Electrical Principle

CE00436-1Electrical Principles Individual Assignment Page1 of 46
Level 1 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2014

TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.No Topic Page No
1.
EXPRIMENT NO-1
2-8
2. EXPRIMENT NO-2 8-15
b. REFERENCE 45-447

s



Experiment no 1.
Aim:-
To Find V
0
in the circuit of Fig.1 using Thevenins theorem and simulate it using Multisim
Simulator. Compute the error in two results.
Theory: -
Thevenins Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, no matter how
complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a single voltage source and series resistance
connected to a load. The qualification of linear is identical to that found in the
Superposition Theorem, where all the underlying equations must be linear. If we're dealing
with passive components, this is true. However, there are some components which are
nonlinear: that is, their opposition to current changes with voltage and/or current.
In electrical circuit theory, Thevenins theorem for linear electrical networks states that any
combination of voltage sources, current sources and resistors with two terminals is
electrically equivalent to a single voltage source V and a single series resistor R. For single
frequency AC systems, the theorem can also be applied to general impedances, not just
resistors. Any complex network can be reduced to a Thevenin's equivalent circuit consist of a
single voltage source and series resistance connected to a load.
Circuit:-

Figure (1)


Design of simulation Circuit using Multisim:-
Since, we have to find voltage across O k 2 resistor according to thevenin theorem. So, we
remove the load resistance O k 2 .

Figure (2)
Now find the V
o.c
across AB terminal:

Figure (3)


Now short voltage source and open the current source and find R
th.

Figure (4)
Now find Vo.c across ab terminal.

Figure (5)


Now connect thevenin resistance with V
o.c
:

Figure (6)
Again load resistance also connect with V
o.c
:

Figure (7)
Now find the V
o

Figure (8)


Calculation:-

Figure (9)
( )
3 2 1
|| R R R R
th
+ =
O + O O = k k k 4 ) 3 || 6 (
O = k 6

Figure (10)


Applying KVL to mesh 2:
0 10 3 ) ( 10 6 12
2
3
1 2
3
= + + I I I ------------------------------------------------ (1)
In mesh 1:
mA I 4
1
=
Now put the value of
1
I in equation (1);
0 10 3 ) 10 4 ( 10 6 12
2
3 3
2
3
= + +

I I
After solving we get,
mA I 4
2
=
Now applying KVL to the path a-b or open path:
0 10 3 10 4
2
3
. 1
3
= + I V I
c o

After solving we get,
V V
c o
28
.
=
Using voltage divider rule,
L th
L c o
o
R R
R V
V
+
=
.

v
k k
k
7
2 6
2 28
=
+
=
Result
After simulating this circuit in multisim, we get
V
o.c
=28V
R
th
=6Kohm
V
o
= 7V
After solving this circuit we get


V
o.c
=28V
R
th
=6Kohm
V
o
= 7V
And error =0%
Conclusion:-
Thevenin theorem is the method to solve the electric circuit and calculate voltage or current
across any any component very easily. In this circuit, valve of all the V
o
by calculation and
by simulation is same so, error is zero.
Experiment no 2
Aim: - Find V
0
in the circuit using Nortans Theorem and also simulate it using Multisim
Simulator. Compute the error in two results.
Theory:
Norton's Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, no matter how
complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a single current source and parallel resistance
connected to a load. Just as with Thevenin's Theorem, the qualification of linear is identical
to that found in the Superposition Theorem: all underlying equations must be linear. In some
ways Nortons Theorem can be thought of as the opposite to Thevenins Theorem, in that
Thevenin reduces his circuit down to a single resistance in series with a single voltage.
Norton on the other hand reduces his circuit down to a single resistance in parallel with a
constant current source.
Nortons Theorem states that Any linear circuit containing several energy sources and
resistances can be replaced by a single Constant Current generator in parallel with a Single
Resistor.
As far as the load resistance, R
L
is concerned this single resistance, R
S
is the value of the
resistance looking back into the network with all the current sources open circuited and I
S
is
the short circuit current at the output terminals.



Circuit:

Figure (11)
For finding the Vo first remove load resistor.

Figure (12)
To find I
sc
short the terminal ab:


Figure (13)
According to source transformation, we change 6V into 2mA.

Figure (14)
Now change O k 6 or O k 3 into O k 2 .

Figure (15)


According to source transformation convert 2mV into 4V.

Figure (16)
Now find the I
s.c
.

Figure (17)
Now find R
N



Figure (18)
Connect R
N
parallel with I
s.c

Figure (19)
Now connect load resistor all in parallel an find finally V
0


Figure (20)
Calculation:-

Figure (21)
2 1
|| R R R =
k k k 2 6 || 3 = =


In mess 1
mA I I 4
2 1
= --------------------------------------------------------- (1)
KVL across super mess
0 10 4 10 2 4
2
3
1
3
= + + I I
KVL around mess 3,
0 ) ( 10 2 ) ( 10 8
1 3
3
2 3
3
= + I I I I
Since
c s
I I
. 3
= the above equation becomes:
0 ) ( 10 2 ) ( 10 8
1 .
3
2 .
3
= + I I I I
c s c s

After solving the equation we get,
A mA I
c s
333 . 133 133 . 0
.
= =
) 2 8 ( || ) 4 6 || 3 ( k k k K k R
in
+ + =
O = k 75 . 3
) || (
. 0 L N c s
R R I V =
( )
mv
k k
258
4 || 75 . 3 1333 . 0
=
=

Result:-
After simulation
V
0
= 258.058 mV
I
s.c
=0.1333mA
After calculation
V
0
= 258.058 mV
I
s.c
=0.1333mA


Error =0.038%
Conclusion:- Nortons Theorem states that Any linear circuit containing several energy
sources and resistances can be replaced by a single Constant Current generator in parallel
with a Single Resistor. In this circuit value of all the component becomes approximate
equal.
Experiment no 3
Aim:-
Analyze the natural and step response of series RL and RC circuit mathematically as well as
with Multisim Simulator and compare the two results.
Theory:-
Transient analysis is the most general method for computing dynamic response. The purpose
of a transient analysis is to compute the behaviour of a structure subjected to time- varying
excitation is explicitly defined in the time domain. Transient analysis of behaviours of
electric circuit reveals that as soon as a circuit is switched from one condition to another
either by change of source or by alteration of circuit element branch currents and voltage
drops charges from their initial values to new values. These charges take a short spell of time
settle to steady state values till further switching or circuit alteration is attempted. This brief
spell of timse is called transient time and the value of the current and voltage drop during this
period is called transient value
The transient analysis of the circuit responds to energies stored in storage elements, such as
capacitors. If a capacitor has energy stored within it, then that energy can be dissipated by a
resistor. And this circuit resistor and capacitor are connected in series and series combination
is connected across a voltage source. When t=0 time capacitor behaves as a short circuit. The
initial current in the circuit is I
0
=
R
V
form Ohms law. After some time the capacitor starts
charging as
Natural response:-
It is defined as the response which occurs solely from initial conditions with no other inputs.
The natural response is also known as the unforced response or characteristic response. The
model differential equation for such a system is homogeneous, in that there is no forcing


term. It is composed of weighted sums of functions e
st
,where s is possibly complex (or most
generally such functions multiplied by polynomials in the time variable t). This is a statement
about the solution of differential equations. However, it is a remarkable empirical result that
such differential equations well-describe many physical systems. Said another way, the types
of natural responses discussed below can be easily observed in an experimental context, and
in observations of many physical phenomena. The natural response ties things together.


Figure (22)
Formula used to find current inside the circuit.
i (t) =
t
L
R
e
R
V
R
V
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
i (t) =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
L
R
e
R
V
1
Given the fig 24,
R= 10, L= 20mH, V= 12V


i (t) =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

t
e
3
10 20
10
1
10
12

i (t) =
( )
( )
t k
e

5 . 0
1 2 . 1

Verification,
At, t = 0
i (t) =
( )
( )
t k
e

5 . 0
1 2 . 1
i (0) =
( )
( )
0 5 . 1
1 2 . 1

k
e
= 0
i (0) = 0 (show in figure 26)
At, t = 1mS
i (t) =
( )
( )
t k
e

5 . 0
1 2 . 1
i (1m) =
( )
( )
m k
e
1 5 . 0
1 2 . 1

= ( )
1 5 . 0
1 2 . 1

e

=0.47216
i (1m) = 472.16mA (show in figure 26)


Now, Voltage across Inductor,
V
L
=L
dt
di

Put the value i=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
L
R
e
R
V
1
V
L
= L
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|

L
R
e
R
V
t
L
R
0 = L
(
t
L
R
e
L
V

V
L
= V
t
L
R
e

= 12
t k
e

5 . 0

Verification,
At, t = 0
V
L
=
( ) t k
e

5 . 0
12

=
( ) 0 5 . 0
12

k
e =
0
12 e

= 1 12 = 12V
V
L
= 12V
At, t = 1.mS
V
L
=
( ) t k
e

5 . 0
12



=
( ) m k
e
1 5 . 0
12

=
5 . 0
12

e

=7.3V
V
L
= 7.3V (show in figure 28)
Now, Voltage across Resistor,
V
R
=i R
V
R
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
L
R
e
R
V
1 R =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
L
R
e V 1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|

t
e
3
10 20
10
1 12 =
( )
( )
t k
e

5 . 0
1 12

Verification,
At, t = 0
V
R
=
( )
( )
t k
e

5 . 0
1 12

=
( )
( )
0 5 . 0
1 12

k
e = ( )
0
1 12 e
= 0
V
R
= 0
At, t = 1mS


V
R
=
( )
( )
t k
e

5 . 0
1 12

=
( )
( )
m k
e
1 . 1 5 . 0
1 12

= ( )
5 . 0
1 12

e
=7.72V
V
R
= 4.72V
- Now,Transient Analysis of RC series Circuits for step input signal using
Multisim.

Figure (23)
Formula used to find current inside the circuit.
i (t) = K
RC
t
e

i (t) =
RC
t
e
R
V

(Final equation of current)
But give this circuit is,


R=15, C=100F, V=12V
i (t) =
6
10 100 15
15
12

t
e =
66 . 666
8 . 0

t
e
i (t) =
66 . 666
8 . 0

t
e

Verification,
At, t = 0
i (t) =
66 . 666
8 . 0

t
e
i (0) =
66 . 666 0
8 . 0

e
= 0.8
i (0) = 800mA
Now, Voltage across Resistor,
V
R
= iR
Put the, i=
RC
t
e
R
V



V
R
= R e
R
V
RC
t

=
RC
t
Ve

V
R
=
6
10 100 15
12

t
e

V
R
=
66 . 666
12

t
e V

Verification,
At, t = 0
V
R
=
66 . 666
12

t
e

=
66 . 666 0
12

e =
0
12 e
= 12 1 = 12
V
R
= 12V
At, t = 1mS
V
R
=
66 . 666 10 1
3
12

e



= 6.2V
V
R
= 6.2V
Now, Voltage across capacitor,
V
C
= idt
C
}
1

Put the, i=
RC
t
e
R
V

V
C
=
(

0
e e V
RC
t
=
(

1
RC
t
e V =
(

RC
t
e V 1

V
C
=
(
(
6
10 100 15
1 12
t
e = | |
66 . 666
1 12

t
e

Verification,
At, t = 0
V
C
= | |
66 . 666 0
1 12

e
= | |
0
1 12 e = ( ) 1 1 12

= 0 12 = 0V


V
C
= 0V
At, t = 1.1mS
V
C
= | |
66 . 666 10 1
3
1 12

e

= 5.9 V
V
C
= 5.9V
Result:-
In RL circuit
At t =0, I =0
At t=1, I= 472 mA
% error =0.639%
In RC circuit
At t=0, I =800 mA
% error =1.23%
Conclusion:- Transient analysis of behaviours of electric circuit reveals that as soon as a
circuit is switched from one condition to another either by change of source or by alteration
of circuit element branch currents and voltage drops charges from their initial values to new
values.

Experiment no 4
Aim: -
Analyze the under-damped, over-damped and critically damped response of a series RLC
circuit mathematically as well as with Multisim Simulator and compare the two results.
Theory:-
In Transient Analysis also called time-domain transient analysis. And Multisim computes the
circuits response as a function of time. This analysis divides the time into segments and


calculates the voltage and current in each given element. Then finally the results, current
versus time and voltage versus time, are presented in Graphic View. And the Capacitors and
inductors are represented by energy storage elements. Then numerical integration is used to
calculate the current and voltage in the circuit. There are three possible cases first are under
damped case, second is over damped case and third is critically damped case. And in this
circuit I am using resistor, inductor, and capacitor are connected with 12V DC Source in
series. And also calculate the voltage and current in each element in help of Kirchhoffs law.
Under damping
In this experiment I am explain that under damped case that means
|
.
|
\
|
<
|
.
|
\
|
LC L
R 1
2
2
. Where,
L
R
2
the damping factor and
LC
1
the resonant frequency
Let
dt
d
= m
Put the value m in equation (1),
= i
LC
im
L
R
i m
1
2
+ +
0 =
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
LC
m
L
R
m i
1
2

LC
m
L
R
m
1
2
+ + = 0
Now apply the formula
a
ac b b
x
2
4
2

=
Give, a = 1, b =
L
R
, c=
LC
1
,
1 2
1
1 4
2

|
.
|
\
|

=
LC L
R
L
R
m


2
4
2
LC L
R
L
R
m

|
.
|
\
|

=
LC L
R
L
R 1
2 2
2
|
.
|
\
|
= (Dived 2 in both upper and lower)
Spouse,
LC L
R
L
R
m
1
2 2
2
1

|
.
|
\
|
+ = and
LC L
R
L
R
m
1
2 2
2
2

|
.
|
\
|
=
Let
L
R
2
= o and
LC L
R 1
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
= |
So, m
1
= + j and m
2
= - j
(a. )Design of simulation Circuit using Multisim:-

Figure (24)

In this circuit is given, V V F C H L R 12 , 1 , 1 , 100 = = = O =
i (t) =
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
LC L
R
L
R
t
LC L
R
L
R
e e
LC L
R
L
V
1
2 2
1
2 2
2
2 2
1
2
2



i (t) =
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
t t
e e
1 1
10
1 2
100
1 2
100
1 1
10
1 2
100
1 2
100
6
2
6 2 6 2
10 1 1
1
1 2
100
2 1
12

i (t) =
( )
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
t t
e e
6 2 6 2
10 50 50 10 50 50
6 2
10 50 2
12

Verification,
At, t = 0
i (0) =
( )
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
0 10 50 50 0 10 50 50
6 2
6 2 6 2
10 50 2
12
e e
i (0) =
( )
( )
0 0
6 2
10 50 2
12
e e
|
.
|
\
|

=
( )
( ) 1 1
10 50 2
12
6 2

|
.
|
\
|

=
( )
0
10 50 2
12
6 2

|
.
|
\
|

= 0
i (0) = 0A
Calculate the Voltage across Resistor,


V
R
= iR
=
( )
( ) R e e
m m L
V
t m t m

1 2
1 2

=
1
m
6
10 2500 50 + =

=
2
m
6
10 2500 50 =
V
R
=

( )
( ) R e e
m m L
V
t m t m

1 2
1 2

V
R
=
( )
( ) 100
10 2500 2
12 6 6
10 2500 50 10 2500 50
6

+ t t
e e

Verification:-
At, t=0S
Put the value of t in equation V
R,

V
R
=
( )
( ) 100
10 2500 2
12 6 6
10 2500 50 10 2500 50
6

+ t t
e e
V
R
=
( )
( ) 100
10 2500 2
12
0 10 2500 50 0 10 2500 50
6
6 6

+
e e


= 0V
V
R
= 0V (show in fig 33)
Calculate the Voltage across capacitor,
V
C
=
}
idt
C
1

Put the value of i (t) =
( )
( )
t m t m
e e
m m L
V
1 2
1 2

V
C
=
( )
(
1 2 1 2
1 2
1
m
e
m
e
m m L
V
C
t m t m

=
( )
(
1 2 1 2
1 1 1
1 2
m
e
m
e
m m L
V
C
t m t m
=
( )
(
1 2 1 2
1 1 1
1 2
m
e
m
e
m m L
V
C
t m t m

V
C
=
( )
(
1 2 1 2
1 2
1
m
e
m
e
m m L
V
C
t m t m

Calculate the Voltage across inductor,
V
L
=
dt
di
L


Put the value of i (t) =
( )
( )
t m t m
e e
m m L
V
1 2
1 2

,
V
L
=
( )
( )
t m t m
e m e m
m m
V
1 2
1 2
1 2

Now, put the value of
6
1
10 2500 50 + = m
,

6
2
10 2500 50 = m and V= 12V

V
L
=
( )
( )
t m t m
e m e m
m m
V
1 2
1 2
1 2

=
( ) ( )
( )
t t
e m e m
+

+
6 6
10 2500 50
1
10 2500 50
2
6 6
10 2500 50 10 2500 50
12

Verification:-
At, t=0S
Put the value of t in equation V
L,

V
L
=
( )
( ) ( ) | |
0 10 2500 50 6 0 10 2500 50 6
6
6 6
10 2500 50 10 2500 50
10 2500 2
12
+
+

e e


=
( )
( ) ( ) | |
6 6
6
10 2500 50 10 2500 50
10 2500 2
12
+

=
( )
| |
6 6
6
10 2500 50 10 2500 50
10 2500 2
12
+

= 12V
V
L
= 12V

Over damping
In this circuit I am using resistor, inductor, and capacitor are connected with 12V DC Source
in series. In this experiment I am enplane that over damped case that means
|
.
|
\
|
>
|
.
|
\
|
LC L
R 1
2
2
.Where,
L
R
2
LC
1
the resonant frequency.
Again
Spouse,
LC L
R
L
R
m
1
2 2
2
1

|
.
|
\
|
+ = and
LC L
R
L
R
m
1
2 2
2
2

|
.
|
\
|
=
Let
L
R
2
= o and
LC L
R 1
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
= |
(a. )Design of simulation Circuit using Multisim:-


Figure (25)
i (t) =
( )
( )
t m t m
e e
m m L
V
1 2
1 2

Put the value of
LC L
R
L
R
m
1
2 2
2
1

|
.
|
\
|
+ = and
LC L
R
L
R
m
1
2 2
2
2

|
.
|
\
|
=
V V F C mH L R 12 , 100 , 1 , 10 = = = O =

6 3
2
3 3
1
10 100 10 1
1
10 1 2
12
10 1 2
12

|
.
|
\
|

+

= m

( )
7
2
3 3
1
10 10 6 10 6 + = m 02 . 5099 10 6
3
+ =
98 . 900
1
= m

6 3
2
3 3
2
10 100 10 1
1
10 1 2
12
10 1 2
12

|
.
|
\
|

= m
02 . 11099
2
= m


Verification:-
At, t=0S
i (t) = ( )
t t
e e

98 . 900 02 . 11099
18 . 1
i (t) = ( )
0 98 . 900 0 02 . 11099
18 . 1

e e
= ( ) 1 1 18 . 1 = 0 18 . 1 = 0A
Now, Voltage across resistor,
V
R
= R i
= ( ) R e e
t t

98 . 900 02 . 11099
18 . 1
= ( ) 10 18 . 1
98 . 900 02 . 11099

t t
e e
V
R
= ( )
t t
e e

98 . 900 02 . 11099
8 . 11



Verification:-
At, t=0S
V
R
= ( )
t t
e e

98 . 900 02 . 11099
8 . 11
= ( )
0 98 . 900 0 02 . 11099
8 . 11

e e
= ( ) 1 1 8 . 11
= 0 8 . 11 = 0V
Now, Voltage across inductor
V
L
=
dt
di
L
Put the value of i (t) = ( )
t t
e e

98 . 900 02 . 11099
8 . 11 ,
V
L
= | |
t t
e e

+
98 . 900 02 . 11099 3
98 . 900 02 . 11099 8 . 11 10 1
V
L
=
t t
e e

98 . 900 02 . 11099
45 . 119 97 . 130



Verification:-
At, t=0S
V
L
=
t t
e e

98 . 900 02 . 11099
45 . 119 97 . 130
V
L
=
0 98 . 900 0 02 . 11099
45 . 119 97 . 130

e e
= 1 45 . 119 1 97 . 130 = 45 . 119 97 . 130
V
L
= 45 . 119 97 . 130 =11.52V
V
C
=
}
idt
C
1

Put the value of i (t) = ( )
t t
e e

98 . 900 02 . 11099
8 . 11
V
C
= ( )
}

dt e e
C
t t 98 . 900 02 . 11099
8 . 11
1
= ( )
}

dt e e
t t 98 . 900 02 . 11099
6
8 . 11
10 100
1

=
} }

dt e dt e
t t 98 . 900 02 . 11099 4
10 8 . 11 =
(

98 . 900 02 . 11099
10 8 . 11
98 . 900 02 . 11099
4
t t
e e



V
C
= ( )
}

dt e e
C
t t 98 . 900 02 . 11099
8 . 11
1
= ( )
}

dt e e
t t 98 . 900 02 . 11099
6
8 . 11
10 100
1

At t = 0,
=
} }

dt e dt e
t t 98 . 900 02 . 11099 4
10 8 . 11 =
(

98 . 900 02 . 11099
10 8 . 11
98 . 900 02 . 11099
4
t t
e e

= 0
Critical damping
In this circuit I am using resistor, inductor, and capacitor are connected with 12V DC Source
in series. In this experiment I am enplane that critical damped case that means
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
LC L
R 1
2
2
.Where,
L
R
2
LC
1
the resonant frequency.
Now, critical damped case,
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
LC L
R 1
2
2

Now apply the formula
a
ac b b
x
2
4
2

=
Give, a = 1, b =
L
R
, c=
LC
1
,


1 2
1
1 4
2

|
.
|
\
|

=
LC L
R
L
R
m
2
4
2
LC L
R
L
R
m

|
.
|
\
|

=
LC L
R
L
R 1
2 2
2
|
.
|
\
|
= (Dived 2 in both upper and lower)
Spouse,
LC L
R
L
R
m
1
2 2
2
1

|
.
|
\
|
+ = and
LC L
R
L
R
m
1
2 2
2
2

|
.
|
\
|
=
Let
L
R
2
= o and
LC L
R 1
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
= |
So, m
1
= + j and m
2
= - j
In this case is zero. Hence roots m
1
and m
2
are real but equal. System will become critical
damped.
m
1=
m
2=


Figure (26)


R= 20, L= 1mH, C= 10F and
L
R
2
= o
3
10 1 2
20

= o =
3
10 10 =
4
10
Now, put the value of o in the equation i

(t) =
t
te
L
V
o

i

(t) =
t
te
L
V

4
10

Verification:-
At t =0S
i

(t) =
t
te
L
V

4
10

=
0 10
4
0

e
L
V

i

(t) = 0A
Calculate the voltage across resistor:-
V
R
= R i
Put the value, i

(t) =
t
te
L
V

4
10



V
R
= R te
L
V
t

4
10

Now put the value of R=20, L=1mH, and V =12V
V
R
= 20
10 1
12 4
10
3

t
te =
t
te

4
10 3
10 240

Now put the value of R=20, L=1mH, and V =12V
V
R
= 20
10 1
12 4
10
3

t
te =
t
te

4
10 3
10 240
Verification:-
At t =0S
V
R
=
0 10 3
4
0 10 240

e
V
R
= 0V
Now, Voltage across inductor
V
L
=
dt
di
L
Put the value of i

(t) =
t
te
L
V

4
10



V
L
= ( )
t t
e te V

+
4 4
10 10 4
10
Now put the value of V = 12V
= ( )
t t
e te

+
4 4
10 10 4
10 12
V
L
=
t t
e te

+
4 4
10 10 4
12 10 12

Now put the value of V = 12V
= ( )
t t
e te

+
4 4
10 10 4
10 12
V
L
=
t t
e te

+
4 4
10 10 4
12 10 12
Verification:-
At t =0S
V
L
=
t t
e te

+
4 4
10 10 4
12 10 12
=
0 10 10 4
4 4
12 0 10 12

+ e e
t

= 1 12
V
R
= 12V


V
C
=
}
idt
C
1

Put the value of i

(t) =
t
te
L
V

4
10

V
C
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

} }

dt e
dt
dt e
t
L
V
C
t
t
4
4
10
4
10
10
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

4
10
4
10
10 10
4 4
t t
e e t
LC
V

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
} }

dt e
dt
dt e
t
L
V
C
t
t
4
4
10
4
10
C
10
1
V =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

4
10
4
10
10 10
4 4
t t
e e t
LC
V

Result:-
Under damping
At t=0, V
L
=12V, I= 0A
Error =0%
Over damping
At t = 0, I=0, V
L
=11.5
Error =4.166%
Critical damping


At t=0, I=0, V
L
=12V
Error =0%
Conclusion:- This analysis divides the time into segments and calculates the voltage and
current in each given element. Then finally the results, current versus time and voltage versus
time, are presented in Graphic View. And the Capacitors and inductors are represented by
energy storage elements. Then numerical integration is used to calculate the current and
voltage in the circuit.
Experiment no 5
Aim:-
Analyze the frequency response of parallel RLC circuit to obtain its resonant frequency
mathematically as well as with Multisim Simulator and compare the two results.
Theory:-
RLC circuits are classical example of second order systems. Together with their mass-spring
dashpot mechanical analog, they are used use to illustrate fundamental system theory
concepts and techniques, such as Laplace transformation techniques and resonance.
Resonance in electrical consisting of passive and active elements represents a particular state
of the circuit when the current or voltage in the circuit is maximum and minimum with
respect to the magnitude of excitation at a particular frequency, the circuit impedance being
either minimum or maximum at the power factor unity. The phenomenon of resonance is
observed in both series or parallel a.c. circuits comprising of R,L and C and excited by an a.c.
source.



Figure (27)
Properties of resonance of parallel LRC circuit
- Power factor is unit.
- Current at resonance is (V/L/CR) and is in phase with applied voltage. The value of
current at resonance is mininum.
- Net impedance at resonance of the parallel circuit is minimum and equal to (L/CR).
- The resonance frequency of the this circuit is given by
-
2
2
0
1
2
1
L
R
LC
f =
t

Resonance frequency by graph = 90HZ
Calculation:
Resonance frequency
2
2
0
1
2
1
L
R
LC
f =
t



2
2
5
2
400 5
1
14 . 3 2
1
m
k
m

= 92.80 HZ
Result:-
Resonance frequency = 92.80 HZ
% error = 3.0172%
Conclusion:- in this simulation the variation of current with frequency for RLC circuit
having the same L and C but different value of R. These curves are referred to as a frequency
response curve.



References
Allaboutcircuits.com. 2014. Norton's Theorem : Dc Network Analysis. [online] Available at:
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_10/9.html [Accessed: 18 Mar 2014].
Allaboutcircuits.com. 2014. Thevenin's Theorem : Dc Network Analysis. [online] Available
at: http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_10/8.html [Accessed: 20 Mar 2014].
Allaboutcircuits.com. 2014. Resonance in series-parallel circuits : Resonance. [online]
Available at: http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_6/5.html [Accessed: 21 Mar
2014].
Amrita.vlab.co.in. 2014. Norton's theorem (Theory) : Electric Circuits Virtual Lab (Pilot) :
Physical Sciences : Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Virtual Lab. [online] Available at:
http://amrita.vlab.co.in/?sub=1&brch=75&sim=312&cnt=1 [Accessed: 22 Mar 2014].
Basic Electronics Tutorials. 2014. Nortons Theorem Tutorial for DC Circuits. [online]
Available at: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_8.html [Accessed: 23
Mar 2014].
Basic Electronics Tutorials. 2014. Parallel RLC Circuit and RLC Parallel Circuit Analysis.
[online] Available at: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/parallel-circuit.html
[Accessed: 24 Mar 2014].
Bourne, M. 2014. 8. Damping and the Natural Response. [online] Available at:
http://www.intmath.com/differential-equations/8-2nd-order-de-damping-rlc.php
[Accessed: 26 Mar 2014].
Electrical4u.com. 2014. Norton Theorem | Norton Equivalent Current and Resistance |
Electrical Engineering. [online] Available at: http://www.electrical4u.com/norton-
theorem-norton-equivalent-current-and-resistance/ [Accessed: 28 Mar2014].
Forum for Electronics. 2006. Define Time Response, Natural Response, Force Response.
[online] Available at: http://www.edaboard.com/thread57404.html [Accessed: 6 Apr
2014].
Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. 2014. Norton's Theorem. [online] Available at:
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/norton.html [Accessed: 30 Mar
2014].


Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. 2014. Thevenin's Theorem. [online] Available at:
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/thevenin.html [Accessed: 1 Apr
2014].
Info.ee.surrey.ac.uk. 2014. Natural Response of First Order RC and RL circuits. [online]
Available at: http://info.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Courses/ee1.cct/circuit-
theory/section6/natresponse.html [Accessed: 2 Apr 2014].
Seas.upenn.edu. 2014. RLC Step Response. [online] Available at:
http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~ese206/RLCresponse/rlcreponse.html [Accessed: 4 Apr
2014].
Www3.nd.edu. 2014. What is an RC Circuit?. [online] Available at:
http://www3.nd.edu/~lemmon/courses/ee224/web-manual/web-
manual/lab8a/node4.html [Accessed: 5 Apr 2014].

Electrical Principle

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electrical Principle

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CE00436-1Electrical Principles Individual Assignment Page1 of 46

Level 1 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2014

You might also like