Chapter 3 Restrained Beams

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Chapter 2: Member Design Section 3:

LATERALLY RESTRAINED BEAMS

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Design Criteria
i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) Adequate lateral restraint Local buckling Shear Bending and combined bending and shear Web bearing and buckling Deflection

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Lateral Restraint
"Full lateral restraint may be assumed to exist if the frictional or positive connection of a floor (or other) construction to the compression flange of the member is capable of resisting a lateral force of not less than 2.5% of the maximum force in the compression flange of the member, [under factored loading]. This lateral force should be considered as distributed uniformly along the flange.........."

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Top flange laterally restrained by slab

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Full Restraint Beam

Partial or Unrestraint Beam

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Check Shear Fv Pv
Shear capacity Pv = 0.6 py Av Shear Area, Av = tD = td = tD = AD/(B+D) = 0.6A = 0.9Ao Check Shear Buckling If d/t > 70 If d/t > 62 for rolled sections for welded sections
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for rolled I, H, Channels for welded I for rolled T or Single Notched Beam for RHS for CHS for others

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Shear allowance for holes

Aholes = Av - Anet If Av.net 0.85 Av / Ke, or Aholes Av(1-0.85 / Ke) Ignore bolt holes: Pv = 0.6 py Av But If Av.net < 0.85Av / Ke then Pv = 0.7 py Ke Av.net Ke = 1.2 for grade S275 = 1.1 for grade S355
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Moment Capacity
M Mc
Class 1 Mc =pyS

MP ME
Class 2 Mc=pyS Class 3 Mc=pySeff Mc=pyZ (Conservative) Class 4 Mc=pyZeff
Rotation
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Stress Blocks
py py
0.4beff 0.6beff

py

Class 1 & 2

Class 3

Class 4

Mc =pyS

Mc=pySeff or Mc=pyZ

Mc=pyZeff

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Moment capacity with low shear load

Fv 0.6 Pv
For Class 1 or Class 2 Mc= py S For Class 3 Mc= pySeff or Mc = pyZ For Class 4 Mc= pyZeff But Mc < 1.2pyZ for simply supported beams

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Effective plastic modulus

Under pure bending, an effective plastic modulus, Seff may be used instead of Z, for Class 3 sections. Different formulae for:
I sections: rolled and welded RHS: hot finished and cold-formed CHS

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Effective Plastic Modulus for I and H sections

For semi-compact sections subject to bending. is the limiting value of relevant b/T or d/t for a class 2 and a class 3 section
2 3w 1 d /t = Z x + (S x Z x ) 2 3w 1 2w

S x ,eff

But < S x ,eff

3f 1 b /T Z x + (S x Z x ) 3 f 1 2 f

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Effective section for Zeff

For sections which have slender webs under bending
fcw Non effective Zone 0.4beff

0.6beff Elastic neutral axis of gross section f tw Elastic Neutral axis of effective section

be ff =

120t f cw f tw f tw 1 + 1 + p yw f cw
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Effective section for Zeff

For sections which have slender flanges under pure bending
20t 20t 20t 20t

Centroidal axis of the Effective section

HF RHS
Major axis bending Minor axis bending
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Moment capacity with high shear load

Fv > 0.6 Pv
Class 1 or 2 Class 3 Class 4 Mc = py (S - Sv ) Mc = py (Z Sv / 1.5 ) or Mc= py (Seff - Sv) Mc = py (Zeff Sv / 1.5 )

But not greater than 1.2pyZ for simply supported beams.

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= (2 (Fv/ Pv) - 1)2 Sv is, for a section with equal flanges, the plastic modulus of the shear area Sv for a rolled section is = 2((D/2 . t) D/4) = D2 t / 4.
py D/2

D NA t
py
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Effect of Shear on Mc - S355 2500 2000 Mc (kNm) 1500 1000 500 0 0.00
762x267x134 Class 3

762x267x173 Class 2

0.20

0.40

0.60 Fv / Pv

0.80

1.00

1.20

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Other effects
Bearing & Buckling of webs
Where loads are applied directly through the flange of the section, for example where a load is applied to the top flange from an incoming beam then the web should be checked for buckling and bearing as dealt with in the lecture on web effects.

Deflection
This is a serviceability limit state and the check is usually carried out under unfactored applied load only
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Suggested deflection limits

Maximum Deflection due to unfactored imposed load
Cantilevers Internal beams Beams carrying brittle finish All other beams Edge beam Gantry Girders vertical horizontal length/180 span/360 or 40mm span/200 or 40mm Span/300 to Span / 500 or 20mm span/500 span/600

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Summary of Design Procedure:

1. Select the section and determine the value of py 2. Determine the section classification 3. For class 3 (semi-compact) sections calculate effective plastic modulus. For class 4 (slender) sections calculate effective elastic modulus 4. Check the shear capacity 5. Check the moment capacity with low shear or high shear as appropriate 6. Web bearing and buckling 7. Deflections
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Chapter 3 Restrained Beams

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Example Consider a simply supported beam 914 x 419 x 388 UB, S275 steel subjected to a factored shear force of 2500kN and moment of 4000kNm. Check the shear and bending resistance of the beam if it is fully restrained against lateral-torsional buckling.

Using Design Table 914 x 419 x 388 UB, S275 steel under pure bending Page 196: Section is plastic Mcx = 4680kNm Pv = 3130kN Note that the moment capacity given in the table is for low shear. The moment needs to be reduced for high shear case.
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0.6Pv = 0.6 x 3130 = 1888kN Since Fv = 2500kN > 0.6Pv = 1888kN Moment capacity needs to be reduced due to high shear Mc = y(S - Sv) < 1.2yZ,
Fv = 2 P v
2 2

2 Sv = tD = 4554cm 3 4

2500 2 3147 1 = 0.347 1 =

Mc = 265 (17700 4554 x 0.347) / 103 = 4191 kNm 1.2yZ = 4961 kNm Mc = 4191 kNm OK! > 4000 kNm (factored moment)

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