Introduction:

This project is about the spatial and international communication around the world, in turkey and in Northern Cyprus. Firstly we will explain what a satellite is, and the types of satellites we have orbiting the world. e will also discuss what direct broadcasting is and what remote sensing satellites are. !aving looked at the types of satellites we will move onto looking at the spatial and international communication around the world, Turkey and Northern Cyprus.

What is a satellite?:
" satellite in an e#uatorial circular orbit at a distance of around $%,&&&km from the centre of the earth, it is above mean sea level and has a period e#ual to the earth's rotation on its axis and would remain geostationary over the same point on the earths e#uator. Communications satellites otherwise known as C()*"T is defined by ikipedia (nline as +an artificial satellite, stationed in space for the purposes of telecommunications using radio at microwave fre#uencies. )ost communications satellites use geosynchronous orbits or neargeostationary orbits, although some recent systems use low earth-orbiting satellites. Communications satellites provide a technology that is complementary to that of fibre optic submarine communication cables.

Direct- Broadcasting Satellites:

.irect /roadcast *atellite 0./*1 is a service whereby you receive subscription television from a single high-powered satellite. 2t is therefore very similar to cable in that you receive all of your programming from a single provider, but the signal comes from the sky rather than through a privately owned cable system. .irect /roadcast *atellite is a one-way T3 broadcast service from a communications satellite to a small round or oval dish antenna no larger than %&4 in diameter. 5sing a highly compressed digital signal in the 66-67 8!9 :u-band, ./*

offers every household in the country a service similar to cable T3. ;rior to ./*, costly e#uipment and very large dishes were re#uired, and tuning stations was complicated because content was available on multiple satellites.

Remote sensing satellites:

+the art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment, through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting imagery and digital representations of energy patterns derived from noncontact sensor systems,. 0Cowell 6<<=1 >emote sensing is the ac#uisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object. 2n modern usage, the term generally refers to the use of aerial sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on ?arth by means of propagated signals. This satellite or aircraft remote sensing of the ?arth or other planets and information carried by electromagnetic waves. "nother task is sensing of land, ocean, and ice 0will not cover atmosphere1. >emotes sensing satellites have many applications such as the following@ A)eterology - proBling of atmospheric temperature, pressure, water vapor, and wind velocity.4 A(ceanography - measuring sea surface temperature, mapping ocean currents, and wave energy spectra.4 A8laciology - measuring ice sheet volumes, ice stream velocity, and sea ice distribution.4 A8eology - geomorphology, identiBcation of rock type, mapping faults and structure.4 A8eodesy - measuring the Bgure of the earth and its gravity Beld.4 ATopography and cartography - improving digital elevation models4 A"griculture, forestry, and botany - monitoring the biomass of land vegetation, monitoring the health of crops, mapping soil moisture, forecasting crop yields. A!ydrology - assessing water resources from snow, rainfall and underground a#uifers.4 A.isaster warning and assessment - monitoring of Coods and landslides, monitoring volcanic activity, assessing damage 9ones from natural disasters.4 A;lanning applications - mapping ecological 9ones, monitoring deforestation, monitoring urban land use.4 A(il and mineral exploration - locating natural oil seeps and slicks, mapping geological structures, monitoring oil Beld subsidence.4

A)ilitary - developing precise maps for planning, monitoring military infrastructure, monitoring ship and troop movements . . . 0This is where most of the 5* funding for remote sensing goes.1

Historical background of spatial and international communication:

The historical background of the spatial and international communication first came to light in 6<$7 by *ir "rthur C. Clarke. Clarke's prediction on the future and satellite communication was never taken seriously. !is proposal was called + ireless a maga9ine in 6<$7. orld, and it was published in ithin %& years of this proposal of the geostationary satellite

communication the first satellite was launched on "pril Dth 6<D7 called 2ntersat 2 ?arly /ird.

/efore 6<D7 a test communication satellite was launched in 6<7E by "merica but was not successful and only lasted for a short period of time. This was ;roject *C(>?. ;roject *C(>? recorded the first voice transmission of the 5* ;resident .wight ?isenhower. The first transmitted message from space to ?arth wasF 4This is the ;resident of the 5nited *tates speaking. Through the marvels of scientific advance, my voice is coming to you from a satellite circling in outer space. )y message is a simple oneF Through this uni#ue means 2 convey to you and to all mankind, "mericaGs wish for peace on ?arth and goodwill toward men everywhere.4

(n the day of the launch, ?isenhower had a schedule at the hite !ouse that unexpectedly hite !ouse dinner that involved hosting an assignment from *ovietcontrolled ;oland. "t a evening, he was informed of the success of the launch, at which point he interrupted the dinner and revealed the projectGs existence to the audience. !is announcement pointedly described that although *C(>? was a peaceful mission, the 5.*. now had the capability of delivering a nuclear weapon from space.

The broadcast signal for ?isenhowerGs greeting was fairly weak, and only very sensitive radio receivers were able to detect it. )ost "mericans heard the message as it was rebroadcast on commercial news programs. Therefor this communications satellite did not last for a long period of time, and many more developments needed to be made in order to become successful. Hater in the 6<D&'s ?cho 6 was the first passive reflector communications satellite. 2t was the balloon satellite functioned as a reflector, not a transceiver, so that after it was placed in a low ?arth orbit, a signal would be sent to it, reflected or bounced off its surface, and then returned to ?arth. These satellites were one of the many satellites to come along after. !ere we can see a timeline of communications satellites with their dates and country of origin@ )ilestones in the history of communications satellites.

Satellite Sputnik " #ro$ect S%&R' (IR&S-" 'cho " %ourier "B &S%)R " (elstar "

First First satellite with radio transmitter First communications satellite First test of a space communications relay system First 0recorded1 voice transmission 05* ;resident .wight ?isenhower1 First satellite to transmit television images from space 0weather1 First passive reflector communications satellite First active repeater communications satellite First communications satellite powered by solar cells to recharge storage batteries First amateur radio satellite First satellite ejected into orbit as a secondary launch payload First active, direct-relay communications satellite First satellite to relay television, telephone and highspeed data communications First transatlantic television First transpacific television 0news of the assassination and funeral procession of 5* ;resident Iohn F :ennedy1 First tandem satellite broadcast 0with *yncom J1 First communications satellite in geosynchronous orbit First communications satellite in geostationary orbit First (lympic broadcast to international audiences First tandem satellite broadcast 0with >elay 61 First amateur radio communications satellite 0relayKtransponder1@ first (*C"> powered by solar cells First *oviet communications satellite 0military1@ highly elliptical orbit First commercial communications satellite in geosynchronous orbit First national T3 network based on satellite television 0*oviet 5nion1 First satellite-based search and rescue system First satellite to locate and command remote weather stations to transmit data back to satellite First domestic communications satellite system using geosynchronous orbit 0Canada1 First "merican domestic commercial geostationary communications satellite First geostationary communications satellite to be threeaxis stabili9ed First experimental .irect /roadcast *atellite First satellite to provide communications relay services for other spacecraft 0Nimbus D1 First geostationary communications satellite with unified propulsion system for station-keeping First satellite-to-satellite communications relay 0ground -L "(-= -L "(-D -L ground1 First 2ndian communications satellite First 2ndonesian communications satellite

aunched (ctober $, 6<7= .ecember 6E, 6<7E "pril 6, 6<D& "ugust 6%, 6<D& (ctober $, 6<D& .ecember 6%, 6<D6 Iuly 6&, 6<D%

!ation

Rela* "

.ecember 6J, 6<D% Iuly 6D, 6<DJ "ugust 6<, 6<D$ )arch <, 6<D7 "pril %J, 6<D7 "pril D, 6<D7 November 6<D= "pril 6$, 6<D< November <, 6<=% "pril 6J, 6<=$ )ay J&, 6<=$

S*ncom + S*ncom , &S%)R-III -olni*a Intelsat I &rbita !imbus , )nik " Westar " )(S-.

S*mphonie )&-. / )& -0 )r*abhata #alapa )"

.ecember 6<, 6<=$ Ianuary 6<=7 0occurred1 "pril 6<, 6<=7 Iuly E, 6<=D

'kran SBS-, (DRS-) )rabsat-") Badr-" (urksat "B Iridium " )&-12 SuitSat

First serial .irect-To-!ome T3 communication satellite First *oviet operational geosynchronous satellite First commercial use of the 5* *pace *huttle First satellite of first full-time communications relay network for other spacecraft First communications satellite for the "rab Heague First communications satellite of ;akistan First communications satellite for Turkey First satellite for satellite telephone service First satellite to use 8;* for navigation and attitude determination in !?( First use of a decommissioned spacesuit as a radio satellite

(ctober %D, 6<=D November 66, 6<E% "pril $, 6<EJ February %, 6<E7 Iuly 6D, 6<<& "ugust 6&, 6<<$ )ay 7, 6<<= November 6D, %&&& February J, %&&D 0deployed1

"fter having these satellites the countries of the world have an easy and #uick way to communicate with each other. Therefor communication with various mass media e#uipment can be used in an advantage. !aving looked at the historical background of spatial and international communication we will now move onto looking at spatial communication in Turkey.

Spatial and international communication in (urke*:

Communication in Turkey started with the press printer which arrived in Turkey J&& years after it was invented. .uring the 6Eth and 6<th century the development started to happen in the (ttoman ?mpire. hen the empire started to develop so did newspapers in 6EJ&'s, telegraph in the 6E77's and 2ronroads in 6EDD. Bulletinde Nouvelles was the first French newspaper of the French embassators. Takvim-I Vekai was the first ottoman newspaper published in 6EJ6 in Turkish. ?nglish citi9ens also published newspapers in Turkey called Cevide-I Havaddis, Tercuman-I Ahval and Tasvir-I Efkar. The "lphabet era made news much easier, Hatin took over "rabic as it was too hard to read or learn. This also made education easier. made news easier and more international. ithin Turkey in 6<%= the radio, in 6<7% the television and in 6<<7 Turksat satellite developed and

*patial communication in Turkey started in 6<<$ and has developed extremely from that day onwards. "s you can see in the table below Turksat satellite have had many developed satellites some which have failed, some which are in use and some which are in development.
Satellite Date (4rksat ") (4rksat "B (4rksat "% (4rksat +) (4rksat ,) (4rksat 1) (4rksat 1B (4rksat 5) (4rksat .) 6<<$-&6-%$ Site ?H"-% 8uiana *pace Centre ?H"-% 8uiana *pace Centre ?H"-% 8uiana *pace Centre ?H"-% 8uiana *pace Centre ?H"-J 8uiana *pace Centre /aikonur Cosmodrome /aikonur Cosmodrome T/. T/. aunch 3ehicle "riane-$$H; !6&M launch failure Status

6<<$-&E-6&

"riane-$$H; !6&M

mission ended %&&D

6<<D-&=-&<

"riane-$$H !6&-J

mission ended %&&E

%&&6-&6-6&

"riane-$$; !6&-J

in use

%&&E-&=-6%

"riane 7?C"

in use

%&6$-&% %&6$ %&67 %&6DN%&6=

;roton-) ;roton-) T/. T/.

in development in development in development projected

!olding the rights, management and operating authority of satellite orbital positions within national sovereignty, TOrksat is fulfilling the functions of establishing and operating communication infrastructure over the satellites belonging to national and international satellite operators as well as performing commercial activities. Turksat executes voice and data communication, 2nternet, T3 and radio broadcasting services via satellites in a vast geography extending from ?urope to "sia. 5nder the trademark TOrksat8lobe6 TOrksat processes high-resolution satellite images obtained from earth-observation satellite, and provides remote-sensing services to public agencies and private enterprises.

Spatial and international communication in !orthern %*prus:

The island of Cyprus is a small country and even though it is hard for people to capture and stream news it has been present since 6EE&'s. .uring 6EE&-6E<& even on this small island there were nine main newspapers recorded to the present day during that time. ;ress in Cyprus also reached many other countries, for example, ?ngland, >omania, France, "ustralia, >ussia, and especially Turkey even though the press was limited. .ifferent thoughts and opinions were expressed freely in an aggressive but calm way in the newspapers. "longside these mass communication types, in order to support spatial and international communication in Northern Cyprus they developed a news agency call Turk "jansi :ibris 0T":1. (n the %6st of .ecember 6<=J on ;rovisional Turkish Cypriot "dministration's felt the need to have their own national news agency and the Turkish Cypriot people has been established in order to announce to the world his own voice. ;roclaiming an independent organi9ation managed by a /oard of seven people and T":, accuracy and impartiality of news reporting is based on the principles. T": manager is also chairman of the board. %D members are still working at the agency. News of twelve elements in the unit are interacting. To be accelerated to catch modernity and service computer system was launched "pril J&, 6<<6. *atellite tracking antenna that allows extraneous transmissions and e#uipment are also available. (n 6 Ianuary 6<<= with the modem, subscribers at any time of day could reach the "gencyGs news and //* system that allows receiving information re#uest has been put into operation. 2n the "gency, as well as news from the Turkish Cypriot press, an ?nglish and 8reek translation made from newspapers newsletter is being prepared. 8iven *ervicesF 61 Turkish NewsletterF daily, covers news related to internal and external events. %1 8reek ;ress !ighlights containsF *outh Cyprus 8reek and ?nglish newspapers and maga9ines published in the news summary. J1 ;hoto *erviceF includes photographs of the event being monitored. 7 events per day, reflecting the image of the photograph is distributed. $1 /udgetF *tate financial aid and subscription revenues consists of his.

71 *ervice "reasF press, Cyprus, /ayrak >adio and Television Corporation, to the newspapers in Turkey, the "nadolu news agency T>T foreign news agencies, units of state and government that serves the subscriber. D1 >elations with Foreign "genciesF T": international >euters, "; and "F; news passes. 2f the news is from >euters.

%onclusion:
2n this project we have explained that a satellite is an e#uatorial circular orbit at a distance of around $%,&&&km from the centre of the earth, it is above mean sea level and has a period e#ual to the earth's rotation on its axis and would remain geostationary over the same point on the earths e#uator. e have also mentioned a few types of satellites and their duties. e then moved onto looking statistically at the satellites that have been launched into space for communicational needs. "lthough not all of these satellites have succeeded they have been developed and retried. Turkey has developed their satellite Turksat a lot since their first attempt it has developed seven times. Hater moving onto the news agencies of Northern Cyprus we have seen that T": was created to give the Cypriots a voice and get their voices heard. This project was to show how communication is not only on the world but it also reaches out beyond our world and it provides other countries with news and information about each other.