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So, lets say you count some (1851) plain M Ms, and heres !hat you "ind# $lso, notice that the in"ormation "rom the M M%Mars Corp# is that &'( o" plain M Ms are )ro!n, *'( each yello! and red, and 1'( each o" )lue, oran+e, and +reen# ,n -.cel, it is not too hard to type in the "ormulas "or the Chi/ Squared tests, )ut you can also do it in SPSS# 0irst, !e need to enter our data into SPSS# 1otice that , la)eled the columns, and ar)itrarily assi+ned num)ers to the colors (, could2e used any num)ers, )ut +oin+ in order ma3es the most sense)# , also typed in the 2alue la)els on the 2aria)le 2ie! screen (so, 14)ro!n, *4yello!, etc# on any printouts)# 5o!e2er, SPSS typically thin3s o" each ro! as an indi2idual# There"ore, i" !e ran our analysis no!, it !ould thin3 !e had 6 M Ms, not 1851# To run our test the 7normal8 !ay, !e !ould need to enter 1851 ro!s o" data9 To +et around this, !e use a command called :ei+ht Cases# :ei+ht Cases This "eature is a !ay o" tellin+ SPSS to pretend that a sin+le ro! o" data is, in "act, a !hole )unch o" ro!s# ,n our "irst ro!, !e !ant to tell SPSS that !e ha2e 51; )ro!n M Ms# So, loo3 "or the menu item: <ata: :ei+ht Cases :hen you do, you +et this pop/up !indo!:
The <e"ault settin+ is 7<o not !ei+ht cases8
Puttin+ a =aria)le in here means, 7Consider each ro! to really mean this many ro!s#8
1o!, SPSS !ill pretend that the 2aria)le 7color8 has 51; ro!s !ith a 71,8 &6> !ith a *, etc#
This !ill )e in the )ottom ri+ht corner o" your screen, i" you did it ri+ht#
?ou can then do the Chi/Square (or any) test li3e you !ould2e )e"ore# -.cept no!, the si. ro!s !ill act li3e it is 1851 ro!s#
These correspond to our 5' pro)a)ilities# ?ou can lea2e out the decimal, or include it#
a. 0 cells .0!" ha# e e$pec%ed f reque&cies less %ha& 5. 'he mi&imum e$pec%ed cell f reque&cy is 185.1.
Since the p/2alue is not less than #'5, !e "ail to reAect# Dur M Ms do "ollo! the distri)ution !e speci"ied# 1otice that it +i2es the sum, the de+rees o" "reedom, and it also has a little "ootnote a)out the assumptions you made#
The purpose o" Crossta)s is to ma3e a t!o/!ay contin+ency ta)le out o" )i+ hun3s o" data# ?ou could ima+ine that i" you hadnt !ei+hted cases, )ut entered the data in the lon+ !ay, youd li3e to +et such a t!o/!ay ta)le# To +et these, put your data in ho! youd li3e it in the chart, li3e this:
@ender and hometo!n are the t!o 2aria)les to e.amine# They can +o either place#
)#N*#R + ,O-#TO.N Crosstabul ation C(u&% 1.00 )*+,*R '(%al 1.00 -.00 -5 .1 66 /O0*'O1+ -.003.00 -311 -018 .3-2 ..00 1. 6 -0 '(%al 33 85 158
C/i(S0uare Tests 4alue 8.113a 8.-13 3.636 158 a. 0 cells .0!" ha# e e$pec%ed c(u&% less %ha& 5. 'he mi&imum e$pec%ed c(u&% is 2.-.. df 3 3 1 Asy mp. Sig. --sided" .0.. .0..053
Since the p/2alue is less than #'5 ()arely), !e can reAect the null hypothesis, and say that +ender and hometo!n are related#