn to fasten, conclude a
243, 283,
297.
fed fed, 148. feed to fade, 204. feek ric&, deception, 127.
feel to fail, 204.
fe-sak to forsake, 376. fe-seen forsaken, 312. fest./mtf, i2o, 309, 344. fid to feed, 147, 381. fidl fiddle, 89, 296. fiebl/eefr/e, 231. fie (r) fear, 131. fies fierce, 233. flest /ea8, 231.
fi.Qt
feat, 231.
j%/?i,
86,
289, 318,
fend
to
206. fent remnant of a piece of cloth, 206. fesn fashion, 197, 247, 269, 317fest /as, firm, 60.
fecSe(r) feather, 73,
film^m,
89, 264.
mp filth,
177.
nn/i?!, 89.
306.
find to ^ncZ, 89, 300, 367, 368. find^gfid!, 187. finis to finish, 211, 327.
INDEX.
flod(r) finger, 89, 273.
225
flop to
/a^ suddenly
to ^w&ZZ
oue tied
160,
^e
flop bed-
flpms fivepence,
270.
247,
clothes over ones head. flou to /tow, 166, ^50. fiowa. floiun, 102, 315.
flue(r) floor, 165. fluet to float, 105. fluid flood, 163.
^e /<?e
about,
flumeks
283.
to
confound, cheat,
288
flae(r) flower, flour, 236.
m7,
62.
foem form,
223.
fleek flake, 70, 312. fleem/ame, 204. fleer up to get into a rage, fleg flag, 59. fler> (pret.) threiv, 59, 367. fles flesh, 143, 312. fii to fly, 187, 315.
fix
fly,
187,315.
child
225.
312.
flike(r) to flicker, 89, 312. flint j#z/ft, 89.
flm
remove, 117.
fliuyfo^, 239.
nog
tick, flock,
100, 312.
fotn (pp.) fought, 100, 101, 247. fotnit fortnight, 93, 192, 245. fots to fetch, 80, 312. foSe(r)/(xWer, 169, 297. foud/o2cZ, 64, 238. fouo(x) four, 190, 344.
226
INDEX.
fouet fourth, 190, 309, 344. fouotin fourteen, 190, 344. fouetint fourteenth, 344.
fouk. folk, 103, 283.
fout fault, 199, 256, 283. frai to fry, 229. fraide Friday, 156.
gad
gal
to gossip, 57.
fran to frown, 235. frats 0 quarrel. fre from, 400. freom 0 ma/ce a stor or e-
^e matter which
gathers
57, 263.
mourn
381.
frig rmre, 315. frit fright, 118, 261, 318. frint fruit, 239.
friz to freeze, 187, 365, 366.
froth, to foam, 100, 306. frozn frozen, 100, 247, 269, 310. frunt /row , 226.
fro]?
gavlok crowbar, Ji, 315. geo gay, 204. geod guard, 203. geodn garden, 203. geon (/am, 315. geon wear, direct, 84, 3 5. geop to gape, 70, 315.
1
fuodz
geet gate, 70, 315. geoto(r) garter, 203, 326. gog to #a#, 59, 315.
fuom /oam,
122.
fuo(r) before, 400. fuos /or<?e, 223. fuid /oo<i, 163. fuil /oo^, 221.
fuit (pi. fit) foot,
163, 336,
337fttl
full, TIT.
fullVr) f idler,
in.
ges to guess, 206. gest ^ues^, 315. get to (/e*, 88, 315, 372. getn (pp.) got, 73, 286. 2 gecSo'r) to gather, 60,243, 97gezlin gosling, 148, 245, 276.
fuml
to fumble, 282.
god
fit,
bout.
INDEX.
gedl girdle, 120.
227
gen
(pi.) maft which has been used in brewing beer, 204, 338. greas grace, 204. great grate, 204.
greanz
gtm green,
grind
89,
to
griu
am#,
gimlit gimlet, 211, 243. gin given, 79, 283. ginl a Zcm/7 narroiv uncovered passage, 247. gis geese, 147, 310. gium <jfi,m, 164. giv, gi to give, 77, 315, 372. gizn to choke, 211, 326. gizn gizzard, 211. God GocZ, 100.
gruep to grope, 122. gruev grove, 122. gruin snout of a pig, 22 t, 268. gruml to grumble, 226, 247.
goam
184.
heed,
care, attention,
goamlas
goit
silly,
stupid,
84.
302, 338.
channel,
mill-stream,
gue to ao, 7 122, 382. guad aoaa 122. guen gone, 122.
,
gue(r)
ao?'e,
122.
00.
goud aoM,
graim
graip
soot
103, 315.
(on the
guid
guis
gulit
(yooc/,
gram-fatSe'r) grandfather, 194, 299. grant to grant, J 95, 326. greegray, 133, 315.
gran-facSe(r),
gxdlet,
channel
for
gust gust,
in.
228
.
INDEX.
il hill, il
117. 147.
89.
89, 350.
il heel,
ilt hilt,
im Mm,,
1 (pi.
idn
inde(r) (occ. intSa(r)) to hinder, 89, 296. indzn engine, 209, 247, 328. indzoi to enjoy, 209, 244, 328. inif (sing.), enough, 164, 245, 3 l 5> 357iniu (pi.) enough-, 164, 245, 3\5, 357ins i%c/i, 117, 337. inte, intev, intul into, 400. inz hinge, 76, 315.
in
to
ie(r) to hear, 151, 382. ie(r) Aere, 154, 354, 399ierin herring, 68.
English, J 6, 273.
earth, 74.
England, J 6, 247. ip 7wp, 117. ipin a c^o^ placed round the hips of children, 117, 245is his, 351.
i(s)sen, i(s)sel, i(s)seln
iiDlnd
him-
o/a building,
276.
^y^. &, 89, 289, 350. it its, 351. i tgeet in the way.
it
mooa
igoi,
an exclamation of sur-
itsen, itsel, itseln itself, 353. itte(r) hither, 89, 297, 399.
INDEX.
iuneti unity, 237, 253. iunien union, 237.
ius use, 237, 253. iusfl useful, 237. iusles useless, 237. iuz to use, 237, 310. ive(r) ever, 145, 283, 399. ivri every, 145, 3^7. iz his, 89, 351, 352. iz is, 89, 310. iz &e A<xs, he is, 310.
229
jue>
ka
coiv, 171,
312.
to
kae(r)
sit
dan down,
Lend down,
172.
75, 312.
kakume(r) cucumber,
263, 282.
237,
jad
2/arcZ,
61, 315.
114, 254, 3i5kan com, ^7. kan (verb) c<m, 57, 389. kani knoiving, skilful, nimble, 57, 245. kanl candle, 57, 247, 266, 298, 312. kansl to counsel, 235. kant to count, 235.
kal kal
your-
kapcop, 57, 194. kap to surprise. kapil a ^/ece 0/ leather seivn over a hole in a boot or
shoe, 194. karit carrot, 194, 245. kasl castle, 57, 286.
243, 3*5, 399jestenit last night, 399. jet yet, 81, 399. j! ye, you, 155, 252, 350. jied (3 feet) 2/arcZ, 74, 337. jien to year oi, 74.
jie(r) 2/ear, 131, 252, 337. jild to 2/^c?, 78, 315.
kat cf, 57. kat cr, 61, 312. kats to catch, 383. kats couch, 235.
youth, 190. to yaivn, 80, 315. jole 2/e/^, 80, 243, 254, 3 J 5jon, jond yon, 80, 252, 354. jondeli vacant, beside onejiuj>
joen
kav to carve, 74, 283, 312. keed carcZ, 203, 322. keedz ca^e, 204. keek bread of any kind,
70, 312.
keekes
322.
body,
carcase, 203,
self
23
kees
case, 204, 322.
INDEX.
kitl to tickle, 89, 257, 312. bring forth kittens,
kei%,
keisn
kitl to
occasion)
312. coarse
need,
312.
kitlin kitten.
necessity, 322.
kek hemlock,
kemp
short
white
kitsn kitchen, 117, 312. kiue(r) cw/re, 238. k weak form of kan can,
27i,359-
kep
kept
kest ketl
to catch
(a
ball),
278,
co6, 100.
100.
the leg), 62.
312.
kept, 148. to cast, 60, 312, 381.
kettle, 73,
ked
247, 312. could, 389. ke-get kirkgate, 90, 312, 313. ken (verb) can, 389. ken currant, 228, 259, 292. kenl kernel, 120, 312.
koen
wm,
104, 312.
kes
243, 261,
kok
310.
kid kid,
89. kil to kill, 77, 250, 312. kll to cool, 147, 312.
kom
273
kindm kingdom,
note, 312.
264,
konseet
297.
211,
117.
kontraiv
3 6l
>
to
contrive,
229,
3 6 4-
kontreeri
contrary,
204
kink
to
246,
3-
401.
kip
to &ee/), 147, 312. kist chest, box, 89, 310. kit a pail, 89, 312.
kost to cos, 381. kot staples of ivool tightly entangled together, 289.
INDEX.
231
to croak, 122.
kotn
cotton, 214.
cold, 64, 312.
coke, cinder, 103, 312. to rake, 220, 322.
kruok
koud kouk
koul kout colt, 103, 312. krab crab, $y. krabd angry, 57.
krum crumb,
krumpl
krus
to
m,
263.
1 1 1
.
crumple,
279,
krak
to crack, 57.
kud kud
cite/, 97, 250, 312. could, 174, 389. kudl to embrace, 111, 247.
kued
corcZ,
223.
the
kuediroi corduroy. kuam com6, 66, 281, 312. kuets coach, 218.
kraps
the
renderings
of
103, 283.
ctijf,
in,
283.
lard, 278, 312. kredl cradle, 60, 247. kreev to crave, 70, 312.
krenk crank,
kres
cress, 73.
59.
cook, 164, 312. kule(r) colour, 226. kum to come, 1 11, 312, 370. kumfet comfort, 226.
kuk
kunin cunning,
11
1,
247. 245.
knp
kup
cu#>, 111.
kriu cretc;, 190. kriuk crook, 164, 312. kroa to crow, 123, 377. kroa crow, 123, 312. kroal to crawl, 63, 283. kroft a small field, 100.
kustm custom,
kut
226, 247.
kuzin,
kuzn
cousin, 226.
250,
krop
c?^op,
100.
kwari
202,
232
kweet quart,
322, 337-
INDEX.
203, 250, 259,
leed laid, 84, 315. leedi lady, 141, 245, 283. leedl ladle, 70.
leem lame, 70. leen Zam, 84, 315. leerem alarum, 195.
lees lace, 204.
leetS
leev
bam,
306.
pp.)
left,
left(pret.
and
143.
lam lamb, 57, 66, lamp lamp, 194. land Zaw^ 57.
281.
leg leg, 73, 315. lein to lean, 139, 382. leits feecA., 132, 312. lek to Zm&, 88, 312. lek leek, 186. len to era, 143, 268, 303, 382 lenit linnet, 99, 212, 245.
.
lent,
lend
(pret.
and
pp.)
lent, 143.
lenf> length,
7%
275.
lap Zap, lappet, 57. lap to wrap up, 57, 254. laps a kind of woollen waste made in spinning, 338.
lari last, 346.
lew (loo) long, 59. len to to?ia for, 59. lenki toZZ am? thin. leo-setl a long bench with
a high
back, 59.
las lass, girl, $7. las (pi. lais) louse, 171, 310,
33 6
last last, latest, 57, 343. lat late, 57, 254, 289, 343.
lat lath, 57, 289.
late(r) latter, later, 57, 343. latist latest, 343.
head, 59.
let to
Ze,
let (pret.)
lete(r) letter, 206. letis lettuce, 206, 245. letSe(r) leather, 73, 306.
levm
li
%,
lid lid, 89. lied lead, 179. lied to lead, 137, 381.
INDEX.
liede(r) tendon, 137.
lief leaf, 179.
233
small pieces of wool vjhich have been detached from the fleece, 100, 338.
loks
lien lean, 137. lien to learn, 74, 382. liest least, 137, 343. liev to leave, 137, 382. lit soon, 187.
lift to lift,
Ion (len) long, 59. lop flea, 100, 278. loped clotted, covered with
dirt, 100, 243.
117.
89, 254, $i5,
lig to lie
down,
382..
lik to lick, 89, 312.
lopste(r) lobster, 100, 278. lost lost, 100. lot lot, TOO.
lim limb,
89.
lotments allotments, 246. lou low, 124, 315. loup to leap, jump, 184, 317.
lous
loose, 184.
toacZ,
lued
122.
lroe(r) to linger, 76. lip Z^p, 89. lisn listen, 117, 287.
list Zis,
luensm
list to enlist,
lug
to
m/
/*e
/ia-ir
of the
187, 381. litl little, 177, 343. litnin lightning, 150. lits lit. littles, 177. lits Ae lungs of animals, 93>3 t8 >33 8
-
lu
luv
Zimi^, III.
love,
in.
m them, 350.
mad
macZ, 144.
liuk to too&, 164, 312. lium loom, 164, 254. liv to Zive, 89, 283. live(r) to deliver, 21 J, 246.
live(r) Zi^er, 89, 283. lodz to lodge, 214.
loe faw, 63, 315. loed lord, 283. loft to/, 100. loin lane, 69, 109, 254. loin loin, 216.
loits loach, 219. loiz to tose, 109, 310, 382.
maie(r) mire, ij6. maiklskoup microscope. mail mile, 156, 337. main mine, 156, 352. mais mice, 175.
mait
??ufe, 156.
mak to make, Ji, 312, 383. mak mark, 61, 312. man (pi. men) man-, 57, 30,6.
mane mant
manner, 194. mount, 235. map a mop, 194.
r) to
lok
234
INDEX.
393.
mas
men
mebi
(lit.
ma^
6e)
perhaps
meraine merino wool. meri merry, 120, 245. mecSe(r) to murder, 120, 297. mi my, 351.
mede meadow, 134, 243. mee (verb) mow/, 65, 315, 393. meed (pret. and pp.) made,
70, 3
1 2.
mi me,
155, 350.
meeg maw,
meelek
70, 315.
ric&, to
play
tricks
upon a person.
137,
meet mate,
70.
meil meal, flour, 87. meit meat, 87. meits to measure, 312.
mel mel
melt
mens
312.
mins mince, 211. mint mint, 89. mini to mingle, 76, 273. mis wms, 89.
misen, misel, miseln, myself,
353.
broken
in
pieces.
met mei,
310.
me
mit to mee, 147, 289, 381. mit (noun) might, 93, 318. mits much, 89, 312, 343. miul mule, 237. miuld angry.
INDEX.
235
163, 263.
muin moon,
288.
263,
moe to mow, 123, 377. mook maggot, 63, 306, moon morning, 104.
to
312.
munde Monday,
muni money, muns months,
ivander about
307, 310.
moendz mange, 196, 328. moQndzi mangy, peevish, 328. moenin morning, 104.
moist moist, 216.
moiste(r) moisture, 216, 243, 288.
munf> month, 169, 337. mune(r) monger, 59. munril mongrel, 226.
musl muscle, 310. musl mussel, 1 1 1 312. must must, 392. musted mustard, 226, 243.
,
mutn mutton,
muzl muzzle,
na
woitf,
226, 247.
ponder
226.
moni many,
mot, moti a
214.
58,
245, 315,
naif
e^ fan/if
mark
moJ> moth, 100. moud mould, model, 220. moud-wap a mole, 103. mud (verb) might, 393. mud crowded, crammed, 263.
nainti ninety, 344. naintin nineteen, 344. naintint nineteenth, 344. naintit ninetieth, 344. nais mce, 229.
muen muen
manner.
nati ?iea, fo'efa/, dexterous (of old people), 265, 286. nat-re-bl natural, nat-rl, 194, 247, 288.
muest most, 122, 343. mufln muffin, 112. muid mood, 163. muild confusion, bad temper,
163.
muild en teu
continuous
236
INDEX.
nil to kneel, 382. niml nimble, 89, 263, 282. nip to move quickly, slip
neeg
neegin,
gnaw, 70, 315. nenin ten a bout which is a constant source of annoyance and com70, 312. 70.
to
away.
nit to knit, 117, 373. nit nit, 89, 317. nit night, 93, 265, 318.
plaint.
neekt naked,
neem name,
neete(r) 288.
nature,
204,
niuk
nei to neigh, 139, 315. nei nigh, near, 182, 318. neid to knead, 87, 372.
nive(r) never, 145, 283, 399. niz to sneeze, 187. nobed ow/^/j except, 2 86, 399?
nek
400.
nod
handker-
?ia/j>,
noe to knoiv, 123, 250, 377. noep to 6ea, strike, 103, 278.
noep> north, 104. noetSe(r) neither,
nekst next, 152, 320, 343. ner> to gnaw as a pain, 59. ner>-neel corn on the foot, 59.
nest nest, 73. net net, 73, 289. netl nettle, 73. nevi nephew, 73, 245.
123,
357,
Ae
&7ior
hairs
ne
>, 357-
nok
to
noreisn
340.
game
nou
nozl
no, 399.
to oea, thrash,
nub
nue nuebdi
nuebl
nobody,
245,
247,
280, 357.
noble, 218.
?icme> %oi, 122, 357.
nuen
INDEX.
*37
nun-ke9t
son.
silly foolish
per-
okg-daik
small
stream
num numb,
ill.
nume(r) number, 226, 282. nut nut, in, 317. nuvis novice, 215. nuvl novel, 215.
obstakl obstacle, 214, 243. od odd, 100.
od
399olin //*e holly-tree, tivig of the holly -tree, 100, 245, 268. olt halt, 58. om9s, om9st almost, 58, 243, 255> 292, 399. on on, of, ico, 249 note, 400. on9(r) honour, 214. oni any, 146, 245* 3 l 5> 357.
op
to hop, 100.
opm
ogmgnd almond,
o9minak
255.
62,
09pni
ou to owe, 124, 315oud to hold, 64. oud oZcZ, 64, 300. ou9-kesn overcast, gloomy
245,
283.
09s horse, 104, 261, 310. oe$9(r) either, 123, 243, 357, 401. 09<S9(r) order, 223, 258, 297. on offal, 100.
ofld disreputable. oft o/2, o/te?i, ioo, 399. og the first year's wool of sheep, 100, 315.
oil hole, 109, 317. oil oil, 216.
ou9(r)-welt to upset, 73. out ought, 124, 318, 394. out 7ioZ, 103, 289. ovl hovel, 100.
pa9(r) poiver, 236. pai p*e, 229. paik_pi&e, 156. paik to pick, choose,
select,
229,322.
pail pile, 156.
2 38
INDEX.
penef> pennyworth, 243, 247, 251. peni penny, 73, 245. pes to knock about, smash,
pak pack, bundle, $J, 312. pak a kind of blain, 278. pak park, 6 1 pan pan, 57.
.
pig pig, 89, 315. pigin a small water -can, 89. pig-koit pig-sty, [09. pik pickaxe, 211.
pikte(r) picture, 243, 288. pil to peel, 234. pile pillow, 117, 243. pilinz /ie pee/s 0/ potatoes,
etc.,
peen
paift, 204.
peenpawe
of glass, 204. peent paint, 204. pee(r) >cm", 205. pee(r) to pee, 205. pees pace, 204. peesl parcel, 203. peest paste, 204.
peeste(r) feed.
(lit.
234.
pim-ruez primrose, 262,278. pinien opinion, 211, 246. pip (pret. and pp. pept) to
peep, 232, 383. pis piece, 232. pit >, 117. piti pity, 211.
pits pitch, 89, 312. pi]? ttjfe, 89.
pasture)
to
peet
partf, 203.
peetne(r) partner, 203. pegi-stik Ae handle of a pegi (an instrument used in washing clothes, having a long handle inserted at right angles to the plane of a wooden disc, in which are set several pegs).
pei pea, 87, 278, 311.
peil
piu pew, 237. piue(r) pure, 238. pius puce colour, 237.
plant plant, 195. plat ^oor, ground. pleen plain, 204. plees place, 204.
pleeste(r) plaster, 195, 243. pleet plate, 204. plek _pan&, 197. pies to splash, 59.
pen pen,
INDEX.
pleze(r) pleasure, 206, 243,
239
310. plied to plead, 231. pliez to please, 231. plit plight, 93, 318. pliu plough, 164, 315. plot plot, 100. pluk pluck, to pluck, 312.
prod
prog
to prick,
goad, 100.
wood for
the
fifth
the
bonfire
on
of
in,
plum plum,
74.
plume(r) plumber, 226. pobz (pi.) porridge ; sops made of bread and milk.
pueli poorly,
ill,
222.
poe paw, 225. poem palm, 62, 278. poez to kick, 225, 278.
point point, 216. poizn poison, 216.
tSe)
to
pray,
70,
preet
to
babble,
preez
258.
taste
prenk prank,
prik
trick, 59.
240
rand round, 235. ransak to ransack,
INDEX.
riel reaZ, 231. riep to reap, 82.
rie(r) to rear, 137.
rief>
71.
rasl to wrestle, 144, 2,86, 310. rast rust, 171. ratn rat, 194, 247, 269, 286.
rebit rivet, 2]
2,
245, 283.
rigin ridge of
a house,
117,
reedz rage, 204. reek rake, 70, 312. reek at to ramble about.
reel raiZ, 315.
rik ree&, smoke, 1 50 note, 312. rikriut to recruit, 239. rikuve(r) to recover, 226.
ril ree, 187.
rim rim, 89. rind rina 89. ri to rm#, 89, 367, 368.
7
,
rek
to reckon, J 3, 247.
re ivrong,
rer>k
rarfcJb,
59, 250. 59, 197, 322. renl to pull the hair of the
wright, 118, 318. ritn written, 89. riu to rae, 190, 250, 382. riubub rhubarb, 239, 243. riuin ruin, 239. riuk roo&, 164, 317. riume(r) rumour, 239. rive(r) river, 211.
rit
head, 59.
rest, rest,
remnant,
73.
res rash, 59, 312. rets wretch, 73. rib rib, 89. rid rid, 77. rid to read, 130, 381. rid reed', 187.
ridl riddle, 136, 311. ridl sieve, 89, 257.
rizd rancid (of bacon), 258, 310. rizn risen, 89, 310.
184.
rok
INDEX.
roul to roll, 220. rout wrought, 10 1 318. rubis rubbish, 226. rudi ruddy, in, 245, 315. rueb robe, 218.
5
241
saleri celery, 2 J o.
salit scdad, 194, 245.
samen sermon,
207.
to-
samup
to
ruez rose, 105, 310. ruf rough, 1 74, 319. ruid rood, 163.
ruif roof, 163, 283.
ruit root, 163.
256, 3 1 2, 39 1. s us, 350. sa a drain, sough, 310, 315. sa soio, 114, 315. sad sad, 57. sadl saddle, 71, 296.
5
seeg a saw, 70, 315. seek sake, 70, 312. seekrid sacred, 204.
seel saiZ, 84, 315. seel sale, 70. seem lard, 204, 310.
seem same,
70.
strain through a sieve, i56 3 J 5sailm asylum, 229, 246. sain si^ii, 229. saip to ooze or drain out
3
seg to distend, 59, 315. seg se<%, 73, 315. sek sack, 73, 312. seki second, 346.
slowly, 156.
306, 315. saizoz assizes, 229, 246. sak to suc&, 171, 310, 312.
353.
sakles simple, silly, $j, 243. sal shall, $J, 312, 391. sale scdlow, $J, 243.
sen
242
senz sends, 302
ser> (soo) song, 59.
INDEX.
sikstint sixteenth, 344.
sikstit sixtieth, 344.
sil
(pret.) sang, 59, 367. serek (pret.) sank, 59, 367. ses assessment } to assess, tax,
sen
s%
117.
245.
206, 246. ses sash, 197. set to set, 7 3, 310, 381. setedo Saturday, 134. seu to sew, 190, 250, 382. sevm seven, 73, 270, 344. sevnt seventh, 344. sevnti seventy, 344. sevntin seventeen, 344. sevntint seventeenth, 344. sevntit seventieth, 344. sez say est, says, 134. se so, 399.
sim
sind
to rinse,
wash
out, 266,
300, 310. sinde(r) cinder, 89. sinz to singe, 76, 277, 315. sin to sift#, 89, 367.
sink
to
si?iA;,
sin>l single,
si to stretch,
310.
357187. sioez scissors, 23 1, 243, 310. siu solved, 190. siu to site, 239. siueli surely, 240, 242, 399.
siuo(r) sure, 240, 310. siuge(r) sugar, 227, 310. siuit suet, 239.
sicS to seethe,
siezn season, 231. sift to si/, 89, 283. sik to seek, 147, 383. sikl sickle, 89, 312. siks sise, 77, 320, 344. siks-pene]? sixpenny worth, 251. sikst sixth, 77, 289, 309, 344. siksti sixty, 344. sikstin sixteen, 150, 344.
siut sw#, 237. siv sieve, 89, 283. skab scab, 57, 312. skae(r) to scour. skafl scaffold, 194, 301, 322. skaflin scaffolding, 194, 301,
INDEX.
skai sky, 175, 312. skeolot scarlet, 203, 322. skeolz scales, 70, 204, 312. slek to extinguish afire, with water, 73, 312. sle (pret.) slung, 59.
slept
sli
s/ejtf,
243
etc.,
skelp
312.
skep a large ivicker basket for holding spinning bobbins, 73, 312.
%,
slidn (pp.) slid, 89, 247. slin to s2i7? g, 76, 367, 368. slink to slink, 89, 367.
#
slink
<x
sneak.
skoud to scald, 199, 322. skoup scoop, 168, 312. skraml scramble, 57, 312.
skrat to scratch, 57, 312, 381.
skripto(r) scripture, 211.
skreep to scrape, 70, 312. skriem to scream, 312. skrik to shriek, 158, 312.
skuo(r) score, 33 J. skuft the nape of the neck,
1, 312. skuil school, 163, 312. skul skull (of the head), 1 1 1 312. skute(r) to spill, in, 243, 312. si shcdl, 312, 391. slaughter, $J, slaft9(r) to X 3 9slaid to slide, 156, 361. slaim slime, 156. slaip to take away the skin or outside covering, 156. slak slack, 57.
,
slitn (pp.) s^Y, 89. sliu slew, 164, 315. sliv sleeve, 150.
pair of
11
a door, 100. slut slough, 169, 315. slukn slunk, 274, 368.
slumok a
untidy per-
smes smash,
59.
smitn smitten,
slee to
smok
244
INDEX.
sout sought, 167, 318.
spaie(r) spire, 157.
sneak snake,
spak (pret.) spoke, $j. spak spark, 61. span (pret.) spaw, 57. span to span, 57.
spare sparroiv, $J, 243, 250. spat (pret.) spa, 144.
spatl spittle, 125. speed spade, 70, 278. speen to wean, 70, 268, 278. spee(r) to spare, 70. speik to speak, 87, 310, 312, 373. speits speech, 132, 312. spek speck, J3, 312. 206, spekteklz spectacles,
242. spel to spe^, 382. spend to spend, y$, 381. spenk to &ea, &i, 59, 312. spe(r) spur, 104. sperinz banns of marriage, 120, 24-5 33 8 sperit spirit, 213, 245.
-
sniek
sniu
306.
snoe snow,
377-
to
J#
soo (pret.) saw, 63, 318. soo to sow, 123, 377. soos sauce, 225.
soov
soft
salve, 62.
so/if,
169.
sok
soc&, 100.
spm, 89, 367. spinl spindle, 89, 247, 266, 298. spit to spit, 89, 373. spitek spigot, 89, 243, 310. spiu to spew, 159, 250. split to split, 373. spoil to s>o, 216, 382. spokr> spoken, 100, 247, 271. spot spot, 100. sprat to sprout, 171.
spreid to spread, 139, 372. sprer> (pret.) sprang, 59. sprir> to spring, 89, 367. sprun (pp.) sprung, in.
spin
to
INDEX.
spuin spoon, 163. spun spun, ill.
st should, 256, 305, 312, 391.
245
stak (pret.) stuck, 57. stak very, quite, 312. stak mad very angry, 61.
stakr> to
61, 271.
grow
stiff,
stiffen,
stint to
stamp
stand
to
stamp, 57.
stapl staple, 71, 196. stat stou, 235. stati statue, 245. stav to starve, 74, 283. stedi steady, 310. steebl stable, 204.
117. stin to sting, 89, 367. stink to stink, 89, 367. stipl steeple, 150.
stits to stitch, 89, 312.
$/??.
stoak
stotZ&, stor>i,
62.
steak
312.
^e handle
of
a pot or
283,
229,
361.
stem
8to?7i,
streu to
striak streak, stripe, 98. striem stream, 179. strikn stricken, 89. strin string, 76.
strm
of,
to string, 367.
stiad e instead
400.
246
struek to stroke, 1 22. struek half a bushel, 122.
stubi short and stiff, stubl stubble, 121.
stoien stone, 122.
1 1 1
.
INDEX.
sumet something, anything, in, 243, 251, 257/ sump a puddle or c^r^ pool
of water, 111, 250.
sumwie(r) somewhere, 399. sun so?? in. sun sun, in. sunde Sunday, 1 1 1 243.
,
,
174.
tree or
swaim
>oe,
to
climb
siveep
up a
off,
156.
to
swaip
remove
stun
stfirD
to stun, 1
1 1
hastily, 156.
(pp.) stung,
stutter,
in.
stammer,
bacon, 61,
122, 399.
handle of a machine, 70, 250, 310. swel to su'e^, 73, 382. swelt to faint, be overpowered
sweep
^e
sued (swed) sword, 74, 250. suek to soak, 105, 312. suep a little tea or beer, 105. suep soap, 122.
sue(r) sore, 122. sufe(r) 0 suffer, 116. suf-oil manhole of a drain, 3*5suin soon, 163, 399. suit soot, 163, 289. sukn (pp.) su^, in, 247, 368. sul shovel, 283. sum some, 357.
by heat, J$.
(pret.) swung, 59. swenki small beer, 59. swets a small sample of
cloth, cotton, etc., 60, 312.
swen
74.
gutter (of
to
a candle),
j$,
13^
swie(r) 37i.
2 54-
swear,
369,
swiet
m,
to sweat, 137, 250, 381. swift swi/fc, 89. swil to rinse, wash out, 89.
247,
226.
.
281,
sumen
to
summon,
sume(r) summer,
1 1 1
swileke(r) a &Z(n(;. swilinz ifew liquid food for pigs, 89, 245. swim to swim, 89, 367. swin to swing, 89, 367. swip to sweep, T29, 383.
INDEX.
swit sweet, 147.
247
swoen sworn,
104.
swop
to
swum
swim
(pp.)
swung,
111.
sain 0 shine, 156, 361, 363. sait cacare, 156, 312,, 361. saiv s^ce, 156, 312. sak to shake, 71, 312, 376. sakl shackle, 71, 312. sal shallow, $7, 243. sap s%)e, 57, 312, 383. sap sharp, 61. seg shag, 59, 315. seed shade, 70, 312. seem shame, 70, 312. see(r) share, 70, 312. seev to shave, 70, 283, 382. sel sAeW, 73, 312. SelfsAeZ/, 73, 312. serek shank, 59.
su sAe, 191, 310, 350. su (pi. suin) s^oe, 164, 334. su to shoe, 382. suin shoes, 163.
suit to shoot, 191, 381. sul shovel, 106.
sulde(r) 112.
(suoe(r))
.
shoulder
sun
shudder, 11
1,
243,
297,312.
suoe(r) 112.
(sulde(r))
shoulder,
sheath, 137.
etc.,
suv
sift
sil
77 312.
5
306, 341.
t it, 350.
248
ta thou, 350.
INDEX.
teu
te,
to
work
zecdously, 180,
285.
tev to, 283, 400. te thou, 306, 350. ted ur<i, 120.
tak
to take, 71, 312, 375. tale talloiv, 57, 243, 315. tali to agree, be right, 194,
150.
245-
tan to tan, 57. tan town, 171. tap to>, 57tarie(r) terrier dog, 208, 243. tate(r) tatter, 57. teebl a&Ze, 204. teel tail, 65, 315.
order,
til to
89.
315.
out, 147, 381.
tim
to
pour
teem tame,
Jo, 285.
good-for-
nothing.
teits to teach, 138, 312, 383. tel to tell, 73, 382.
toe^, 147. tiu too, also, 164, 399. tiuk took, 164, 312. tiuzde Tuesday, 159. tlad cloud, iji, 312.
tern
poured
out, 148.
tlak
cferfc,
207, 323.
tlam
ten ten, 192, 344. tent tenth, 309, 344. ten a sting, to sting, 59. tenz to#s, 59, 273, 338.
famish, 57, 312. tlap cto#>, 57. tlap to place, put down. tlat ctou^, 171, 312.
tlate(r) to clatter, $J. tlee c^2/' S^-
to
tleem
INDEX.
tleg to stick to, as thick to the boots, clog,
249
to
mud
59,
tlutfojr)
get
closely
to-
gether, 297.
312. tlegi sticky, dirty (of roads), stopped up with dirt, 59. tlen (pret.) clung, 59.
tlenk
tlets
312.
tlien clean, 137, 312.
tlie(r) clear, 233, 312. tliet coltsfoot, 312.
tlik
to
seize,
snatch,
catch
a small
toul toll, 103. tout taught, 140, 318. trai to try, 229. train trifle, 229. tra-il trowel, 235. trans to beat, flog, 235. trap ra>, 57.
trast to rus, 171, 310. treol to drag, 204.
the
treml
100.
out.
trezo(r) treasure,
206,
243,
310.
tri tree, 187.
tlovm
cloven, 100.
tribl
treble,
.
threefold,
209,
348.
trim
to
rim, 117.
tlueve^r) clover, 122, 312. tluez clothes, 122, 307, 310. tlun (pp.) clung, in. tlustefr) cluster, 111, 286.
triu true, 190, 250. triuj? truth, 190. trodn trodden, 100.
250
INDEX.
tsoul see 312. tsozn chosen, 100, 247. tsuek to choke, 105, 312. tsuf proud, haughty, ill, 3 l 2. v tsuk to throw, pitch, 226. tu iwo, 129, 250, 344.
trof trough, ioo, 315. trolep a dirty, untidy person, 285. trons trance 200. trubl trouble, 226. trunl trundle, 121. trunk trunk, 226.
122.
tuen
(lit.
/ie
chew, 57, 312. tseedz charge, 203, 330. tseef to chafe, 204.
122,345. tug to tug, plod, in, 315. tug en teu (words of nearly
the
same
for
to
signification,
coupled emphasis)
the
sake of
work hard
and
strive.
blood), 254.
tseu to chew, 190, 312, 382. tserep to chirp, 91, 248, 312.
tseri cherry, 207, 311, 330. tsets church, 90, 312.
tul
to,
tuml
282.
tumble,
111,
263,
349.
tsikin chicken, 89, 312. tsilde(r) children, 89, 92, l2 ^3 <>335tsimli chimney, 211, 330. tsin chin, 89, 312. tsiuz to choose, 187,312,365,
tsiuz -wot whatever, 357. tsiz cheese, 130, 312. tsoak chalk, 62, 312. tsois choice, 216, 330. tsons chance, 200, 330. tsont chant, 200, 330.
tuts to touch, 226. tuf>ri (lit. m> or three) few, 192, 349tucSe(r) /ie oAer, 169. twain tivine, 156. twais twice, 156, 250, 348. twelft twelfth, 73, 289, 309, 344. twelv tivelve, J 3, 283, 344. twenti tiventy, 73, 344. twentit twentieth, 344. twig fow#, 89, 315. twil quill, pen, 324.
INDEX.
twilt quilt, 211, 254, 324. twilt to beat, thrash, 324. twin, twin, 89. twin between, 246, 400.
251
twinkl
twot
pudendum fem.
250.
through, from, 400. J?rl M?'ee, 187, 344. J^ribl threefold, 209, 348.
J>r9
179, 306.
J?ri9tn to threaten, 179.
MW/%
(j?riu)
89.
J?enk to thank, 59. }>9ti tairfy, 90, 245, 344. J^etin thirteen, 344. f9tint thirteenth, 344. f>etit thirtieth, 344. f>azde Thursday, 172. J?i Mi(//i, 187, 318. Jnbl a smooth round stick used to stir porridge with.
\>if thief,
on account
J?rm threiv, 190. p>riu (j^rift) through, from, on account of, 116, 319. J?ro9 to throiv, 123, 377. J?roit throat, 109. J?rosl thrush, ioo, 287, 310.
J?rotl to joress o?i
Me wind-
187, 283.
J?ik
pipe, choke, 100. ]>rusn (pp.) thrust, 287. J^rust to thrust, 178, 367, 368.
)?iml
111, 243,
282.
J?in
&m, 117.
273, 306,
Mou, 171, 306, 350. Sai thy, 155, 351. tSain thine, 156, 352.
<5at
J?isl thistle,
89.
(demon,
57,
pr.
and
354.
conj.)
that,
306,
Cp.
also 399.
oil to
<7i've
ungrudgingly,
109, 306.
)50ut thought, 167, 318.
)?raiv to thrive, 156, 283, 306,
35-
361.
}?rast (pret.) thrust, 57.
Segz theirs, 352. Sem (demon, and pers. pr.) Me???, M086, 306.. 350. 354.
252
tSen then, 108, 306.
t5e the, tSe thee,
INDEX.
ulet owZ, 174, 243. ulz bean-sivads, 1 1
241.
sweets.
243,
131,
Sis el,
tSiseln
thyself,
243-
unt
to /mr6,
in.
ime(r) hunger,
m, 243, 273.
104.
upodn upholden.
up-reit upright. ut /io, 126, 317.
utSe(r)
u<Se(r)
uem
uep
uvm
uz
ove?i, 107,
uzbn husband,
310.
-v Aave, 395.
va vow, 235.
vaielat, violet, 230,
manner, rage, 315ug to carry, 11 1, 315. ugli wf^/) in. ug hip, in, 247, 271.
uid hood, 163. uif hoof 163, 283. uin to harass, treat badly,
,
vale value, 194, 243. vali valley, 1 94, 245. vament vermin, 207, 294. vanis varnish, 207, 327. vantidz advantage, 246.
vari
ver^/,
.
399-
163.
TNDEX.
viel veal, 231, 250.
-> 2
r*
250.
weel whale, 70. to wane, 70. wee(r) to spend or money, 70, 250.
ween
to^/ outf
we est
low.
tvaste, 149.
s^fo/,
weeste(r) a
stupid fel-
weet
weev wave,
70, 133.
weg
250.
wait white, 156. wait ali, see 346 note. waiz wise, 156.
weik
Ae u'ic&
o/"
Za-}?^ or
wak to beat, flog, 250, 306. w&k pain, to ache, 61, 312. wak (noun) work, 74, 250,
wakes
259,312. union,
243-
workhouse,
weiv to weave, 87, 283, 372. wel (noun) we^, 73. wel (adv.) ^(;^, 399. welp ivhelp, J 3.
wen when,
to beat, flog, 202, 250.
1
108, 317.
walep warn warm, 61. wan (pret.) wound, 30 wan to warn, 61.
went,
iue7i, J^.
wen
.
wesp
west
to
to, throw.
202, 250,
wes
wet
61.
warend to warrant,
291. wast worst, 343. wat war, 6 1
.
wate weekday,
7
a sheep
web i6'e&, 73, 280. wed to wea marry, 73, 381. wednzde Wednesday, 170.
,
397.
254
INDEX.
to %vork, 120, 312, 383.
wk
wisl to
wem worm,
120.
wispg(r) to whisper, 89. wis to msA, 177, 312. wisin cushion, 325. wist silent, quiet.
ivilt
thou ? 256,
wi w^A, 89, 307, 400. w! we, 1 55, 350. wid weed, 187. wid.9 widow, widower,
89,
wits
which,
J7,
256, 312,
243, 250, 296. wi9nt will not, 256, 397. wigpm weapon, 131, 247, 270.
wear, 75, 369, 371. where, 131, 317. wio(r) wi9ri iveary, 149. wi9t wheat, 137, 317. wiez to wheeze, 131. wik quick, alive, 89, 250, 312. wik i(;ee&, 89, 337. wil (adv.) well, 79, 399. wil wheel, 187, 250. wil will, 89, 397. wild to wield, 78. wild wi7c, 92, 254. wil9 willow 77, 243. wimin women, 160, 283. win to twin, 89, 367.
t
wie(r) to
355.. wits witch, 89. wioat without, 400. witSo(r) to /mrZ, throw, 250. win-in whistling (of the wind).
wizdm wisdom,
247.
wise,
160,
wizl
wizn
wod would,
wogf
256, 397. (wo9fi) sickly to the smell, insipid to the taste, 62, 250,319.
to ^c;a&, 62, 31 2.
wo9k
wind wind, 89. wind to ivind, 89, 367, 368. windg window, 89, 243, 250.
wintg(r) winter, 89. win wing, j6, 250.
woks wax, 58. woks to grow, 320. wol until, 249, 401.
wond9(r) to warafer, 58. wont want, 58, 250. wop (wap) to hit, throw.
wo(r) was, were, 58, 396. wot (wor) what, 58, 250,
3*7> 355-
wink
wip
to
wink, 89.
to
weep, 147.
INDEX.
wote(r)
250.
255
(pi.
water,
58,
.
243,
wumen
wun wun
wimin) woman,
58,
wound, in,
.
301.
270.
wuem womb,
won, 1 1 1 wun-a somehow, 345. wund a wound, ill, 300. wunde(r) tvonder, 11 1.
(pp.)
wuns
z
2S,
07ic, 126,
348.
wulzi wollen,
310.
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DEPT.
recall.
RENEWALS ONLYTEL. NO. 642-3405 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or
on the date to which renewed.
MAY 2 7 970
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11
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30
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