A PROJECT REPORT ON DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF FOOD GRAIN STORAGE HOUSE (WAREHOUSE)

SUBMITTED BY: ASHISH LOYA 201211594 VIJAY PAVULURI 201211569 RISHIKESH KUMAR -201211520

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTRE IIIT, HYDERABAD.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express our deep and sincere feeling of gratitude to our project guide P. Venkata Dilip Kumar, IIIT, Hyderabad for all the help and guidance he provided throughout our project. Our sincere thanks to CASE workshop teaching assistant, Mr. Swajit Singh Goud and Ajay Kumar.S who have extended their timely help and eased our task.

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CONTENTS
ABSTRACT CHAPTER
1 1.1 1.2 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6.1 2.7 2.7.1 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8

DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION Different types of warehouses Food grain storage Warehouses in India DETAILS OF THE STRUCTURE Material Properties Boundary Conditions Components of Warehouse Truss Configuration Components of Truss Design details of Truss Loads acting on Industrial Building Wind Pressures and Forces On Buildings/Structures Wind Load Calculations Siesmic Load Base Shear Calculations WORKING WITH STAAD.Pro Input Generation Types of Structures Generation of the structure Material Constants Supports Loads General Comments Post Processing Facilities DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF FOOD GRAIN STORAGE HOUSE USING STAAD.Pro Physical parameters of building Generation of member property Supports Materials for the structure Loading DYNAMIC ANALYSIS Time History Analysis Response of the structure for different ground motions
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PAGE NO
6 6 6 10 10 11 11 11 11 15 15 19 20 22 23 24 24 24 25 26 26 26 28 29

4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5 5.1 5.2

30 32 33 33 33 34 45 45 45

6 7

CONCLUSION REFERENCE

46 47

List of figures:
Fig 1.1: Various types of Warehouses Designed in India Fig 2.1: Components of Warehouse Fig 2.2: A - Type Truss Configuration Fig 3.1: STAAD input file Fig 3.2: GUI Fig 4.1: Plan of Warehouse Fig 4.2: Elevation of Warehouse Fig 4.3: 3-D Image of warehouse Fig 4.4: Member property Fig 4.5: Deformed shape Fig 4.6: SF in X direction Fig 4.7: SF in Z direction Fig 4.8: Bending Moment Fig 4.9: Mode shape 1 Fig 4.10: Mode shape 2 Fig 4.11: Mode shape 3 Fig 4.12: Mode shape 4

List of tables:
Table 2.1: Pitch of roof Table 2.2: Interpolation of external pressure coefficient

Table 2.3: Wind load calculations Table 2.4: Loads applied on truss nodes Table 4.1:Wind load on truss roof
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ABSTRACT

The principle objective of this project is to analyze a Food grain storage Warehouses building for time history and response spectrum using STAAD Pro. The analysis involves gravity and wind load calculations manually and analyzing the whole structure by STAAD Pro. The design methods used in STAAD-Pro analysis are Limit State Design conforming to Indian Standard Code of Practice. STAAD.Pro features a state-of-the-art user interface, visualization tools, powerful analysis and design engines with advanced finite element and dynamic analysis capabilities. From model generation, analysis and design to visualization and result verification, STAAD.Pro is the professionals choice. Initially we started with the calculation of various loads coming on the structure manually and assigned it to the modeled structure in STAAD. Then the structure was analyzed for all possible load combinations [dead, live, wind and seismic loads] and time history and response spectrum plots are obtained. We considered a one storey food grain storage warehouse frame with the dimensions of 10 bays @5m in z-axis and 1bay @25m in x-axis. The eave height was 6.5m and A type truss configuration is used as roof for the structure. The structure was subjected to self-weight, dead load, live load, wind load and seismic loads under the load case details of STAAD.Pro. The wind load values were generated by STAAD.Pro considering the given wind intensities at different heights and strictly abiding by the specifications of IS 875. The materials were specified and cross-sections of the truss members were assigned. The supports at the base of the structure were also specified as fixed. The codes of practice to be followed were also specified for design purpose with other important details. Then STAAD.Pro was used to analyze the structure. In the post-processing mode we may check the deflection, shear force and bending moments of various members under the given loading combinations.

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Warehouses, defined here, are facilities that provide a proper environment for the purpose of storing goods and materials that require protection from the elements. Warehouses must be designed to accommodate the loads of the materials to be stored, the associated handling equipment, the receiving and shipping operations and associated trucking, and the needs of the operating personnel. The design of the warehouse space should be planned to best accommodate business service requirements and the products to be stored/handled.

1.1 Different types of warehouses:

Heated and unheated general warehousesprovide space for bulk, rack, and bin storage, aisle space, receiving and shipping space, packing and crating space, and office and toilet space. Refrigerated warehousespreserve the quality of perishable goods and general supply materials that require refrigeration. Includes freeze and chill space, processing facilities, and mechanical areas; and Controlled humidity (CH) warehousessimilar to general warehouses except that they are constructed with vapor barriers and contain humidity control equipment to maintain humidity at desired levels.

Special-designed warehouses meeting strict requirements can also provide liquid storage (fuel and non-propellants), flammable and combustible storage, radioactive material storage, hazardous chemical storage, and ammunition storage. Warehouse spaces must also be flexible to accommodate future operations and storage needs as well as mission changes.

Usage:
Warehousing and transportation forms the backbone supply chain of all industries. Adequate storage capacity and strategic location of the warehouse enables efficient functioning of supply and distribution. Proper material handling, storage conditions and timely movement of goods to maintain the quality of the stored product especially the perishables goods, biological drugs and food stuffs. Scientific storage of products to protect from the vagaries of weather, rodents, insects and pests. They prevent quality and quantity losses.

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1.2 Food grain storage Warehouses in India:

India produces annually about 175 million tons of grain which is stored in various types of structures of capacities 0.1 to 2500 tons. With increase in production the importance of scientific storage is being felt. During the last three decades several developments have taken place in design of structures both at the farmers as well as organizational levels. The warehouse designs have been so modified that there is less requirement of steel and cement, and utilize maximum floor space which has reduced the storage cost. Several types of storage systems are followed in India depending on the length of storage and product to be stored. Some of them are mentioned below: Cover and Plinth Storage: This is an Improvised arrangement of storing food grains in open, generally on a plinth, which is damp and rat proof. The grain bags are stacked in a standard size on wooden dunnage. The stacks are covered from all four sides and top with 250 micron LDPE sheets. Food grains in this system are generally stored for 6-12 months. Community Storage Structures: Bulk storage structures of higher capacity are termed community storage. They are made from reinforced bricks, corrugated galvanized Iron or aluminum sheets in capacities ranging from 25 to 75 t. Godowns (Bag Storage Structures): These are primarily meant for providing warehousing facilities to the farmers. The godowns, 100 t to 5000 t capacity, are owned by Govt. agencies. Twin Span Warehouse with Structural Trusses: This design was adopted in early Sixties and constructed with brick or stone masonry. Asbestos or corrugated GI sheets supported by steel trusses are used for roofing. Due to provision of valley gutters, there IS perennial problem of leakage resulting in damage of stored grain. Flat RCC Roof Warehouse: To overcome the disadvantage in earlier design, subsequently the RCC flat type roof structure was developed to store about 5000 t of grain. The cost of construction of such structures is excessively higher due to application of steel and cement and it takes a long time in construction.

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Warehouse with Wooden Trusses: This type of design was found economical in hilly region where good quality wood is available m plenty. The stored products are safe if the structures have been placed away from moisture. Conventional Warehouse: This design has been standardized for storing 5000 t of grain. The walls are made of brick/stone or concrete masonry and roof of asbestos sheets is supported over RCC Columns. Modified Conventional Warehouse: The design of the conventional warehouse has been modified for saving of steel and cement. The use of mild steel has been replaced by the cold twisted deformed steel. The numbers of compartments are also reduced. The angle iron trusses are replaced with tubular trusses as they are lighter in weight compared to steel trusses. The greatest advantage in this design is that no Intermediate columns are provided to hold the structure as single span roof serves the purpose. This gives maximum utilization of space without any obstruction.

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Fig 1.Various types of Warehouses Designed in India

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CHAPTER 2 DETAILS OF THE STRUCTURE

Prior to the planning of a warehouse building, it is essential for the planner to consider the following: 1. Size, shape and location of the plot 2. Specific usage of the warehouse 3. Fund resources available 4. Locally available materials for construction. 5. Meteorological conditions of the area The plan considered in this project consists of a single storey warehouse with a steel roof truss with asbestos sheeting on its roof. The structural details of the structure are as follows: Type of Building: Food grain storage warehouse Floor area of building: 50x25m Eaves Height: 6.5m Type of truss: A-Type truss Capacity: As per Specifications of Grain godowns - NABARD No of stacks: 6 Nos 7 x 6.75m 9 Nos 10 x 6.75m Assuming each stack is approximately 3300 bags of 50 kg which sums up to 2500t. Location: Hyderabad

2.1 MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Grade of Steel: Fe-415 Wall Cladding: Masonry (Unit weight: 19kN/m3) Roof cladding: Galvanized corrugated iron sheets of 0.7mm thickness
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2.2 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Supports are specified as fixed at footing level. Fixed support has restraints against all directions of movement.

2.3 COMPONENTS OF WAREHOUSE

For the purpose of structural analysis and design of warehouse the structural engineer has to consider the following points: 1) Selection of roofing and wall material 2) Selection of bay width 3) Selection of structural framing system 4) Roof trusses 5) Purlins, girts and sag rods. 6) Bracing systems to resist lateral loads

Fig 2: Components of Warehouse

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2.3.1 Truss Configuration:

A roof truss is basically a framed structure formed by connecting various members at their ends to form a system of triangles, arranged in pre-decided pattern depending upon the span, type of loading and functional requirements. In industrial buildings and warehouses, steel trusses are commonly used. A-shaped truss: This is a type of truss that has a certain general shape resembling the letter A and its configuration, which is compound of (a) Fink or fink fan, (b) N-truss, has-been used. The steel truss has been designed as simply supported on columns. The analysis of A-type truss has been done on the basis of relevant Indian Standards for the following different parameters: Span length of A-type trusses (meters) = 25 Spacing between trusses (meters) = 5.0 Roof slope=1 in 3, Column height = 6.5(meters) Wind zone = Hyderabad Permeability = Normal Class of structure = B

Fig 3.A - Type Truss Configuration *As per SP: 38 Handbook Of Typified Designs For Structures With Steel Roof Trusses A -Type configuration provides the minimum weight when compared to (a) Fink or fink fan, (b) N-truss (c) Combination of both i.e. A-Type truss, and at the same time may be easier to fabricate. Hence, this truss configuration was used for the food grain storage structure.

2.3.2 Components of Truss:

Span

It is the horizontal distance between supports of the truss. When supported on wall bearings, the distance centre to centre of bearings is the span. In case of trusses framed into supporting steel columns, the clear distance between the column faces is the actual span.
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Rise

The vertical distance between the apex and the line joining the support is the rise of the truss. The roof pitch depends upon the rain or snow which falls on the roof and has to be drained off. The pitches are steeper in areas of greater rainfall or where snowfall takes place. It also depends upon the nature of roof cladding.
Slope

Slope of the roof is the angle which the inclined roof surface makes with the horizontal and may be expressed in terms of degrees or as 1 vertical to x horizontal (1 V : x H). Thus, value of slope is numerically twice that of pitch. = Table 1: Pitch of roof Pitch of Roof Covering Corrugated Iron Sheet Corrugated Asbestos Cement Sheets Tar and Gravel Slate and Tile Pitch of Roof 1/3 to 1/6 1/5 to 1/6 0 to 1/124 1/3 to 1/4 2()

Truss Spacing

The spacing of trusses is the distance (centre to centre) between adjacent trusses. This may vary between 4 m to 10 m depending upon their size. Normally they vary from 1/5 to 1/3 of the span.
Ridge Line

It is the line joining the vertices of the trusses.

Eaves Line

It is the line joining the lowest point of the roof trusses, on either side, where the drained water is collected or lead to rainwater pipes.
Top Chord

The uppermost line of members extending from the eaves to the ridge is the top chord. It is also called the principal rafter.

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Bottom Chord

The lowermost line of members extending from support to support is known as the bottom chord. It is also known as main tie.
Ties

Members of the truss which are mainly under tension.

Struts

Those members of the truss which are principally under compression.

Joints

The point where more than one member meet; they are usually connected to a gusset plate by means of welds or rivets; and are known as welded or riveted joints.
Panel

It is the distance between two adjacent joints in the same line in a member.
Purlin

The purlins are horizontal members spanning across top chord of trusses and support the roof cladding. In case of tiles and slates these are supported on secondary members called rafters which are laid over purlins. The purlins are normally placed at the adjacent panel points of the top chord (or principal rafter); hence the distance between these points is also the spacing of the purlins.
Sag Tie

A sag tie is a vertical member joining the apex of the truss to the mid-point of the bottom chord. It is provided to reduce the deflection of the bottom chord member.
Sag Rods

These are round bar threaded at their ends (parallel to the roof slope) and secured to the purlin webs with nuts (often at their mid-points or one-third points of their span). This is used to reduce the stresses caused by biaxial bending of the purlins.
Wind Bracing

In case of roof trusses supported on steel columns, lateral bracing has to be provided against horizontal forces due to wind or earthquake. These are known as wind bracings. The following bracings can be applied in the three mutually perpendicular planes: Bracings in vertical plane in the end bays in the longitudinal direction Bracings in horizontal plane at bottom chord level of roof truss Bracings in the plane of upper chords of roof truss Bracings in vertical plane in the end cross sections usually at the gable ends.
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The function of bracing is to transfer horizontal loads from the frames (such as those due to wind or earthquake or horizontal surge due to acceleration and breaking of traveling cranes) to the foundation. The longitudinal bracing on each longitudinal ends provide stability in the longitudinal direction. The gable bracings provide stability in the lateral direction. The tie bracings at the bottom chord level transfer lateral loads (due to wind or earthquake) of trusses to the end gable bracings.

2.4Design details of Truss:

a) Roof Slope: It is the slope of the roof material with respect to the span length. In general, use of 1 in 3 slopes is recommended as this may not pose any fabrication problem as mentioned in SP: 38, Clause 1.1. b) Pitch of roof: The pitch of a symmetrical truss is defined as the ratio of rise to the full span. Based on the slope of the roof the pitch of truss is determined by using similar triangles approach, which is 4.2m (1/3 rd. of half of span of truss) c) Spacing of the Purlin: A structural member fixed perpendicular to the top chord of a truss to support roofing. The distance between nodes in the rafters is restricted to be less than or equal to 1.4 m such that the purlins may be located directly at the nodes and thus avoid panel bending of rafters which has led to lower truss weight. (As per SP: 38, Clause 1.2.1.) d) Economical spacing of trusses and no of trusses: The economical spacing of trusses is defined as the spacing which makes the cost of trusses, purlins, columns, roof covering etc., and minimum. Spacing between trusses is taken as 5meters. (As per SP: 38, Clause 1.1.). And based on spacing, the no of trusses along longitudinal direction for roofing can be determined. As uniform spacing is taken, based on the length of warehouse overall 11 trusses of same configuration have to be installed. e) Roof coverings: Roof covering materials include corrugated asbestos sheets or galvanized corrugated (see IS 277) sheets, steel sheets or corrugated aluminum sheets or black corrugated sheet, not thinner than 0.56 mm. ( As per Code of Practice for Construction of Food grains Storage Structures, Annexure 1). Galvanized corrugated iron sheets of thickness 0.7mm are used as roof covering.

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2.5Loads acting on Industrial Building

The industrial buildings are subjected to the following loads: Dead loads: Dead load on the roof trusses in single storey industrial buildings consists of dead load of claddings and dead load of purlins, self-weight of the trusses in addition to the weight of bracings etc. Further, additional special dead loads such as truss supported hoist dead loads, special ducting and ventilator weight etc. could contribute to roof truss dead loads. The dead load loads may be calculated from the dimensions of various members and their unit weights. a) Weight of sheeted steel trusses including rivets can be determined theoretically by using below empirical formula: = where A=plan area in m2 Total dead weight of the roof truss = 0.142kN/m2 Self-weight of truss= 0.142x25x5 = 17.81kN However, in STAAD the weight of the modeled structure is assigned by default. b) From IS : 875 (Part 1) 1987- Code of practice for design loads: Dead Loads, Table1, 39 no, the unit weight of Galvanized corrugated sheeting is 6.5kg/m2 Weight of roofing material = 6.5 x Length of roofing slope x spacing between trusses x No of sheets per bay = 6.5 x 13.18 x 5 x 6nos = 2570.1kg (25.7kN) c) Miscellaneous loads = 3.5kg/m2 = 3.5 x 25 x 5= 437.5kg Total Dead load = 25.7+4.37 = 30kN Dead Load on each intermediate panel = = 30/10 = 3kN Dead Load on end panel = 3/2 = 1.5kN Dead load due to RCC wall of 230mm thickness in KN/m = 0.2x6.5x19 = 24.7kN/m
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30

4.88 + 0.075 100

Imposed loads: The live load on roof trusses consist of the gravitational load due to erection and servicing as well as dust load etc. and the intensity is taken as per IS:875-1987. Additional special live loads such as snow loads in very cold climates, crane live loads in trusses supporting monorails may have to be considered. From IS : 875 (Part 1) 1987- Code of practice for design loads: Imposed Loads, clause 6, Table 2: Sloping roof with slope greater than 10 degrees: For roof membrane sheets or purlins0.75 KN/m2 less 0.02 KN/m2 or every degree increase in slope over 10 degrees. Imposed Loads= 0.75 - (8 x 0.02)=0.59KN/m2 Imposed Load on each intermediate panel = 0.59 x spacing b/t trusses x Length of panel in base of truss = 0.59 x 5 x 1.4 cos (1826) = 3.89kN Imposed Load on end panel = 3.89/2 = 1.94kN Wind load: Wind is air in motion relative to the surface of the earth. The primary cause of wind is traced to earths rotation and differences in terrestrial radiation. The radiation effects are primarily responsible for convection either upwards or downwards. The wind generally blows horizontal to the ground at high wind speeds. Since vertical components of atmospheric motion are relatively small, the term wind denotes almost exclusively the horizontal wind, vertical winds are always identified as such. The wind speeds are assessed with the aid of anemometers or anemographs which are installed at meteorological observatories at heights generally varying from 10 to 30 meters above ground. Design Wind Speed ( ): It is the wind speed for which the structure is to be designed. The basic wind speed (V,) for any site shall be obtained from and shall be modified to include the following effects to get design wind velocity at any height (V,) for the chosen structure:

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a) Risk level; b) Terrain roughness, height and size of structure; and c) Local topography. It can be mathematically expressed as follows: Where:

= = design wind speed at any height z in m/s; = probability factor (risk coefficient) = terrain, height and structure size factor and = topography factor
Risk Coefficient (1 Factor): It gives basic wind speeds for terrain Category 2 as applicable at 10 m above ground level based on 50 years mean return period. In the design of all buildings and structures, a regional basic wind speed having a mean return period of 50 years shall be used. Terrain, Height and Structure Size Factor (2 Factor): Terrain - Selection of terrain categories shall be made with due regard to the effect of obstructions which constitute the ground surface roughness. The terrain category used in the design of a structure may vary depending on the direction of wind under consideration. Wherever sufficient meteorological information is available about the nature of wind direction, the orientation of any building or structure may be suitably planned. Topography (3 Factor): The basic wind speed Vb takes account of the general level of site above sea level. This does not allow for local topographic features such as hills, valleys, cliffs, escarpments, or ridges which can significantly affect wind speed in their vicinity. The effect of topography is to accelerate wind near the summits of hills or crests of cliffs, escarpments or ridges and decelerate the wind in valleys or near the foot of cliff, steep escarpments, or ridges.
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2.6 Wind Pressures And Forces On Buildings/Structures:

Design Wind Pressure (P )
Z

It depends upon the basic wind velocity (Vb), the height of the structure (z) above ground level, the terrain category, the local topography, the aspect ratio (i.e. ratio of the length and breadth of the building or structure), the slope of the structure and the solidity ratio or openings in the structures. This is obtained by the following formula

= . ( ) /
where Vz is the design wind speed in m/sec at height z. For determination of Vs. and, therefore, Pz, you are referred to consult IS: 875 (Part III: Wind Loads). The effect of wind on steel roof structures is also to create either suction (negative pressure) or pressure (positive) depending on the angle of inclination or slope of the roof, and the direction of prevailing winds. Pressure Coefficients - The pressure coefficients are always given for a particular surface or part of the surface of a building. The wind load acting normal to a surface is obtained by multiplying the area of that surface or its appropriate portion by the pressure coefficient (C,) and the design wind pressure at the height of the surface from the ground. The average values of these pressure coefficients for some building shapes Average values of pressure coefficients are given for critical wind directions in one or more quadrants. In order to determine the maximum wind load on the building, the total load should be calculated for each of the critical directions shown from all quadrants. Where considerable variation of pressure occurs over a surface, it has been subdivided and mean pressure coefficients given for each of its several parts. Then the wind load, F, acting in a direction normal to the individual structural element or Cladding unit is:

Where,

F= ( )

= external pressure coefficient, = internal pressure- coefficient, A = surface area of structural or cladding unit, and = design wind pressure element
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2.6.1 Wind Load Calculations:

Design wind speed, = From Table 1; IS: 875 (part 3) 1987

1 = 1.0 (risk coefficient assuming 50 years of design life)

From Table 2; IS: 875 (part 3) 1987

2 = 1.035 (assuming terrain category 1) 3 = 1.0 (topography factor)

Assuming the building is situated in Hyderabad, the basic wind speed is 44 m/sec Design wind speed,

= 44 * 1 * 1.035 *1 = 45.54 m/sec

Design wind pressure, = . ( ) /

= 0.6 * (45.54)2= 1.244kN/m2

Permeability of building: Area of walls = 6.5*((25x2) + (50x2)) = 975m2 Area of openings = (48x1.4x0.5) + (4x3.5x2) = 61.6m2 % opening area = 6.317%, between 5% & 20%. Hence the building is of medium permeability. (As per IS: 875 (part 3) 1987, clause 6.2.3.2) Wind Load on Wall: Total wind load acting on wall can be given by product of design wind pressure and exposed surface area. The exposed surface area of wall between each bay is calculated and total wind load acting on the wall is calculated. Wind Load on truss roof: As wind load, F, acting in a direction normal to the individual structural element or Cladding unit is given by below equation:

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F= ( )
As the roof angle is 1826 and h/w ratio is less than and equal to 0.5, the external pressure coefficient, is given by table 6 of IS: 875 (part 3) 1987. By interpolation for the provided roof angle: Table 2: Interpolation of external pressure coefficient h/w Wind Angle (0) Windward Leeward side side 10 -1.2 -0.4 20 -0.4 -0.4 Here roof angle is 1826, then by interpolating we get 18.5 -0.52 -0.4 Roof Angle Wind Angle(90) Windward Leeward side side -0.8 -0.6 -0.7 -0.6 -0.715 -0.6

0.26

As buildings are of low degree of permeability, = 0.5 (As per IS: 875 (part 3) 1987, clause 6.2.3.2) Length of each panel along sloping roof = 1.4 x cos (1827) = 1.32m Tributary area of each node: A= 5x1.32 = 6.6m2 Table 3: Wind load calculations Wind angle 0 90 Pressure Coefficient( ) W L -0.52 -0.4 -0.715 -0.6

0.5 -0.5 0.5 -0.5

( - )
Windward Leeward -1.02 -0.9 -0.02 0.1 -1.212 -0.1 -0.215 -0.1

A* (KN) 8.21 8.21 8.21 8.21

Wind load F (KN) Windward Leeward -8.37 -7.38 -0.164 0.821 -9.97 -0.821 -1.76 -0.821

Table 4: Loads applied on truss nodes Wind angle Windward side (W3) Intermediate End node. node (W3) (W3/2) -8.37 -4.185 -9.97 -4.985 Leeward side (W4) Intermediate End node node (W4) (W4/2) -7.38 -3.69 -0.821 -0.410

0 90 Loads are in KN

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2.7 SEISMIC LOAD:

Design Lateral Force
The design lateral force shall first be computed for the building as a whole. This design lateral force shall then be distributed to the various floor levels. The overall design seismic force thus obtained at each floor level shall then be distributed to individual lateral load resisting elements depending on the floor diaphragm action.

Design Seismic Base Shear

The total design lateral force or design seismic base shear (Vb) along any principal direction shall be determined by the following expression:
Vb= Ah W

Where, Ah = horizontal acceleration spectrum = (Z*I*Sa)/ (2*R*g) W = seismic weight of all the floors

Fundamental Natural Period

The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (T,), in seconds, of a moment-resisting frame building without brick in the panels may be estimated by the empirical expression: Ta=0.075 0.75 for RC frame building Ta=0.085 0.75 for steel frame building Where, h = Height of building, in m. This excludes the basement storeys, where basement walls are connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns. But it includes the basement storeys, when they are not so connected. The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (T,), in seconds, of all other buildings, including moment-resisting frame buildings with brick lintel panels, may be estimated by the empirical Expression:

=
Where, H= Height of building

0.09

d= Base dimension of the building at the plinth level, in m, along the considered direction of the lateral force.

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Distribution of Design Force

Vertical Distribution of Base Shear to Different Floor Level The design base shear (V) shall be distributed along the height of the building as per the following expression:

=
Qi=Design lateral force at floor i, Wi =Seismic weight of floor i, hi =Height of floor i measured from base, and

2 2 =1

n=Number of storeys in the building is the number of levels at which the masses are located. Distribution of Horizontal Design Lateral Force to Different Lateral Force Resisting Elements in case of buildings whose floors are capable of providing rigid horizontal diaphragm action, the total shear in any horizontal plane shall be distributed to the various vertical elements of lateral force resisting system, assuming the floors to be infinitely rigid in the horizontal plane. In case of building whose floor diaphragms cannot be treated as infinitely rigid in their own plane, the lateral shear at each floor shall be distributed to the vertical elements resisting the lateral forces, considering the in-plane flexibility of the diagram.

2.7.1 Base shear Calculations

0.09

H= 10.7m D=25m T= 0.09 x 10.7/ 25 =0.171s The building is located in Type II medium soil, From Fig 2 in IS 1893 for T= 0.171s Sa/g=2.5 =
2

(/)

Z=0.1(Zone factor) I=1 (Importance Factor Table 6) R=4 (Response reduction Factor)

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 = 0.031 = x W = 0.031x 120027.6 =3720.8 KN

CHAPTER 3
WORKING WITH STAAD.Pro
3.1 Input Generation:
The GUI (or user) communicates with the STAAD analysis engine through the STD input file. That input file is a text file consisting of a series of commands which are executed sequentially. The commands contain either instructions or data pertaining to analysis and/or design. The STAAD input file can be created through a text editor or the GUI Modeling facility. In general, any text editor may be utilized to edit/create the STD input file. The GUI Modeling facility creates the input file through an interactive menu-driven graphics oriented procedure.

Fig 3.1: STAAD input file

3.2 Types of Structures:

A STRUCTURE can be defined as an assemblage of elements. STAAD is capable of analyzing and designing structures consisting of frame, plate/shell and solid elements. Almost any type of structure can be analyzed by STAAD.

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A SPACE structure, which is a three dimensional framed structure with loads applied in any plane, is the most general. A PLANE structure is bound by a global X-Y coordinate system with loads in the same plane. A TRUSS structure consists of truss members which can have only axial member forces and no bending in the members. A FLOOR structure is a two or three dimensional structure having no horizontal (global X or Z) movement of the structure [FX, FZ &MY are restrained at every joint]. The floor framing (in global X-Z plane) of a building is an ideal example of a FLOOR structure. Columns can also be modeled with the floor in a FLOOR structure as long as the structure has no horizontal loading. If there is any horizontal load, it must be analyzed as a SPACE structure.

3.3 Generation of the structure: The structure may be generated from the input file or
mentioning the co-ordinates in the GUI. The figure below shows the GUI generation method.

Fig 3.2: GUI

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3.4 Material Constants:

The material constants are: modulus of elasticity (E); weight density (DEN); Poisson's ratio (POISS); co-efficient of thermal expansion (ALPHA), Composite Damping Ratio, and beta angle (BETA) or coordinates for any reference (REF) point. E value for members must be provided or the analysis will not be performed. Weight density (DEN) is used only when self-weight of the structure is to be taken into account. Poisson's ratio (POISS) is used to calculate the shear modulus (commonly known as G) by the formula, G = 0.5 x E/ (1 + POISS) If Poisson's ratio is not provided, STAAD will assume a value for this quantity based on the value of E. Coefficient of thermal expansion (ALPHA) is used to calculate the expansion of the members if temperature loads are applied. The temperature unit for temperature load and ALPHA has to be the same.

3.5 Supports:
Supports are specified as PINNED, FIXED, or FIXED with different releases (known as FIXED BUT). A pinned support has restraints against all translational movement and none against rotational movement. In other words, a pinned support will have reactions for all forces but will resist no moments. A fixed support has restraints against all directions of movement. Translational and rotational springs can also be specified. The springs are represented in terms of their spring constants. A translational spring constant is defined as the force to displace a support joint one length unit in the specified global direction. Similarly, a rotational spring constant is defined as the force to rotate the support joint one degree around the specified global direction.

3.6 Loads:
Loads in a structure can be specified as joint load, member load, temperature load and fixed-end member load. STAAD can also generate the self-weight of the structure and use it as uniformly distributed member loads in analysis. Any fraction of this self-weight can also be applied in any desired direction. Joint loads: Joint loads, both forces and moments, may be applied to any free joint of a structure. These loads act in the global coordinate system of the structure. Positive forces act in the positive coordinate directions. Any number of loads may be applied on a single joint, in which case the loads will be additive on that joint.

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Member load: Three types of member loads may be applied directly to a member of a structure. These loads are uniformly distributed loads, concentrated loads, and linearly varying loads (including trapezoidal). Uniform loads act on the full or partial length of a member. Concentrated loads act at any intermediate, specified point. Linearly varying loads act over the full length of a member. Trapezoidal linearly varying loads act over the full or partial length of a member. Trapezoidal loads are converted into a uniform load and several concentrated loads. Any number of loads may be specified to act upon a member in any independent loading condition. Member loads can be specified in the member coordinate system or the global coordinate system. Uniformly distributed member loads provided in the global coordinate system may be specified to act along the full or projected member length. Area/floor load: Many times a floor (bound by X-Z plane) is subjected to a uniformly distributed load. It could require a lot of work to calculate the member load for individual members in that floor. However, with the AREA or FLOOR LOAD command, the user can specify the area loads (unit load per unit square area) for members. The program will calculate the tributary area for 14 these members and provide the proper member loads. The Area Load is used for one way distributions and the Floor Load is used for two way distributions. Fixed end member load: Load effects on a member may also be specified in terms of its fixed end loads. These loads are given in terms of the member coordinate system and the directions are opposite to the actual load on the member. Each end of a member can have six forces: axial; shear y; shear z; torsion; moment y, and moment z. Load Generator Moving load, Wind & Seismic: Load generation is the process of taking a load causing unit such as wind pressure, ground movement or a truck on a bridge, and converting it to a form such as member load or a joint load which can be then be used in the analysis. Moving Load Generator: This feature enables the user to generate moving loads on members of a structure. Moving load system(s) consisting of concentrated loads at fixed specified distances in both directions on a plane can be defined by the user. A user specified number of primary load cases will be subsequently generated by the program and taken into consideration in analysis.
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Seismic Load Generator: The STAAD seismic load generator follows the procedure of equivalent lateral load analysis. It is assumed that the lateral loads will be exerted in X and Z directions and Y will be the direction of the gravity loads. Thus, for a building model, Y axis will be perpendicular to the floors and point upward (all Y joint coordinates positive). For load generation per the codes, the user is required to provide seismic zone coefficients, importance factors, and soil characteristic parameters. Instead of using the approximate code based formulas to estimate the building period in a certain direction, the program calculates the period using Raleigh quotient technique. This period is then utilized to calculate seismic coefficient C. After the base shear is calculated from the appropriate equation, it is distributed among the various levels and roof per the specifications. The distributed base shears are subsequently applied as lateral loads on the structure. These loads may then be utilized as normal load cases for analysis and design. Wind Load Generator: The STAAD Wind Load generator is capable of calculating wind loads on joints of a structure from user specified wind intensities and exposure factors. Different wind intensities may be specified for different height zones of the structure. Openings in the structure may be modeled using exposure factors. An exposure factor is associated with each joint of the structure and is defined as the fraction of the influence area on which the wind load acts. Built-in algorithms automatically calculate the exposed area based on the areas bounded by members (plates and solids are not considered), then calculates the wind loads from the intensity and exposure input and distributes the loads as lateral joint loads. 3.7 General Comments: This section presents some general statements regarding the implementation of Indian Standard code of practice (IS: 800-1984) for structural steel design in STAAD. The design philosophy and procedural logistics for member selection and code checking are based upon the principles of allowable stress design. Two major failure modes are recognized: failure by overstressing, and failure by stability considerations. The flowing sections describe the salient features of the allowable stresses being calculated and the stability criteria being used. Members are proportioned to resist the design loads without exceeding the allowable stresses and the most economic section is selected on the basis of least weight criteria. The code checking part of the program checks stability and strength requirements and reports the critical loading condition and the governing code criteria. It is generally assumed that the user will take care of the detailing requirements like provision of stiffeners and check the local effects such as flange buckling and web crippling.

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Allowable Stresses: The member design and code checking in STAAD are based upon the allowable stress design method as per IS: 800 (1984). It is a method for proportioning structural members using design loads and forces, allowable stresses, and design limitations for the appropriate material under service conditions. It would not be possible to describe every aspect of IS: 800 in this manual. This section, however, will discuss the salient features of the allowable stresses specified by IS: 800 and implemented in STAAD. Appropriate sections of IS: 800 will be referenced during the discussion of various types of allowable stresses. Multiple Analyses: Structural analysis/design may require multiple analyses in the same run. STAAD allows the user to change input such as member properties, support conditions etc. in an input file to facilitate multiple analyses in the same run. Results from different analyses may be combined for design purposes. For structures with bracing, it may be necessary to make certain members inactive for a particular load case and subsequently activate them for another. STAAD provides an INACTIVE facility for this type of analysis. 3.8 Post Processing Facilities: All output from the STAAD run may be utilized for further processing by the STAAD.Pro GUI. Stability Requirements: Slenderness ratios are calculated for all members and checked against the appropriate maximum values. IS: 800 summarize the maximum slenderness ratios for different types of members. In STAAD implementation of IS: 800, appropriate maximum slenderness ratio can be provided for each member. If no maximum slenderness ratio is provided, compression members will be checked against a maximum value of 180 and tension members will be checked against a maximum value of 400. Deflection Check: This facility allows the user to consider deflection as criteria in the CODE CHECK and MEMBER SELECTION processes. The deflection check may be controlled using three parameters. Deflection is used in addition to other strength and stability related criteria. The local deflection calculation is based on the latest analysis results. Code Checking: The purpose of code checking is to verify whether the specified section is capable of satisfying applicable design code requirements. The code checking is based on the IS: 800 (1984)
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requirements. Forces and moments at specified sections of the members are utilized for the code checking calculations. Sections may be specified using the BEAM parameter or the SECTION command. If no sections are specified, the code checking is based on forces and moments at the member ends.

CHAPTER 4 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF FOOD GRAIN STORAGE HOUSE USING STAAD.Pro

Plan:

Fig 4.1: Plan of Warehouse

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Floor area of building: 50x25m Capacity: As per Specifications of Grain godowns - NABARD No of stacks: 6 Nos 7x6.75m 9 Nos 10x6.75m Assuming each stack is approximately 3300 bags of 50 kg which sums up to 2500t. Span length of A-type trusses (meters) = 25 Spacing between trusses (meters) = 5.0 Roof slope=1 in 3, Column height = 6.5(meters) Wind zone = Hyderabad Permeability = Normal Class of structure = B Rise of truss = 4.2m

Elevation:

Fig 4.2: Elevation of Warehouse

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3D Image:

Fig 4.3: 3-D Image of warehouse

4.1 Physical parameters of building:

Length = 10 bays @ 5.0m = 50.0m Width = 1 bay =25.0m Height = 6.5m + 4.2m rise of truss = 10.7m Grade of concrete and steel used: Used M30 concrete and Fe 415 steel

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4.2 Generation of member property:

Fig 4.4: Member property

Generation of member property can be done in STAAD.Pro by using the window as shown above. The member section is selected and the dimensions have been specified. Bottom Chord: Struts & Ties : Bracings : LSA 100x100x6LD 90x90x6LD 90x90x6

4.3 Supports:
The base supports of the structure were assigned as fixed. The supports were generated using the STAAD.Pro support generator.

4.4 Materials for the structure:

The materials for the structure were specified as steel with their various section sizes as per standard IS code of practice.

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4.5 Loading:
The loadings were calculated partially manually and rest was generated using STAAD.Pro load generator. The loading cases were categorized as: Self-weight Dead load due to non-modeled elements Live load Wind load Seismic load Load combinations

Self-weight The self-weight of the structure can be generated by STAAD.Pro itself with the self-weight command in the load case column. Dead load due to non-modeled elements As calculated impervious section 2.5 Weight of roofing material = 2570.1kg (25.7kN)

Miscellaneous loads = 437.5kg (4.37kN) Total Dead load = 25.7+4.37 = 30kN Dead Load on each intermediate panel = = 30/10 = 3kN Dead Load on end panel = 3/2 = 1.5kN Dead load due to RCC wall of 230mm thickness in kN/m = 0.2x6.5x19 = 24.7kN/m Live load As calculated in previous section 2.5 Imposed Load on each intermediate panel = 3.89kN Imposed Load on end panel = 3.89/2 = 1.94kN
30

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Wind load As calculated in previous section 2.6.1 Wind load on truss roof Table 4.1:Wind load on truss roof Wind angle Windward side (W3) Intermediate End node. node (W3) (W3/2) -8.37 -4.185 -9.97 -4.985 Leeward side (W4) Intermediate End node node (W4) (W4/2) -7.38 -3.69 -0.821 -0.410

0 90 Loads are in kN

Seismic load:
STAAD.Pro has a seismic load generator in accordance with the IS code mentioned. Description: The seismic load generator can be used to generate lateral loads in the X and Z directions only. Y is the direction of gravity loads. This facility has not been developed for cases where the Z axis is set to be the vertical direction using the SET Z UP command. Methodology: The design base shear is computed by STAAD in accordance with the IS: 1893(Part 1)-2002. V = Ah*W Where, Ah = (Z*I*Sa)/ (2*R*g) STAAD utilizes the following procedure to generate the lateral seismic loads. User provides seismic zone co-efficient and desired "1893(Part 1)-2002 specs" through the DEFINE 1893 LOAD command. Program calculates the structure period (T). Program calculates Sa/g utilizing T. Program calculates V from the above equation. W is obtained from the weight data provided by the user through the DEFINE 1893 LOAD command. The total lateral seismic load (base shear) is then distributed by the program among different levels of the structure per the IS: 1893(Part 1)-2002 procedures.

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General format: DEFINE 1893 LOAD ZONE f1 1893-spec SELFWEIGHT JOINT WEIGHT Joint-list WEIGHT w 1893-Spec= {RF f2, I f3, SS f4, (ST f5), DM f6, (PX f7), (PZ f8), (DT f9)} Where, Zone f1 = Seismic zone coefficient. RF f2 = Response reduction factor. I f3 = Importance factor depending upon the functional use. of the structures, characterized by hazardous consequences of its failure, post-earthquake functional needs, historical value, or economic importance. SS f4 = Rock or soil sites factor (=1 for hard soil, 2 for medium soil, 3 for soft soil). Depending on type of soil, average response acceleration coefficient Sa/g is calculated corresponding to 5% damping ST f5 = Optional value for type of structure (=1 for RC frame building, 2 for Steel frame building, 3 for all other buildings). DM f6 = Damping ratio to obtain multiplying factor for calculating Sa/g for different damping. If no damping is specified 5% damping (default value 0.05) will be considered corresponding to which multiplying factor is 1.0. PX f7 = Optional period of structure (in sec) in X direction. If this is defined this value will be used to calculate Sa/g for generation of seismic load along X direction. PZ f8 = Optional period of structure (in sec) in Z direction. If this is defined this value will be used to calculate Sa/g for generation of seismic load along Z direction. DT f9 = Depth of foundation below ground level. It should be defined in current unit. If the depth of foundation is 30 m or below, the value of Ah is taken as half the value obtained. If the foundation is placed between then ground level and 30 m depth, this value is linearly interpolated between Ah and 0.5Ah.

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Calculation of Shear Force, Bending Moment for Gravity Loads:

Fig 4.5: Deformed shape

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Shear force diagram:

Fig 4.6: SF in X direction

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SF in Z direction:

Fig 4.7: SF in Z direction

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Bending Moment Diagram:

Fig 4.8: Bending Moment

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Mode Shapes: Mode shape 1:

Fig 4.9: Mode shape 1

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Mode shape 2:

Fig 4.10: Mode shape 2

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Mode shape 3

Fig 4.11: Mode shape 3

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Mode shape 4

Fig 4.12: Mode shape 4

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CHAPTER 5 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

5.1 Time History Analysis:
Time History is a record of the ground acceleration at defined time segments for a specific earthquake in a certain direction. The record is usually normalized and therefore needs to be multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity or a factor thereof.

5.2 Response Spectrum Analysis

Response spectrum method of analysis shall be performed using the design spectrum specified, or by a site-specific design spectrum mentioned.

Differences between Base Shear obtained from Time History analysis and Response Spectrum Analysis and manual base shear calculations
In the time history method, the structure is subjected to time wise variations of ground motions, and the response of the structure is determined by integrating the equations of motion in a step-by-step manner. Having established the structural model and the input motions, the time history analysis per se is considered exact and yields accurate data. On the other hand, the response spectrum concept is relatively simple and the computations are not as involved as the time history method. The speed advantages of running a Response Spectrum analysis over a full Time History analysis can be substantial. In design, the Response Spectrum analysis can provide an even greater speed advantage, due to the fact that the design check does not need to be done at each time segment. For this building, base shear due to Time history is higher in magnitude as compared to Response spectrum. Since response spectrum is approximate method, such difference in calculation of base shear is experienced. Base Shear due to Base Shear due to Manual Base Shear Response Spectrum Time History 2685.9 KN 1342.95 KN 3805.78KN

At ground

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6. Conclusion:

1) Due to wind load alone the warehouse structure was subjected to uplift as it can be deduced from the deflection profile. Hence, the weight of sections to be increased to make the structure stable. 2) For time history analysis for elcentro ground motion, the structure was stable as the structural members were subjected to uniform bending and shear due to symmetry of the structure. 3) Its been observed that the base shear due to time history is less compared to response spectrum because response spectrum is calculated for the total design and the total maximum
displacement and shall include simultaneous excitation of the model 100% of the most critical direction of ground motion

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7. References
1. SP-38(S & T):1987 - Handbook of typified design for structures with steel roof trusses, Bureau of Indian Standards. 2. IS: 875[Part 1]:1987, Code of practice for design loads-Dead loads, Bureau of Indian Standards. 3. IS: 875[Part 2], 1987, Code of practice for design loads-Imposed loads, Bureau of Indian Standards. 4. IS: 875[Part 3], 1987, Code of practice for design loads-Wind loads, Bureau of Indian Standards. 5. IS 1875:1992, Carbon Steel billets, Blooms, Slabs and Bars for forging-specifications, Bureau of Indian Standards. 6. SP-64(S & T): 2001, Explanatory Handbook on Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads, Bureau of Indian Standards. 7. IS 277:2003, Galvanized steel sheets (Plain and corrugated)-specification, Bureau of Indian Standards. 8. IS 607:1971, Code of practice for construction of Food grain Storage Structures, NABARD. 9. Ram Chandra (2007),Design of Steel structure Vol.-1,Scientific publisher

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